APPENDIX. (continued 3)

It is impossible, awar initúëgi.

There is, yilē.

37. What shall I do? ma diknegh?

He who makes shoes, wa yekannen ibúshegan.

We did it, neknīt.

It may be, imōkan (is feasible).

Ken, do thou! fac! (Ben Músa’s Temght.)

38. The stars shine forth, ităren iknān ebarbar.

This day is very fine, ashel idagh ikna téshel dĕje.

It is wonderful, takōnit.

Ikna, it shone? Iken, he made?

39. I have done for thee, egéaghak.

I have committed sin, egégh ébăket.

They have formed a line, égen ăfōd.

I do [have done?], iggegh.

I mend a rent, tagagh tikist.

Make for me a pretty song, egāhi anaya ihŏsken. [Prod. Son. ahas nigge, ut ei faciamus].

Thou hast done wrong, tegēt tellĕbist.

I have done (a good thing) for you, tagaghak.

Thou hast done me a wrong, tagaihi tellĕbist: [she has done me?].

Shall I fasten the horse? agyagh ais? [Shall I do the horse?]. See 186.

Ye have put this for me, tegimāhi tetid.

Aj (اج) is Ghadámsi for do thou! In Shilha, igā, factum est; in Temght it is active, egit. The word seems to be lost in Kabáíl. (See etagagh and ig in 47.)

40. Do not do this, kissinādi?

A good thing, harret ulāgen.

Yūlāgen, good, handsome, is participial; allied, I think, to yūlehe, it suits, it is like; in Kab., elhū, be thou good; with Venture, ilha, he was handsome or good.

41. Stand up! ebde [so Kab. and Arab.].

I halt, stand still, ebdĕdagh.

Rise! enker [so Shilha].

I rise, enkĕragh.

A rising, tennakrat.

Sit down, akīm [agīm, aghīm, Kab.]

I sit down, remain, ekēmagh.

We have remained long, nekkīm egēn.

Do not stay! ur tákkĕme.

In Kab., enker becomes ekker.

42. I bow, stoop, edunkeagh.

Lie down! gen [so Kab.].

He lay down, igen.

Cause the camel to lie! siggen amĕnis.

I rest myself, insegh.

I pass the night, insegh. [So Kab.]

I lie on the side, insegh s alărin.

Alar in, my side? Elsewhere, edis, side.

43. Sitting with bent legs, tinekaráft.

Sit thou with bent legs, senekaraffet.

[He piqueted a camel, ikerāf amĕnis.]

Sit thou with elbows on knees, asíbăkēt.

Sitting with elbows on knees, tasbíkkit.

Sit like Egyptian statues, asirte-rábărīn.

44. I lie in bent form, anékămegh.

I lie on the face, abumbéagh.

The boat is capsised, toraft tebumbay.

I upset (a boat), subumbéagh.

I lie outstretched, ezárăgagh.

[(The head) is rested, irammagh?]

I rest the head, eserámmaghagh.

Resting the head, terámmeghet.

45. Wink to him the eye, enrĕrās tēṭ; ensĕgās tēṭ.

I twist up my face, asikaniagh edymmĕni.

Blink thou, aunarōnagh.

Blinking, tenirónăghat.

I start up from having a vision, émănomawagh.

I shut my eyes, and have a vision, emaunaagh.

Asikaniagh perhaps means I aim, I point; as asikken, aiming with a gun.

46. I am sleepy, tenedōmagh.

I doze(d), enuddemagh.

Sleep, ētis, édis (éṭis).

He is asleep, iṭās, iḍās.

I want to sleep, irhēgh éḍis.

Sleep is upon me, ehaihe éḍis.

I dreamed, ehorgeagh.

A dream, táhorgēt.

In Kab., nuddam, slumber, and iṭes, sleep; yūrga, he dreamed, tergīt, a dream, tērgīt (or tergh-it?), a coal.

47. I start up (from a dream), iggedagh; ebórderit [ebordegh-it?].

I snore, esákhăregh.

Snoring, asakhādu.

I breathe, esínfosagh.

I make a long breath, etagagh infas makkōren.

He put his hands into his armpits, ig ifāsenis dag tidardagh enis.

Iggedagh is, I flew (214.), I leapt. Infas is probably imported from Arabic.

48. Go thou! mūs: síkel.

I go [went?], egeléagh.

—— [travelled?] esókalagh.

A traveller, amasōkal.

I walk, ergāshagh.

Let him go! éyit errĕgesh!

I take a ride, ushirgĕshagh.

Mūs, move thou. For in Delaporte I find itemmusu, s’agite; asemmusegh, je remue. In the Prod. Son, mus = semm, to name or call. The root sh-rgsh seems to me formed from rgsh. So sh-krsh from krsh; the last radical being prefixed.

49. I go on horseback, egeléagh nāyagh.

He rides, etinne(y).

Mount ye! annĭyet!

Cattle for riding, innemenniyen.

Ināy, he rides, is the root suggested by the above, and is confirmed by amnāy, a rider, in Delaporte and Venture. In a passage of Zwawa (Kabáíl) in De Slane, inig seems to me to mean he rode. Are nāyagh and etinnegh two forms of the present? Or is nāyagh, I rode? In 62., néyagh, I ride.

50. I go sporting, egeléagh ahuyye.

A sportsman, amahāyen (plur.?).

I go by water, esákalagh dar eghírrëu [I travel by the river].

I go by land, elílagh esalīm; perhaps, I follow by the shore (asarīm in vocab., but alim in 224.).

Following, alīlen. (105. 201.)

Straight, isellīlet.

Even, flat, selīlen, nesauel.

Free, alīl.

Freed, nellīl.

51. I come, asagh.

I arrive, ussēgh.

——, wāṭagh, wāḍagh.

We are arrived, newāṭ.

Come! iyu! (Tad.); mellīt. (Awelm.)

In Kab., yūsa, he came; ūsīgh, I am come. Here, asagh and ussīgh might seem different in tense. Iwwat, in Kab., he approached.

52. We went [we passed], nikka.

The ball passed his head, tesawe tŏke eghaf enis.

I wish to go, irhēgh tikaut.

I flee, shun, egewuaṭagh.

He fled, igĕwaṭ.

Ikka, he passed, he went; Kab. and Shil.: arīgh dakagh, I wish to go, Temght of Ben Músa.

53. I go in, enter, eggĭshagh.

Come in to the tent! eggish ehen!

The rain enters the tent, aman éskăran dar ehen.

He went up and down, imgha.

He went down, imki (in 209.).

I go about, tamaghagh.

——, kelin falánnagh.

Eskăran, in Kab., “doing,” faciens. Imagha, he went up (Kab.); he went down (Ben Músa’s Temght); he went up and down (Delaporte’s Shilha); and here.

54. I go out [went out], ebarberagh.

The stars shine out, ităren iknan ebarbar.

The moon comes out, ayōr ibarbar.

I come out of the boat, tabárbaragh tóraft.

Set them loose! simbăra!

Barbar, extra, might seem a formative from Arab. barra; but the native root is ebru in Kabáíl, which exists side by side with barra. There is ibra, dimisit, repudiavit; inebran, repudium; aberru, manumissio; innabra, emisit (?); sinabra, perhaps the same as simbara above.

55. Run! hasten! oshal, figgedigdig, akkĕra fedigdig.

I run, oshălagh, olékwualégh.

Come back [to me] quick! kalāhi shik.

I return, come back, ekālagh [ḳalāhi, eḳālagh (?). So Kab., iḳḳal, he turned himself. See 25. above].

Come near! ahaz!

I approach, áhĕzagh.

Oshal is ūzal of Kab., correlative to ʿujel of Arabic. Lekwual is like leklek (to trot) of Arabic, for which we have kelkel in Kab. Shik is zik of Kab.

56. He started early, inshaya.

You start early, tinshayat, (subst.) tanshit.

I start early, ismargărēgh.

—— inshēgh semmūt [semmūṭ, cold, fresh?].

Early to-morrow, ashikken semmūt.

I start in the afternoon, eduēgh, (subst.) tádŭit.

I wish to start late, erhēgh tádŭit.

57. You start to-morrow morning from Timbúktu, ke tinshayat ashikke dag Timbutku.

You pass the heat in Kábara, tekĕlét te Kábarăten [you broil].

You start in the afternoon from Kábara, ke teduēt dag te Kábarăten.

You lodge in Lenga, temendagh Lenga.

We pass the heat, nikkĕla [we broil].

Where do we pass the heat to-day? indegh dihau demáde nikkel ashel idagh?

Ikĕla is here iḳĕla, Arabic ḳala, he broiled. Brosselet gives as Kab. eḳlu, broil thou; perhaps a root common to both languages. Eḳḳel is the imperative for Turn yourself. In fact, to turn and to roast may be modifications of one root.

58. We lodge for the night, nemendagh.

I pass the night (I rest), insēgh (42.).

Where (is it) that we shall rest this night, endeg dihā dihennas ehaḍ idagh? [read dinennas?]

Edag or edagh, a place: (edeg iyen, one place; annagh edak? what place?) Dāj, house with yard in Ghadámsi, which = Arab dār. Idegh, he dwelt? (Irhan adedekken Bosebango, they want to dwell at Bosebango) To this root I am disposed to refer emendagh. Izdegh, he dwelt, is the Kabáíl.

Ehad, night, must be ehaḍ. It is efaḍ of Ghadámsi, egheḍ of Wadreagh, yīeḍ of Delaporte, yīṭ of Hámed, &c. Tegīt in the Tuareg (Temght) of Hodgson. The root is seen in Arab. غطا, obscura fuit nox.

59. Thou dost not keep the path, war tóherit. [Qu. from Turco-Arab., dōghere, straight?]

I lose my way, ebehāhi eberīk.

He has lost his way, ebehās eberēk [fefellit eum via].

[Ibāhe, it misleads; ibehe, it misled?]

False, bāho.

Liar, wambāho.

Renowned, anesbāho [boasted of extravagantly?].

Yoher, he has kept the track? Eberīk, road, is Temght of Ben Músa; in Kab. ebrid, in Arab. derb.

60. He has found his way, enta iggĕro abárrăka.

I am tired, ildāshagh.

Weariness, ilídish.

I am very tired, ildāshagh húllen húllen.

My bones are shattered, nek tatáktărau eghasánnini.

Iggera (Igra), it lighted upon, is surely Arabic jera. The ō in iggĕro may even be the Arabic pronoun him. [? H.B.]

Tataktarau seems akin to karrau or kaurau, to be torn, t being inserted as in the Arabic 8th form, not a Berber practice. The root is not unlike zarau; see below.

61. Exhaustion, temánkīt.

I repose, eḳēmagh dissūn.

—— adehāgegh fessagh.

Let us repose a little, nehāget andurren.

Temankīt. Compare War itemanākit, lest it hurt (him). Perhaps from naka. Dissun, my side? Edis, side; uni, eni, of me.

62. I ride a horse, néyagh aïs. (49.)

I dismount, ezōbegh. (66.)

Dismount ye, zōbet.

I make the camel lie down, esiggănagh amĕnis.

Make thy camel lie, siggen amĕnis innek.

I drive my horse on, egedémmegh aïsin.

Zōb in this sense is found in Brosselard; but the Kabáíl and Shilha for it is uguz, ukuz, eggiz. See ged, gōz in 70., and oftener kōz in 99.

Egedemmegh, perhaps (Arab. Qedem) I cause to go in front.

Aïsin, for aïs-ini (see end of 65.), is only a clipt pronunciation.

63. I go fast, égelegh shik.

I make my horse trot, eshisheriwuēgh aïsin.

I keep back my horse, esamásănagh aïsin.

I make him gallop, etegeriwuēgh aïsin.

I take a ride, ushírgeshagh; adsummorómaragh.

Eshisheriwuēgh, etegeriwuēgh, seem to show wuēgh as marking the 1st person of a causative verb, when the root ends in au. Shisherau, perhaps, denotes frequentative alternative movement, nearly as sheresherau, to work the pump-handle.

Esámăsan, causative, from amăsan?

Etegeriwūegh (I set loose?) has et to mark present tense. I make the root igherau, it is easy: whence egheraugh, I am easier, yeherowen, easy; iharowen, spacious.

Adsummorómaragh seems to be a causative from a frequentative root mormor. Ad marks present time.

64. I will go into a boat, erhēgh ogish-n-tóraft [I desire the entering of a boat].

I entered a boat, egĭshagh tóraft.

I get on the sand, tarásănagh taméllelt.

We have got on the sand, urannar-n-akal.

I disembark, tabarbăragh tóraft.

Tarásănagh (from yarăsan,) he touched? he grazed? Tursar (211.), ran aground.

65. Do we cross in a boat? nisger is tóraft?

Or have we to go on foot? mēr essi sídaránnanagh?

I cross a river, isgeragh.

I ford a river, nek yer teawent.

Take my horse through the river, kuletāhi aïseni.

Essi may seem to be the Latin num, an, as is in Delaporte’s Kabáíl.

Isger is izger in Kabáíl, perhaps more correct.

Yer may seem to be for yegh, first person of a verb, so as to mean “I keep the ford” (teawent is a ford); but eyyi, in Barth, means let, leave, being the Kabáíl ejji.

Kulet, plural, from root kul? Compare ikel, he marched: or is t radical?

66. I pass a town, kayetánnagh.

Shall we sleep in Kabara, or pass it? awak nemendagh e Kábaraten, mer nokaitenit?

I alight (and take quarters) at the house of a certain man, ezubbegh rōr halis iyen.

I climb down, nek azúbbegh.

Mohammed E’ sghīr [probably?] will lodge with El Bakáy, Mohammed eṣṣghīr kodōsen azubbet rōr El Bakáy.

Ikáyetan, he passed. Compare ikka, 52., and yukaine, 147.

Awak, Latin “utrum?” Mer, “an.”

Imendagh, he lodged? See 58.

67. I change my dwelling, ehōnagh.

The Tademékket have transferred their encampments at Gundam to Bosebango, Tademekket ijóënit ahónenit rōr Gundam, irhan adedekken Bosebango.

Yehōn, he encamps? moved his camp? (Ehe, ehan, a tent.) Ijóënit and ahónenit seem two verbs of same tense? enit, marks 3rd pl. fem.

Adedekken = adedeghghen? See 58.

68. I swim, shāfagh.

Do you understand swimming? ke tezay elíshaf?

El-ishaf. If el is here the Arabic article, shāf ought to be imported Arabic. Golius has zāf, explicuit alas ac caudam; which easily becomes natavit. Ke tezay = tezayt, it seems. In 89., ezay = esan, he understood.

69. I dance, dellillagh.

I play, edellagh.

He understands dancing extremely well, issan dellul yulāghen hullen.

Kab., zullel, to pirouette. In Shilha, adilalan, teaching, is from Arab. dell, a different root.

70. I spring, tágĕdagh.

I spring over a ditch, agédĕregh átĕras atukkēk.

He jumped down from his camel, egedārit fel tārik. [Fel is upon: down must be in the verb.]

Tágedagh (also), I fly; iggeḍ, he flew; see 47. Egedārit and agédĕregh are from another verb, igeḍer, or even iḍer, if ag here marks tense. Ider, he came down, as in Kab. iṭer.

Ateras = Ader-as?

Atukkēk, a ditch.

71. I climb up (a mountain, a tree), tewīnagh (adar, ehíshk).

I limp [sink down?], agōzeagh.

I get down? agōzeagh.

The thief climbed up the house in the night, and dropt into the middle of it, amakărad awen tárashām das ehad, atarăkat dar amásenis.

I fall, nōda(gh) (see 104.), nistrekegh.

He fell, isĕtrek, atarákătet.

I threw down, satarakegh.

Iwwen, Ghad., he went up; and Kab., thasawint, an eminence. Auen here = iwwen.

Das? some preposition.

Aṭarak, drop; isaṭarak, he threw down, let drop; yet isĕtrek neuter verb.

72. I trip, stumble, tersellădagh, nek agértătúf.

I slide down, nek abúrzazawerit. [See eborderit in 47.]

I strip my hand of skin, azelébbegh.

I limp, ehiāgagh.

That camel limps with his right foot, amenis wādagh éhiak s aḍar-n-arēl.

Irsellad, he struck the foot against.

Agégh taṭuf, I have made a catching.

Aḍar-n-arēl, foot of the right.

73. I sing, nek egananásehak.

Do the Tawárek sing? Imóshăghe igananásehak?

They are very fond of singing, irhánne adigérĕshen tárezēk hullen.

They have their peculiar songs, entenet lan tarezék imánnesen.

Sing me a nice song, auiyāhi asāhak ihōsken; egāhe anaya ihōsken.

Asĕhak = azĕghak = aghĕzak by transposition; a song, or singing? Also anaya, a song. In nek eganan we must see the participle iganan, canens; but eganan is canunt: for eghannan? the root is Arabic, ghann.

Tarezēk, tarezzek = taghezēk.

Irhánne = irhan, they love; see 33.

Lan, there were? = ellan.

Adigereshen implies igeresh, he recited? Compare gher; and ghered, warble, as Arabic.

74. I laugh, dāzagh, tedāzagh.

Thou laughest too loud, ke hik tadís lebāset [tu, est tibi risus pravus].

Much laughing is not becoming, tádasit tegēt war tawége.

Yedez, he laughed (B. M.’s Temght).

Tadīz, tádazit, laughter.

Lebāset must be feminine for lebāsent, from ilabāsen, bad.

Tegēt for tegent, fem., from egen, much. But, in 39, tegēt, thou hast done.

Wége also seems to be a root (compare Arab. wejeh,—qu. spectabilis est) for decuit. Hence fem. tauége; and war inîtúegi, it cannot be, (it will not do).

75. I smile, asibáksagh.

A smile, tibeksit.

I cry out, egerēgh [egherēgh].

[I] moan, tenétĕkēt, tehénĕfēt.

I weep, halāgh.

Why do you weep? mefel tehālit? mas hālit?

Do not weep, war telhēt.

Gher (here as in Kab.), is to call, to cry, to read; uniting Hebrew ḳara, call, and Arabic ḳara, read. The ḳ is often found for gh; Hodgson says, wrongly.

Ihāl, he weeps; compare Heb. and Ar. hallel, and Engl. wail. In Delaporte’s Shilha, allan, weeping, isillan, causing to weep; h omitted.

76. I am silent, esósanagh.

Be silent, sūsin.

In Kab. sūsim, be silent. Compare Arab. ṣamat, siluit; ṣamm, obturavit, os repressit.

77. I am sorry, nek ezenesjūmo.

I [?] am vexed, igrawent nisgam.

Do not be vexed, ease your mind [lift up your heart?], sūli ulhinnek.

Anesgum, or rather anezgum, seems to mean sorrow (as in Kab.); but for the verb nothing nearer appears than Arab. hazan, of which I have thought it an inverted corruption. Nek ezenesjūmo, for nek es enezgūm-o, I (am) in my sorrow?

Igrau-ent, see 60.

Suli, in Kab., lift up, cause to rise.

Ulhi, heart (Kab. uli), Arab. ḳalb, Heb. lib, display the same elements, though in disguise.

78. I do not dissemble, isákănagh imāni [I show myself].

[He dissembles], war sékĕne imánnis.

You dissemble, tesírmărăday.

I am content, I allow, permit, ekebēlagh. (Arab., Kab.)

79. I trust, efelāsegh.

Confidence, tefĕlist, tifíllas.

He confided (in African Arabic), falash (seems to be the same root).

I am merry, nek ellĕwe.

Ellewegh, I am merry. Elsewhere, illewen, they were merry. Teslauit, lætificasti. Olewet, happy; olúa, fem. tolúa, wide, spacious; qu. laxus, lagus, liber. Also frequentative, lüelüe, it was let go? See 97.

80. I pity him, nek egĕras [egĕghas?] tehānit.

I do not pity him, urhas ger [gegh?] tehānit.

Have mercy on me, adenāhi tehānit.

I am angry ⎱ ⎰ etkāragh, eggesh āhe Eblīs.

(Satan has entered me),

Why are you angry with me? mas ke, tĕjés falē (or felāhi) atkar.

Teḥānit would recall Heb. and Arab. ḥann.

Eger, ger, perhaps for egegh, I make.

Aden-ahi, spread over me?

Etkār, atkar, should be etkakh, or rather etkaḥ, atkaḥ, but the Tawárek cannot sound ḥ. It is Kab. echchaḥ, Arab. ajjaḥ. But etkar means “full;” Kab. echchur. See 103.

Tejés = tegesh, enters?

81. He dishonoured him before all the world, tezĕmit dedēsin idĭnet rúrret.

I slight you, tézĕmegh fellek, nek tezémăkay.

[Slight, dishonour], tisĕmīt.

He has dishonoured me, enta tezémăhi.

I fear, eksōdagh.

Do not fear, ur teksōk [teksōd].

Do not tremble, ur termāga.

Thou art impatient, unsteady, ke termādet.

I hide myself, efāragh imāni; bikegh imāni; esíddăkik.

I cover my face with my hands, hăragh idĕmín.

Tesĕmegh, tezĕmegh. Root, ezem (deficiency, Kab.?). Izem, he slighted; itezem, he slights. D edēs in-, at side of?

Termāga: but terimmek, anxiety (with k), and termādet (with d). In Kab. ergīgi, tremble.

Esiddakik (-kigh? -ghigh?). From sideris (sideghis?), “secretly,” we might lay down sidegh, as the root. But ised eghaf ĕnis, “he hides his head,” gives us simply ised, he hides, and esiddakik, I hide thee.

Idemin, perhaps, is dual, Two cheeks; Barth has idémăwen (139.) for faces, pl.: root udem, cheek, face, Kab.

82. I take care, ugăsagh.

Beware of that man, ehéwet halis wādagh, agas-n-niet.

He is of a treacherous disposition, erádar (eghádar?).

I do not care, war ekōlagh.

Take care of the luggage, agis ílălen.

Ehewet = egeweṭ, of 52. “shun.”

Niet? [In Delaporte’s Shilha the word means “even,” même.]

Ikōl, he cares. Compare the Hausa verb kula, to care, in the Rev. Mr. Schön’s vocabulary, and ekull in 104.

83. I wait for you, ezēdargh fillek.

Wait for him, zedar filles.

———— malărēn?

He is impatient, enta war izēdar.

84. I recall to mind (my friends), nek esimmiktăghēt imaraweni.

I am not thinking at all, war inēhi ábĕlu. (Thought does not find me?)

I remember, nek esimmesúyăkal (?) or kagh (?)

Iktha, cogitavit, seems to be the Kab. root. Hence imekthi, secum reputavit; and here, isimmikti, the causative.

Imarau-eni, my friends? my sorrows? Elsewhere immerauen, mutual weeping: root, ru, sobbing, Kab. But imidaueni, my friends (Prod. Son); imīdi, a friend.

Esimmesúyakagh, suggests a root, suyak or uyak; but esimmesúyaghak (I remember thee) a root suya. Both are strange to me.

85. I have forgotten, etuagh.

Thou hast forgotten, tetuat.

Forgetfulness, tatat.

I am accustomed to ——, nek esilmadărak isūl-n-——.

I am accustomed to smoke much, nek eshuaragh almeddak tesesēn taba [cœpi discam haustum tobacci].

I teach you, nek esalmádakay.

Itu, he forgot, Kab.

Ilmed (Arab. and Heb.), he learned; isilmed, he taught; here, he learned.

Esilmadărak has a syllable too much; read esilmadagh. Then, akisūl or isūl means custom?

Almeddak = Almeddagh, (ut) discam.

Ishuar is for Kab. izwar, he began. So teshuar torau, incipit pariat = parturīt.

Tesēs en taba; én is the prep. “of?”

86. I know, sánagh.

I do not know, ur essánagh.

Do you not know? ke war tessīnat?

I am puzzled, nek amdéggēg.

87. I understand, egerāhagh.

I have not understood what you said, war egerāhagh meggerīt.

I understand a little Tarkíye, egerāhagh andúrren da Temáshight.

I cannot speak it, war dōbegh assokel enis.

Egerah, understand thou? So agrūhet, science. It seems to be a pure native root, as isen, he knew.

Meggerīt is explained by Barth as me gerīt = me gherit; or, rather, me teghrit, what thou hast called out. Meggered (meghered) is a harangue. See 29.

Da, not certain Temáshight, as Imóshaghe, for Kab. Temazight, Imózagh.

Assokel; see 25.

88. I am learning Tarkíye, etátăragh almud en Temáshight [peto doctrinam].

I know the Kurán by heart, ikfāsagh el Kurān; etāfagh.

Itar, petiit. In Kab. I know only the causative isuthar, petiit, which is common. De Slane, in a Berber (Shilha?) poem has idder and iter; viz. iwellik iddernin, toi que l’on implore (τοῖς σε λισσομένοις?); and win itran, he who wishes (ὁ ζμτῶν).

Ikfas is corrupt Arabic. Ḥafiẓ, حفظ.

Eṭafagh, I have caught or held fast, often has w, as though waṭaf were the root. It is Arab. حطف, whether native or imported. Common in Kab. See another etaf in 208.

89. Teach me Tefínaghen, agimékkăhe Tefínaghen.

I acquaint, inform you, elárĕghak.

I read, nek raragh [gharagh].

Read, tégĕri [téghĕri].

I have read with the most learned of the Kelissūk, nek égĕrék rōr el fakkíren Kelissūk ezay (esan) tégĕri hullen.

Agīnek, teach thou?

Ilar, he informed? Ilagh? compare Ar. lagha, locutus fuit.

Ezay, peritus fuit; as appears by comparing this with 68. Esan is isan, scivit, as in 86. The verb should be plural here? Egerek = eghĕregh; and the vowel of the penultimate distinguishes the past tense from gharagh, present tense.

90. I write, katăbagh. (Arab.)

Written, iktab.

I count, esedanagh.

Counted, isĕdan.

Are these cowries counted, or not? timgel ídagh isédănen, mer war isédănen?

What is the name of this in Tarkíye? wādagh, innagh ismennis se Temáshight?

Your name? isménnek?

91. I pray, umādagh. [From Arab. ʿamad, which degenerated from the idea of confirming into the ecclesiastical baptizing.]

Have you finished your prayer? ke tesýmdet timadénnek?

Tesymdet belongs to an important root, imĕda, it is finished (36.); imḍa in Delaporte’s Shilha. Barth has ejumádade, (the nights) are passed. Causative, isimda, he ended. Also imende [= imemḍe?], (our food) is finished, gone. See further under 103.

92. (I) fold (my) hands [fingers], asimmékeris isíkkăden.

Fold ye your hands, simmekeríssit isíkkadenawen.

I fast, ezōmagh. [Arab. ṣōm.]

Are you fasting? ke tazōmet?

93. I have had, once I had, kălā ille. [Kălā, once upon a time; ille, there was? rōri or ghōri seems wanting.]

I have not, war rōr ille [read, war rōri ille].

I have nothing to eat, war iktĕfagh akshegh [non sufficio (quod) edam].

Kalā, une fois; Kab. thekkilt; Shilha, wal.

Iktefa, seems to be the Arabic 8th form, from kefa, and not to be connected with ikfa, he gave, unless this is itself only a corruption of the Arabic verb.

94. I add, give more, esewādagh.

Add to me a little, sewadāhi andúrren.

I arrive, wādagh [wāṭagh].

We are arrived, nuat [newāṭ].

(The cold) decreases, efenās.

I lessen, nek afenis-tennet (?).

—— (of fluids), esodébăragh.

Sewad [sewaṭ] seems to me the causative of iwaṭ, a root common in Kab. Thus iwaṭ accessit; isewaṭ, addidit.

Andurren, a little, combined with madruīn, small, gives a root dru. In Kab., edrus, a little. The s must once have been a pronoun: edrus, a little of it. See also endurret, in 96., for young.

95. Bring me something, auyohëēt harret.

I bring it to you, waueghakit.

I leave, let, nek ōyagh.

Let him go (walk), eyit érrĕgesh.

In Kab, awīd, bring to me hither; yūwi, he brought, led.[91] Auyohi must be formed of auwi, bring; āhi, to me. In 96., awe (= yūwi) duxit, for married.

Oyagh is a different verb, imperative.

Eyyi, let, leave; in Kab., ejji.

96. I set free a slave, sidderfagh ákeli.

A freed slave, ákĕli néllil.

A freedman, adĕrif.

I divorce a woman, ezimmízeagh támate.

I marry, itidíbonagh.

He has divorced his former wife, izímmăze hannīs, tādagh rōris tille [quæ ei erat].

(And) has married a young girl, awe taliad andúrret. (On awe, see 95.)

Néllil, freed, from alīl, free. A root of very like sound is in 105., and another in 50. Izimiz; see in 81, izem, he dishonoured.

Hannīs, wife, and halis, man, are peculiar to Temght. [Qu. halis, a “fellow;” hannis, “his mate?”]

Taliad, lass; iliad, lad, are very like Arab. welad, son, which in Temght also appears as abarad.

97. I hold fast, etāfagh.

We take [lay hold of], nuttef.

Catch it, hold it, óttuft. (See 88.)

Hold fast the cord, ātef írriwi.

Let go the cord, selluelūe írriwi.

I let go, selluelūeragh.

Sellueluer? But see 79.

98. Pluck off, ekas.

I take off, pluck, ekăsagh.

Raise, take away, [tolle!] atkal.

I carry off, átkalagh.

I put the load on the camel, otāgergh ilălen fel ámĕnis; nek etajejjegh ilălen.

[He heaped things upon him], egag fellas ilălen.

There are four roots in Kab. with the radicals ks: (1.) Ekkes, aufer, exue; ikkes, exuit. (2.) Eks, pasce (pecus); iksa, pavit; ikes, pascit. (3.) Ikes, pupugit, momordit (serpens). (4.) Eksu, plica; iksa, plicuit; ikessu, plicat. To the 3rd I refer Delaporte’s confregit arbores ventus. I have tried to resolve (2.) and (3.) into vulsit, carpsit. See also iks in 167.; ekos, 213.

Atkal at first seems to be the Arabic thaqal; but Ben Músa spells it with simple k, not ḳ. Yet atkēl, government.

In Ghad. jejāq means laden. We have here a root gag, gak or gagh, meaning to heap or load; frequentative, jejegh. Otāgergh is present tense (for otāgeghagh?), and etajejjegh apparently the frequentative.

99. I take the load (from the camel), etakōzagh ilălen; ezózebagh ilălen (fel amĕnis).

I put on the (horse’s) saddle, nek ekĕral alakīf; nek esewăragh alakīf.

Put the saddle on, sūar elakīf.

I take the saddle off, ekássagh elakīf. (98.)

Etakōzagh might seem to mean, “I come down,” but it is here causative: as ezózebagh for esózebagh, because (I suppose) s becomes z through the proximity of the other z. The roots kōz, gōz, zob are named in 62.

Fel (upon) is used both of taking down and putting up.

Ekeralagh? ekeral, gird? In 160. ireled, he girded, which perhaps should be igheled.

Sewar, put on; and et-awaragh, I collect (102.), seem to be akin. But see owar, in 113.

100. I seek, look for, étăragh. (88.)

What do you look for? ma tetúrret?

Search well, ummagh hullen. (31.)

I entreat, beg, etāragh [another form of the present, for etétăragh?].

101. I send, esōkegh.

I call for, ágaragh [ágheragh?]

Call him, ágĕret [agherēt?]

I show, esekĕnagh. [point out].

Show me the road, sekenāhi abarraka.

I do not show you, nek war esekenaghak.

Isōka, he sends, is possibly the causative of ika, he passed; fem. tōka.

War esekenaghak. Here, as in 105., the power of war to attract the accus. pron. is neglected. Elsewhere, as in 106., 129, we have the Kabáíl or normal order.

102. I collect, etawaragh.

I hid [stored up?] etwāragh.

I cover (my face with my hands), haragh.

[We met there?], nemōkas dis.

Where did ye meet him? kawenit ēdagh atamókasem rōris? [Vos, quo loco convenistis ad eum?]

The people gather in one place, idĭnet yemókăsen s edeg íyen.

Imōkas is the only instance I have observed of s and r interchanging. In Brosselard we read imugger and imigger, convēnit. In Delaporte the g becomes ḳ. There is also in Kabáíl imger, he reaped, and imger, it was thrown; passive, from ger.

103. The market is full, ewúet yétkar.

The people go asunder, idĭnet íbbedā.

The tribe is scattered, tausit tesímande.

Elsewhere, asímande, with a torn dress; témminde (the tribe) is extirpated: ezzud ímmende, our provisions are gone. These three suggest that tearing and rending are the essence of a root ímende. But as this word means (the food) is finished, (see 91.), possibly all belong to the root imĕda, 36.

104. I [we?] salute you, nigerak es sălām.

Salute him, ágĕras es sălām.

I seize your hand, aṭāfagh afōs enik.

I embrace him, ekúllĕghas.

He fell on his neck, and kissed him, yūdar fel erinnis ahāsi timullut.

I embrace his knees, (and) kiss them, nekŏdēgh fel fadénnis, ahāsen e timúllut.

A kiss, tamōlit [tamōlirt: tamōlight?].

I kiss, emólĕragh [emólĕghagh?].

Ager-as; either “throw salute,” from ger, or “cry out salute,” from gher; aghĕras. See 101.

Ekull, cherish thou? See ekōl in 82. Different are ikel (?), he marched, iggel, he turned aside, igla, he broiled: roots liable to confusion. Also kūlet in 65.

Odēgh, I fall? nōdagh, we fall (71.), war tidu, lest thou fall; if to be so written denote a root. Idu (compare dau, under.) But if tidu is untrustworthy, adar, or rather aṭar, is the root; in Kab. to go down.

Faden (ifaden?) pl. of afōd, knee?

Aha-sen. Aha = Aga of 39?

Imōler (imōlegh), he kisses?

105. I follow thee, nek elkamăkay.

Follow him, elkemt.

I obey or follow, nek elilal [elilagh].

Does El Khadĭr obey the orders of Alkúttabu? El Khadír elīl Alkúttăbu?

He does not obey him, war ýilkĕmit.

I refuse to submit to thee, nek ugarăghak sérhu.

That tribe has revolted against their chief, tausit tādagh (tindegh) irhēt amanōkal nissen.

Elkem in Kab. “arrive.” Qu. may ilkem, “pertinuit,” explain the double use?

Serhu, victory, primacy. Yūgar (Shilha and Kab.) “it exceeds,” and so once (I think) in Barth. Thus ugaraghak serhu may seem to mean “supero tibi præstantiam.”

Irhēt. Barth suspects it should be “war irhēt,” loves not. Final t is then useless. May not t be radical, and irhat mean dejecit, excussit?

Amanōkal, chief. Tinmokolen, they invest their chief, 125. Atkēl, government (spelt تكل by Ben Músa). These words, with the term “kél,” seem peculiar to Temáshight.

106. Help me! dehelāhi.

I help you, edehelaghak.

Idĕhel, he helped?

107. Make place [for me], shinkĕshin félle.

108. I honour you, esimgharăghak.

He has not honoured me, warhi isimghar.

Isimghar (he made great), as in Kab. is from the root meḳḳur, great; the k becoming gh in the causative, as in some other verbs.

109. I bear witness to you, egehăghak.

Bear me testimony, gehāhi.

I swear, ehādagh [I swore?].

I swear, ohādagh.

I swear falsely, ehādagh-s-bāho.

He swore falsely, yehad-s-bāho.

I make peace between them, etĕnagh tináhăren [I speak goodness? protection?].

Geh, “testify thou,” shows the root of the Kab. inige(h), a witness; in Shilha also engi.

Tináhărēn is explained by Barth as “protection” and also “goodness.” Combine it with ehĕri, wealth, and perhaps with Arab. kheir, good, since khĭr is common in Kab.

110. I go to law, esherragh. (Arab.)

————, nek amisten.

I overcome you at law, irnēghak se sheríat.

I am cast in a suit, etiwarnagh; (the money is lost), éhĕri inekshe.

Irna (Kab.), superavit, irnu, superfuit; two verbs which are hard to keep separate. (Irna in Venture is, il triomphe.) Here we have active and passive, irnēgh, superari, etiwarnagh, superatus sum. See the preliminary remarks.

Inekshe, strictly, I think, “is eaten;” a sort of Niphal passive, from ekshe.

111. I praise, egeriddagh.

—— (thee?), nek elakádăkay.

I praise God, gŏdēr Mesí [gŏdēgh?].

I promise to you safe conduct; I engage to you my faith, egishĕrak alkawel.

I will not betray (you), war ighadaragh.

I break faith (with thee), nek irkshēdak alkawel.

He has broken faith (with me), enta irkshedāhi alkawel: arzar da alkawel.

On egerid (egherid?), see 29.

Elakádăkay, from ilakad?

Egisherak, or egishegh-ak? I enter to thee.

Alkawel is corrupt Arabic. Ghadar also is Arabic.

Irkshed seems a mistake for ighshen (a participial form), “deceiving” (see 115.), from Arabic ghesh, decepit.

Arzar: irza, he broke.

112. I have made him confess by some means or other, nek esleákak estiwit tézar alaretāhi gaway ōkar.

I deny, odelagh.

(I refuse to you?), nek odélakay, odélagh el khēr innek.

I refuse to you, nek endarākay.

I punish you, nek akazábăkay.

He has refused (to) me, indarāhi.

[He refused to me speech concerning it?], indarāhi meggered sirs.

Yōdel, he denied?

Indar, he refused. So 218.

Azab, seems to be Arab. ʿaḍab, torment: but what is ak before it? Does k replace lost ain?

113. Pardon me! enshāhi.

I pardon you, enshāghak.

Pardon me, O Lord! e Mesī, takfūt felle.

Ransom him, sókălas téffĕdaut enís.

I wrong you, nek ówaradakay [ówaranakay?].

Thou wrongest me, tówaradāhi.

Insha, he pardoned, recalls Arab. nesa, he forgot.

Takfūt, “thou hast forgiven,” as from akfū. The k is a corruption of ain, from Arabic ʿafu.

Teffedaut, ransom, from Arab. feda.

Sókălas, return (repay) for him. See 25.

Owar, injure thou (?). Towaraṭ, 2nd pers.

114. I doubt, hesitate, am mistaken, nek amdíggeg.

I am not mistaken as to what I said, nek war amdíggeg tidid, au annēgh.

Sins, pl. ibakkăden.

I commit sin, nek eger [egegh] ebăkeṭ. [Ghad. Bekkăden, sins.]

I am authorised, egelāyegh.

I have been longing for you, ezóweragh.

Tidid, true? truth?

Au = awwa, that which.

Ezoëragh, from Arab. zōr, violence?

115. I disturb you, nek ashelánakay.

You disturb me, ke teshledāhi: ke tekesadāhi makăna nawa kannak.

Let me alone, aiyāhi; (trouble me not), war shillāhi.

I tickle, nek akerittegh (témandan).

Shela, disturb, bustle. See oshel, 55. Akeritti (tickle thou?). In Kab. ekreṭ, rake, scrape. Below, karrauet is torn.

116. I envy thee, nek munshéghakay.

ʿAbidín envies Bakáy on account of [the Ulíye], ’Abidín emunshagh El Bakáy fel temust innis.

I cheat you, betray you, nek ghadárakay (Arab.), nek ighdáraghak.

Thou hast cheated me, taghdarredāhi.

Imunshegh, he envied; amōshagh (amonshagh?), envious.

Fel, upon; temust, affair.

117. I steal, ókăragh. (So Kab.)

Theft, tōkar (and tékărak, below).

A thief, amkarād. (So Kab.)

Thieves have stolen my camel, imakarāden ōkaren amĕnis eni.

The Kel-ulli are expert in stealing, Kel-ulli idábabén dag tékărak.

I seduce (?), nek takárăsak.

That man has seduced the woman (?), halis adagh etákaras tamándant.

Yūkar, yōkar, he stole, seems to have secondary verbs, yekarad, yekarak, yekaras.

Tamandant = tamattut of Kab.? The form does not seem to recur.

Ikaras in the Prodig. S. is used for igharas, he slaughtered.

118. I take vengeance, nek azālagh eráni.

Vengeance is sweet, tamăzilt-n-era tazēd.

He has revenged on them the blood of his father, izel dassen áshĕni-n-shís.

I beat you, nek wātak.

He beat him, till the blood came out, yawat, har tegmad áshen.

Erā, the debt of blood. Azal was at first written by Barth as with ص. I suspect it is here سال, and means demand. Zal is of many roots in Kab.

Azēd, azīd, sweet.

Áshĕni, blood, is nearly as in Hausa. In Kab. we find idemmin, as if Arabic pl.

Shi or ti, father.

Yawat, “he beat,” is the root, as in Kab. Tegmad (with adverbial d final), from igem, he went out; Temght, not Kab.

119. I imprison, ergellagh (awādagh iyen).

A prison, ehe-n-errĕgal.

I put in chains, egegh ásĕsar dar erinnis [I do a chain on his neck].

I put a waistchain on his back, a handcuff on his hands, gegh teshim dar darannis, gegh tiyat dar afasánnis.

Irĕgel, he imprisoned?

Erī, neck (in Kab.); fel erinnis, on his neck (Prodig. Son). Dar (= daffir, back? see the prepositions). Ifasan, hands. I infer that ásĕsar is a collar or neckband, teshim, a waistchain, tiyat, a handcuff.

120. I circumcise, nek emánkăden, (particip.)

Circumcised, imankad, pl. imankăden.

I castrate, nek emeleägh.

121. I wound somebody, sabáyăsagh awādem.

He is wounded, abōyis (?)

Wounded, anasbāyas.

From 129., buyis (or aboyis?), a wound. The causative verb is sabayas, wound thou; the passive (or Niphal), inebuyis, he was wounded. Also anasbāyas (particip.), wounded.

Awādem, from Heb. and Arab. adam, man.

122. I box the ear, asíttegh.

I slap the face, edebarāhagh.

I kick, stamp with the foot, terséllădagh.

I strike with the knee, nek tesmen kássădagh.

I give a foil, nek esíllăras [esíllăghas].

Ibarāh, he slapped? (Ibarāgh, he treated insolently?) See Abărāgh in 138.

123. I wrangle, nek táyĕragh shélkĭkān.

I cut (off) his head, nek tesúggŏrast [tesúggŏgh-as-t].

Strangle thou (him), orëa-s.

I strangle (him), nek oréägh-as.

Isugg, he cut off?

Orëa, strangle, may be compared with eri, neck, Kab. and in 119.

124. I go to war, iggelēgh dagh égĕhen. [Egehen, an inroad, or military expedition.]

The people gather, idĭnet tidauen.

They intend an expedition, yebōken égĕhen.

They deliberate, emsākan mēden.

[Note 124, 125.]Igĕle, he went or set off, seems to me the same root as tekĕli, starting setting off, which in Kab. is tikli or thikli. I ventured to propose writing the verb ikĕli (see 232.), and regarded sikel (travel) as its causative (viz. cause to go, i.e. make the beasts start); as Arab. sūḳ. But Barth insists that igĕle is necessarily sounded with g, and tekkĕli, sikkel with k.

Idĭnet; Arab. dunia, world? The word pervades North Africa.

Emsākan seems to have m as a reciprocal form.

Mēden, men, as in Kab.

125. They are about to start, yebōken tékĕli.

The expedition takes horse, égĕhen írkeb. (Arab.)

They invest their chief, tinmókolen amanōkal nissen.

The expedition left, egĕhen égĕle.

We shall fight, adeneknés. [Eknās, battle.]

Ibōki is clearly used just as in Kab. ibgha, he will, he is about, he means; and seems to be the same word. Yet the latter is identical with Arab. bagha, decuit, from which I think it is borrowed. See 125.

Inmōkel for Imnōkel? See 105.

126. The expedition attacked, egĕhen óhak.

They fell upon the cattle, ehōkan ishítan.

They plunder the tents, ásfeken ihánnan.

They take away everything, atáfen auay ilādihen der rurret (they seize whatever (is) there of the whole.)

They take the male and female slaves, ígfălen íkĕlan e tikélăten.

Ohak, ohag, in Temght, are the root awagh of Kab., but take a stronger sense. awagh is “sume,” but ohag, “cape, rape.”

Ehōkan in 127. is óhăgen; but perhaps they differ in tense.

Asfeken, I conjecture, should be asfeghen, they empty; from fagh. See 174.

Igfal may seem to be the same word as ikfel, he ransacked. 130.

127. They lead away the horses, wottan íyesan. [They bring up? See iwaṭ in 94.]

They drive away the cows, óhăgen iwan.

—— the woolly sheep, óhăgen tikíndemén.

—— the (hairy) sheep, óhăgen tíhatēn.

—— the goats, óhăgen ulli.

Tihatēn seems to be the same word as tighaten, goats, from taghat, she-goat, in Kab. Barth also has tarat (= taghat), she-goat; yet he is sure that tihatēn means (hairy) sheep; and that ulli (which in Kab. is a flock of sheep or goats) is the Temght plural for goats. In 137. ulli is sheep (?). [There is no doubt that ulli comprises occasionally both sheep and goats.—B.]

128. There was nothing but weeping of the women and children, war akímu har tidĕdēn e iliáden immerauen dag timshagh. [N.B. e, and; as 126. 130.]

They fought hard, úsăsan ágăzar.

They would not flee, war ebōkan égewet. (52.)

Akimu is from iḳīm, it rested or remained (41.); also, it remained over. Har, except.

Immerau, reciprocal verb, from iru, he sobbed; immerauen, they sobbed mutually.

Agĕzar, war. Usăsan (perhaps), “they made obstinate;” Ar. ʿasa; which might generate a causative verb, isasa. But for the Arabic root, we have in Kab. azzay, heavy. See azúen in 150.

129. They vanquished them only by numbers, éntenet war tanárnen har s egōd.

Died, who died, amūt, awa amūt.

Was wounded, who was wounded, égeshēn búyĭsen, awa būyis.

Was speared, who was speared, égeshēn tídik, awa gíshen.

Was smitten, who was smitten, égeshēn tíwit awa gíshen.

The whole tribe was extirpated, tausit ikétĕnes témminde. (91.)

Except a few lads who were absent, asel harret ilíaden, war hadarīn.

There was not one who was not wounded, war tílle dakhsen ĕrē war nebūyis.

War tan-arnen. The negative war attracts the pron. accus. tan (them). Arnen, they overcame, as in Kab.

Egōd, multitude, as in Shilha yeggūt, it was numerous.

Egishen seems to come from egish, enter or pierce. (So egishāhi terjadauten, cup me behind the ear, i.e. pierce to me the back-head.) Idak, he pierced with a spear, Heb. daḳar; Ar. daḳḳ wat, ihe struck, smote. Hence tidik and tiwit, feminine nouns.

Erē ... qu. war-erē, ne-pas? So Kab.

130. Men were broken and crushed, idĭnet arzan e dígdĕgen.

They ransacked their villages, atíkfĕlan emazāghe nissen.

They took it and went away with it, eluent, éngĕlen dĕris.

The enemy despaired, íshĭnge aráhăgén.

I despair, nek eheráhăragh.

The whole town burns, aghĕrim ikétĕnes irrar. (170.)

They fled into the forest, imár rasan ígeshen ehíshkan. [They were broken, and entered the bushes.]

I flee, nek arzēgh. [I am broken?]

They make a stand, ibdĕdan. (41.)

Irza, he broke; also, he was broken; but for the passive we seem presently to find imarraz; in Kabáíl imrez and irrez. Idigdeg or idiggid, he crushed; frequentative. Compare Heb. daḳaḳ, Ar. daḳḳ, to pound, &c.

Itikfel, present tense from Ikfel? See Igfal, in 126.

Amazāghe. Compare Timshagh, in 128.

Yelu, he took? (not again.)

Ingel, Niph. from igĕle? (not again). But inghel, it gushed out; qu. enghĕlen, eruperunt?

Irahagh, he despaired. Ehe initial, marking present, is aï of Kabáíl.

131. They gather, isártăyen har emókăsan. [They caused to join, until they assembled mutually.]

Their chief addressed them, emegered dassen amanōkal nissen. (29.)

Irtay (neuter verb), it joined; isertay (active), he joined; imirtayen(things), mixed.

132. He exhorted them to defend their women, innăsen hawánim auādagh akawen igeráwen tídĕdēn ennawen. [He said to them ... that (?) to you they set free your women.]

And your children, ezafnet d íliaden nawen.

Izaf, naked; izafnet, they (fem.) are naked?

Igerauen, they deliver, set free? rather, egherauen, “laxant.” See 63.

133. That you may not get a bad name amongst men (?) ámehak wásăsen tésĕlim dar mēden.

Up! and let us fight till we penetrate to their tents, awar hawenjen har tasne ehanne nassen.

Amehak (ameghagh, anquisivi, 31.).

Wásăsen. See usăsan, 128; also tewĭsit, tribute.

Tesilim, audistis.

Ihannen, tents.

134. Till we fight them at their very tents, har dirsen tirteyam dar ehenne nessen.

Till you drive out their women, tesiffem tídedēn nissen.

Take as hostages their children, termissen arrásăsen alroren nissen.

Their children are your prey, ilíaden nissen ewunawen.

Tirteyam, jungamini. See 131.

Tesiffem, exire faciatis? See ifay, exiit, 141.

Termissem, prehendatis. Irmes, prehendit, as in Ghadámsi.

135. They raise the war-cry, esaraurawen.

They beat their shields, etedérzen érehe [ághĕre] nissen.

Nek esraurawegh, I break through, should be ezraurau-egh, 190. 136. Isaraurau, he shouted, may be frequentative causative from ru, to sob, Kab. (128.)

Iderez, he rattled?

136. They form a line, égen ăfōd.

They make an assault, óshĕlen insírsen.

They have surrounded them, raleénten, kŭbēn falássen.

They break through them, ibelaggénten, azraurawénten.

Afōd, the knee! Egen, see 39.

Oshĕlen, they hurried, 55.

Insirsen, they made a descent? Kab. ires, he went down; sirs, bring down.

Raleyen, from iralay, he surrounded: whence terlaite, around.

Kubē, form a circle? Compare ḳubba (Heb. and Arab.), a (vaulted) sleeping chamber, an arch.

Fal-assen, against them.

Ibelag, pervasit? (Ar. belagh, pervenit). Azraurau, freq. to split (190.), from irza (130.).

137. They have dispersed, ábbĕdén.

These were broken and those were broken, arzen wuīn, arzen wuīn.

They fled like hares, egéwuaden shynd égewat átek temarruëlt [instar fugæ (quam) præterit? lepus].

Like the sheep or goats before the wolf, shynd ulli ishāk ebak [instar gregis (quam) invadit lupus].

Abbeden, read abbeṭen, or abbeden. Kab. ibtu, divisit.

Shynd, in Kab. and Shilha, zund, zun, instar.

Egewuad, egewat, see 52.

Temarruelt, a hare, from imerewel, run away (Hodgson’s Kab.), which is from irwel, he fled; Arabic, rahhel.

Ebak or ebēg, a jackal.

Ishāk, invadit? Afterwards (220.) ishek, “(the lion) attacks.” Compare shik, quick; Kab. zik.

138. They are both afraid, éntĕnet aneméttesen ingarmanissen.

Let the proud champions fight, ayet inasbarāghen ademánghan.

(Let) the champions step forth, síggemet étid inasbarāghen.

(One) champion the son of Naber (Nabegha), anesbarāgh ineg en Nabegh.

And (the other) champion the son of Agwi, d anesbarāgh ineg el Agwi.

Imettes, he frightened? (Not again.)

Ingarmanissen, inter se? In Kab., gar, between; also gaigar; and gaigarasan, inter se.

Ayet, let ye, 95.

Abărāgh, proud; tebarōghit, opulence; anesbărōgh, man of wealth and grandeur. In Venture, ūbĭlāgh, bien, richesse.

Ademánghan, subjunctive. Ingha, he killed; imangha, he killed mutually, i.e. he fought.

Siggemet, exire facite. Igem, exiit, 118.

Etid, hither? [Etid, (the cold) increases.]

Ineg or inek, son;—only in Temght?

139. Their countenances are as the countenances of lions, idemawen nissen shynd idemawen éheran.

Who are about to spring on their prey, ainemeharnănīn abōkan ademókăsen.

They fight hand to hand, amáwăten.

The son of Agwi has cut him through the left shoulder, ineg el Agwi istak sers gerē dézar wa-n-téshĭlgēn.

Udem, cheek, in Venture; face, in Kab. generally; pl. udemin. It is also aḳădūm in Kab., which suggests Heb. and Arab, ḳedem, front, as akin. See 81.

Eher, lion, is afur in Ghad.

Iharna seems to mean “he crouched,” see 22; although Barth has it otherwise in 222: meharnan, particip.

Aina, article or relative plural?

Ademókasen, occurrant (to encounter). Ad marks subjunctive, as in ademanghan, 138.

Iwat, he struck: imawat, he struck reciprocally.

Istak, has gashed? has inflicted? Arab. 8th form of sūḳ, impulit?

Sers, on him? So in Kab.—Delaporte, &c.

Gerē, between? Kab. gar (or, a wound? Arab, jurhh).

Dézar, collar bone? or, ezar? vein.

Wa-n-téshilgēn, which (is) of the left.

140. He parried that blow, úhag arasset.

(They encounter;) their swords are broken, tamókasen, tikabawen erzĕmet.

They throw the spears, anemiggĕren s alăghen.

I throw the spear, nek egāragh alăghe.

One and the other throw it, igart wuay, igart wuay.

This pierced him and that pierced him, idakt wuay, idakt wuay.

Uhag, he caught, 126.

Arasset? before (him)? See 238.

Tákŏba, sword, as in Hausa.

Erzemet = Erzenet, 3rd fem. pl.

Iger, he threw; igār, he throws, inemigger, he throws reciprocally; neuter verb: hence s, with the spear.

141. Both of them are wounded, asen enissen ansabayāsen.

The blood gushes from their wounds like a torrent, ingay áshĕni dar búyĭsen nissen ifay shynd enji [it comes out like, &c.].

Asen enissen, two of them.

Ingay, gushes, engi or enji, a torrent, must be akin. In Kab. inghel, it gushed; see 174.

Ifay, it comes out, replaces the Kab. ifagh (see 174.): hence, tufay, (the sun) comes out; tufīt, diarrhœa; ofayen, effunduntur (grandines).

142. (They) lead them from the place, itkellénten dihen anemanghan [they cause-them-to quit where they have fought mutually].

They bind up their wounds, etellénten ibúyĭsen nissen.

They put to them remedies, egenassen isĕfrā.

They die, amūten.

Ikelli, he caused to quit? see 124. The form reminds one of Arabic.

Ittal, he swathed, wrapped, folded, wound up (so Kab.). Compare Arab. fetel: whence iftel, ittel?

143. They drive them back, yékĕnten, isokalénten.

They have extirpated [crushed?] their tribe, irzan terērt nissen.

I lay ambush, nek estĕdaf.

They have razed the whole town to the ground, irzan ághĕrim ikétĕnes har amós shynd ákal.

Yéken, they pass? (cause to pass).

Isókal, see 25.

Terērt, tribe: also, a cup! (Is a tribe Ṭerīght = Ṭarīḳet?)

Estédaf, Arab. 8th form? Esdef, obscura fuit nox, Golius.

Aghĕrim, town. Ikétĕnes, all of it.— [Some of it,—or, much of it, one might have judged. But Barth is positive and consistent.]

Har amós, until it becomes?

144. I draw my sword from the scabbard, erkăbagh takobāni dagar titar.

I throw down the scabbard, asíndaragh titar.

I replace the sword in its case, esókălagh tákŏba dag titar ennis.

I draw the arrow (at him?), erkábăgh-as essim.

I let fly the arrow, egeragh s essim (I throw with the arrow).

I replace the arrow in the quiver, esókălagh essim dag tatánghot.

Irkeb, evulsit, is native (180.): see 125. for the very different Arabic.

Dagar, dag; read dagh.

Isindar, he threw down? Yet indar, he refused (112.), and ennādir, often. Rather asindaragh is for asintarakgh, from root iṭarak, he fell (71.); or for asintaragh, from iṭar, he went down, which is Temght as well as Kabáíl.

145. I load the gun, tasáksagh el barūde.

Is the gun loaded or not? el barūde asíksek? mer war asíksek?

The left barrel is loaded, éman teshílge tezéksak.

The right barrel is not loaded, éman arēl war ezéksak; or, war teha harret [there is not anything]; or, war ekémăret.

Tasaksagh for tasaksakgh.

Zéksak, careless for seksak? root saksak, cram, press. Comp. Greek, σαγ.

Teshílge, differently accented in 139. 146.

Arēl, the right. (These two words differ from the Kab.) Arīl-n-eshel is the noon of day, i.e. the upright?

Ekémăret is filled? It seems to me an Arabic feminine form, corrupt for ʿamaret, which Delaporte uses.

146. Give me a little powder for the eye of the gun, ikfāhe égil gíak, dag tēt-n-el barūd.

I fire the gun, sínkăragh el barūd.

I hit, wātagh.

He has hit him(?) just under the left eye, wātagh s el barūd dag tagūmast-n-tét tan téshĭlgēn.

Égil, powder (in the vocabulary).

Giak, a little?

Sinkar, cause to rise? (cock the gun?) Inkar, he arose; 41.

Tagūmast, a tooth? [So, it seems, in Barth’s vocab.] Tughmas in Kab. Qu. He hit me in the left eye-tooth?

Tan, fem. demonst. = tinni of Kab. Elsewhere, tēn and tindagh, illa.

147. The ball did not enter him, (but) passed over his head, war tiggisht tesawe, toke eraf [eghaf] enis; ukaine tezáwaten gínnĭge eraf enis.

He has not aimed well, war asíkĕne és innémehel; war esnámehel; war ésín esinnémĕhel. (See 172. 195.)

He does not know how to aim, war esín asíkken.

Toke, 52; ukaine, 66.

Eraf = eghaf (or ikhf), head.

Gínnĭge, above, from Kab. ennig, amplius, with Kab. prep. g, in. In Kab. also sennig, aloft. In Shilha, īgi.

Isíkkĕne, he points, aims.

Mehel? wait, expect, Kab. Elsewhere anímmĕhel, operæ pretium.

148. His arm trembled, afōs enis ishikátkat. (His hand.)

The ball has swerved, tisáwaten akúrret.

Ishikátkat, trembled; but shekántat, shiver.

Tisawaten, plural? Akurret = akurrent, also plur.? Compare akérăren, round.

149. I trade, asíttĕgagh.

I am not a merchant, war estéjjagh.

I exchange, éstĕgagh; meséttegh.

I barter, simískălagh.

Isitteg and istejja must be variations of one verb. They remind us of Arabic tājir, merchant. Meséttegh, unless particip., is a reciprocal verb.

Simiskal, complicated form, from ikkal (iḳḳal), he turned?

150. I buy, nāzagh.

Thou hast bought dear, tāzet azúen.

—— cheap, indeed! tāzet erakēsen, beshōr!

I provide myself with (store up) millet (corn), esātagh énĕli (alun).

All the Arabs of Ázawád buy their guinea-corn in Timbúktu, Arăben-n-Azawagh iketenessen ikāten énĕli dak Timbýtku.

Ināz he buys; inz, he bought?

Tāzet, for tanzet? This shows the root of izinz, he sold, in Kab.

Erakēs is Arab. rakhīs, cheap. Elsewhere Barth has ibkhas, cheap.

Isat, he stores up?

Azúen, dear; also hard (meat). Kab. azza, to be heavy.

Ikāt, he measures? 193.

151. I sell, eshinshēgh (= ezinzēgh).

Sell me your horse, shinshāhi aïs innak.

I do not sell my horse, war shinshēgh ais in [= ais eni].

I wish to sell something, irhēgh adĕshinsh [adĕshinshagh] harret.

152. I borrow [roṭolegh?].

Lend me, sirdelāhi.

I lend you, esirdelaghak.

I have from you money on loan, nek ehánătay esirdalínnek.

You have from me —, ke ehánkay esirdál eni.

He has from him —, enta ehant esirdal enís.

Roṭel, in Arab. to weigh, is in Kab. lend or borrow.

Ehanat-ayi, sunt mihi? (fem. pl.?)

Ehan-kay, sunt tibi (masc. pl.?)

Isirdalen, may be pl. “loans.”

153. His debt is large, amárwas enís ĕgēn.

I have a trade debt with you (I am in debt to you), nek ehánătay amárwas innek.

Return me what I have lent you, sokelāhi awāhak ismarwásagh. [Redde mihi quod tibi commodavi.]

Amarwas, a debt, is also Kab., for I find it in Luke, vii. 41., though not in Brosselard. Ismarwas, he lent (a thing).

154. I begin, sheshwāragh.

—— asíntagh.

I have begun copying the book, asíntagh asăkal el kitáb.

He begins an harangue, ísint méggered.

Ishashwar, frequentative; from Kab. izwar. So ishwar, 85.

Isint, he begins (not Kab.), strangely like in sound to isimda, he ended. Since the latter is causative (from imḍa, imĕda), isint may denote a root int, cœptum est. Compare indi, not yet; end (in composition), next; in Kab. neṭ or neḍ, alter. In Ben Músa’s Temght, nedin, next to me.

155. I finish, end, simdegh.

He has finished reading the Kurán, isimde (or yirtem) el Kurán.

(And) celebrates the day, ashel egel elyulímat. (Arab. walīmat, epulum.)

My salutes to you for having finished the reading of the Kurán, ulímĕtun ujíbĕtun.

It is finished, yímmĕder [yimĕda].

Imḍa, see 91.

Yirtem, he completed? (Arab. confregit)

Egel = aril, noon? (Aghel may be the true spelling.)

156. Repeat, ólis ádak [adagh] sōril.

Repeat this verse, ólis aghas (or smālis aghas) téghărēn.

Until you know it by heart, har tílmĕdak [tílmĕdat?]

Oril = Ar. aḳl, intellect? So we have arēl, he thinks (223.), for ʿaqal. Adak = adagh, this.

Olis means “repeat thou.” So in Prod. Son, nolis, we have repeated; tulis, (adverbially) again.

Smālis and aghas need fuller explanation.

157. I fasten, ékanagh.

Are the camels picketed, or not? immĕnās ikerāfen, mer war ikerāfen? (43.)

Shall I tie the horse or loosen (him)? agiagh aïs, mer aregh? [Shall I do the horse, or undo him?]

Let him eat that fine herbage, áyit adíkshe téshe tindegh tahōsket.

Set (ye) the horses free, símbarit íyesan.

I set free, asímbaragh.

Igan, Kab., he tied, fastened.

Agiagh is pres. or fut. of iga, 39.

Irra means “to shut” in Kab., but “to loosen and open” in Temght. Two verbs seem to be confused, namely, Ghad. efer, shut thou, Temght, eher, which represents Kab. err, related perhaps to Shilha iwerri, he returned (w is the r of Ghádamsi?), Kab. irra, he brought back, came back: but Ghad. er, loosen thou, which is Temght ar or ur; connected perhaps with eheru, egheru, loose. See 63.

Teshe = Kab. teje, grass, &c.

Isímbara, he set free. See 54.

158. Shut the door, sókel tefálwat.

Open the door, arīd tefálwat.

I open the door, ūregh tefálwat.

I cover, ushikámbashagh.

Tefálwat = tafurt of Ghad. = tawurt of Kab.

Sokel, i.e. turn the door; as in Kab. err turn, for shut. It is strangely like Arab. sekker el bāb.

159. Lock ye up, agfeltet.

I lock up, agfeltagh.

I knock at the door, edágakagh tefálwat.

Agfelt seems to be a corruption of Arabic ḳofl, a lock. The final t is anomalous.

Daḳak is Hebrew and Arab. daḳaḳ.

160. I put on [change?] my shirt, insákalagh rishabāni.

I reverse my shirt, abiregwalegh rishabāni.

I gird my loins, ehereldegh bessa; egebessagh.

Ireled, he girded. Aralād, a circuit fence (a girding). In Kab. aghalād, a city wall. A simpler root is iralay; see 136.

Ehe- and ege- mark present tense, as aï of Kab. In fact we have ahi in 166.

Bessa, waist? Kab. ames, middle. See amos, 143.

161. I put on fine clothes, elāsagh temálsătēn ihōskătnēn.

The Tawárek everywhere, in their encampments (tentoria sua) put on their worst clothing, Imōshagh kodihén ehánan nissen sassáharen áshelróhĕra annĕsen.

I assume all my weapons, isdawagh tazólinin ikétenes.

Elis clothing (of gun); isilse, man’s dress; ilās, he dressed himself, put on; temalsat, garment. This root is also Kab., where it is apt to be confused with other roots,—illes, he touched; illes, he sheared sheep; which I have not found in Barth. “A fleece” combines the ideas of shearing and clothing.

Ihōskatnēn is fem. pl. from ihōsken (a participial form), handsome.

Isdau, he collected, from idau, it was collected: whence tidauen, they congregate; amīdi, a friend. In Kab. this root is replaced by idukkel, whence also amdukkel, a friend; isdukkel, he collected.

Tazōli, iron, weapon; from Kab. wezzāl, iron. Root, gzl, to cut, &c.

162. I sling on my sword, shélăgagh takobāni.

I (we?) lay down arms, nekes tazólinin. (98.)

I undress, nekes rishabāni. (We take off my shirt?)

Ishelag, he put over the left shoulder? Teshilge, the left.

163. I wash, sáradagh.

Washed (not new), arīd.

[It is washed, ired.]

I wash my face, rádebagh ídemín.

I wash my hands, rássemagh ifassin.

I wring out the water from my shirt, zymmogh rishabāni.

Ired, sired, are also Kab.

Irādeb, he bathes with the hand?

Irāsem, he besprinkles? pours upon? Kab. has ireshshu for this; but so Barth, reshresh, rain-drops.

164. I dry my shirt, básăragh rishabāni.

My shirt is not yet dried, rishabāni indi tibsărit.

I hang in the air, nekes orĕkagh ígetan har tejmat innikkāl, or abelánbak [I hang (it) flying, until the moisture comes out?].

Ibsar, he dried, or was dry?

Tibsarit seems to have Arab fem. termination? (ikiu in Kab.)

Nek esoregagh? I hang up?

Igetan, poles? igeṭan, flying.

Tejmat = tegmat, with Arab. fem. termination. See igem, 138. 118.

Innikkāl, abelánbak, moisture?

165. I cover, ushikámbashagh. (See 158.)

Shave my head, sarsāhi eraf in [eghaf ini].

I shave (myself?), erarsegh.

I clean, tekárkăragh.

Clean this, aferit den, amīs.

I look into the glass, sággehagh awánin der tísit.

Sars, shave thou; ars, be thou shaved?

Ikárkar, be cleansed?

166. I mend, nekānagh (nek ganagh? 157.).

I will go to the blacksmith, irhēgh tíkaut-n-ēnhad (volo profectionem fabri?)

That he may mend what is spoiled in my gun, ahíyeken away íkhsheden dagh el barūdin.

Ēnhad, compare Arabic hhadīd iron.

Away ikhsheden, τὸ φθαρὲν, article and participle. Ikhshed, it is spoiled, nemakhshad, wasteful, in “Prodigal Son.”

167. I cook, boil, esangnegh.

Well boiled, ripe, yignān.

Not sufficiently done, ur ignān.

Boil water for me, íksahe áman.

I broil, nek ekánafagh.

Roasted meat, ísan nékănaf.

Ingne, it is cooked, fem. tingne, partic. ignān. Perhaps the true spelling then is igne, and causative isagne. In Sídi Ibrahím (Shilha) I find isenu, he cooked.

Iks, boil thou. Compare ekōs, hot; akūs, a dish. Also 98.

Iknef is also Kab.

Isan = aisūm = aksum, meat.

168. Make a fire, awet éfeü.

I make a fire, awetagh éfeü.

I kindle the fire, sáhedagh éfeü, akenásseragh éfeü.

Kindle the fire, sóhad éfeü.

Awet, make, build, arrange. In Shilha, yegat, he placed.

Sóhad, stir thou?

Akenassaragh is a compound verb, from ken, make, and iseragh, he burnt, which is shortened to iserr in Barth. See 170.

169. That it may not go out, war etémmekatit.

I put out the fire, nek ismákket éfeü.

The fire is going out, éfeü tísmăket; éfeü war ikenásmăket; ákkenes asísmăken éfeü.

The fire has gone out, éfeü temmūt.

The fire revives, éfeü helígle.

Imekat, it is extinguished?

Ismakket, he extinguishes?

Ikenasmăket, compounded with ken, make.

Asísmaken has no final radical t.

Helígle = ahiligle, present tense, from iligle, it revived?

170. Light the candle for me, sokāhi téfetelt.

I light the candle, sekōgh téfetelt.

I burn, nek nesérragh.

You have burnt your shirt, ke teserret rishāb innek.

Esōkegh, I send, in 101. Yet here sok, light thou, and sekōgh.

Iserra, or iserragh, is causative, from irrar or iragh, it was burnt; Kab. iragh, ihhragh, identical with Arab. hharak.

Neserragh, nirzagh, with n superfluous, is an anomaly not rare in Barth, apparently from the perplexity introduced from Arabic, where n initial vacillates in sense between 1st pers. sing. and 1st pers. plural.

171. I break, destroy, nek nirzagh, nek edíggidagh.

Broken, irzar [irza?].

Idiggid, he smashed! See Dagak in 159.

172. I throw, nek asánahel.

I threw it on the ground, and crushed it with my foot, satárakegh dar akal adarábăragh.

Asanahel and esnámehel of 147., have something in common.

Isaṭarak, see 71.

Erāber, (the horse) kicks, 216.

Irbar, (the river horse) upset (the boat),—qu. stamped on? crushed? Then ad marks subjunctive, and adarábăragh = (ut) confringam.

173. I cut, nek nékkĕtas.

Mince the meat for me, akelisāhi ísan.

I cut a pen, ekárădagh.

—— tekárkăragh (but 165.).

I slit a pen, shoféfaragh ēm aránibin; suttékĕragh [I scrape?]

Catch thou (what is thrown), ekbel.

I catch, ekbēlagh. [Ar. Receive, as in 78.]

Ekkĕtas, cut (189.); ikarad, he cut (a pen?). Heb. karat.

Em, the mouth (nib?).

174. I fill with water, atkăragh s’ áman.

You have filled this cup, tétkărat terērt.

Till it runs over, har titfak.

I pour it out, nek esáttĕfit.

I empty, esíngălagh [esingh-].

Itkar = Kab. ichchur.

Titfak = titfagh? Yet for iffagh (it came out, Kab.) we had ifay, 141. Also efōket, fem. tefōket, present tense (207.), it comes forth. Below, titfar, (the boat) leaks; where r shows gh to be the true spelling, as in Kab. See Ásfĕken, 126.

Esáttefit, see 209.

Isingal, read isinghal, causative, from inghel, it gushed. Sangralagh should be sanghalagh.

175. I upset it, subumbéägh-at. (44.)

I scoop water, elkawagh áman.

I draw, nek tesheresherawen aran. (63.)

I water the garden, sáswagh eshíkkărash; sángralagh áman der eshíkkărash. (186.)

I give to drink, esiswēgh.

Give the horse to drink, sissu aïs se beléas.

Elkau (Kab. elḳay, deep; hence telak, deep channel; telkayat, (the boat) founders. But this root is probably different.

176. I go to fetch water, eshárrăgagh áman.

The water-carriers, imshárrŏgen.

Let us pitch the tent, nektar. (?)

I pitch the tent, nek takanegh ehan. [I fasten or fix? 157.]

I drive in the pegs, tetaităyagh.

Isharrag, see 63.

Itaitay, he drove in pegs; he pricked (as a scorpion).

177. I draw the ends of the leather covering of the tent, tareréägh tísĕdas.

I draw the ropes of the tent, tareréäs eréwiyen éhen (he tightens to it?).

I spread the carpet in the tent, nek fātagh der éhen: úwetagh tisíftak.

Oreä (root?), tighten; oreäs, strangle him; oreäghas, I strangle him; tarereägh, (frequent) I tighten.

Ifta, he spread; corrupt Arabic, from fatahh. In tisíftak the lost ح reappears as final k. Ifter, mat, for iftahh, and tesuftakht, carpet, in 226, 227.

Úwetagh, I arrange; see 168.

178. I hang up the dishes, nek sélik íkesan.

—— the waterskin, the saddle, edid, elakĭf.

I take down the tent, bassëagh éhen.

Take down your tents, ébsiet ehennanawen.

These slaves work hard, íkĕlan idagh arelēnan egēn [aghelēnan].

Work (subst.), árălay [ághălay].

Sélik, for seliḳgh? Sídi Ibrahím (in Shilha) uses Arabic ʿalliḳ for “hang up:” hence, perhaps, seliḳ as a causative.

Ebsĭ, ebsih, take down? Another verb is besay, vomit.

Arălay, work; arelēnan, they work. Nek áralūn, I sow (a field), seems to be aghalun; root, aghalay. But iralay, he surrounded, 136.

179. I dress (?) a goat, agerassăragh tāghat.

I draw back his neck, semelwagh-as.

I cut his throat, agerássagh-as.

I skin him, óshegh-at.

Igharsa, he cut the throat (Shilha); agharās, or emgharās, a butcher, Ghad. But Venture gives aghzār for butcher, which points out a relation to Arab. jezzār. Observe that agharās is “a road” in Delaporte’s Kab. and Ibrahím’s Shilha. [I suspect that agerássaragh should be agherásagh-ak, I butcher for thee.]

Semelluagh would seem related to emelëagh, I castrate (120.), if the sense agreed better.

Oshe, skin thou, is for oze; in Kab. uz or azu.

180. I shear a fleece, nek téliak télsak.

I pluck the bird, rákabagh tiságădēn. [I tear off the feathers.] (144.)

He wrested it from me, irkáb deri.

I peel the fruit, tekedímmegh.

I pasture the camels, dānagh immĕnás.

Teliagh, I cut (corn, rice); alihet, cut ye, yield; alihe, cut, shear?

Teságăden, from igeḍ, he flew; agadīd, bird. In Kab. ighetāṭ, birds.

Ikedim, he picked?

Idan, pascit or pastus est; hence, amădān, a shepherd; Kab. amaksa.

181. I milk the cow, azīkagh tēs.

Milk thou, azīk.

Has (this) cow been milked, or not? tēs tezak, mer war tezak?

I shake the milk (for making it sour), autíshagh netíshnit eshāhi akh.

Azīk is zeg or zegh in Kab.

182. I make ropes, nek attálemagh.

Hold me the rope, sennikfāhi.

The Tawárek are very clever in making good ropes of leather, Imōshagh adíbăbén dar érŏnan.

Those ropes—from (the bark of) what tree do they make them? eréwiyen wādagh innagh éhishkan wuí téllĕnin (or, wuí dígmăden).

I weave woollen blankets, zātagh tibbergentin.

Which understand weaving better—the Fullán or the Songhay? endekway ísan [endegh way isan] tézi tehōsken, jer Afūlan ped (?) Éhatan? or, emállĕten wuín Éhatan du wuín Fūlan megeressen yúfa tézetí?

All of them know good weaving esanántet iketenéssen tézit tehōsken.

Yellim, he spun, Vent.; Ar. lemm, glomeravit. Presently, for tellĕnin read tellĕmin, they twine?

Sennikf; root nikf? or ikfa?

Aran, leather-rope; pl. erŏnan (vocab.).

Erewi, a (hempen) rope; so Kab.

Izat, he weaves; tezit, weaving. In Kab. zeṭ, weave thou.

Way-isan, who knew.

Emálleten, the cloths? the garments? the tissues?

Wui-n-Ehatan, &c.

Du, and?

Me-ger-assen, which betwixt them; i.e. which of the two?

Yufa, surpasses, excels.

Esanantet must be fem. pl. from isan, he knew.

183. The women pluck the cotton, tídĕdēn ítafash fásĕnit, or, ítafash tíkurukarēn.

Itafashfas, he plucked (cotton).

Tikurukarēn, cottons; sing. takerókerit, from -enit, 3rd pl. fem.

Ikarkar, he cleansed? See 164.

184. I spin thread, tarérayagh.

The women spin thread, tídĕdēn rerémat.

I weave cotton strips, ezātagh tabádokēn.

I sew, azamāyagh.

I cut out (a shirt), arăwagh.

I fold (a shirt), tédĕhagh.

I roll up, ekemíngkĕmégh.

Ireray, he spun. Rerēmat = Rerainat, fem. 3rd pl., as elsewhere.

Izamāy, he sews. In Barth’s vocabulary, ázamay; in Venture, tismi [tizmi?], a needle.

Irau, he cuts out. Ghad. ʿira, he shaved.

Ideh, he folded? But idā, he pounds, 188.

Ikemin(g)kem, he rolled up, must be frequentative, from ikemin?

185. I beat (a shirt), titĕbōgh.

I beat it well, until it becomes bright, tádĕshagh, har tékkĕne síggeniūgish.

I dye, sádalagh.

Dyeing, tesadālit. [Yet, tesădalt, an egg.]

I mend my shirt, tágagh tíkist dar rishabāni.

Itĕbu, he beat?

Idesh, he hammered.

Siggeniūgish, from siggĕni, indigo; ūgish, entrance? or from sig, aspect?

Tikist, a rent? (In Kab. a prick, sting.) Or, rather, it means a patch.

186. I work the ground, shekárashagh.

I make a fence to the field, egātagh áralād yeshikkérishín.

I saw, nek ʿaralūn [= aghalun.] (178.) [Nekegēgh alūn? H. B.]

I root up weed, tikŏmagh téshe.

Ishekarash, he tilled, shekarash, garden or field, are frequentative, from root karash; in Kab. karaz, to till, work the ground. It answers to حرث, χαράττω.

Yegāt, he placed (found in Shilha, Tale of Saby). Also, he made (a hedge, a pot). Tagāt, she laid (eggs).

Nek magēt, I what do?

War ged ādi, do not this.

Aghalūn, participle? [Alūn, corn?]

Ikom, he rooted up?

187. I plant a bush, adōmegh ehíshk.

I dig in a pole, esúktagh ájid.

I cut rice, téliagh táfakat. (180.)

Cut (ye) for me this, and put it for me in the boat, alihetāhi tetīd, tegimāhi tetīd der tóraft.

Idom, he plants. (Ar. dūm?)

Tegimāhi (39.), from iga. Two imperatives joined by and are expressed as if we said secate posuistis for secate et ponite.

188. I gather fruit, isírtăyagh (131.) árăten ehishkan.

I pound, edāhagh.

I pound rice, tifúkkogh táfăkat.

I winnow, kintihēgh or tesabirtit rĕgh-at.

Arăten (arata, a crocodile), read arăten-n-ehíshkan; or even arăden? In Kab. irden, (fruges), wheat.

Ehishk, a tree, is in De Slane’s Temght ishek. I think it is the Kab. ishīḳ, a branch; branch for bush.

Idah, he pounds? Arab. dakk.

Inkinteh, isabir, he winnowed?

189. I tie up the bundles of Guinea-corn, akitteléagh ashíkkerashín-n-enĕli [the fields of corn?].

I knead it, nek osáksăk-at. (145.)

It is not well kneaded, war tíkkĕne isūs.

Ikitteleh, “he sheaved?”

190. I hid, efāragh (abdidi, so Kab.); etwāragh (condidi? see 102.).

I cut wood, ektāsagh ígĕtan. (173.)

I split, esraurawēgh [ezr-, 136.].

I grind the knife on the stone, emsādagh absar is tahōnt.

I whet my knife, sátăragh ábsarin.

Whet for me, esterāhi.

Ígĕtan, sticks, poles.

Imsād, he grinds: also, sharp. It is from Kab. zed, grind thou; and, perhaps better written, imzād.

Tahōnt, tehūnt, rock (Temght).

191. I hammer, tádeshagh. (185.)

I saw, tezezawagh.

I chip, square planks, nek átĕki.

I dig a well, rāshagh ānu [gháshagh].

I build a well, nek ázăraf ānu.

—— a house, áwetagh tárashām.

—— a boat, áwetagh tōraft.

Izezau, he saws?

Irsha should be ighsha; in Kab. ighza, he dug.

Izăref, strictly, he built; but awet, arrange, &c., 168.

192. I sew a boat, azeméagh tōraft. (184.)

I repair a boat (by renewing the ropes along the junctions of the planks), asídagh dar ázamay.

I stop holes along the junctions of the planks in the boat, asídagh anăbay; stop the holes well, adegíndĭgi.

I scoop out the water, ákis áman, sunkel áman.

Isid, he closes?

Akis, take out? 98.

Sunkel, read sunghel, cause to spout, empty out; 174, 175.

193. I make pots, egātagh telikkan. (186.)

I measure, ekātagh erēlan. (150. 178.)

I weigh, tawézănagh. (Arab.)

I divide, nek ebdēkan.

We divide, nébbĕdud.

Ebdēkan is against analogy. On ibḍu see 137. Ibdud may be frequentative. But ebde, ebded of 41 are quite different, allied to Arabic.

194. I join, asírteagh (131.); nek asmokkasákkănet [comp. of mōkas (occurro) and ken (facio)?]

I press the limbs (to give them relief), shampoo, rábăzagh.

I anoint, ashawagh; shágeagh.

I fan, awilíngwălēgh; azúmmegh-at.

195. It is wonderful, tejūjab (Arab. ʿajeb) takónit. (38.)

Thou must go to Gúndam, ahūshel ke ehe temeshālit is Gundam.

It is worthy, anímmehel dirs.

Straight on, sinnémĕhel.

This is worthless, wādagh anímmehel ahastauyet yewulāghen.

Ahūshel, it is necessary? ke, thou; ehe temeshālit, shouldest travel? (verb imeshal?).

Animmehel dirs, (there is) an aim in it, an object in it? See 147. Issimahal, it is worthy (Parable of “Prodigal Son”).

196. Our provisions are gone, ezzud ímmende. (91.)

The money is spent, éhĕri ímmĕhesh.

That is lost, wādagh aba.

That is its character, immek ídagh áfal íkĕne.

Wadagh aba, read wadagh abad? In “Prodigal Son” we have first abad for “was lost” (which is Hebrew, not Arabic), and next abat, in same sense; verses 24 and 32.

197. It pains (me), ikmāhi; uzerāhi.

It itches, ehāhi ókŭmash. [There is to me an itching.]

It is swollen, eray; ekāf tasánnist.

This smells nice, wādagh ada yehōsken. [Adunn, smell?]

This meat smells bad, ísan wādagh insāgak [insāragh]; ísan wādagh adunnis irkē.

Okŭmash = ekmez, rub, scratch, Kab.

Adunn, corrupt Arabic.

Irkē, dirty? So Venture. In Brosselard, irka, it is decayed. In “Prodigal Son,” egēgh irk, I have done evil.

Innek, is bright? is clean?

198. The meat is well boiled, ísan ingnē. (167.)

The loaf is mouldy, tágelet tebúnkat.

The shirt is torn, rishāba anzarrawet (211.); rishāba karrawet.

The iron is rusty, tazōli war te tennēk.

—— makes sparks, tikkĕne teshōri.

—— hisses, ishirarákrak, ishibarákrak.

199. —— is red-hot, tazōli tūwas.

—— is melting, tazōli timshelárlag.

—— hisses in the water, tazōli ísan afdar fáddar dar áman.

The waterskin leaks, edīd esínge; edīd itadēm.

—— is torn, edīd erarrawet.

—— has a hole, edīd imbek.

Esinge (rewritten from faint pencil marks), qu. isinghel? 174.

Yadim, it leaked?

Imbek, it is pierced?

200. The house lets in the rain, tarashām teshínke.

This well never dries up, ānu wādagh aigin kalá war itōgar [or, war ikōr).

It is always full of water, har kūk hant áman.

The water soaks in, áman inses.

The pond has dried up, tibengrawēn inshéshnet.

Ishinke, it admits water?

Aigin kalá, at every time.

Iḳor, Kab. it was dry. The ḳ is liable to become gh.

Har kūk, usque ad æternum?

Hant, there are; fem. pl.?

Inses, is drunk up?

Tibengrawēn, the tanks? fem. pl.

Inshésnet is 3rd fem. pl.

201. The road divides, abárraka tabarrat tíbbeda.

One branch going to the left and another to the right, alílen íyet fel arīn wa-n-arīl, íyet telaudat teshelgēn.

Abarraka, road. Tabarrat for tabarrakt appears a diminutive for the same.

Alílen, following, 105.

Iyet, alter, as Kab., yeḍ in Shilha. It is Arab. ايض. [Here it would seem fem. of iyen.]

Arīn seems to be plural. Afterwards we have arē in like connection. Er is “branch” of a river. Also seri idemennis seems to mean “towards his face.” I interpret arē or erei, direction. (Also eri, neck.)

Arīl, right, is also the “noon” (of day), = “upright.” Since in Kab. afūs ayyafūs or awiffūs is the “right hand,” I conjecture that arīl, right, is the same word as Kab. aghel, arm. See 228.

Telaudat? telilat? or telilant?.

202. The sun rises, tafōk tíggemāt (118.); tafōk berber desīn enis.

—— has mounted the heavens, tafōk taségĕde ishínnawen.

(—— has begun to decline, tafōk tezíwal. Arab.)

—— is about to set, tafōk tabōk égĕdel.

—— has set, tafōk tōdal.

Desin (edis, side).

Del, to stoop? Ahedal, is humble; but ḍel, to cover, darken?

203. The year is fertile, áwatay íkkĕnátĕnī.

—— is sterile, áwatay igamánna.

Ikkenátĕni, from iken, it makes; téheni, dates? tenī, dates, Mozabi and Wadreagh. Also ofātĕni, barren (land). [Ikkena is productive; tĕnī, this season?—H. B.]

Igamanna, barren, and emannet, fertile, and manna-n-áwatay, famine-year, need fuller elucidation.

204. The rainy season is come, ákase yūse.

—— is gone, ákase ígĕle, or yímmĕde.

The cold increases, asemmēṭ étid.

—— is strong, asemmēṭ íkkĕne tigawet.

—— lessens, asemmēṭ efenās. (94.)

—— is over, asemmēṭ ébĕgbag.

Tigawet for tiḳuaet, strength; Arab.?

205. The (forty) dark nights are passed, éhaden isáttefen, or esáttafnén, ebarbar, or ejumádĕde.

The black winter is gone, tágerist takaúelit tabárbar.

The white (i.e. mild part of the) winter is come, tégisht taméllelt tágerist.

Ehaḍ, night; Ghad. efad; Wadreagh, eghed (compare Arab. ghea, obtexit); Kab. eyyaṭ.

Asaṭṭef, (with t in Ben Músa), black (or dark?).

Akauel, black, is aghogul in Wadreagh, for which Venture has inghāl.

Ejumádade, freq. from imeda?

Tegisht, as tiggemāt in 202. &c., seems to have final t as feminine mark, like Arabic.

206. The leaves are fallen, ālan atarākat (71.), ālan āmin.

The boughs are stript, afélliga ákăsen.

The tree is getting new leaves, aheláklak ehíshk.

—— blooms, ehíshk ínshar.

—— is bearing fruit, ehíshk aboriārak.

—— is not full grown, ehíshk war idūil.

—— is dead, ehíshk akkōr [is dried].

Āmi, is faded?

Iláklak, budded forth?

Inshar, is beautiful? Inshagh? compare amonshagh, envious, &c., 116.

Idūil, (not again). In Kab. itulan or idhūlan, kinsfolk, softened from iṭegulan, as I think.

207. The dates are ripe, téhĕni tingne. (167.)

—— not yet ripe, téhĕni har egōdi war tingne.

The herbage is coming forth, tēshe ebarbar or tafōkat [tafōghat, 174.].

The guinea-corn comes forth, énĕli efōkat.

The guinea-corn gets reed, énĕli ena kógĕri.

The reed (stalk) bristles (in stubble), kógĕri yikhtā.

208. The corn is making large leaves, énĕli éje fárkĕtēn.

The guinea-corn is ripe for harvest, énĕli itáfărat (efĕrat).

The herbage is drying up, tēshe takkōr [taggōr].

The ear of the corn comes out, tíggemat tegēnt énĕli.

The ear is ripe, tegēnt tingná. (167.)

Efĕrat, yields harvest? In vocab. téferten, salary,—qu. revenue? Heb. פרא.

Tégĕnit, spike of corn (vocab.).

209. The river is rising, tédĕfit egish eghírrëu [flood enters the river?].

The water stagnates, áman íbdăden.

—— soaks in, esintátărār.

—— is sinking, áman abukiūrel.

The river is very full this year, étaf áman tenī.

It will not sink at all, war obakímbi.

The rivers are joining, eghírriwan imókasen or írtăyen. (102. 131.)

Tetĕfit, flood? swell? from etaf?

Abūki yurēl, is about to sink?

Obaki imghi, chooses to go down. See 50.

Etaf, it pours or runs freely (not the same as eṭaf, to seize, with ط): hence causative, isattef, he pours, 174. In Kab. for etaf we find effid, and also effi, the d being pronominal.

Tenī, this year, = tinēda. With tin compare Arab, sene, year.

210. Almost all the rivers run into the sea, eghírriwan rurret imókasen rōr eghírrëu wá symmed [meet at the salt river].

The boat is leaking, tōraft nákal [nághal]; tōraft tinral [tinghal]; or tinrálnarel [tinghálnaghel]; (see 174. 192., sunkel;) tóraft titfagh, (174.).

[The boat is foundering], tōraft telkăyat (175.); tōraft tibbenekway.

[92] The people who row (?) the boat get out (?), ídinet audetánnăret tōraft titfar [titfagh].

[92] The people perished, some swam in the water, ídinet abăten iyeden yeshaffen dar áman.

[92] Another rolls the boat sportively (?), íyaṭ ināfar tōraft sehūyam.

[92] The people who are (of the?) village, under the water deep (?), ídinet auéhan amăzagh dedu áman lagat.

[92] Those people lay goat-skins in the middle of the water which ... ídinen wuīn degen ídeden der mézen dor áman auay tímăntēn.

Wa symmed, the salt. I observe that wa retains the meaning of the before an adjective as well as before a participle, though it is lost with a substantive.

211. The boat is upset, tōraft tebumbay. (44.)

—— breaks asunder, tōraft takaurawen.

The boat ran on rocks, tōraft tikkeséast tahōnt.

And sunk, and remained on the ground, tursar, telkăyat, tekkel édir-n-áman [became under-of-the-water].

Ibbenekuay, pres. from Ibbeneka?

Ikaurau and ikarru (tear, rend violently), remind one of ezraurau, 190. 135, 136. Also tatáktarau, is shattered; with t interposed, as in Arabic 8th form.

Ikkeséas-t, pierced it? frequent. from ikes? Tursar, for turza? was broken? Yet see yarasan, 64.

212. The water enters the tent, áman íggesh éhen.

This water stands still, is stagnant, áman wādagh ibbédăden.

It does not hasten much (has no current), war óshel hullen.

This river has a strong current, eghírrëu wādagh óshel hullen.

213. The water is boiling, áman imesharlárlărēn.

—— áman ereshaushauēn.

—— is not yet boiling, áman indi imesharlárlărēn.

—— is very hot, áman ekōs hullen.

Boil [heat] water for me, iksāhe áman.

Let it cool in the skin, éyit yesmat dér édid.

Isharlarlar, ishaushau? it boils or bubbles.

214. The bird flies, égĕdīd ígged.

The young bird will fly [wishes to fly], akirt abók tégad.

The bird sings nicely, égĕdīd elemísli yehōsken.

The hen cackles, tákĕshilt rar middennis.

—— lays eggs, tákĕshilt tagāt ésărek.

—— is screaming, tákĕshilt tegabătolt.

Kab. igṭaṭ, birds (sing. agadet, Hodgson: read agaṭeṭ); but in Brosselard, akṭeṭ, pl. ikṭaṭ, a little bird. We have here the root igeṭ, it flew, it sprang aloft, 47. 70.; whence iseggeṭ, it mounted (202. 216.), and tesaggaṭ, a feather.

Elemisli may seem a derivative or compound from isla, he heard, amisli, a voice.

Tákĕshilt, a hen; elsewhere, takĕshīt, which seems more correct, as it is the feminine form of ákes, the cock, which again perhaps is more correctly akez, the z in Temght changing to sh. In Kab. the forms are ayaziṭ, a cock, tayazīt or thayazit, a hen; for aghazīṭ, thaghazīṭ, it seems. Even in Temght it may be inquired whether gh is not more correct than k; i.e. aghez, a cock, taghĕzīt, a hen.

Rar, i.e. ghar, cries; קרא. Midden-nis her cackling. On ḍen or ḍenḍen, see 26.

Ésărek, a litter (of eggs)?

215. The egg is not yet hatched, tésădalt ur tisfákket.

The egg is spoiled, tésădalt tíggĕded.

The eggs are spoiled, tesádălen egadíddĕnad.

The young bird picks (at the egg), akaukautet akirt.

He will come forth, ahad efóket.

The cock is crowing, ákes egetarōren.

Tigĕded, is birded? (214.), i.e. is quickened. It is fem. sing., and the fem. pl. egadíddĕnat (not -nad). Elsewhere, ikhshed, it is spoiled, 167.

Kaut (for hack, hew, cut) seems a widely-spread root. Arab. ḳatʿa, and above, ektas.

Ahad efóket, may be future tense. See 174. and 220. Final t, feminine mark?

Egetarōren = igetaghōren, present partic. from ighār.

216. The horse neighs, ais etehinnít.

—— prances, ais ōskar.

—— goes backward, ais érăren.

—— rolls, aïs abelánbălet.

—— kicks, ais erābar or isākat.

—— is lame, ais ehiak.

—— rolls in the sand, ais ināfar.

—— has mounted the mare, ais asúggĕdit tábăgōt.

Ihinnēt, nearly Latin hinnio.

Oskar, prances. In Kab. isekkar, he caused to stand; iskar, he made; aksar, the lower part.

Érar, goes backward? Kab. ʿarūr, the back.

Irābar, perhaps, “stamps:” 172.

Isākat, kicks.

Isāggeṭ, as in 214. 202. &c.; unless final -ṭiṭ is here frequentative.

217. The camel is crying, ámĕnis éjëu.

—— growls, ámĕnis abéggeg.

—— throws up the nose, ámĕnis etishburdel.

The she-camel has brought forth, tólamt tórau.

—— is about to bring forth, tólamt teshwar tórau.

Ejëu, is crying; = igewa, and fem. pl. egéwănet. Hence in Niphal, iniggu or inijju, it bellows.

Tólamt or tálamt, camel, fem. for alōm or elgham, words not used in this dialect. Evidently elgham = Heb. gemel. It also makes aram in Shilha.

Teshwar, Kab. tezwar, she precedes or begins, 85.

218. The camel is lying down to receive the load, ámenis egen, égag fellas ilălen [one heaps on him the luggage, 98.].

The camel refuses to rise, ámenis tindăras ténnăkrat.

Too much load on him, égan fellas ilălan agōtĕni.

The camels graze, immĕnás idānan.

The she-camels cry, they want to be milked, tólemín egéwănet, irhānet tázit.

Indar, he refused, 112. It differs from asindar, throw down (which is perhaps asinṭar, from iṭar, he went down), and from emendar, to lodge for the night, which is emendagh.

Egan, it lies.

219. The bullock lows, ámăke eníjju.

The cow lows, tēs aníjju.

The cows chew the cud, iwan afarádĕnit.

The cows are sated, íwan iwănet.

They lie down, ikarámĕnet.

The cows are returning from the water, íwan asúwanet, iktárnet fel áman.

The cows return the food, íwan isókalnet. (25.)

Afărad. See efĕrat, in 208.

Iwănet, from root iwa or iwan, to satiate. In Kab. thayawant or thawant, satiety.

Īwān, cows, may be shortened from Kab. yugāwen, steers. The root yūg is, as in our tongues, a yoke; whence thayūga, a pair.

Asú-ănet, they have drunk.

Iktar seems to be Arab. 8th form, from kar.

220. The he-goat bleats, eshōlak ahílĕlet.

The she-goats bleat, úlli essiláfnet.

The ram bleats, abákkar ásilef.

The sheep bleat, tíhatén esiláfnet esmedanésnet.

Ahilĕlet, from elīl, to cry aloud. Ghad. eslīl, Kab. esiwel, from awal, voice. Barth has also asilel.

Asĭlef, bleat, is more specific.

Iherna, he crouched. See 139.

Ishek invasit (137.); but future (215.) ehadishek, invadet.

Imĕhesh, (my money) is spent; whence frequent. with causative sense, ishmahish, he annihilated.

221. The lion roars, eher eníggu, eher eríkku.

The lion is crouching, eher ehérnen abók fellauen ehe.

—— [will attack people], eher ehádíshek idinet.

—— [tears in pieces?], ashmaraurauest ídinet.

—— [destroys them], eshmahíshten ídinet.

222. The dog snarls [crouches? see 139.], ēdi tehárna.

The dog bites, ēdi tād.

—— barks, ēdi itíshut or itéröas.

The scorpion bites (me), tataihi tasírdant.

Tasirdant, more correctly tazerdemt, scorpion, as in 227. In Kab. tegirdumt and tegeremt.

Tataihi, has stung me? from tatay, drive in a peg, 176.

223. The ostrich runs fast, énnehel ehăsar hullen.

The ostrich hides his head in the bush, énnĕhe ísed arāfĕnis [aghāfĕnis] der ehíshk.

He thinks nobody sees him, arēl war tehinnēn ídinet.

Ennĕhel, so Hodgson; not ennĕhe, ostrich.

Ised. See 81.

Arēl. See 156.

War et-ehinnen, non eum vident?

224. The man was sitting on the shore, ahālis akīm rōr alīm-n-áman.

Suddenly a crocodile seized him by the leg [knee?], and went away with it [him?] azūed arāte irmast safód, ilmar deris. (Dēris, under it?)

Alīm, edge, border? In 50. we have esalīm, shore, and asarīm in vocabulary. Elsewhere, alīm is skin, for aglim of Kab. Also alim, chaff, straw, in Kab.

Azūed, sudden (heavy).

Irmas, seized. Afod, knee, in vocabulary.

Ilmar, not again in this sense.

225. The river horse rose in the water (to the surface of the water), and snorted, ajámba áskaket dar áman isáfărad.

The river horse has upset the boat, ajámba irbar tōraft.

The river horse has shattered the boat, ajámba tárzar [tarza?] tōraft.

Irbar, crushed with his feet, 172.

Tarzar: compare Irzar in 171.

226. The vulture hovered over the gazelle, elullen ilay gínnigis ashinkat.

Until it pounced upon it, and tore out its eyes, har asgen felles ístaras, íkas tettáwennis.

Lay the pillow upon the mat (carpet), sins ádăfōr fel isífter [fel isiftakh].

Har asgen, until; felles, upon it; istaras, it pounced, from iras, it descended. Thus asgen seems to mean “a time,” “a while.” In Kab. azgen, half, middle, part.

Sins, cause to rest? from insa, he rested? 42. 58.

Isiftakh, evidently from Arab. fatakh. The ح is presently corrupted into kh.

227. I this morning found a scorpion under my carpet, nek tifaut idak enhagh tezerdemt dau tesúftakhtēn.

Lay a cloth under your saddle, ége tashíshwart dau mĕdásh.

Lest it hurt the back of your horse, war eráshădēt (or itemanākit) arōrin aïs innak.

Ége, make, for, put.

Erashādet seems to be subjunctive from ishad or ishadet. Compare Arabic shadha, he harmed.

Itemanākīt, root, naka? Temankit is exhaustion.

228. At that place the river runs upon rock, dar agel wādagh áman óshălen fel tihōn.

He fell along the [gallery? landing-place?], enta etarákatet fel sŏrō.

Till he came below the staircase [steps of the gallery?], har óse dau íbtalen sŏrō.

All the day he sat in his tent, ashel rurret ekēm der ehénnis.

Agel, place? (Is it the same as aghel, Kab. arm? See 201. on aril.)

229. He put it in his pocket, enta egēt der elshēb.

Do not enter the house, war tégĕshit tárăshām.

Stay outside, ébbedīd dágăma.

Outside the town, ágĕmē-n-ághĕrim.

There is nothing but mere sand, war ehet har ákal mellen.

El jīb is Arabic.

Dagăma, on the outside, agĕme, outside, are from igem, he went out, 118. 138.; whence also gĕma, without (sine).

Mellen, white; here for pure.

Akal, mould, soil, as in Kab. Elsewhere in Temght it is land or country.

230. Thou hast not given me my (full) right, war he tawēdet el hakki.

He went before me, íggĕle iládatāi.

Look before you, that you may not fall, sageréhe dātak, war tídu.

I went behind him, égelēgh iládăras.

Let us look behind us, sanishlámanak dáranak [sanishlámanagh dáranagh].

Lest these men betray us, war hanak [hanagh] ighádernit ídinet ídagh.

El hakk is Arab. and final i the Arab. pronoun “my.” Tassedet, thou hast made even, æquasti. See 168.

Sageréhe, if it is one word, would seem by 11 to mean “look with pleasure.”

Tidu (rather tidut? or tidurt?). See 104.

Sanishlam. See 11.

Ighádernit, fem. plur., because idinet (duniat, Arab.) is fem.

231. All round this mountain, ádar wādagh terlaite,

there is fine pasture, éhe téshe tehōske.

At the side of the mosque, tamizgída d’ edisennis [the mosque, at its side],

is a large well, ehe ānu makkōren.

Sit down at my side, arem d’ édisín.

Arem = aghēm = aqīm = ekem, sit, stay.

232. Opposite each other, inéhăsan gerēsan.

Sit opposite to me, thy face to me, arim dihādar annădīd seri idiménnek.

He sat opposite, his face to me, ekēm annădíd seri ideménnis.

To your right, dek arīl innek. (201.)

Keep to your right, akel sibberīn arílinnek [go keeping your right?].

To your left, fel teshelgínak.

Inéhăsan = inéhăzan, from ihaz, 55., he was near. Gerēsan, inter se.

Dihadar, from Ar. حاضر, “present.”

Annădīd, παράλληλος? from ned, αλλος (as Kab.). Ben Mūsa gives ghīm nediu, sit near me, as Temght. So endi, nearest, next. It is spelt with d or t thick in Kab.

Akel, go thou? see 124.; or, turn thou? See 25.

Sibber, from Arab. صبر?

233. When you go from Timbúktu to Gúndam, ke tesékalak dak Timbýtku kēk Gúndam.

Leave the river at your left, óye eghírrëu fel arē wa-n-téshilgēn.

And you have open country on your right, d-óyak bóderār fel ărē wa-n-aríli.

Tesékalak, read tesékalat? 2nd pers. sing.

Oyak, elsewhere, is “I left.”

Boderār, open country.

234. [Ordinarily the river is shallow, below the place of this year], ennādir eghírrëu adejāsal, éder ádiget tenídagh.

This exceeds that, wādagh yūgar wādagh.

There is nothing left of it, war akímēn ders harret.

S ennādir, in custom?

Adejāsal, pres. tense from gazal, to be short? (gzl or wzl.)

235. That is a different thing, wādagh amūs harret.

It is rare, war agīt.

Similar, amélehen.

It is like, yúlehe, yúle.

Like, shynd, sund [zund?]

All the same, berīsh.

Amūs, moves, changes?

War agīt, it does not do (it)?

Yúlehe, yūle. See 40.

Sund is zund and zun in Kab. (Arab. zain, comely, elegant.)

236. Whichever way you take, every where you find water, atif tígedi titetaffet, dags attiggeraut áman (take straight which-you-take, on it you alight (on) water?).

Keep straight on, áttil tígĕdid ghas (keep straight only).

Straight, tígĕdid.

In Kab. tidīd, true, seems to be here tigĕdid or tidĕgid.

Attil, be thou? = ili?

237. Do not [trouble yourself? or run?] this way, nor that? war has tishlet, sĭhā, wolla sĭhā.

The river runs between mountains, eghírrëu yūshal ger adāren.

The road leads through a thick forest, where are plenty of lions, abárraka teha (igesh) arkit ŭrmā; ihe tawăkast; ehant éwokhsan.

War ash tishlet: has, for him? tishlet, from yushal, runs, or from shela, disturb, bustle, 115.

Ihe or diha, where.

Ehant, 152., there are.

Wokhs, wild beast; Arab. wahhūsh.

Tawak(h)ast, wild beasts collectively.

238. I arrived before him, and had to wait for him, nék ésagh arássit awādagh índeë dawat shwārakĕdás.

I arrived after him [thee?], nek ósegh dārak.

After the corruption of the whole earth, Jesus will descend, dāret adígdig-n-ákal íkétĕnes, adezūbet ʿAísa.

Esagh = esegh, from yose, he arrived. Arasset = Kab. azzeth, before? See 140. Indi, (not) yet.

Dawat, from awaṭ, he arrived? 51.

Shuaragh-ed-as, I anticipated him?

Daret, for dar, after; so darret in Prod. Son.

Adigdig, crush, in 130.

Adezūbet, from zōb, 62.

NOUNS.

God, ⎰ ⎱ Ámanay. Mesí.[93]

By the great God, se Ámanay mákkaren or imakóren.

Our Lord, Mesí-nak.

The great God, Mesí-nak imakóren.

God the ruler, Mesí-nak yitkál.

The one God, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Mesí-nak enta ghás. Mesí-nak íyen ghás. Mesí-nak iyéntinten.

God, who has no fellow (companion), Mesí-nak war ilamídi,

nor has shape? (bounds?) war ilára,

nor measure? war iléhit.

God has no measure neither of space nor time, Mesí-nak úri hehéndek war ilédek war ihédek, war ihédek wá, wolladar wá, war ihehéndek, war úgedi tíketi.

Lord of the wonders, ⎰ ⎱ imekéder-n-talrewēn. Mesís-n-talrewēn.

The Uncreated, wardikhalíg. (Arab.)

The Creator, amakhalāg. (Arab.)

Cultivator of the soul? amákarash imman.

Lord of the soul, Mesís imman.

The Merciful Shepherd, amadān-n-tahánint.

The Victorious, emirni.

The Extirpator, amáng.

The Living, emay (from Arab. hay).

The Judge Supreme, ntarna tógerit (?).

All the creatures of the Lord are to gather in (in the court of) Jerusalem on the day of resurrection, timákhlukēn-n-Mesí-nak rurret didaunet istérrabat-n-bét el Mákkadus áshel wá-n-el kiámet.

One part of them enter the hell and remain there, others enter paradise and remain there, wuī tajéshen témsi ajíshente, wuī tajéshen aljennet ajíshente.

The evil spirits, alghafáriten. (Arab.)

Devil, eblís. (Arab.)

Angel, anyĕlus,[94] pl. anyelúsen.

Demon, alshín, pl. alshĭnen. (Arab.)

Female demon, talshín.

The paradise enter the people who (have been) good, the hell those who (have been) bad, aljennet atajéshen ídinet wuī yolāghnin, témsi atajéshen ídinet wuī labásen.

The throne (of God), ⎰ ⎱ al kurshi. (Arab.) algharsh. (Arab).

The day of resurrection, áshel wá-n-el kiámet.

The world, eddúnia (rurret).

Heaven, ashínna.

The seven heavens, say ishínnawen.

Sun, tafōk.

The sun warms his face hot to-day, tafōk tenádit idéminis wakúsen áshel dín, [Comp. tenedēt, fever heat.]

The sun burns, the people are perspiring, tafōk tarra, ídinet tufay dersen tíde [exit per eos sudor].

The strength of the sun’s heat, tisenánit (n-takós enis).

Sunbeams, ezéreran-n-tafōk.

Dawn of sun (of day), enaréren-n-tafōk.

The sun is eclipsed (to-day), tafōk témmere áshel ídagh.

Moon, ayōr.

The moon is about to come forth (rise), ayōr abóki ebárbar.

The moon rises, ayōr ebárbar.

The moon is setting, ayōr abóki éjedel.

The moon sets, ayōr ódal.

Full moon, ahadōr (akókehat?).

Moonlight, timelle-n-ayōr.

Halo, áfarak-n-ayōr.

The moon has a halo, ayōr yuwát áfarak.

The moon is eclipsed to-night, ayōr amére éhad ídagh.

Galaxy, mahellen.

Star, átar; pl. ítaren.

The stars shine forth, ítaren iknán ebarbar.

The stars shine brightly, ítaren iknán ashishíllwak.

Lucifer, tátari.

Vesper, ⎰ ⎱ amawen-n-éhad. ashímmelesh.

Pleiad, shéttahat.

Cross (mejbúa), amanár.

Light, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ tafaut (of sun). teméllolot (of moon). tisákhsarēn (as thrown through latticework, &c.).

Darkness, tíhay.

Fata morgana, éle.

Shade, shadow, téle.

Heat, ⎰ ⎱ takōs. ténede.

Cold, ⎰ ⎱ iredēm. asammēṭ.

The cold has penetrated to my bones, asammēṭ ejáserín darrim eghás ení.

North, afelle.

South, agūs.

East, amaina.

West, atāram.

North-east (between east and north), ger amaina ge de felle.

Air, hawa. (Arab.)

Summer, iwílen.

Beginning of rainy season (called awára in Timbúktu), asherágu.

Rainy season, ákase.

The rainy season is over, ákase íbse.

Cold season, tágerist.

The dark nights (the worst part of the cold season), éhaden esáttefen.

Spring (called tifísko in Timbúktu), ⎰ ⎱ afásko. fatáfet.

Wind, gale, témadálet.

I see there is rising a heavy gale, ánhiagh dehén denákar temadálet imakkóren.

Storm, whirlwind, teshigwálet.

Storm gathers, ⎰ ⎱ teshwálet teshigwálet. tegéd ders teshigwálet.

Heavy rain clouds, tamsíggenaut.

Red clouds, tíggerakīn.

Lightning, ésan.

Thunder, éjaj.

It thunders, etájij.

Lightning (thunder) has struck the tree and split it[95], éjaj ódagh fel ehíshk atákhtak áfarás farás.

Rain, ⎰ ⎱ ajínne. ákonay.

It is raining, ajínne égat.

The rain is coming, it is dripping, ákona ízay, dekun tabákhtabek.

Raindrops (reshresh), tídam.

Moderate rain, ahīs.

Heavy shower, tabéut.

Long lasting rain, now ceasing, then beginning again, tahaléhalay.

Hail, igidirshān.

The hail falls, beating and tearing the tents, igidirshān ófayen, ishohárnin nábajen ihánnan isararawen ihánnan.

Rainbow, agagónil (ajejénet?).

Fog, abínnag, ebénnag.

To day is a foggy day, nobody can see anything, áshel idagh íja ebénnag, war ihínne awádem harret.

Dew, táras.

Much dew has fallen this night, éhad ídagh íja táras tejēt.

Time, elwakkat. (Arab.)

Year, áwatay.

Five years, summus útien.

Century, temĕde-n-áwatay.

A year of famine, manne.

Month, ayōr.

Three months, karád ayōren.

Day, áshel.

Four days, akōs eshílan.

This is a fine day, áshel ídagh íkkena teshéldeje.

Dawn, énarēr.

Morning, tifaut.

Dhahar (about 9 A.M.), agidélsit.

Heat of the day, tárahōd.

Noon, ⎰ ⎱ aríl-n-áshel. ammas-n-áshel.

Zawál, azíwal.

Dhohor (about 2 P.M.), tézar.

ʿAser, tákast.

Sunset, ágadel-n-tafōk.

Time of prayer after sunset, almos.

Evening, táduit.

Prayer of ʿashá, tesótsin.

Night, éhad; pl. éhaden.

Midnight, ⎰ ⎱ ammas-n-éhad. tazúnne-n-éhad.

To-morrow, ashikke.

Early to-morrow morning, ashikken semmút.

To-morrow at noon, aríl-n-áshel ashikké.

The day after to-morrow, áshel wuēn shel ashíkke.

Yesterday, endíshel.

Last night, endáhed, endód.

The day before yesterday, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ áshelendín. ashelnád. áshel wuén ásel endázel.

This year, ⎰ ⎱ tenī, tinéda. áwatay ídagh.

Last year, ⎰ ⎱ inhād. tenínde.

Two years ago, ⎰ ⎱ tenendīn. essīn útien.

Next year, áwatay wué ’lkamén éwuanen had.

This month, der ayōr ídagh.

Next month, ayōr wá yílkeme ayōr ídagh.

This month is about to close, ayōr wādagh ishwar íbbeded or amūt.

Saturday, Essébbet. ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ Arab. Sunday, Alhád. Monday, Elitnín. Tuesday, Eltenáta. Wednesday, Lárba. Thursday, Elkhamís. Friday, Eljýmma.

Week (seven days), sá shílen (eshílen).

Moharrem, Tamasíddig.

Safar, Téurt tatézaret. ⎱ ⎰ Turēn sanátet. Rebia I., Téurt tatílkamat.

Rébia II., Azíma zarén.

Jumád I., Azíman ammas.

Jumád II., Azíman térirdēn.

Rejeb, Tinemégerēn.

Shʿabán, Janfo.

Ramadhán, Azūm.

Háj, Tésubdār.

Shawál, Tesissi tatézaret. ⎱ ⎰ Tésist sanáten. Dhu el Heje, Tesissi tatílkamat.

Echo, ⎰ ⎱ émsewel. tākoy.

Fire, éfëu.

Flame, táhist.

Spark, temántest; pl. temántesīn.

Firecoals, tezózan.

Ashes, ézit-n-éfëu.

Smoke, ahū.

Water, áman.