Part 4 — INDEX.
Oswald J. (Oswald Joseph) Reichel translation
Academic, Scepticism, 537; School, 560, 565; decline of, 565.
Academician, 377; view of reason, 545; systems of morality, 399.
Academicians attacked by Stoics, 233; objections to Chrysippus, 545.
Academy, 301; influence of, on Stoics, 402; older, 399, 400, 558; Middle, 46, 528, 535; New, 26, 409, 517, 521, 523, 528; scepticism of, 529, 545, 562, 563; connection with Stoicism, 529; Third, 537.
Achæan League, 13.
Achæans, 13, 14.
Achaia, province of, 14.
Achilles, shield of, explained, 360; staying the plague, 363.
Ἀδιάφορα, 232, 283.
Ænesidemus, a later Sceptic, 523.
Ætolians, 13.
Affections permitted, 290.
Air, God as, 148.
Air-currents, Stoic theory of, 127, 129, 148, 152.
Ἀκαταληψία of Sceptics, 525.
Alexander of Macedon, 518.
Alexander Aphrodisiensis, 117.
Alexandria, 351; influence of, on philosophy, 28; birthplace of Platonic School, 28.
Alexandrian period, 17.
Allegorical interpretations of myths, 354.
Allegorising, the spirit of, among the Stoics, 354.
Amafinius, a promulgator of Epicureanism at Rome, 411.
Ἁμάρτημα, Stoic view of, 265.
Anaxagoras, sceptical arguments of, 531.
Anaxarchus, a follower of Democritus, 518.
Animals, Stoic views on, 208; Epicurean views on, 451.
Antonies, the, 417.
Antoninus’ view of demons, 351.
Antigonus Gonatus, 39.
Antipater of Tarsus, 336, 371; a later Stoic and president of that School, 50; inference from a single premiss, 121; follows Zeno’s example, 336; interpretation of myths, 362; views on divination, 371; views on moral choice, 559.
Antisthenes quoted as an example, 274, 292, 306; followed by Stoics, 357, 387, 388; by Zeno, 509; reflected by Aristo, 388; sophistical assertions of, 390.
Anthropomorphic view of nature, 8.
Apathy, Stoic, modified, 292.
Ἀπαξία, 281.
Ἀφασία of Sceptics, 525.
Ἀφορμή, 242.
Aphrodite, Stoic interpretation of, 361, 365, 366.
Apollo as the sun, 361; arrows of, explained, 363.
Apollodorus, an Epicurean, 411.
Ἀποπροηγμένον, 283.
Applied moral science, 279.
Aratus, a Stoic, and pupil of Zeno, 43.
Arcesilaus, a Sceptic, 29, 528; belonging to Middle Academy, 46; account of, 528; not connected with Zeno, 529; opponent of Stoic theory, 531, 532; agreement with Stoics, 532; views on probability, 534; followers of, 535; compared with Carneades, 535, 565.
Archedemus of Tarsus, a Stoic, 50; view of the seat of the centre of force, 147.
Archipelago, Stoics in, 36.
Ares, story of, 361, 365.
Aristarchus of Samos, 348.
Aristippus, considers bodily gratification the highest pleasure, 475; relation to Epicureanism, 508; followed by Epicurus, 509; but not wholly, 510.
Aristo, the Stoic, 40; pupil of Zeno, 41; wins over the Cyrenaic Eratosthenes, 49; views on logic and natural science, 59, 62; a native of Chios, 59, 255, 281; opposed to encyclical knowledge, 60; ethics of, 61; peculiar views of, 62; differs from Zeno, 63; objects to study of mind, 92, 298; divisions of emotions, 249; an enemy of speculation, 255; on the oneness of virtue, 261; not followed by the Stoics, 281; follows Cynics, 297; followed by Cleanthes, 298; view of the common source of virtue, 257, 261; denied sensation to Deity, 347; relation of, to Stoics, 388.
Aristotle, merits and defects of, 1; connection with Greek character, 6; idealism of, 2, 512; criticism of Plato, 2, 133; inconsistencies of, 3, 84, 133; generic conceptions of, 19, 85; commentators on, 53; commendation of speculation, 57, 256, 513; teaching of, 96; followed by Stoics, 97, 100, 194, 196, 202, 396, 397; categories of, 97, 98, 107; perfections of Greek philosophy in, 1, 11; mistakes in natural science, 3; prominence given to dialectic method, 4; did not go far enough, 5; system of, connected with Greek character, 7; failing to distinguish two sides of ideas, 8; the child of his age, 10; speculations of, 18; bridges over chasm between thought and its object, 18; makes reason the essence of man, 19; metaphysics of, 22; developes the doctrine of the syllogism, 65; views on conceptions, 96; on the modality of judgments, 115; the study of, 126; metaphysical notions of, 133; distinguishes matter and form, 104, 105; view of two kinds of fire, 201; view of the world, 203; of the stars, 205; of the seat of life, 214; of the soul, 215; places knowledge above action, 256; followed by Zeno, 257; investigations into individual virtue, 301; prejudice against foreigners, 326; relation of Epicureans to, 509, 511; logic of, 123; followed by Chrysippus, 393; philosophy of, 126; theory on time and space, 196; doctrine of the four elements, 197, 199; on the regulation of emotions, 252; under the influence of Greek ideas, 301; view of Gods, 513; moral theory of, 398; many-sidedness of, 402; developed Socratic thought, 511; ignored by Arcesilaus, 531; formal and final causes, 141; commentators on, 53.
Aristotelian, logic, 124, 555; original teaching, 3; categories, 105; ethics, 304; spirit of, 555; manner, 285; view of heaviness, 445; speculations, 516; philosophy, 396, 397.
Aristoxenus, 128, 133.
Artemis, explained as the moon, 361.
Asclepiades, an Epicurean of Bithynia, 465.
Asia, emigrants to, from Greece, 14; the birthplace of Stoics, 36; Epicureans in, 406.
Assent, Stoic view of, 83.
Assos, birthplace of Cleanthes, 40.
Ἀτοραξία, in the Epicurean system, 475; of Sceptics, 525.
Atheism, 465.
Athene, Stoic interpretation of, 358, 359, 361, 363.
Athenian, 404.
Athens, 528; brilliant career of, 9; seat of all Schools, 29; foreign teachers at, 35; visited by Zeno, 36, 528; appreciates him, 39; visited by Epicurus, 405, 406; Epicureanism at, 412, 413, 417; visited by Apollodorus, 412; rivalry with Sparta, 11; the playball of rulers, 13.
Atomists, system of, 501; view of nature, 517.
Atoms and empty space, Epicurean view of, 439; deviation of, 444.
Augeas, 368.
Authorities for Stoic philosophy, 53.
Ἀξία, 227.
Ἀξίωμα, 110.
Bargylium, birthplace of Protarchus, 411.
Basilides, an Epicurean and president of the School, 410.
Being, the Stoic category of, 98, 99, 126; primary, 161; divine, 217, 341, 349.
Bithynia, birthplace of Asclepiades, 415.
Boëthus, a Stoic, 49; inclining to the Peripatetics 49; attacked by Chrysippus, 76; dissents from Stoic pantheism, 159; views on divination, 371.
Bosporus, birthplace of Sphærus the Stoic, 44.
Bryso, not instructor of Pyrrho, 518.
Byzantine imperialism, 33.
Callipho’s view, 558.
Canonic, the Epicurean, 425.
Care, Stoic view of the causes of, 249.
Carneades, a Sceptic, 535; his debt to Chrysippus the Stoic, 56, 538; a thoroughly upright man, 561; on formal knowledge, 539, 540; scepticism of, 563, 538; ethics of, 558; negative views of, 538; positive views of, 553; a century later than Arcesilaus, 536; founder of the Third Academy, 537; denied φαντασία καταληπτκὴ, 541; common ground with Stoics, 542; strictures on Stoicism, 543; views of God, 546–550; defends free will, 551; denies knowledge, 552, 560; theory of probabilities, 553, 555; views on morals, 556–559; importance of, 562; pupils of, 564; School of, 563.
Carthage, birthplace of Herillus, 42, 256; destruction of, 558.
Carus, T. Lucretius. See Lucretius.
Categories, the Stoic, 97, 99; relation of, 109.
Cato quoted as an example, 274; death of the younger, 335, 337.
Cause, God the highest, according to Stoics, 148.
Centaur, 458.
Cerberus, 364.
Chæronea, results of battle of, 13.
Chain-inference, 119, 122.
Charmidas, 564.
Charybdis, Stoic explanation of, 369.
Chemical combination, 106, n. 2.
Chios, birthplace of Aristo, 41, 59, 255.
Chiron, 363.
Christian ethics, 240; view of demons, 354; modes of thought, 221.
Christianity, success of, 34; influence of, 9.
Christians, early, 220; follow Zeno, 357; ethics of, 240; example of, 357.
Chrysippus, 54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 69; first founder of later Stoicism, 45; attended lectures of Arcesilaus, 46; differed from Cleanthes, 47; a voluminous writer, 47, 86; formal logic of the Stoics fully developed by, 92, 370; contest between, and Diodorus, 115; distinguishes five original forms of hypothetical sentences, 119; exposes current fallacies, 122; narrows the field of logic, 124; materialism of, 131; teaches κρᾶσις δι’ ὅλων, 138; his view of the world, 146; view of the resolution of the world, 153; appeals to general conviction, 174; the theory of necessity, 178, 180; definition of time, 197; view of separate existence, 219; places the essence of emotions in the imagination, 249; theory of virtue, 299; definitions of virtue, 260; on pleasure, 286; on virtue being lost, 295; division of ethics, 298; shocks the feelings of cotemporaries, 307; moral character of, 309; his polity of the wise, 322; view of demons, 352, 354; view of divination, 370, 375; explains omens, 375; vagaries of, 380; follows Aristotle’s logic, 393; completes Zeno’s system, 401; developed Stoic theory of knowledge, 525, 401; 48, 55; on superhuman powers, 545; definitions of sensations, 546; on destiny, 180; on adaptation of means to ends, 184; on punishment, 198; on faulty imagination, 246; on emotions and virtue, 260; on the wise man, 284, 286, 322, 323; view of the Gods, 346, 364, 545; explanation of myths, 365; regards knowledge as a means, 381; influence of, 400; contemporary of, 48; unadorned style of, 63; scholars of, 49, 375, 538, 541; time of, 64, 69, 70, 86, 257; subtlety of, 191; view of εὐδαιμονία, 352.
Cicero, 53; speaking as a Stoic, 239, 346; follows Panætius, 298, 315; account of Sceptics, 560; treatise on duties, 298, 299, 302; on divination, 379; account of Epicureans, 414; responsible for Sceptic inconsistencies, 561; time of, 419.
Cilicia, birthplace of Chrysippus the Stoic, 45.
Circe, house of, 369.
Citium, birthplace of Zeno the Stoic, 36.
Citizenship of the world, Stoic, 326.
Civil society, Epicurean view of, 490.
Class-conceptions of Stoics, 99.
Cleanthes the Stoic, 40; stern, 237; a representative Stoic, 400; instructor of Sphærus the Stoic, 44; views of, 62; holds later theory to some extent, 76; view of perceptions, 78; view of life according to nature, 228; sad view of life, 272; view of the seat of efficient force, 147; view of the destruction of the world, 165; view of separate existence, 218; holds that all pleasure is contrary to nature, 237; determines the relations of the virtues, 262; Herillus a fellow-student of, 281; teaches indefectible virtue, 295; agrees with Aristo, 298; moral character of, 309; submission to destiny, 333; death of, 336; view of Stoicism, 342; seeks for moral ideas, 355; explanation of myths, 361; distinguishes two kinds of fire, 397; a counterpart of Xenocrates, 400; allegorical interpretation of mythology, 361, 362, 364, 368; preparation for later teaching, 370; teaching of, 44, 45, 46, 54, 62; logical treatises of, 63; view of the common source of virtue, 257; moral view of life, 272; the successors, of, 273; specially honours the sun, 146, 165, 362; views on the soul, 217; view of divination, 370.
Cleomenes, Spartan reformer, 44.
Clitomachus, 557, 558, 560, 563.
Colotes, an Epicurean, 409.
Composite judgment of Stoics, 113; inference, 119.
Conceptions formed from perceptions, 79; truth of, 135; relation to perceptions, 83; primary, a standard of truth, 90; highest, of Stoics, 98; Socratic theory of, 9.
Condensation, a cause of being, 140.
Connection, inner, of Stoic system, 381.
Consensus gentium, appealed to by Stoics, 543.
Constantine, 32.
Conversion, Stoic theory of, 275.
Conviction or assent, 88.
Cornutus, a Stoic, 53, 368.
Cosmopolitanism of Stoics, 35, 326.
Course of the world, 332.
Crates the Cynic, 37; teacher of Zeno, 40.
Criticism of popular faith by Stoics, 314.
Cronos, 367.
Cyclopes, 369.
Cynic, appeal to nature, 91; Epicurean view of life, 488; life, 306; Zeno at one time, 322; strength of will, 389; contempt for theory, 390, 510; view of wise man, 488; ideas, 40; teaching, 515; a precursor of Scepticism, 515; nominalism, 84; School, precursor of Stoicism, 17; onesidedness of, 306; philosophy, 28; followed by Aristo, 281, 297; virtue, 282; ethics, 386.
Cynicism, 43, 91, 92, 238; of the Stoics, 305; instances of, 307; a consequence of Stoic principles, 308, 385, 387, 389, 390; attraction of, for Zeno, 401.
Cynics, 223, 239, 273, 277, 288, 308; meagre teaching of, 37, 255; appeal to nature, 92; connections of Stoics with, 291, 317, 323, 389, 390; followed by Aristo, 297; precursors of Stoics, 327.
Cyprus, Citium in, 36.
Cyrenaic, 48; School, 44, 511; a precursor of Epicurean, 17, 511; view of pleasure as the object of life, 475, 510.
Cyrenaics, theory of pleasure followed by Epicurus, 509; content with feelings, 510; view of language, 524.
Deity, the Stoic conception of, 148; as original matter, 155.
Demeter, Stoic view of, 358, 364.
Demetrius, an Epicurean, and pupil of Protarchus, 411.
Democritus, 518, 531; view of the world, 203; known to Epicurus, 405, 433, 438; his pupil Anaxarchus, 518; on being and not being, 440; view of atoms, 433, 445, 447, 441, 443, 444; system of, 405, 502; doctrine of atom-pictures, 457, 465; physics borrowed by Epicureans, 510; suggests doubt to Pyrrho, 515; sceptical argument of, 531; relations of Epicureans to, 502, 510.
Demons, Stoic views on, 351.
Depravity of nature, 271.
Desirable things, 278.
Desire, 249; a standard, 76.
Destiny, God as, 150; nature of, 170; as Providence, 170; as generative reason, 172; as fate, 170.
Dialectic, a branch of Stoic logic, 70.
Διανοητικόν, 214.
Dicæarchus, 133.
Diocletian, 32.
Diodorus, the logician, teacher of Zeno, 38; a Megarian, 115; captious, 38; School of, 385.
Diogenes Laërtius, 53, 261, 337.
Diogenes of Seleucia, a Stoic and pupil of Chrysippus, 49; succeeded by Antipater, 50; definition of virtue, 261; an example of wisdom, 274, 306; on forbidden gains, 285; division of ethics, 298; on suicide, 337; views of divination, 371.
Diogenes the Cynic, 294, 306; shamelessness of, 308.
Diomedes, 366.
Dionysius, a Stoic, and pupil of Zeno, 43; joined Epicureans, 44; president of the Epicurean School, 410.
Dionysus, Stoic view of, 359, 364.
Divination, Stoic view of, 370; attacked by Sceptics, 550; a proof of Providence, 175; causes of, 377.
Divine Being, 216, 217, 341, 348.
Dogmatic, Schools of post-Aristotelian philosophy, 25; Scepticism, 26.
Dogmatists, struggle with Sceptics, 524.
Δόξα, the Epicurean, 430.
Duties, perfect and intermediate, 287.
Dynamical theory of nature, held by the Stoics, 126, 139.
East, the, 17, 28; nations of, 14.
Eclecticism, 28; practical, 29; involves doubt, 30.
Eclectics, 22; later, 399.
Efficient cause with Stoics, 143; nature of, 143.
Ἡγεμονικόν, 158, 214, 215, 244, 455.
Ἡγούμενον, 113.
Egypt, Greek emigrants to, 14.
Egyptian customs, 28.
Εἶδος of Aristotle, 104.
Εἴδωλα, 457.
Εἱμαρμένη of Stoics, 170.
Elean criticism, 518.
Elements, the four, 197.
Elis, birthplace of Pyrrho, 517, 528.
Emotions, 290; varieties of, 249; and virtue, 243; nature of, 243.
Empedocles, his view of Ares, 366; on the origin of animals, 451; sceptical arguments of, 531.
Empire, attempt to revive the, 31; a loose congeries of nations, 32.
Empty, the, 196, 439.
Ἐνάργεια, 428.
Encyclical knowledge, 60.
End-in-chief of Stoics, 187
Ἐνδεικτικὸν σημεῖον, 115.
Ἐνδιάθετος λόγος, 72, n. 2.
Ἔννοιαι κοιναὶ of Stoics, 81.
Epaminondas, 11.
Ephesus, birthplace of Heraclitus, 393.
Epictetus, 299; a freedman, 325; native of Phrygia, 36; a Stoic, 53, 92; of later times, 316; dissuades from matrimony, 324; religious language of, 328; view of demons, 351.
Epicurean, 415, 419, 431, 437, 463, 489; view of Stoicism, 311; philosophy, 499; divisions of, 424; antecedents of, 16; system, character of, 418, 425, 432, 472, 474, 480, 481, 504, 516; outlived others, 417; developed, 500; historical relations of, 503; self-contentment, 17; imperturbability, 21; School, 29, 44, 415, 420; tone of, 498; appreciates friendship, 502; doctrines, 411; theory, 517; inner connection of, 499; ethics, 439, 456; friendship, 493, 495, 506; Gods, nature of, 467; canonic, 415; views on nature, 434, 457; view of virtue, 481, 482; moral science, 485; theory of pleasure, 505, 481.
Epicureanism, 26, 400, 403; scientific value of, 418; intellectual value, 420; grows out of Cyrenaic teaching, 17; power of self-preservation, 418; established in Rome, 411; historical position of, 503; relation to Stoicism, 400, 403, 503, 508, 514, 515; relation to Aristippus, 508; relation to Democritus, 510; to Aristotle and Plato, 511; to older philosophy, 508; aims at a practical science of life, 509; vindicated, 500, 513.
Epicureans, 412, 414, 420, 458; of the Roman period, 411; regard individual side in man, 25; distinguished from Stoics, 183, 372; points of agreement with, 507, 508, 515, 516; charged with impropriety by opponents, 407; view of divination, 372; aim of philosophy, 420; divide philosophy into three parts, 424; indifferent to explaining phenomena, 434; refer them to natural causes, 437; consider the earth the centre of the universe, 450; on the relations of body and soul, 454, 479, 505; negative attitude of, towards popular faith, 471; averse to public affairs, 491; build a rational system on a base of the senses, 500; hold theory of atoms, 505; irreligious freethinkers, 505; practical philosophy of, 416; onesidedness of, 424; explain man’s origin naturally, 451; materialism of, 456; sincerity of, 465; view of the Gods, 468; on bodily pleasures, 478, 506; moral science of, 485; friends of monarchy, 492; view of friendship, 494.
Epicurus, school of, subordinate theory to practice, 19; view of the world as unlimited, 203, 409; of empty space, 445, 446; life of, 404; writings unread in Cicero’s time, 419; despised learning, 421, 501; theory of knowledge, 423; on certainty of the senses, 427; on standard of truth, 431; a voluminous writer, 47; views on colour, 433; undervalues logic, 434, 425; undervalues natural science, 436, 438, 511; and mind, 440, 513; relations to Democritus, 439, 414, 502, 510; does not investigate psychologically, 459; does not give up belief in Gods, 465, 466; position of, contrasted with the Stoics, 481, 456, 484, 504, 512; view on friendship, 495, 496; system of, bears a definite stamp, 503; dogmatism of, 418; explains phenomena, 435; and the origin of things, 444; view of history, 453; of the soul, 454; moral science of, 472, 485; on the wise man, 483, 506; connection with others, 490; deprecated family life, 492; his apotheosis of nature, 453; view of pleasure as the highest good, 235, 420, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478, 480, 488, 505, 509; difficulties of, 499; view of philosophy, 500; objection to predecessors, 508; personal vanity of, 509; labours of, 407; writings of, 419; death of, 409; garden of, 410; School of, 21, 406, 501; scholars of, 408.
Ἐποχὴ of Sceptics, 525.
Eratosthenes, a Cyrenaic, 48; gained for Stoicism, 49.
Eschewable things, 278.
Esprit de corps of Greeks, 15.
Ἐτεροίωσις, 78
Ethics, 67; Stoic views on, 213, 382; Epicurean views on, 423.
Ether, God as the, 148, 154, 201.
Eὺβουλία, 548
Eὺδαιμονία, 352
Euemerus, rationalism of, 350.
Eὺπάθεια, 291.
Eὺτυχής, 270.
Evil, existence of physical, 188; of moral, 189; compared with good, 230.
Ἕξις, 208.
Expansion, cause of, 140.
Expression of Stoics, 132 [see Utterance]; incomplete, 94; perfect, 94, 110.
Faith, popular, and Stoicism, 343.
Fallacies, Stoic refutation of, 122.
Family, Stoic view of, 320; Epicurean view of, 490.
Fate or destiny, 170; fates, 365.
Fear, 249.
Fire, God as, 148, 154.
Fluvius explained by the Stoics, 361.
Folly, 268.
Force and matter, 139; nature of, 141.
Foreknowledge, an argument for Providence, 175.
Form, Stoic category of, 102, 104; antithesis of, and matter, 6, 173.
Formal logic of Stoics, 92.
Freedom, Stoic views of, 219; of will defended by Carneades, 551.
Friendship, Stoic view of, 317; Epicurean view of, 493.
Galenus, 246.
Galilæo, Aristarchus of Samos, the, of antiquity, 348.
Generative reason, 172.
Germanic character, 9.
God, conception of, 84, 343, 344, 347, 349; Stoic view of, 147; as original matter, 155; identical with the world, 156; Epicurean view of, 465, 466; criticism of, 462; nature of, 466; as Providence, 463; Sceptic view of, 548.
Good, Stoic conception of, 84, 128; Stoic view of, highest, 225; and evil, 230; and pleasure, 235; as law, 240; secondary, 250; Epicurean view of highest, 472; discussed by Carneades, 557, 558, 561.
Graces, Chrysippus’ view of, 365.
Grammar of words, 94.
Greece, state of, 13, 407; helplessness of, 16; a Roman province, 27; loss of nationality, 34; intellect of, 10, 27, 29, 513; Stoics in, 36; change in views of, 8; mental tone of, 9; brilliant career of, 9; political degradation of, 10; philosophic spirit of, 23; influence of Rome on, 27; common opinions of, 286.
Greek, 327, 370, 402; culture, 34, 342, 344; mind, 2; propriety of conduct, 8; all branches of, family, 10; religion, 34; mythology, 357, 370; philosophy, 563, 9; the offspring of freedom, 15; lent itself to Eclecticism, 28; setting of, 34.
Greeks, 15, 127; national exclusiveness of, 8; and foreigners, 14; the Bible of, 356.
Hades, Stoic interpretation of, 358, 368, 369.
Happiness connected with virtue, 191; negative character of, 239; intellectual, according to Epicureans, 476.
Hecato, 285.
Helios, claim of, to be a God, 550.
Hellas, seat of learning, 14; religion of, 8; the playball of changing rulers, 12; denuded of her population, 14.
Hellenism, age of, 35.
Hephæstus, Stoic view of, 358, 359, 361, 366.
Heraclea, birthplace of Dionysius the Stoic, 43.
Heraclitus, of Ephesus, 393, 531; relation of Stoics to, 133, 161, 197, 358, 392, 393, 402, 439, 502, 510; views on cosmogony, 197, 204, 393, 394; not the cause of Stoic materialism, 134; sceptical arguments of, 531; pantheism of, 517; flux of things, 394; physics of, borrowed by Stoics, 510; view of Zeno, 358; of Proteus, 360; of Apollo, 363; of Cerberus, 364.
Heraclitus, a Stoic philosopher, 53; explains the Odyssey, 369.
Herbart, 262.
Hercules, 292; Stoic view of, 359, 367.
Here, legend of, explained, 358, 361, 368.
Herillus the Stoic, 41; of Carthage, 42, 256; approximates to Peripatetic School, 43; declared knowledge to be the chief good, 58; and the end of life, 256; fellow-student of Cleanthes, 281.
Hermarchus, an Epicurean, succeeded Epicurus as president, 409.
Hermes, Stoic view of, 359, 361, 363.
Hesiod, appealed to by the Stoics, 356.
Hestia, Stoic view of, 358.
Hippoclides, an Epicurean, 410.
Homer, appealed to by the Stoics, 356; interpretation of, 357.
Homeric, Theomachy, 361; story of Apollo’s reconciliation, 363.
Hypothetical judgment, 111, 113; inference, 119; sentences, five original forms of, 119.
Ἰαπετος, 367.
Ida, Mount, 360.
Idealism of Plato, 130; and Aristotle, 2, 9.
Ideas, 75.
Ἰδίως ποιόν, 104.
Immortality, Stoic view of, 219.
Imperfect expression of Stoics, 94.
Imperialism, Byzantine, 33.
Imperturbability, mental, of Sceptics, 18, 525.
Impressions the basis of perceptions, 77.
Incorporeal, the, 132.
Indefinite, the, the highest conception, 98, 99.
India, 518.
Indicative sign of Stoics, 115.
Indifferent things, 281.
Individual, the, Epicurean views of, 485; relation of, to Providence, 177; importance of, 301.
Inference, Stoic, 116; hypothetical, 117; composite forms of, 117; from a single premiss, 121.
Innate ideas, 80.
Intelligence, 359; Epicurean, 476.
Intermediate duties, 287.
Intermingling, universal, Stoic theory of, 136.
Irrational parts of nature, 204.
Irresistible perceptions, standard of truth with Stoics, 87; this theory attacked by Sceptics, 530.
Italian allies of Greece, 13.
Jewish notion of demons, 354.
Jews, ethics of, 240; follow Zeno, 357.
Judgment, Stoic, 110; simple, 111; composite, 113; modality of, 115; Sceptic, withholding of, 523.
Jupiter, 202.
Justice, 315.
Καταληψις, 90, 531.
Καταληπτικόν, 91.
Κατόρθωμα, 265, 287.
Knowledge, Stoic theory of, 75; general character of, 75; particular points in, 77; artificially formed, 82; a standard, 77; impossible with Sceptics, 521; denied by Arcesilaus, 528; denied by Carneades, 538, 541; Epicurean theory of, 426.
Κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι of Stoics, 81, 90.
Κοινῶς ποιόν, 104.
Κοῖος, 367.
Κρᾶσις, 106, n. 2; δι’ ὅλων, 137; defined, 137, n. 1.
See also C.
Laconian, 411.
Lacydes, a philosopher of Middle Academy, 46.
Λάθε βιώσας, Epicurean watchword, 491.
Latin, 411.
Law, Universal, God as, 150, 170; Highest Good as, 241.
Leading clause, 113.
Leibnitz on the marvellous, 374.
Λεκτόν, the Stoic, 92, 132, 135.
Λῆγον, 113.
Leto, Stoic view of, 361.
Logic of Stoics, 70; formal, 75, 92, 119, 123; estimate of, 123; an outpost of their system, 124.
Λογισμός, 214.
Λογιστικόν, 214.
Λόγος ἐνδιάθετος, 13; σπερματικός, 172, 360, 397; φυσικοὶ λόγοι of the Stoics, 355.
Lotoides, birth of, explained, 362.
Lotophagi explained, 369.
Lucretius, an Epicurean, 415; view of atoms, 447; view on the origin of animals, 451; view of religion, 462; view of the Gods, 467.
Macedonian supremacy, 12, 13, 332; conqueror, 327; empire, 401.
Macedonians, 13.
Man, Stoic views on, 210, 332; and the course of the world, 332; Epicurean views on, 451; origin of, 457.
Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic, 53, 184, 299; the last of the Stoics, 314; a later Stoic, 316.
Mars, 202.
Material, 100, 172; reality belonging to, 126; causes of action, 130; wide extension of, 131.
Materialism, Stoic, 126, 210, 384, 385, 425; nature of, 126; causes of, 132; consequences of, 135; not an expansion of Peripatetic views, 133.
Materialistic nature of the soul, 210.
Matter, antithesis of, and form, 6, 101, 155; and force, 139; identical with God, 155; resolved into primary being, 164.
Mechanical combination, 106, n. 2.
Megarian criticism, 518.
Megarians, fallacies fostered by, 122; teaching of, 255; sophisms of, 533; logical accuracy of, 38; subtleties of, 62, 533; relation of Stoics to, 392; criticism, 515.
Mercury, 202.
Mercy, 315.
Meteorology, Stoic, 206.
Metrodorus, an Epicurean, and pupil of Epicurus, 408; writings unread in Cicero’s time, 419; favourite pupil of Epicurus, 478; asserts that everything good has reference to the belly, 479; on the wise man, 483.
Might, 332.
Mind, God as, 148, 154.
Mῖξις, 106, n. 2; Stoic theory of, 136; definition of, 137, n. 1.
Mnaseas, the father of Zeno the Stoic, 36.
Modality, Stoic, of judgments, 115.
Moon, 202.
Moral, responsibility, indicated, 179; theory of the world, 186; evil, 188; science applied, 297; connection of, and scientific elements in Stoicism, 385; view of Stoics attacked, 551; of Sceptics, 556.
Muses, 365.
Musonius, a later Stoic, 92, 316.
Myths, interpretation of, 354; Stoic interpretation of, 356, 359, 362, 367.
Natural science, 67; of Stoics 125.
Nature, Stoic study of, 125; God as, 150; Epicurean views of, 434; object of study, 434; mechanical explanation of, 437; general ideas on, 194; the same as primary being, 171; irrational parts of, 204; submission to the course of, 332.
Necessity, a proof of Providence, 174; meaning of, 188; difficulties of theory of, 117.
Negative character of happiness, 239.
Neocles, father of Epicurus, 404.
Neoplatonic School, 135; doctrine of revelation, 380.
Neoplatonism produced by a real interest in knowledge, 23; on the same platform as other post-Aristotelian philosophy, 24; of Alexandria, 28; transition to, 31; united previous elements, 32; the intellectual reproduction of Byzantine Imperialism, 33.
Neopythagorean doctrine of revelation, 380.
Neopythagoreans, 22, 23.
Nominalism, Cynic, 84.
Non-material, the, of the Stoics 132.
Notions, Epicurean, 428.
Odyssey, explained by Stoics, 369.
Olympians pull down Zeno, 359.
Opinion, Epicurean, 429.
Oriental modes of thought, 14, 28, 35; emperors of Rome, 31; despotism, 33; mysticism, 33.
Original or primary being, 158.
Ὁρθὸς λόγος, 76.
Ὁρπή, 242.
Pain, freedom from, 474.
Pan, 366.
Panætius, a later Stoic and scholar of Antipater, 51; not a severe Stoic, 286; teacher of Posidonius, 298; treatise of, 302; followed by Cicero, 315; treatise on divination, 371; denies omens, 374.
Pantheism of Stoics, 126, 156, 517; dissented from by Boëthus, 159.
Παράθεσις, 106, n. 2; defined, 137, n. 1.
Parmenides, sceptical arguments of, 531.
Patro, an Epicurean, 414.
Peloponnesian war, 10.
Peloponnesus, 13.
Penelope, suitors of, 60.
Perceptions derived by Stoics from impressions, 77; the basis of conceptions, 79, 83; a standard, 76; irresistible, the standard of truth, 87; sole source of truth, 135; Epicurean view of, 425.
Perfect duties, 287.
Pericles, age of, 9.
Peripatetic School, 29, 301; approached by Herillus the Stoic, 43; on the human soul, 397; materialism, 133; view of emotions, 253; goes back to earlier view, 301; philosophy, 133; debt of Stoics to, 402; notion, 244; doctrine, 397; views, 398, 281; view of goods, 559.
Peripatetics, opposed to the Stoics, 62, 66; the Sorites of the, 120; logic of, 124; ground occupied by, 133; view of emotions, 253; teaching of, 49, 398, 564; theory of goods, 559; attacked by Stoics, 233; not the cause of Zeno’s materialism, 134.
Persæus, a Stoic and pupil of Zeno, 43; fellow pupil of Aristo, 298.
Persian war, 9; Greek dependence on empire, 12.
Φαντασίαι, 77; καταληπτικαί, 89, 531, 541.
Phædrus, an Epicurean, 413, 414, 417.
Philo, a pupil of Diodorus, 38.
Philodemus, an Epicurean, 413, 468; view of the Gods, 468.
Philosophy, Stoic divisions of, 66; Epicurean divisions of, 424.
Phlius, birthplace of Timon, 519.
Phrygian, Epictetus, 36.
Φύσις, 228, 350, 209.
Πιθανή, 555
Πιθανότης, 555.
Planets, Stoic view of, 208; Epicurean view of, 451.
Plato, 55, 126, 305, 323, 509, 511, 513, 531; perfection of Greek philosophy in, 1; the study of, 126; example, 187; many-sidedness of, 402; merits and defects of, 1; idealism of, 2, 9, 130; flaws in teaching of, 3; dialectical exclusiveness of, 4; antagonistic currents in, 45; general conceptions of, 18; denies virtue in great men, 274; view of demons, 351; theory of final causes, 396; system of, connected with Greek character, 7; doctrine of the four elements, 197; view of the stars, 205; of the seat of life, 214; view of the soul, 215; on the regulation of emotions, 252; permits a lie, 305; prejudice against foreigners, 326; view of pleasure, 474; places knowledge above action, 256; advocates community of wives, 310; distinguishes supreme and popular gods, 348; known to Epicurus, 405; sceptical arguments of, 531; pure speculation of, 57; metaphysical notions of, 133; example of, 187, 258; time of, 178; teaching of, 252, 399, 405; formal and final causes of, 141; relation of Stoics to, 399; relation of Epicureans to, 511; view of the stars, 205; view of the soul, 213; School of, 528.
Platonic, 55, 133, 221, 304, 516; theory of conceptions, 5; system, 31; speculations, 516; School at Alexandria, 328.
Platonism, 342, 399, 531; Seneca’s resemblance to, 222; a religious system, 342.
Platonists, 22, 30, 61; apologetical writings of, 25; School of, converted to Scepticism, 29; opposed to Stoics, 62.
Pleasure, 249; and the good, 235; Epicureans, 472; freedom from pain, 474.
Plotinus, 23.
Plutarch, 53, 261; treats virtues as many, 261; treatise against Colotes, 409.
Πνεύματα, the Stoic, 129, 148.
Ποιόν, 100, 104.
Ποιότης, 367.
Polemo, a teacher of Stoic Zeno, 32, 399; School of, 385.
Political life, 318; Stoic aversion to, 324.
Polyænus, an Epicurean, pupil of Epicurus, 408.
Polybius, as an authority, 565
Polystratus, third president of the Epicurean School, 410.
Polytheism, truth in, 348; attacked by Sceptics, 549.
Pontus, birthplace of Dionysius the Stoic, 43.
Πῶς ἔχον, 100, 107.
Poseidon, Stoic interpretation of, 358; claim of, to be a god, discussed, 550.
Posidonius, the Stoic, 206, 208, 293, 298; popular notion of demons, 357; views on divination, 371, 373.
Possible, 178.
Post-Aristotelian philosophy, 301, 392, 484, 542, 566; causes producing, 17, 35; character of, 19; subordinates theory to practice, 19; peculiar mode of dealing with practical questions, 21; its development, 25; unlike that of Socrates, 18; times, 392, 561; systems, 402, 512; Scepticism, 514, 561; common characteristics of, 19; subordinates science to ethics, 542; refers man back to himself, 19; includes Stoicism and Neoplatonism, 24; variously modified, 24; personal character of, 33; reverses relations, 301; practical tendency of, 392; aims at independence of man, 484; common characteristics of, 511; materialism, 512.
Predestination of the Stoics, 376.
Preferential things, 278, 289.
Pre-Socratic philosophy, influence of, on Stoicism, 133.
Πρέπον, 303.
Primary conceptions a standard of truth, 90; being, 161, 170; fire, 172, 198.
Probability, Arcesilaus’ theory of, 534; Carneades’ theory of, 553.
Προηγμένον, 283, 289, 290, 560.
Progress, state of, 293.
Προκοπή, 294.
Προλήψεις, Stoic, 80, 90; Epicurean, 428, 461.
Property, Stoic category of, 102.
Prophecy, Stoic explanation of, 374, 403.
Prophetic powers, Stoic view of, 369.
Προφορικὸς λόγος, 73.
Proposition, 110.
Πρός τι πῶς ἔχον, 100, 107.
Proserpine, rape of, 365.
Protagoras, language on truth, 431.
Protarchus, of Bargylium, an Epicurean, 411.
Proteus, story of, explained, 360.
Providence, 156, 171, 359, 403; God as, 150; in the Stoic system, 341; Zeus as, 359; Stoic arguments in favour of, 173, 372; argument from general conviction, 174; from God’s perfection, 174; from necessity, 174; from God’s foreknowledge, 175; from divination, 175; the idea of, 175; as necessity, 175; relation to individuals, 176; difficulties of, 177; rule of, 331; Stoic theory of, 388, 396, 403; Epicurean denial of, 435, 462, 463; denied by Carneades, 544; criticism of, 542.
Ptolemy Soter, 28.
Ptolemæan dynasty, 28.
Pyrrho, the Sceptic, 517, 562; teaching of, 518, 519, 520–525; agrees with Arcesilaus, 533; and his followers, 517; receives from Democritus an impulse to doubt, 515; example of, 528; teaching of, 521; School of, 524, 526.
Pythagoras, 55.
Pythagorean, 55, 399; School at Alexandria, 28; system, 31; friendship, 496; influence on the older Academy, 399.
Pytho, defeat of, explained, 362.
Reason, 133, 359, 368; external to man, 6; a standard, 76.
Reason, right, 76; generative, 172; of the world, 170; identical with God, 147.
Reasoners, School of, 66.
Relation, category of, 108.
Religion of Stoics, 341; of Epicureans, 462; of Sceptics, 556.
Republic, last days of, 32.
Rhea, Stoic view of, 368.
Rhetoric, a branch of Stoic logic, 70.
Rhodes, a centre of philosophy, 35.
Roman, period, 17, 326; world, 31; province, 27; jurisprudence, 240; character, 32; dominion, 332; Empire, 401.
Romans, 521; uphold traditional faith, 344.
Rome, 325, 413, 414, 415, 492, 551; relations between Greece and, 27; a centre of philosophy, 35; statesmanship in, 326; Stoicism in, 492; influence of, on philosophy, 27; conquests of, 13; decline of, 31; Gods of, 32; Epicureans in, 411, 413.
Samian picture, 360.
Samos, 348; birthplace of Epicurus, 404.
Saturn, 202.
Sceptic, 525, 526, 562; imperturbability, 17; suspension of judgment, 525; Schools deny every dogmatic position, 514.
Sceptical theory, 516; Schools, 27.
Scepticism, 26, 29, 514, 515, 528, 551; influences producing, 27; involves eclecticism, 30; intellectual objections to, 86; pure, 523; object of, 526; dogmatic, 26; historical position of, 514; relations to dogmatism, 514; of New Academy, 529, 537, 563; School of, 517; positive side of, 538; starts from earlier philosophy, 515; causes of, 515; relations to Epicureanism and Stoicism, 515, 516.
Sceptics, 512, 517, 549; School of the, 19; opposed by Stoics, 21; New School of, 22; happiness, the starting-point with, 521; ethics of, 556; later, 562; more ancient, 538, 553.
Schleiermacher, 219.
Sciro, an Epicurean, 413.
Scylla, Stoic explanation of, 369.
Secondary goods, 280.
Seleucia, birthplace of Diogenes, 49.
Seneca, 219, 239, 285, 299, 306, 316, 319, 325, 326, 335, 337, 339, 351; a Stoic, 53; in harmony with the Stoics, 154; opinion on wickedness, 273; defends external possessions, 285; views on customs, 306; age of, 274; a later Stoic, 316; his views on friendship, 318, 319; on the wise man’s independence, 335; on suicide, 337, 339; denies the use of prayer, 344; view of demons, 351.
Sensation, Epicurean view of, 425, 457.
Senses, Epicurean superiority to, 478.
Septimius Severus, Emperors after, 32.
Sextus Empiricus, a Stoic authority, 53.
Sidon, birthplace of Zeno the Epicurean, 412.
Simple judgment, 110, 111.
Sirens explained, 369.
Social relations, Stoic view of, 311.
Society, origin and use of, 311; Epicurean views on, 490.
Socrates, 274, 292, 305, 306, 501, 509, 511; definition of the good, 229; of virtue, 59, 255; sceptical arguments of, 531; view of natural science, 60; line of thought presupposed by Epicureanism, 511; philosophic ideas of, 2; practical philosophy of, 17; differs from past Aristotelian philosophy, 18; view of means and ends, 185; time of, 225; defines the good as the useful, 229; an example of wisdom, 274, 292, 306; permitted a lie, 305; sceptical arguments of, 531; on the derivation of the soul, 545; relations of Stoics to, 387, 391, 396.
Socratic, old, teaching, 401; dictum, 245, 247; introspection, 511; views, 388; theory of conceptions, 9; teaching, 255; philosophy, 392; School, 509.
Soli, birthplace of Chrysippus, 45; of Aratus, 43.
Something, the highest conception, 98.
Sophists, practical philosophy of, 18; fallacies fostered by, 122.
Sorites, the, of the Peripatetics developed by the Stoics, 120.
Soul, parts of the, 213; nature of, 210; the individual, 216; God as 148; Stoic views of, 210; Epicurean views of, 453; materialistic view of, 210.
Space, 196.
Sparta, rivalry of, with Athens, 11, 13.
Spartan reformer, Cleomenes, 44.
Spartans, 14.
Σπερματικοὶ λόγοι. See Λόγος.
Sphærus, a Stoic and pupil of Zeno, 44; from the Bosporus, 44; logical researches of, 64; treatise on divination, 371.
Spinoza, 219.
Standard of truth. See Knowledge. Stoic, 86; need of, 86; irresistible impressions, 87; primary conceptions, 90; Epicurean, 431. See Canonic.
Stars, Stoic view of, 204.
Stilpo, combined Cynic and Megarian teaching, 37; School of, 385; connected with Zeno, 392.
Στοὰ ποικιλή, 38, 327.
Stobæus has preserved extracts from writings of Teles, 48; and definitions of virtues, 261.
Stoic, 49, 132, 251, 313, 324, 346, 374, 517, 531; apathy, 121; doctrine fully expanded by Chrysippus, 47, 48; appeal to the senses, 530; assertion, 185; bias, 304; citizenship of the world, 327, 328, 507; notions of Providence, 177, 388; conception, 397; theory of the good, 290, 559; wise man, 335; enquiries, 170; Ethics, 249, 278, 383; two currents of thought in, 382; main features of, 383; explanation of myths, 367, 368; fatalism, 175, 551; influence of, 529; insensibility to pain, 477; κατάληψις, 531; virtue, 398, 334, 58, 505; apathy, 316; pantheism, 176; morality, 229, 333, 390, 342; necessity, 176; philosophers, 298, 322; materialism, 384, 385; Philosophy, 334; authorities for, 53; divisions of, 66; practical character of, 134; scope of, 381; as a whole, 400; political antecedents of, 16; doctrine expanded, 47; problem proposed to, 56; enquiries into duties, 302; practical character, 56; necessity for knowledge, 58; position towards logic and natural science, 59; relative importance of parts, 68; one-sidedness of, 402; place in history, 400; theory of intermingling, 137; of irresistible impressions, 530; Logic of, 70, 121; field of, 70; words and thoughts, 73; formality of, 75, 92, 119; estimate of, 123; categories, 97; theory of illation, 121; Knowledge, theory of, 75, 525; prominent points in, 77; prophecy, 379; platform, 335, 353; point of view, 48, 90; polytheism, 549; preference for argument, 65; principles, logical result of, 311; principles, 153, 219, 225, 256, 293; propositions, 310, 551; views on nature, 194; School, 29, 62, 64, 69, 168, 274, 286, 297, 299, 300, 307, 336, 351, 388; founded by Zeno, 36; Chrysippus president of, 45; a School of reasoners, 66; φαντασία, 541; severity, 286; skill, 363; speculation, 173; System, 91, 394, 68, 91, 125, 138, 152, 173, 223, 249, 277, 301, 351, 354, 381, 394, 504, 516, 543; inner connection of, 381; teaching, 55, 59, 67, 69, 84, 133, 221, 257, 316, 456; theology, 545; treatment of science, 542.
Stoicism, 26, 69, 326, 339, 357, 380; growing out of Cynicism, 17, 91, 392, 402; relation of, to previous system, 387; related to Cynics, 387; to Socrates, 387; to Aristotle, 396; to Megarians, 392; to Heraclitus, 392; to Plato, 399; later, founded by Chrysippus, 45; historical ingredients of, 400; form fixed, 48; Eratosthenes won for, 48; as traditionally known, 56; features of, 239; a religious system, 342; essentially practical, 380, 385; insists on self-sufficiency of virtue, 389; preserved original character of Socratic philosophy, 391; stern tone of, 498; and the theory of pleasure, 560; entered the Roman world under Panætius, 51; declared man independent of his fellows, 311; makes a dogma of fatalism, 332; connection with religion, 341; with popular faith, 343; ethical side of, 382; scientific side of, 383; elements combined in, 386; relation of Epicurean system to, 503, 508, 509, 514, 517.
Stoics [see Table of Contents], 276, 314, 393, 398, 512; of the Roman period, 36, 326, 492; School of the, 19; feel the need of philosophic speculation, 20; history of, 35 sq.; take their name from Stoa ποικιλή, 38; highest conception of, 99; look at accuracy of expression, 118; seek a standard of truth, 20; demand a knowledge of conceptions, 479; logic of, 96, 97,123, 223; sorites, 120; did little for natural science, 20; opposed to Sceptics, 21; teach original unity of human family, 21, 490; apologetical writings of, 25; regard universal element, 25; belief from idea, 36; develop the doctrine of the syllogism, 65; problem proposed to, 56; view of virtue, 59, 128, 272, 300; unity of virtue, 266; differ generally from Aristo, 62; their views expanded by Chrysippus, 64; make three divisions of philosophy, 66; development of teaching, 69; their view of thoughts and words, 74; had no distinct theory of knowledge before Chrysippus, 76; attach importance to the senses, 77; make perceptions the source of notions, 82, 91; λεκτὸν of, 92; consider material objects alone real, 84, 94; admit the existence of immaterial attributes, 106; enumerate sentences, 110; discuss modality of judgments, 115; attached great value to the theory of illation, 116; strive to find firm ground, 123; their view of knowledge, 129; ground occupied by, 134, 135; deny the freedom of the will, 179, 217; distinguished from Epicureans, 183, 470; agreement with, 454, 481, 484, 500, 507, 508, 516; follow Aristotle, 194; do not explain irregular impulses, 248; classify errors, 261; divide mankind into two classes, 269; the wise man of, 270, 271, 291, 295, 304, 317, 383; influenced by Academy, 399; agrees with Arcesilaus, 532; opponent of Carneades, 542, 564; driven into admissions, 287; compelled to recognise differences of degree, 293; connection with Cynics, 305, 307, 308, 327, 388, 402, 510; insist on justice and mercy, 315; pay great attention to domestic life, 321; view of suicide, 336, 338; of lying, 305; ethical principles of, 385; aim at independence, 488; inexorable sternness of, 497; subordinate logic and natural science to moral science, 507; adhere to fatalism, 505; appeal to consensus gentium, 543; theological views of, attacked by Sceptics, 545; view of the soul, 211, 214, 215, 222; supposed connection with Heraclitus, 135, 394; materialism of, 139, 210, 385, 425; hold one primary force, 143, 146; view of Deity, 148, 152, 154; view of popular Gods, 358, 362, 366, 368, 369, 549; identify God and the world, 156, 348, 349; theology of, 341; pantheism of, 159; view of nature, 194, 223, 351, 373; view of the resolution of the world, 165, 203; view of the seat of generative power, 173; view of divination, 175, 370, 377, 550; prophecy, 373, 374, 375, 378; view of relation of man to destiny, 182, 301; view of the unity of the world, 183, 231; of the perfections of the world, 187; of physical evil, 188; view of moral evil, 189, 191; inconsistencies of, 193; view of time and space, 197; hold two active elements, 179, 231; consider the stars living, 206; meteorological investigations of, 207; view of plants and animals, 208; view of man, 225, 490; view of good and evil, 230, 233, 269, 293; view of pleasure, 237; of emotions, 244, 245, 248, 253, 473; theory of necessity, 246; classification of errors, 261; highest good, 557; collisions with current views, 278, 292, 296, 347, 352; on secondary goods, 280; on things indifferent, 281, 338; things preferential, 283; views of actions, 290; casuistry of, 299, 552; moral science of, 302; on unchastity, 309; view of social relations, 311; relation of individual to society, 312; friendship of the wise, 320; on the rights of man, 329; citizenship of the world, 326, 506; view of demons, 353; allegorical interpretation of, 354; on predestination, 376; encouraged superstition, 379; neglect scientific knowledge, 381, 391; philosophical pedigree of, 387; expand Socratic philosophy, 392; knowledge of conceptions, 479; speculatively orthodox, 505; mental repose of, 515; law of causality, 551.
Strato, 133.
Subject-matter, Stoic category of, 98.
Substance, Stoic category of, 98; universal, 156.
Suggestive symbol, 115.
Συγκατάθεσις, 88, 532.
Σύγχυσις, 106, n. 2, 137, n. 1.
Suicide, Stoic view of, 335, 489.
Συμβεβηκότα, of Epicureans, 439.
Συμπτώματα, of Epicureans, 439.
Συναίτια, 142, n. 2.
Συνεκτικαὶ αἴτιαι, 142, n. 2.
Σύνεργα αἰτία, 142, n. 2.
Συνημμένον, 113.
Sympathy of nature, 183.
Syria, Stoics in, 36.
Syro, an Epicurean, 413.
Tarsus, a philosophic centre, 35; birthplace of Zeno the pupil of Chrysippus, 49; birthplace of Antipater, 50.
Teles, a Stoic, and cotemporary of Chrysippus, 48.
Test-science of truth, 425.
Thebes, 11.
Theophrastus, followed by Chrysippus, 119.
Theory, modification of Stoic, 284.
Thoughts, Stoic view of, 73.
Time, 196
Timon of Phlius, 519; a follower of Pyrrho, 519; jealous of New Academy, 521; Scepticism of, 521; places true happiness in ἀταραξία, 525.
Titans tear Dionysus to pieces, 364, 367.
Τόπος, 196.
Trendelenburg on Aristotle, 104.
Τριτογένεια, 363.
Troad, the birthplace of Cleanthes, 40.
Τρόποι, the, of the Sceptics, 523.
Truth, Stoic standard of, 86.
Τύπωσις, 78.
Ὕλη ἄποιος, 100, n. 4; 140, n. 1.
Ulysses, 292, 363, 368; a pattern of all virtues, 369.
Universal depravity, 272.
Universe, course of, 163; nature of, 202; Epicurean arrangement of, 449.
Ὑποκείμενον, 100.
Ὑπόληψις, Epicurean, 430.
Ὑπομνηστικός, 115.
Uranos, 367.
Utterance, the Stoic theory of, 73, 92; complete, 108.
Variety, Stoic category of, 107; of relation, 107.
Venus, 202.
Virtue, connection of happiness and, 191; emotions and, 243; Stoic idea of, 254; positive and negative aspects of, 254; virtues severally, 257; mutual relations of, 261; unity of, 266; Epicurean, 478.
Will, Epicurean views on, 459.
Wisdom and folly, 268.
Wise man, Stoic, 268; Epicurean, 483.
Words, Stoic view of, 73; grammar of, 94.
World, Stoic view of as identical with God, 156; origin of, 161; end of, 163; cycles in, 165; government of, 170; nature of, 182; unity and perfection of, 183; moral theory of, 187; course of, 331; Epicurean view of, 444; origin of, 447; arrangement of, 448.
Xenocrates, 41; influence on Zeno, 399; Cleanthes, his counterpart, 400; known to Epicurus, 405; time of, 528; a teacher of the Stoic Zeno, 38.
Zeno the Stoic, 36, 54, 58, 62, 246, 370, 400; of Cytium, 36; founder of Stoicism, 36; son of Mnaseas, 36; only half a Greek, 327; death of, 336, 337; living at Athens, 36; a pupil of Crates, 37; views on logic and natural science, 62; relation to Heraclitus, 134; materialism of, 134; definition of time, 197; places force in heaven, 146; pupils of, 40, 41; time of, 134; uncertainty as to motives of, 55; influenced by Peripatetics, 133; polity of the wise, 322; views on divination, 370; vindicates the supremacy of virtue, 385; connected with Stilpo, 392; strictures on Aristotle, 511; not connected with Arcesilaus, 529; estimate of rational things, 545; deification of seasons, 349; leading thought of, 385; debt to Megarians,392; debt to Polemo, 399; views on causation, 86; view of the world, 146; view of Ether, 201; of life according to nature, 228; distinguishes emotions, 249; Herillus, his pupil, 256; view of virtue, 257, 261; offends against propriety, 308; on unnatural vice, 309; advocates community of wives, 310; contempt for religion, 344, 347; seeks moral ideas, 355; draws on former systems, 400; distinguishes two kinds of fire, 397; aim of, 400; attracted by Cynicism, 401; regards virtue as highest good, 401, 505.
Zeno, of Sidon, an Epicurean, 412, 416.
Zeno, of Tarsus, a Stoic and scholar of Chrysippus, 49.
Zenonians, original name of Stoics, 38.
Zeus, 171, 271, 348, 364, 487, 550; distinguished from nature, 153; the will of, 171; happiness of, enjoyed by the wise man, 271; distinguished from other Gods, 357, 358; legends of, interpreted, 358, 359; not envied by an Epicurean, 477, 487; criticised by Sceptics, 550.
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