GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

A

Abbreviate (abbreviare, to shorten), used to indicate that one part is shorter than another.

Aberrant, deviating from the natural form.

Abortion, suppression of an organ, depending on non-development.

Abraded, rubbed off.

Abrupt, ending in an abrupt manner, as the truncated leaf of the tulip-tree; abruptly pinnate, ending in two pinnæ—in other words, paripinnate; abruptly acuminate, a leaf with a broad extremity, from which a point arises.

Acaulescent, without an evident stem.

Accessory, an addition to a usual number.

Accrescent, when parts continue to grow and increase after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis and the styles of Anemone pulsatilla.

Accretion, growing of one part to another.

Accumbent, applied to the embryo of Cruciferæ when the cotyledons have their edges applied to the folded radicle.

Acerose, needle-like, narrow and slender, with a sharp point.

Achæne, or Achænium, a monospermous seed-vessel which does not open, but the pericarp of which is separable from the seed.

Achlamydeous, having no floral envelope.

Achromatic, applied to lenses which prevent chromatic aberration, i. e., show objects without any prismatic colors.

Acicular, like a needle in form.

Aciculus, a strong bristle.

Acinaciform, shaped like a sabre or cimeter.

Acotyledonous, having no cotyledons.

Acrocarpi, mosses having their fructification terminating the axis.

Acrogenous, having a stem increasing by its summit.

Aculeate, furnished with prickles.

Aculeus, a prickle, a process of the bark, not of the wood, as in the rose.

Acuminate, drawn out into a long point.

Acute, terminating in a sharp point.

Adherent, adhesion of parts that are normally separate, as when the calyx is united to the ovary.

Adnate, when an organ is united to another throughout its whole length; as the stipules to the petiole in roses, and the filament and anther in Ranunculus.

Adpressed, or Appressed, closely applied to a surface.

Adult, full grown.

Adventitious, organs produced in abnormal positions, as roots arising from aerial stems.

Æruginous, having the color of verdigris.

Æstivation, the arrangements of the parts of the flower in the flower-bud.

Agglomerated, collected in a heap or head.

Aggregate, gathered together.

Ala, a wing, applied to the lateral petals of papilionaceous flowers, and to membranous appendages of the fruit, as in the elm, or of the seed, as in pines.

Albumen, the nutritious matter stored up with the embryo within the seed, called also Perisperm and Endosperm.

Alburnum, the outer young wood of a dicotyledonous stem.

Alexipharmic, that which counteracts poisons.

Algology, the study of sea-weeds.

Alternate, arranged at different heights on the same axis, and toward different sides.

Alveolæ, regular cavities on a surface, as in the receptacle of the sunflower, and in that of Nelumbium.

Alveolate, like a honeycomb.

Amentum, a catkin, or deciduous unisexual spike; plants having catkins are Amentiferous.

Amnios, the fluid or semi-fluid matter in the embryo-sac.

Amorphous, without definite form.

Amphisarca, an indehiscent, multilocular fruit, with a hard exterior, and pulpy round the seeds, as seen in the Baobab.

Amphitropal, an ovule, curved on itself, with the hilum in the middle.

Amplexicaul, embracing the stem over a large part of its circumference.

Ampulla, a hollow leaf, as in Utricularia.

Amylaceous, starch-like.

Anastomosing, inosculation of vessels.

Anastomosis, union of vessels; union of the final ramifications of the veins of a leaf.

Anatropal, an inverted ovule, the hilum and micropyle being near each other, and the chalaza at the opposite end.

Anceps, two-edged.

Andrœcium, the male organs of the flower.

Androgynous, male and female flowers on the same peduncle, as in some species of Carex.

Androphore, a stalk supporting the stamens, often formed by a union of the filaments.

Anfractuose, wavy or sinuous, as the anthers of Cucurbitaceæ.

Angiospermous, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel.

Anisostemonous, stamens not equal in number to the floral envelopes, nor a multiple of them.

Annotinus, a year old.

Annulus, applied to the elastic rim surrounding the sporangia of some ferns, also to a cellular rim on the stalk of the mushroom, being the remains of the veil.

Anterior, same as inferior when applied to the parts of the flower in their relation to the axis.

Anthelmintic, a vermifuge.

Anther, the part of the stamen containing pollen.

Antheridium, the male organ in cryptogamic plants, frequently containing moving filaments.

Antheriferous, bearing anthers.

Antherozoids, moving filaments in an antheridium.

Anthesis, the opening of the flower.

Anthocarpous, applied to fruits, formed by the ovaries of several flowers.

Anthodium, the capitulum or head of flowers or the Composite plants.

Anthophore, a stalk supporting the inner floral envelopes, and separating them from the calyx.

Anthos, a flower; in composition, Antho; in Latin, Flos.

Anthotaxis, the arrangement of the flowers on the axis.

Apetalous, without petals; in other words, monochlamydeous.

Aphyllous, without leaves.

Apiculate, having an apiculus.

Apiculus, or Apiculum, a terminal soft point, springing abruptly.

Apocarpous, ovary and fruit composed of numerous distinct carpels.

Apophysis, a swelling at the base of the theca in some mosses.

Apothecium, the rounded, shield-like fructification of lichens.

Apterous, without wings or membraneous margins.

Arachnoid, applied to fine hairs so entangled as to resemble a cobweb.

Arboreous, tree-like.

Archegonium, the female organ in cryptogamic plants.

Arcuate, curved in an arched manner.

Areolæ, little spaces on a surface.

Areolate, divided into distinct angular spaces, or areolæ.

Arillate, having an arillus.

Arillus and Arillode, an extra covering on the seed; the former proceeding from the placenta, the latter from the exostome, as in mace.

Arista, an awn, a long pointed process.

Armature, the hairs, prickles, etc., covering an organ.

Articulated, jointed, separated easily and cleanly at some point.

Ascending, applied to a procumbent stem which rises gradually from its base: to ovules attached a little above the base of the ovary; and to hairs directed toward the upper part of their support.

Asci, tubes containing the sporidia of the cryptogamia.

Ascidium, a pitcher-like leaf, as in Nepenthes.

Asperity, roughness, as on the leaves of Boraginaceæ.

Atropal, the same as orthotropous.

Attenuate, thin and slender.

Auriculate, having appendages; applied to leaves having lobes (ear-shaped) or leaflets at their base.

Awn and Awned. See Arista.

Axil, the upper angle, where the leaf joins the stem.

Axile, or Axial, belonging to the axis.

Axil-flowering, flowering in the axilla.

Axillary, arising from the axil of a leaf.

Axis is applied collectively to the stem and root—the ascending and descending axis, respectively.

B

Bacca, berry, a unilocular fruit, having a soft outer covering and seeds immersed in pulp.

Baccate, resembling a berry.

Balausta, the fruit of the pomegranate.

Barbate, bearded, having tufts of hair.

Bark (cortex), the outer cellular and fibrous covering of the stem; separate from the wood in dicotyledons.

Barren, not fruitful; applied to male flowers, and to the non-fructifying fronds of ferns.

Basal, or Basilar, attached to the base of an organ.

Basidium, a cell bearing on its exterior one or more spores in some fungi, which are hence called Basidiosporous.

Bast, or Bass, the inner fibrous bark of dicotyledonous trees.

Beaked, like the sharp-pointed beak of a bird in form.

Bedeguar, a hairy excrescence on the branches and leaves of roses, caused by an attack of a cynips.

Bidentate, having two tooth-like processes.

Bifarious, in two rows, one on each side of an axis.

Bifid, two-cleft, cut down to near the middle into two parts.

Biforine, a raphidian cell with an opening at each end.

Bilabiate, having two lips.

Bilobed, divided into two lobes.

Bilocular, having two cells.

Binate, applied to a leaf composed of two leaflets at the extremity of a petiole.

Bipartite, cut down to near the base into two parts.

Bipinnate, a compound leaf, divided twice in a pinnate manner.

Bipinnatifid, a simple leaf, with lateral divisions extending to near the middle, and which are also similarly divided.

Bipinnatipartite, differing from bipinnatifid in the divisions extending to near the midrib.

Biplicate, doubly folded in a transverse manner.

Biserrate, when the serratures are themselves serrate.

Biternate, a compound leaf divided into three, and each division again divided into three.

Blade, the lamina or broad part of a leaf, as distinguished from the petiole or stalk.

Blanching. See Etiolation.

Bletting, a peculiar change in an austere fruit, by which, after being pulled, it becomes soft and edible, as in the medlar.

Blistered, applied to raised spots in leaves.

Bole, the trunk of a tree.

Bothrenchyma, dotted or pitted vessels.

Bract, a leaf more or less changed in form, from which a flower or flowers proceed; flowers having bracts are called bracteated.

Bracteole, a small bract at the base of a separate flower in a multifloral inflorescence.

Branchlets, little branches.

Bryology, the study of mosses; same as muscology.

Bulb, an underground stem covered with scales.

Bulbil, or Bulblet, separate buds in the axil of leaves, as in some lilies.

Byssoid, very slender, like a cobweb.

C

Caducous, falling off very early, as the calyx of a poppy.

Cæsious, gray.

Cæspitose, growing in tufts.

Calcar, a spur, projecting hollow or solid process from the base of an organ, as in the flower of Larkspur or Snap-dragon; such flowers are called calcarate, or spurred.

Calceolate, slipper-like, applied to the hollow petals of some orchids; also to the corolla of Calceolaria.

Callosity, or Callous, a leathery or hardened thickening on a limited portion of an organ.

Calycifloræ, a sub-class of polypetalous Exogens, having the stamens attached to the calyx.

Calycine, belonging to the calyx.

Calyptrate, in form, resembling an extinguisher.

Calyx, the outer envelope of a flower.

Cambium, the young active cells between the bark and the young wood.

Campanulate, shaped like a bell, as the flower of harebell.

Campylotropal, a curved ovule, with the hilum, micropyle, and chalaza near each other.

Canaliculate, channeled, having a longitudinal groove or furrow.

Cancellate, latticed, composed of veins alone.

Canescent, hoary.

Capillary, filiform, thread-like, or hair-like.

Capitate, pin-like, having a rounded summit, as some hairs.

Capitulum, head of flowers in Compositæ.

Capreolate, having tendrils.

Capsule, a dry seed-vessel, opening by valves, teeth, pores, or a lid.

Carina, keel, the two partially united lower petals of papilionaceous flowers.

Carinate, keel-shaped.

Carpel, the leaf which contains the ovules. Several carpels may enter into the composition of one pistil.

Carpology, the study of fruits.

Carpophore, a stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it above the whorl of the stamens, as in Lychnis and Capparis.

Caruncle, a fleshy or thickened appendage of the raphe of the seed.

Caryopsis, the monospermal seed-vessel of a grass, the pericarp being adherent with the seed.

Catkin, same as Amentum.

Caudate, having a tail or feathery appendage.

Caudex, the stem of palms and of tree ferns.

Caudicle, the process supporting a pollen mass in orchids.

Caulescent, having an evident stem.

Caulicle, the rudimentary axis of the embryo.

Cauline, produced on the stem.

Causticity, having a burning quality.

Cellular, composed of cells.

Cellulose, the chemical substance of which the cell wall is composed.

Centimetre, a French measure, equal to 0.3937079 British inch.

Centrifugal, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the central flower opens first.

Centripetal, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the flowers at the circumference or base open first.

Ceramidium, an ovate conceptacle, having a terminal opening, and with a tuft of spores arising from the base; seen in Algæ.

Cereal, a general term applied to wheat, oats, barley, and rye.

Chalaza, the place where the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus of the ovule.

Chlorophyll, the green coloring matter of leaves.

Chorisis, separation of a lamina from one part of an organ, so as to form a scale or a doubling of the organ; it may be either transverse or collateral.

Chromule, the coloring matter of the cells of flowers; also of the lower Algæ.

Cilia (cilium), short, stiff hairs fringing the margin of a leaf; also the delicate vibratile hairs of zoospores.

Ciliato-dentate, toothed and fringed with hairs.

Circinate, rolled up like a crosier, as the young fronds of ferns.

Circumscissile, cut round in a circular manner, such as seed-vessels opening by a lid.

Circumscription, the periphery or margin of a leaf.

Cirrhus, a modified leaf in the form of a tendril.

Clathrate, latticed, like a grating.

Clavate, club-shaped, becoming gradually thicker toward the top.

Claw, the narrow base of some petals, corresponding with the petiole or leaves.

Cleft, divided to about the middle.

Cloves, applied to young bulbs, as in the onion.

Clypeate, having the shape of a buckler.

Coccidium, a rounded conceptacle in Algæ without pores, and containing a tuft of spores.

Cochlear, a kind of æstivation, in which a helmet-shaped part covers all the others in the bud.

Cochleariform, shaped like a spoon.

Cochleate, shaped like a snail shell.

Coleorhiza, a sheath, surrounding the radicles of a monocotyledonous embryo.

Collateral, placed side by side, as in the case of some ovules.

Collum, neck, the part where the plumule and radicle of the embryo unite.

Columella, central column in the sporangia of mosses.

Column, a part of a flower of an orchid supporting the anthers and stigma, and formed by the union of the styles and filaments.

Coma, a tuft of hair on a seed.

Commissure, union of the faces of the two achænes in the fruit of Umbelliferæ.

Comose, furnished with hairs, as the seeds of the willow.

Compound, composed of several parts, as a leaf formed by several leaflets.

Compressed, flattened laterally or lengthwise.

Concentric, curves with common centre.

Conceptacle, a hollow sac containing a tuft or cluster of spores.

Concrete, hardened into a mass.

Conducting Tissue, applied to the loose cellular tissue in the interior of the style.

Conduplicate, followed upon itself, applied to leaves and cotyledons.

Cone, a dry multiple fruit, formed by bracts covering naked seeds.

Conferruminate, indistinguishably united together.

Confervoid, formed of a single row of cells, or having articulations like a Conferva.

Confluent, when parts unite together in the progress of growth.

Conjugation, union of two cells, so as to develop a spore.

Connate, when parts are united, even in the early state of development; applied to two leaves united by their bases.

Connective, the part which connects the anther-lobes.

Connivent, when two organs, as petals, arch over so as to meet above.

Constricted, contracted in some particular place.

Contorted, when the parts in a bud are imbricated and regularly twisted in one direction.

Convolute, when a leaf in the bud is rolled upon itself.

Cordate, of leaves heart-shaped at the base.

Cordiform, having the shape of a heart.

Coriaceous, having a leathery consistence.

Corm, thickened underground stem, as in Arum and Colchicum.

Cornute, horned.

Corolla, the inner envelope of the flower.

Corollifloræ, gamopetalous exogens.

Corona, a coralline appendage, as the crown of the daffodil.

Corpuscle, a small body or particle.

Corrugated, wrinkled or shriveled.

Cortex, the bark.

Cortical, belonging to the bark.

Corymb, a raceme, in which the lower stalks are the longest, and all the flowers come very nearly to a level above.

Costate, provided with ribs; primary.

Cotyledon, the temporary leaf of the embryo.

Cremocarp, the fruit of Umbelliferæ, composed of two separable achænes or mericarps.

Crenate, having superficial, rounded, marginal notches.

Crenatures, divisions of the margin of a crenate leaf.

Crest, an appendage to fruits or seeds.

Cribriform, riddled with holes.

Crisp, having an undulated margin.

Cruciform, arranged like the parts of a cross, as the flowers of Cruciferæ.

Crustaceous, hard, thin, and brittle.

Cryptogamous, with the organs of reproduction obscure.

Cucullate, formed like a hood or cowl.

Culm, stem or stalk of grasses.

Cuneiform, or Cuneate, shaped like a wedge.

Cupula, the cup of the acorn, formed by aggregate bracts.

Cuspidate, prolonged into an attenuated point.

Cuticle, the thin membrane that covers the epidermis.

Cyclosis, movement of the latex in laticiferous vessels, and of the fluid cell contents within the cell.

Cymbiform, shaped like a boat.

Cyme, a kind of definite inflorescence, in which the flowers are in racemes, corymbs, or umbels, the successive central flowers expanding first.

Cypsela, monospermal fruit of Compositæ.

Cytoblast, the nucleus of a cell.

Cytogenesis, cell development.

D

Deciduous, falling off after performing its functions for a limited time, as the calyx of Ranunculus.

Deciduous Trees, those which lose their leaves annually.

Decimetre, the tenth part of a metre, or ten centimetres.

Declinate, directed downward from its base.

Decompound, a leaf cut into numerous compound divisions.

Decorticated, deprived of bark.

Decumbent, lying flat along the ground, and rising from it at the apex.

Decurrent, leaves which are attached along the side of a stem below their point of insertion; such stems are often called winged.

Decussate, opposite leaves crossing each other in pairs at right angles.

Deduplication, same as Chorisis.

Definite, applied to inflorescence when it ends in a single flower, and the expansion of the flower is centrifugal; also when the number of the parts of an organ is limited, as when the stamens are under twenty.

Deflexed, bent downward in a continuous curve.

Defoliation, the fall of the leaves.

Degeneration, when an organ is changed from its usual appearance, and becomes less highly developed as when scales take the place of leaves.

Dehiscence, mode of opening of an organ, as of the seed-vessels and anthers.

Deltoid, like the Greek Δ in form.

Demulcent, an emollient.

Dentate, toothed, having short triangular divisions of the margin.

Denticulate, finely toothed, having small tooth-like projections along the margin.

Dentiform, tooth-shaped.

Dependent, hanging down.

Depressed, flattening of a solid organ from above downward.

Detergent, having a cleansing power.

Diadelphous, stamens in two bundles, united by their filaments.

Diandrous, having two stamens.

Diaphanous, transparent.

Dichlamydeous, having calyx and corolla.

Dichotomous, stem dividing by twos.

Diclinous, unisexual flower either monœcious or diœcious.

Dicotyledonous, embryo having two cotyledons.

Dictyogenous, applied to monocotyledons having netted veins.

Didynamous, two long and two short stamens.

Diffuse, scattered.

Digitate, compound leaf, composed of several leaflets attached to one point.

Digynous, having two styles.

Dimerous, when the parts of a flower are in twos.

Dimidiate, when one-half of an organ is smaller than the other half.

Diœcious, staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers on separate plants.

Diplostemonous, stamens double the number of the petals or sepals.

Dipterous, having two wings.

Discoid, in the form of a disk or flattened sphere; discoid pith, divided into cavities by disks.

Disk, a part intervening between the stamens and the pistils in the form of scales, a ring, etc.

Disks, the peculiar rounded and dotted markings on the fibres of coniferous wood.

Dissected, cut into a number of narrow divisions.

Dissepiment, a division in the ovary; true when formed by the edges of the carpels, false when formed otherwise.

Distichous, in two rows on opposite sides of a stem.

Divaricating, branches coming off from the stem at a very wide or obtuse angle.

Dodecandrous, having twelve stamens.

Dolabriform, shaped like an axe.

Dorsal, applied to the suture of the carpel which is furthest from the axis.

Double Flower, when the organs of reproduction are converted into petals.

Drupe, a fleshy fruit like the cherry, having a stony endocarp.

Drupels, small drupes aggregated to form a fruit, as in the raspberry.

Duramen, heart-wood of dicotyledonous trees.

E

Elaters, spiral fibres in the spore-cases of Hepaticæ.

Elliptical, having the form of an ellipse.

Emarginate, with a notch at the end.

Embracing. This is said to be the case when a leaf clasps the stem.

Embryo, the young plant contained in the seed.

Embryo-sac, the cell in which the embryo is formed.

Endocarp, the inner layer of the pericarp, next the seed.

Endochrome, the coloring matter within the cells of the lower plants.

Endogen, a monocotyledon.

Endophlœum, the fibrous inner bark or liber.

Endopleura, the inner covering of the seed.

Endorhizal, numerous rootlets arising from within a common radicle, and passing through sheaths, as in endogenous germination.

Endosmose, movement of fluids inward through a membrane.

Endosperm, albumen formed within the embryo-sac.

Endostome, the inner foramen of the ovule.

Endothecium, the inner coat of the anther.

Ensiform, in the form of a sword, as the leaves of Iris.

Entire (integer), without marginal divisions.

Envelopes, Floral, the calyx and corolla.

Epicalyx, outer calyx formed either of sepals or bracts, as in mallow and Potentilla.

Epicarp, the outer covering of the fruit.

Epichilium, the terminal portion of the lip (labellum) in orchids.

Epidermis, the cellular layer covering the external surface of plants.

Epigynous, above the ovary by adhesion to it.

Epipetalous, inserted on the petals.

Epiphyllous, growing upon a leaf.

Epiphytes, attached to another plant, and growing suspended in the air.

Episperm, the external covering of the seed.

Equitant, applied to leaves folded longitudinally, and overlapping each other without any involution.

Erect, applied to an ovule which rises from the base of the ovary.

Eroded, gnawed or bitten.

Erose, irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.

Erumpent, as if bursting through the epidermis.

Escharotic, having the power to scar or burn the skin.

Etærio, the aggregate drupes forming the fruit of Rubus.

Etiolation, blanching; losing color through growth in the dark.

Exalbuminous, without a separate store of albumen or perisperm.

Exannulate, without a ring; applied to some ferns.

Excentric, removed from the centre or axis; applied to a lateral embryo.

Excipulus, a receptacle containing fructification in lichens.

Excoriated, stripped of skin or bark.

Excurrent, running out beyond the edge or point.

Exogen, dicotyledon.

Exorhizal, radicle proceeding directly from the axis, and afterward branching, as in exogens.

Exosmose, the passing outward of a fluid through a membrane.

Exostome, the outer opening of the foramen of the ovule.

Exothecium, the outer coat of the anther.

Exserted, extended beyond an organ, as stamens beyond the corolla.

Exsiccated, dried up.

Exstipulate, without stipules.

Extine, the outer covering of the pollen grain.

Extra-axillary, removed from the axil of the leaf, as in the case of some buds.

Extrorse, applied to anthers which dehisce on the side furthest removed from the pistil.

F

Fæcula, starchy matter.

Falcate, or Falciform, bent like a sickle.

Farinaceous, mealy, containing much starch.

Fasciation, union of branches of stems so as to present a flattened ribbon-like form.

Fascicle, a shortened umbellate cyme, as in some species of Dianthus.

Fasciculate, arranged in bundles.

Fastidiate, having a pyramidal form, from the branches being parallel and erect, as in Lombardy poplar.

Fauces, the gaping part of a monopetalous corolla.

Feather-veined, a leaf having the veins passing from the midrib at a more or less acute angle, and extending to the margin.

Fecundation, fertilization.

Fenestrate, applied to a leaf with perforations.

Ferruginous, rusty.

Fertile, applied to pistillate flowers, and to the fruit-bearing fronds of ferns.

Fibrous, composed of numerous fibres, as some roots.

Fibro-vascular Tissue, containing vessels and fibres.

Filament, stalk supporting the anther.

Filamentous, a string of cells placed end to end.

Filiform, like a thread.

Fimbriated, fringed at the margin.

Fissiparous, dividing spontaneously into two parts by means of a septum.

Fissure, a straight slit in an organ for the discharge of its contents.

Fistulous, hollow, like stems of grasses.

Flabelliform, fan-shaped, as the leaves of some palms.

Flaccid, feeble, weak.

Flagellum, a runner, a weak creeping stem, bearing rooting buds at different points, as in the strawberry.

Flexuose, having alternate curvations in opposite directions.

Floccose, covered with wool-like tufts.

Florets, little florets forming a compound flower.

Foliaceous, having the form of leaves.

Follicle, a fruit formed by a single carpel dehiscing by one suture, which is usually the ventral.

Foveolate, having pits or depressions, called foveæ or foveolæ.

Fovilla, minute granular matter in the pollen grain.

Frond, the leaf-like organ of ferns, bearing the fructification.

Frondose, applied to cryptogams with foliaceous or leaf-like expansions.

Fructification, the seed or fruit of plants.

Frustules, the parts or fragments into which diatomaceæ separate.

Fruticose, shrubby.

Fugacious, evanescent, falling off early, as the petals of Cistus.

Fulvous, tawny, yellow.

Fungous, having the substance of fungi or mushrooms.

Funiculus, the cord connecting the hilum of the ovule to the placenta.

Furcate, divided into two branches, like a two-pronged fork.

Furfuraceous, scaly or scurfy.

Fuscous, blackish brown.

Fusiform, shaped like a spindle.

G

Galbulus, the polygynœcial fruit of juniper.

Gamopetalous, same as monopetalous, petals united.

Gamophyllous and Gamosepalous, same as monophyllous and monosepalous, sepals united.

Geminate, twin organs combined in pairs; same as binate.

Gemmation, the development of leaf-buds.

Gemmule, same as plumule, the first bud of the embryo.

Geniculate, bent like a knee.

Germen, or Germ, a name for the ovary.

Germinal Vesicle, a germ contained in the embryo-sac, from which the embryo is developed.

Germination, the sprouting of the young plant.

Gibbosity, a swelling at the base of an organ, such as the calyx or corolla.

Gibbous, swollen at the base, or having a distinct swelling at some part of the surface.

Glabrous, smooth, without hairs.

Gland, an organ of secretion consisting of cells, and generally occurring on the epidermis of plants.

Glandular Hairs, hairs tipped with a gland, as in Drosera and Chinese primrose.

Glans, nut, applied to the acorn and hazel-nut, which are inclosed in an involucre formed of consolidated bracts.

Glaucous, covered with a pale green bloom.

Globose, round-shaped.

Globule, male organ of Chara.

Glochidiate, barbed; applied to hairs with two reflexed points at their summits.

Glomerule, a rounded cymose inflorescence, as in Urtica.

Glumaceous, chaffy.

Glume, a bract covering the organs of reproduction in the spikelets of grasses.

Gluten, a highly nitrogenous substance found in seeds.

Gonidia, green cells in the thallus of lichens.

Grain, caryopsis, the fruit of grasses.

Grumous, collected into granular masses.

Gymnogen, a plant with naked seeds, i. e., seed not in a true ovary.

Gymnospermous, plants with naked seeds, i. e., seeds not in a true ovary; such as conifers.

Gynandrous, stamen and pistil united in a common column, as in the Orchidaceæ.

Gynobase, a central axis, to the base of which the carpels are attached.

Gynœcium, the female organs of the flower.

Gynophore, a stalk supporting the ovary.

Gyrate, same as circinate.

H

Habit, general external appearance.

Hastate, halbert-shaped, applied to a leaf with two portions at the base projecting more or less completely at right angles to the blade.

Haulm, dead stems of herbs, as of the potato.

Haustorium, the sucker at the extremity of the parasitic root of dodder.

Heart-wood, same as Duramen.

Helicoidal, having a coiled appearance like the shell of a snail; applied to inflorescence.

Herb, a plant with an annual stem, opposed to a woody plant.

Herbaceous, green succulent plants which die down to the ground in winter; annual shoots, with green-colored cellular parts.

Hermaphrodite, stamens and pistils in the same flower.

Hesperidium, the fruit of the orange and other Aurantiaceæ.

Heterocysts, peculiar large cells in Nostochineæ.

Heterogamous, composite plants having hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same head.

Heterophyllous, presenting two different forms of leaves.

Hilum, the base of the seed to which the placenta is attached either directly or by means of a cord. The term is also applied to the mark at one end of some grains of starch.

Hirsute, covered with long stiff hairs.

Hispid, covered with long, very stiff hairs.

Histology, the study of microscopic tissues.

Homogeneous, having a uniform structure or substance.

Hyaline, transparent or colorless.

Hybrid, a plant resulting from the fecundation of one species by another.

Hymenium, the part which bears the spores in Agarics.

Hypanthodium, the receptacle of Dorstenia, bearing many flowers.

Hypochilum, the lower part of the labellum of orchids.

Hypocrateriform, shaped like a salver, as the corolla of Primula.

Hypogeous, under the surface of the soil; applied to cotyledons.

Hypogynous, inserted below the ovary or pistil.

I

Imbricate, parts overlying each other like tiles on a house. Imbricated æstivation, the parts of the flower-bud alternately overlapping each other, and arranged in a spiral manner.

Impari-pinnate, unequally pinnate; pinnate leaf ending in an odd leaflet.

Inarching, a mode of grafting by bending two growing plants toward each other, and causing a branch of the one to unite to the other.

Inarticulate, without joints or interruption to continuity.

Incised, cut down deeply.

Included, applied to the stamens when inclosed within the corolla, and not pushed out beyond its tube.

Incumbent, cotyledons with the radicle on their back.

Incurved, bending inward.

Indefinite, applied to inflorescence with centripetal expansion; also to stamens above twenty, and to ovules and seeds when very numerous.

Indehiscent, not opening, having no regular line of suture.

Indigenous, an aboriginal native in a country.

Induplicate, edges of the sepals or petals turned slightly inward in æstivation.

Indusium, epidermal covering of the fructification in some ferns.

Inferior, applied to the ovary where it seems to be situated below the calyx, and to the part of the flower furthest from the axis.

Inflexed, bending inward.

Inflorescence, the mode in which the flowers are arranged on the axis.

Infundibuliform, in shape like a funnel, as seen in some gamopetalous corollas.

Innate, applied to anthers when attached to the top of the filament.

Inspissated, thickened or dried-up juice or sap.

Internode, the portion of the stem between two nodes or leaf-buds.

Interpetiolar, between the petioles.

Interruptedly-pinnate, a pinnate leaf in which pairs of small pinnæ occur between the larger pairs.

Intine, the inner covering of the pollen grains.

Intramarginal, within the margin.

Introrse, applied to anthers which open on the side next the pistil.

Inverse, inverted.

Involucel, bracts surrounding the partial umbel of Umbelliferæ.

Involucre, bracts surrounding the general umbel in Umbelliferæ, the heads of flowers in Compositæ, and in general any verticillate bracts surrounding numerous flowers.

Involute, edges of leaves rolled inward spirally on each side in æstivation.

Irregular, a flower in which the parts of any of the verticils differ in size.

Isomerous, when the whorls of a flower are composed each of an equal number of parts.

Isostemonous, when stamens and floral envelopes have the same number of parts or multiples.

Isothermal, lines passing through places which have the same mean annual temperature.

J

Jugate, applied to the pairs of leaflets in compound leaves; Unijugate, having one pair; Bijugate, two pairs, and so on.

K

Keel, same as Carina.

Knotted, when a cylindrical stem is swollen at intervals into a knob.

L

Labellum, lip. one of the divisions of the inner whorl of the flower in orchids. This part is in reality superior, but becomes inferior by the twisting of the ovary.

Labiate, lipped; applied to irregular gamopetalous flowers, with an upper and under portion separated more or less by a hiatus or gap.

Laciniate, irregularly cut into narrow segments.

Lactescent, yielding milky juice.

Lacuna, a large space in the midst of a group of cells.

Lamellæ, gills of an Agaric; also applied to flat divisions of the stigma.

Lamina, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of the petal or sepal.

Lanceolate, tapering to each end, but broadest below the middle.

Lateral, arising from the side of the axis, not terminal.

Latex, granular fluid contained in laticiferous vessels.

Laticiferous, vessels containing latex which is anastomose.

Lax, not compact.

Leaflets, the small portions of compound leaves.

Legume, a pod composed of one carpel, opening usually by a ventral and dorsal suture, as in the pea.

Leguminous, plants bearing pods.

Lenticel, a small cellular process on the bark of the willow and other plants.

Lenticular, in the form of a doubly-convex lens.

Lepidote, covered with scales or scurf.

Lianes, twining woody plants.

Liber, the fibrous inner bark of endophlœum.

Lid, the calyx which falls from the flower in one piece.

Lignine, woody matter which thickens the cell walls.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Ligule, a process arising from the petiole of grasses, where it joins the blade.

Ligulifloræ, composite plants having ligulate florets.

Limb, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of a petal or sepal. When sepals or petals are united, the combined broad parts are denominated collectively the limb.

Line, the twelfth part of an inch.

Linear, very narrow when the length greatly exceeds the breadth.

Linguiform, strap-shaped.

Lipped, having a distinct lip or labellum.

Lobe, large division of a leaf or any other organ, applied often to the divisions of the anther.

Loculaments, divisions of the cells of a seed-vessel.

Loculicidal, fruit dehiscing through the back of the carpels.

Loculus, a cavity in an ovary. The terms are also applied to the anther.

Locusta, a spikelet of grasses.

Lodicule, a scale at the base of the ovary of grapes.

Lomentum, an indehiscent legume or pod with transverse partitions, each division containing one seed.

Lurid, a color combining yellow, purple, and gray.

Lyrate, a pinnatifid leaf with a large terminal lobe, and smaller ones as we approach the petiole.

M

Macropodous, applied to the thickened radicle of a monocotyledonous embryo.

Marcescent, withering, but not falling off until the part bearing it is perfected.

Medulla, the pith.

Medullary Rays, cellular prolongation uniting the pith and the bark.

Medullary Sheath, sheath containing spiral vessels, surrounding the pith in exogens.

Membraneous, having the consistence, aspect, and structure of a membrane.

Mericarp, carpel forming one-half of the fruit of Umbelliferæ.

Merithal, a term used in place of internode; applied by Gaudichaud to the different parts of the leaf.

Mesocarp, middle covering of the fruit.

Mesochilum, middle portion of the labellum of orchids.

Mesophlœum, middle layer of bark.

Metre, equal to 39.3707 inches British.

Micrometer, instrument for measuring microscopic objects.

Micropyle, the opening or foramen of the seed.

Millimetre, equal to 0.0393707 English inch.

Monadelphous, stamens united into one bundle by union of their filaments.

Moniliform, beaded; cells united with interruptions, so as to resemble a string of beads.

Monocarpic, producing flowers and fruit once during life, and then dying.

Monochlamydeous, flowers having a single envelope.

Monoclinous, stamens and pistils in the same flower.

Monocotyledonous, having one cotyledon in the embryo.

Monœcious, stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same plant.

Monopetalous, same as gamopetalous.

Monophyllous, same as gamophyllous.

Monosepalous, having one sepal or division in the calyx. Same as gamosepalous.

Monstrosity, an abnormal development; applied more especially to double flowers.

Morphology, the study of the forms which the different organs assume, and the laws that regulate their metamorphoses.

Mucilage, a thick viscid fluid.

Mucro, a stiff point abruptly terminating an organ.

Mucronate, having a mucro.

Mucronulate, having a little hard point.

Muricate, covered with firm sharp points or excrescences.

Muriform, like bricks in a wall; applied to cells.

Mycelium, the cellular spawn of fungi.

N

Naked, applied to seeds not contained in a true ovary; also to flowers without any floral envelopes.

Napiform, shaped like a turnip.

Naturalized, originally introduced by artificial means, but become apparently wild.

Navicular, hollowed like a boat.

Nectary, any abnormal part of a flower. It ought to be restricted to organs secreting a honey-like matter, as in the Crown Imperial.

Nervation, same as Nevation.

Nerves, the veins of leaves.

Netted, applied to reticulated nevation.

Nodding, drooping.

Node, the part of a stem from which the leaf-bud proceeds.

Nodose, having swollen nodes or articulations.

Nucleus, the body which gives origin to new cells; also applied to the central cellular portion of the ovule and seed.

Nucule, female part of fructification in the Characeæ.

Nut, any dry one-celled indehiscent fruit with hard pericarp.

O

Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, with the divisions of the heart at the opposite end from the stalk.

Oblong, about three-fourths as long as broad.

Obovate, reversely ovate, the broad part of the egg being uppermost.

Obsolete, imperfectly developed or abortive; applied to the calyx when it is in the form of a rim.

Obtuse, not pointed, with a rounded or blunt termination.

Ochraceous, clay or ochre color.

Ochrea, the sheathing stipule of Polygonaceæ.

Officinal, sold in the shops.

Oleraceous, used as an esculent pot-herb.

Olivaceous, having the color of olives.

Oophoridium, organ, in Lycopodiaceæ containing large spores.

Opaque, dull, not shining.

Opercular, covered with a lid.

Operculum, lid; applied to the separable part of the theca of mosses; also applied to the lid of certain seed-vessels.

Opposite, applied to leaves placed on opposite sides of the same stem at the same level.

Orbicular, rounded leaf with petiole attached to the centre of it.

Organography, the description of the organs of plants.

Orthotropal, ovule with foramen opposite to the hilum; embryo with radicle next the hilum.

Osmose, the force with which fluids pass through membranes in experiments on exosmose and endosmose.

Oval, elliptical, blunt at each end.

Ovary, the part of the pistil which contains the ovules.

Ovate, shaped like an egg; applied to the broader end of the egg next the petiole or axis.

Ovoid, egg-shaped.

Ovule, the young seed contained in the ovary.

P

Pale, the part of the flower of grasses within the glume; also applied to the small scaly laminæ which occur in the receptacle of some Compositæ.

Palæphytology, the study of fossil plants.

Paleaceous, chaffy, covered with small, erect, membraneous scales.

Palmate and Palmatifid, applied to a leaf with radiating venation, divided into lobes to about the middle.

Palmatipartite, applied to a leaf with radiating venation, cut nearly to the base in a palmate manner.

Panduriform, shaped like a fiddle.

Panicle, inflorescence of grasses, consisting of spikelets on long peduncles coming off in a racemose manner.

Paniculate, forming a panicle.

Papilionaceous, corolla composed of vexillum, two alæ, and carina, as in the pea.

Papillose, covered with small nipple-like prominences.

Pappus, the hairs at the summit of the ovary in Compositæ. They consist of the altered calycine limb. Pappose, provided with pappus.

Paraphyses, filaments, sometimes articulated, occurring in the fructification of mosses and other cryptogams.

Parasite, attached to another plant, and deriving nourishment from it.

Parenchyma, cellular tissue.

Parietal, applied to placentas on the wall of the ovary.

Paripinnate, a compound of pinnate leaf ending in two leaflets.

Parthenogenesis, production of perfect seed with embryo, without the application of pollen.

Patent, spreading widely.

Patulus, spreading less than when patent.

Pectinate, divided laterally into narrow segments like the teeth of a comb.

Pedate and Pedatifid, a palmate leaf of three lobes, the lateral lobes bearing other equally large lobes on the edges next the middle lobe.

Pedicel, the stalk supporting a single flower.

Peduncle, the general flower-stalk or floral axis; sometimes it bears one flower, at other times it bears several sessile or pedicellate flowers.

Pelagic, growing in the ocean.

Pellucid, transparent.

Peloria, a name given to a teratological phenomenon, which consists in a flower that is usually irregular becoming regular; for instance, when Linaria, in place of one spur, produces five.

Peltate, shield-like, fixed to the stalk by a point within the margin; peltate hairs, attached to their middle.

Pendulous, applied to ovules which are hung from the upper part of the ovary.

Penicillate, resembling a camel’s-hair pencil.

Penni-nerved, and Penni-veined, the veins disposed like a feather, running from the middle of the leaf to the margin.

Pentamerous, composed of different whorls in five, or multiples of that number.

Pepo, the fruit of the melon, cucumber, and other Cucurbitaceæ.

Perennial, living, or rather flowering, for several years.

Perfoliate, a leaf with the lobes at the base, united on the side of the stem opposite the blade, so that the stalk appears to pass through the leaf.

Perianth, a general name for the floral envelopes; applied in cases where there is only a calyx, or where the calyx and corolla are alike.

Pericarp, the covering of the fruit.

Perichætial, applied to the leaves surrounding the fruit-stalk or seta of mosses.

Pericladium, the large sheathing petiole of Umbelliferæ.

Periderm, a name applied to the outer layer of the barks.

Peridium, the envelope of the fructification in gasteromycetous fungi.

Perigone, same as Perianth. Some restrict the term to cases in which the flower is female, or pistilliferous. It has also been applied to the involucre of Jungermannieæ.

Perigynous, applied to the corolla and stamens when attached to the calyx.

Perigynum, applied to the pistil in the genus Carex.

Peripherical, applied to an embryo curved so as to surround the albumen, following the inner part of the covering of the seed.

Perisperm, the albumen or nourishing matter stored up with the embryo in the seed.

Peristome, the opening of the sporangium of mosses after the removal of the calyptra and operculum.

Perithecium, a conceptacle in cryptogams, containing spores, and having an opening at one end.

Persistent, not falling off, remaining attached to the axis until the part which bears it is matured.

Personate, a gamopetalous irregular corolla, having the lower lip pushed upward, so as to close the hiatus between the two lips.

Pertuse, having slits or holes.

Perulæ, the scales of the leaf-bud.

Petaloid, like a petal.

Petals, the leaves forming the coralline whorl.

Petiolate, having a stalk or petiole.

Petiole, a leaf-stalk; Petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.

Phænogamous, same as Phanerogamous.

Phanerogamous, having conspicuous flowers.

Phycology, the study of Algæ, or sea-weeds.

Phyllaries, the leaflets forming the involucre of composite flowers.

Phyllodium, the leaf-stalk, enlarged so as to have the appearance of a leaf.

Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of the leaves on the axis.

Physiognomy, general appearance, without reference to botanical characters.

Physiology, vegetable, the study of the functions of plants.

Phytology, the study of plants; same as botany.

Phytozoa, moving filaments in the antheridia of cryptogams.

Pileate, having a cup or lid like the cup of a mushroom.

Pileorhiza, a covering of the root, as in Lemna.

Pileus, the cap-like portion of the mushroom, bearing the hymenium on its under side.

Pilose, provided with hairs; applied to pappus composed of simple hairs.

Pinna, the leaflet of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate, a compound leaf having leaflets arranged on each side of a central rib.

Pinnatifid, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments to about the middle.

Pinnatipartite, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments, the divisions extending nearly to the central rib.

Pinnule, the small pinnæ of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

Pistil, the female organ of the flower, composed of one or more carpels; each carpel being composed of ovary, style, and stigma.

Pistillate and Pistilliferous, applied to a female flower or a female plant.

Pistillidium, the female organ in cryptogams.

Pitchers, vessels of this form at the end of the leaves of Nepenthes, etc.

Pith, same as Medulla.

Placenta, the cellular part of the carpel, bearing the ovule.

Placentation, the formation and arrangement of the placentas.

Pleurenchyma, woody tissue.

Pleurocarpi, mosses with the fructification proceeding laterally from the axils of the leaves.

Plicate, folded like a fan.

Plumose, feathery; applied to hairs having two longitudinal rows of minute cellular processes.

Plumule, the first bud of the embryo, usually inclosed by the cotyledons.

Plurilocular, having many loculaments.

Podetium, a stalk bearing the fructification in some lichens.

Podosperm, the cord attaching the seed to the placenta.

Pollard-trees, cut down so as to leave only the lower part of the trunk, which gives off numerous buds and branches.

Pollen, the powdery matter contained in the anther.

Pollen-tube, the tube emitted by the pollen grain after it is applied to the stigma.

Pollinia, masses of pollen found in orchids and asclepiads.

Polyadelphous, stamens united by their filaments so as to form more than two bundles.

Polyandrous, stamens above twenty.

Polycarpic, plants which flower and fruit many times in the course of their life.

Polycotyledonous, an embryo having many cotyledons, as in firs.

Polygamous, plants bearing hermaphrodite as well as male and female flowers.

Polymorphous, assuming many shapes.

Polypetalous, a corolla composed of separate petals.

Polyphyllous, a calyx or involucre composed of separate leaflets.

Polysepalous, a calyx composed of separate sepals.

Pome, a fruit like the apple and pear.

Porous Vessels, same as pitted or dotted vessels.

Posterior, applied to the part of the flower placed next the axis; same as Superior.

Pouch, the short pod or silicle of some Cruciferæ.

Premorse, bitten; applied to a root terminating abruptly, as if bitten off.

Prickles, hardened epidermal appendages of a nature similar to hairs.

Primine, the outer coat of the ovule.

Primordial Utricle, the lining membrane of cells in their early state.

Process, any prominence or projecting part, or small lobe.

Procumbent, lying on the ground.

Proembryo, cellular body in an ovary, from which the embryo and its suspensor are formed. Sometimes Proembryo is used for Prothallus.

Proliferous, bearing abnormal buds.

Prone, prostrate, lying flat on the earth.

Propagulum, an offshoot or germinating bud attached by a thickish stalk to the parent plant.

Prosenchyma, fusiform tissue forming wood.

Prothallium, or Prothallus, names given to the first part produced by the spore of an acrogen in germinating.

Protoplasm, the nitrogenous gelatinous matter in which the vital activity of cells resides.

Pseudo-bulb, the peculiar aerial stem of many epiphytic orchids.

Pubescence, short and soft hairs covering a surface.

Pululating, budding.

Pulverulent, covered with fine powdery matter.

Pulvinate, shaped like a cushion or pillow.

Pulvinous, cellular swelling at the point where the leaf-stalk joins the axis.

Punctated, applied to the peculiar dotted woody fibres of Coniferæ.

Putamen, the hard endocarp of some fruits.

Pycnides, cysts containing stylospores found in some lichens.

Pyxis, a capsule opening by a lid.

Q

Quatenary, composed of parts in fours.

Quinary, composed of parts in fives.

Quinate, five leaves coming off from one point.

Quincunx, when the leaves in the bud are five, of which two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the exterior. Quincuncial, arranged in a quincunx.

R

Race, a permanent variety.

Raceme, an indefinite inflorescence, in which there is a primary axis bearing stalked flowers.

Racemose, flowering in racemes.

Rachis, the axis of inflorescence; also applied to the stalk of the frond in ferns, and to the common stalk bearing the alternate spikelets in some grasses.

Radical, belonging to the root; applied to leaves close to the ground, clustered at the base of a flower-stalk.

Radicle, the young root of the embryo.

Ramenta, little brown withered scales with which the stems of some plants are covered.

Ramifications, subdivisions of roots or branches.

Raphe, the line which connects the hilum and the chalaza in anatropal ovules.

Raphides, crystals found in cells, which are hence called Raphidian.

Receptacle, the flattened end of the peduncle rachis, bearing numerous flowers in a head; applied also generally to the extremity of the peduncle or pedicel.

Reclinate, curved downward from the horizontal, bent back up.

Recurved, bent backward.

Reduplicate, edges of the petals or sepals turned outward in æstivation.

Regma, seed-vessels composed of elastic cocci, as in Euphorbia.

Regular, applied to an organ, the parts of which are of similar form and size.

Reliquiæ, remains of withered leaves attached to the plant.

Reniform, in shape like a kidney.

Repand, having a slightly undulated or sinuous margin.

Replum, a longitudinal division in a pod formed by the placenta, as in Cruciferæ.

Resupinate, inverted by a twisting of the stalk.

Reticulate, netted, applied to leaves having a network of anastomosing veins.

Retinaculum, the glandular viscid portion at the extremity of the caudicle in some Pollinia.

Retrorse, turned backward.

Retuse, when the extremity is broad, blunt, and slightly depressed.

Revolute, leaf with its edges rolled backward in vernation.

Rhizome, a stem creeping horizontally, more or less covered by the soil, giving off buds above and roots below.

Rhizotaxis, the arrangement of the roots.

Rhomboid, quadrangular form, not square with equal sides.

Rib, the projecting vein of a leaf.

Ringent, a labiate flower in which the upper lip is much arched.

Root-stock, same as Rhizome.

Rosette, leaves disposed in close circles forming a cluster.

Rostellum, a prolongation of the upper edge of the stigmas in orchids.

Rostrate, beaked.

Rotate, a regular gamopetalous corolla, with a short tube, the limbs spreading out more or less at right angles.

Rubefacient, that which reddens the surface.

Rudimentary, an organ in an abortive state arrested in its development.

Rufous, rust-red.

Rugose, wrinkled.

Ruminate, applied to mottled albumen.

Runcinate, a pinnatifid leaf with a triangular termination, and sharp divisions pointing downward, as in dandelion.

Runners, procumbent shoots which root at their extremity.

Rusty, rust-colored.

S

Sagittate, like an arrow; a leaf having two prolonged sharp-pointed lobes projecting downward beyond the insertion of the petiole.

Samara, a winged dried fruit, as in the elm.

Saponaceous, soap-like.

Sarmentose, yielding runners.

Sarmentum, sometimes meaning the same as Flagellum, or runner; at other times applied to a twining stem which supports itself by means of others.

Scabrous, rough, covered with very stiff short hair.

Scalariform, vessels having bars like a ladder, seen in ferns.

Scales, small processes resembling minute leaves.

Scandent, climbing by means of supports, as on a wall or rock.

Scape, a naked flower-stalk, bearing one or more flowers arising from a short axis, and usually with radical leaves at its base.

Scarious, or Scariose, having the consistence of a dry scale, membraneous, dry, and shriveled.

Scion, the young twig used as a graft.

Sclerogen, the thickening matter of woody cells.

Scorpioidal, like the tail of a scorpion; a peculiar twisted cymose inflorescence, as in Boraginaceæ.

Scurfy, applied to stems and leaves covered with loose scales.

Secund, turned to one side.

Secundine, the second coat of the ovule, within the primine.

Segments, divisions.

Segregate, separated from each other.

Seminal, applied to the cotyledons, or seed-leaves.

Sepal, one of the leaflets forming the calyx.

Septate, divided by septa or partitions.

Septicidal, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the septa or edges of the carpels.

Septifragal, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the back of the loculaments, the valves also separating from the septa.

Septum, a division in an ovary formed by the sides of the carpels.

Sericeous, silky; covered with fine, close-pressed hairs.

Serrate, having sharp processes arranged like the teeth of a saw; Biserrate, when these are alternately large and small, or where the teeth are themselves serrated.

Serrulate, with very fine serratures.

Sessile, without a stalk, as a leaf without a petiole.

Seta, a bristle or sharp hair; also applied to the gland-tipped hairs of Rosaceæ and Hieracium, and to the stalk bearing the theca of mosses.

Setaceous and Setiform, in the form of bristles.

Setiform, bristle-shaped.

Setose, covered with setæ and bristles.

Sheath, the lower part of the leaf surrounding the stem.

Silicula, a short pod with a double placenta and replum, as in some Cruciferæ.

Siliqua, a long pod, similar in construction to the silicle.

Simple, not branching, not divided into separate parts. Simple fruits are those formed by one flower.

Sinuous, with a wavy or flexuous margin.

Sinus, the base or recesses formed by the lobes of leaves.

Slashed, divided by deep and very acute incisions.

Social Plants, such as grow naturally in groups or masses.

Soredia, powdery cells on the surface of the thallus of some lichens.

Spadix, a succulent spike bearing male and female flowers, as in Arum.

Spathe, large membraneous bract covering numerous flowers.

Spawn, same as Mycelium.

Specific Character, the essential character of a species.

Spermagone, a microscopic conceptacle in lichens, containing reproductive bodies called spermatia; also a conceptacle containing fructification in fungi.

Spermatia, motionless spermatozoids in the spermagones of lichens and fungi.

Spermoderm, the general covering of the seed, sometimes applied to the episperm or outer covering.

Spheroidal, nearly spherical.

Spike, inflorescence consisting of numerous flowers sessile on an axis.

Spine, or Thorn, an abortive branch with a hard, sharp point.

Spiral Vessels, having a spiral fibre coiled up inside a tube.

Spongiole, the cellular extremity of a young root.

Sporangium, a case containing spores.

Spore, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamic plants.

Sporidium, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamia, containing two or more cells in its interior.

Sporules, the small spores in cryptogamia.

Squamiform, like scales.

Squamose, covered with scales.

Squarrose, covered with processes spreading at right angles, or in a greater degree.

Stamen, the male organ of the flower formed by a stalk or filament, and the anther containing pollen.

Staminate, applied to a male flower, or to plants bearing male flowers.

Staminodium, an abortive stamen.

Standard, same as Vexillum.

Stellate, like a star.

Sterigmata, cells bearing naked spores; also cellular filaments bearing spermata and stylospores in the spermogones and pycnides.

Sterile, male flowers not bearing fruit.

Stichidia, pod-like receptacles, containing spores.

Stigma, the upper cellular secreting portion of the pistil uncovered with epidermis.

Stigmatic, belonging to the stigma.

Stipe, the stalk of fern fronds; the stalk bearing the pileus in Agarics.

Stipel, appendage at the base of a leaflet.

Stipitate, supported on a stalk.

Stipulate, furnished with stipules.

Stipule, appendage at the base of leaves.

Stolon, a sucker at first aerial, and then rooting.

Stoloniferous, having creeping runners, which root at the joints.

Stomata, openings in the epidermis of plants, especially in the leaves.

Stool, a plant from which layers are propagated by bending down the branches so as to root in the soil.

Strap-shaped, same as Ligulate; linear, or about six times as long as broad.

Striated, marked by streaks or striæ.

Strigose, covered with rough, strong, adpressed hairs.

Strobilus, a cone, applied to the fruit of firs, as well as to that of the hop.

Strophiole, a swelling on the surface of a seed.

Struma, a cellular swelling at the point where a leaflet joins the midrib; also a swelling below the sporangium of mosses.

Style, the stalk interposed between the ovary and the stigma.

Stylopod, an epigynous disk seen at the base of the styles of Umbelliferæ.

Stylospore, a spore-like body, borne on a sterigma, or cellular stalk, in the pycnides of lichens.

Suberous, having a corky texture.

Subterranean, underground; same as Hypogeal.

Subulate, shaped like a cobbler’s awl.

Succulent, soft and juicy.

Suffruticose, having the characters of an under-shrub.

Sulcate, furrowed or grooved.

Superior, applied to the ovary when free, or not adherent to the calyx; to the calyx, when it is adherent to the ovary; to the part of a flower placed next the axis.

Supernatant, floating on the surface.

Supra-decompound, doubly compounded.

Suspended, applied to an ovule which hangs from a point a little below the apex of the ovary.

Suspensor, the cord which suspends the embryo, and is attached to the radicle in the young state.

Sutural, applied to that kind of dehiscence which takes place at the sutures of the fruit.

Suture, the part where separate organs unite, or where the edges of a folded organ adhere; the ventral suture of the ovary is that next the centre of the flower; the dorsal suture corresponds with the midrib.

Symmetry, applied to the flower, has reference to the parts being of the same number, or multiples of each other.

Synantherous, anthers united together.

Syncarpous, carpels united so as to form one ovary or pistil.

Syngenesious, same as Synantherous.

T

Tap-root, root descending deeply in a tapering, undivided manner.

Tegmen, the second covering of the seed; called also Endopleura.

Tegmenta, scales protecting buds.

Tendrils, curling, twining organs, with which plants grasp supports.

Teratology, study of monstrosities and morphological changes.

Tercine, the third coat of the ovule, forming the covering of the central nucleus.

Terete, nearly cylindrical.

Terminal, at the top or end.

Ternary, parts arranged in threes.

Ternate, compound leaves composed of three leaflets.

Testa, the outer covering of the seed; some apply it to the coverings taken collectively.

Tetradynamous, four long stamens and two short, as in Cruciferæ.

Tetragonous, having four angles.

Tetramerous; a flower is tetramerous when its envelopes are in fours.

Tetraspore, a germinating body in Algæ, composed of spore-like cells, but also applied to those of three cells.

Thalamifloral, parts of the floral envelope inserted separately into the receptacle of the thalamus.

Thalamus, the receptacle of the flower, or the part of the peduncle into which the floral organs are inserted.

Thallogens, or Thallophytes, plants producing a thallus.

Thallus, cellular expansion in lichens and other cryptogams, bearing the fructification.

Theca, sporangium or spore-case, containing spores.

Throat, the orifice of a gamopetalous corolla.

Thyrsus, a sort of panicle, in form like a bunch of grapes, the inflorescence being mixed.

Tigellus, the young embryonic axis.

Tomentose, covered with cottony, entangled pubescence, called tomentum.

Tomentum, dense, close hair.

Toothed, dentated.

Torus, another name for Thalamus; sometimes applied to a much-developed thalamus, as in Nelumbium.

Transpiration, the exhalation of fluids by leaves, etc.

Triadelphous, stamens united in three bundles by their filaments.

Triangular, having three angles, the faces being flat.

Trichotomous, divided successively into three branches.

Trifoliate, or Trifoliolate, same as Ternate. When the three leaves come off at one point the leaf is ternately trifoliate; when there are a terminal stalked leaflet and two lateral ones, it is pinnately trifoliate.

Trigonous, having three angles, the faces being convex.

Trimerous; a trimerous flower has its envelopes in three or multiples of three.

Tripartite, deeply divided into three.

Tripinnate, a compound leaf three times divided in a pinnate manner.

Tripinnatifid, a pinnatifid leaf with the segments twice divided in a pinnatifid manner.

Triquetrous, having three angles, the faces being concave.

Triternate, three times divided in a ternate manner.

Truncate, terminating abruptly, as if cut off at the end.

Tryma, drupaceous fruit like the walnut.

Tuber, a thickened underground stem, as the potato.

Tubercle, the swollen root of some terrestrial orchids.

Tuberculate, covered with knobs or tubercles.

Tuberous, applied to roots in the form of tubercles.

Tubular, bell-shaped; applied to a campanulate corolla, which is somewhat tubular in its form.

Tumid, swelling.

Tunic, a coat or envelope.

Tunicated, applied to a bulb covered by thin external scales, as the onion.

Turbinate, in the form of a top.

Turgid, swollen.

Typical, applied to a specimen which has eminently the characteristics of the species, or to a species or genus characteristic of an order.

U

Umbel, inflorescence in which numerous stalked flowers arise from one point.

Umbellule, a small umbel, seen in the compound umbellate flowers of many Umbelliferæ.

Umbilicate, fixed to a stalk by a point in the centre.

Umbilicus, the hilum or base of a seed.

Unarmed, without prickles or spines.

Uncinate, provided with an uncus, or hooked process.

Unctuous, oily.

Undulate, waved.

Unguiculate, furnished with a short unguis.

Unguis, claw, the narrow part of a petal; such a petal is called Unguiculate.

Unicellular, composed of a single cell, as some Algæ.

Unilateral, arranged on one side, or turned to one side.

Unisexual, of a single sex; applied to plants having separate male and female flowers.

Urgeolate, urn-shaped; applied to a gamopetalous globular corolla with a narrow opening.

V

Valvate, opening by valves, like the parts of certain seed-vessels, which separate at the edges of the carpels.

Valvate Æstivation and Vernation, when leaves in the flower-bud and leaf-bud are applied to each other by the margins only.

Valves, the portions which separate in some dehiscent capsules.

Vascular Tissue, composed of vessels.

Veins, fibro-vascular skeleton of leaves.

Velum, veil; the cellular covering of the gills of an Agaric in its early state.

Venation, the arrangement of the veins.

Ventral, applied to the part of the carpel which is next the axis.

Vernation, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud.

Verrucose, covered with wart-like excrescences.

Versatile, applied to an anther which is attached by one point of its back to the filament, and hence is very easily turned about.

Vertex, the uppermost point.

Vertical, perpendicular.

Verticil, a whorl; parts arranged opposite to each other at the same level, or, in other words, in a circle round an axis. The parts are said to be Verticillate.

Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of two nearly sessile cymes, placed in the axils of opposite leaves, as in dead nettles.

Vesicle, another name for a cell or utricle.

Vexillary, applied to æstivation when the vexillum is folded over the other parts of the flower.

Vexillum, standard, the upper or posterior petal of a papilionaceous flower.

Villous, covered with long soft hairs, and having a wooly appearance.

Virescent, green.

Virgate, long and straight, like a wand.

Viscous, or Viscid, clammy, like bird-lime.

Vitellus, the embryo-sac when persistent in the seed.

Vittæ, cells or clavate tubes containing oil in the pericarp of Umbelliferæ.

Viviparous, plants producing leaf-buds instead of fruit.

Volubile, twining; a stem or tendril twining round other plants.

Volva, wrapper; the organ which incloses the parts of fructification in some fungi in their young state.

Vulnerary, having a healing power.

W

Wattled, having processes like the wattles of a cock.

Whorled, same as Verticillate.

Wings, the two lateral petals of a papilionaceous flower, or the broad flat edge of any organ.

X

Xanthophyll, yellow coloring matter in plants.

Z

Zones, stripes or belts.

Zoospore, a moving spore provided with cilia, called also Zoosperm and Sporozoid.

END OF VOLUME THREE