Part 7 — INDEX

Abuse, terms of, 224, 225

Adoption, rules of, 99, 100; complicates exogamous system (Aos), xxx.

Adultery, punishment of, by co-clansmen condoned, 101; oath in trial for, 102

Adze (ophü), 43

After-birth, disposal of, belief regarding, 145, 146

Agriculture, 45–59

Ahoms, immigrants from Southern China, xvii; cephalic indices, suggest connection with Aos and Manipuris and perhaps sub-Himalayan tribes, xxiii Rajas, grant lands to Lhotas, 1

Akas, probably came from direction of Nepal and Tibet, xvi

Akuk, village, claims to have defeated Burmese, 2; captured by Aos, 21; Rampham’s yanthang kept in, 16, 187; scene of episodes in Deolung story, 117; murder of slave to gain warrior’s honours, 109, 110, 231; wailing fiends, near, 116; custom regarding Rangsikam and Lanvung “gennas,” 51; rain-compelling ceremony in, 131; rules of khurocho in, 83 n. 1

Alangcharr, Ao clan corresponding to Lhota Nguli, 92

Amungkam, 125; agricultural ceremony when rice comes into ear, 50

Amungkampen, original site of Amungkam, 50

Ancestress or creatrix of all life (Angamis), xx, xxxiv

Ang, clan of chiefs among Southern Konyaks, xxxi; probably corresponds to Ung among Changs, xxxiii

Animals, domesticated (see Live-stock): “gennas” for births of, 60, 61, 63 wild, the property of Sityingo, 115; to meet —— unlucky, 150; death by —— entails special funeral rites, 160; horror of death by, 163

Animism, 113

Apar Tanengs, probably of southern origin, terrace cultivation, xvi n. 4

Apfu = mother, q.v.

Apfuho (S. Lhota Yamphuho), mythical person, ancestor of some Shetri clans, 176; tales of, 177

Apodia, 232

Apotia, meaning of, 160 n. 3, 232; great fear of, special funeral rites in case of, 160–162; dark blue thread given by Potsos an omen of, 114; oath on wood of house of one who has died, 103; households in which —— has occurred receive share of catch at fish poisoning, 72.

Appearance of Lhotas described, 6, 7, 8

Apron: see Lengta.

Apungza, Rengma clan, 92

Are village, 127; goître in, 80

Are Yanthamo village, 21; box leopard trap at, 68

Armlets (koro), ivory and wood, 12, 44; wearing of —— sign of superiority, 152; hung over man’s grave, 158; bronze as heirlooms, xviii n. 1; women’s pewter (tiwo), 13; use in Ponyiratsen’s ceremonies, 152

Arms: see Weapons.

Arrow (lotsi), 31

Asao thanked for assistance, vi

Ashes, spread in death omen taking at Tuku, 130; magical disinfectant, 132

Asimi, Sema clan, 90

Assam, evidence of immigration into Naga hills from, xiv, xv; trade with, 15, 41, 60

Assam Government, monograph due to generosity of, v

Assam, History of, 2 n. 1

Assamese, dealings with Lhotas, 1; use of canoes learnt from, 158 n. 2; mentioned in folk-tale, 185–187; false report of death omen of long life, 158

Austric race: Munda and Mon-Khmêr of, xvii n. 4

Axe, carried by Stone-dragger, 142; symbolical use of, 143; -shaped dao, 15; stone, xxvii n. 2

Azo = mother, q.v.

Baby: see Child.

Baby language, 225

Bachelors sleep in morung, 24; also see Unmarried. house, see Morung and Champo.

Baldrick (ritsen), 13

Balfour, Dr. H., “Some Types of Native Hoes, Naga Hills,” 49 n. 1

Bamboo rat, not eaten by ratsen, 165; story regarding, 183

Bark of tree used as rope, 32; for nets, 43; in medicines, 79–81

Barter, 44

Basket, 35; disposal of, after Rangsikan ceremony, 51; hung over graves, 158 carrying, in Epuetha ceremony, 132, 133; in Soul-calling ceremony, 134, 136; full of rubbish abandoned as cure for fever, 136; given to bride by bridegroom, 148; for grain (otyak), 56; making: men’s work, prohibited to women, materials, and patterns used in, 43

Bat, flesh tonic for children, 80, 147

Battak affinities indicated by hoes, xxxviii

Beads, made from plantain seeds, women’s work, 45, 44; may convey “apotia” infection, 162; thrown into spring of new village, 5; tied to wrist of corpse, 157; as ornaments, 12, 13

Bear (sivan), hair as warrior’s wig, 13; flesh not eaten by young women, 77; by pregnant woman, 144; hunting of, 65, 66; protection of maize crop from, 57

Beards, 7

Bed, described, 35; planks from, placed under corpse in grave, 157

Bees, varieties of, taking of nests, 69

Beetle (Potso-tsiro), medicine for warts, 80

Bellows (yongphophen), 42

Belt for dao-holder (lechapsü), 16; new, hung up in final offering to dead, 160

Berries (yenkuti, riko, temphak), as medicines, 80

Betel nut, chewing of, 82 palms (mma), 59

Bhois, migratory, xv n. 2; connected with Semas, xix; reap by hand, xxviii n. 3

Bigge, Lieut., views on Lhota character, xiii, 2

Bila-an know story of people with inverted noses, xxvii n. 1

Birds, offered to Tchhüpfu, 125; varieties not eaten, 75

Birds, scaring of, 52, 53; capturing of, 68, 69

Bird-lime (onyi), 68

Birth, precautions before, 144; delivery, 145; subsequent proceedings, 146, 147 “genna,” child’s ears pierced at, 8, 147 “genna” for calves, 60; for puppies, 63; for pigs, 61

Black, distinctive colour in tiger-slayer’s ornaments, 12, 17; of Puthis’ and Wokchungs’ spear-shafts, 17

Blacksmith, trade unlucky, 41, 42

Bleeding, cure for sprain, 81

Blood as food, 78

Blue nuthatch, only eaten by solitary old people, 75

Boar, castrated at two months, ears clipped, 61; sacrificed in village founding ceremony, 6; in Amungkam, 50; in first-fruits to ceremony, 53; in Rangsitsa, 125; in Epuetha, 132; eaten in stone-dragging ceremony, 143; flesh offered to the Dead, by Dreamer, 171

Bodo race, possible connection with Lhotas, xv; Karens, xix; Munda and Mon-Khmêr, xvii n. 4; immigrants from Nepal or Tibet, xvi, xxxvi

Bone, disposal of (Kalyo-Kengyu), xxv, S. Sangtams, xxiv; of rhinoceros as fertility charm, 167

Bontok-Igorot: see Igorot.

Borneo, bow seldom used in, xxviii; see also Kayans. the Pagan tribes of, 46 n. 1, 222 n. 1

Bow: see also Cross-bow and Pellet-bow. use of as guide to affinity of tribes, xxvii

Boy, ears pierced, first garment, 8; may wear clothes his father is entitled to wear, 9 n. 2; sleeps in champo, from first wearing dao-holder till marriage, 24; on marriage pays fine to champo, 97; terms used for, 95; working parties of boys and girls, 97; birth customs differ from those of girls, 145–147

Bracelet (rambam), 13

Brahmaputra, possible connection between Lhotas and tribes on north bank of, xv, xxvii n. 3; tribes on north bank of, belief as to souls of the dead, xxxiv n. 1; valley of northern boundary of Naga tribes, xvi

Brand, burning, to drive out evil spirits, 133, 134

Bre, Southern, a Karen tribe, possibly connected with Bodo tribes, xix; reap by hand only, xxviii

Bride, presents from bridegroom, 148; in Tsoyuta ceremony, 148, 154; in Halam ceremony, 149, 150; in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151, 152; garment disinfected of evil fortune, 152, 153

Bridegroom, sleeps in mpongki, 31; presents to bride, share in Tsoyuta ceremony, 148, 153, 154; works for father-in-law, 87, 148, 153; share in Halam ceremony, 149, 150; share in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151, 152

Bridegroom’s relations collect firewood for father-in-law, 149

Bridegroom’s garment disinfected of ill fortune, 152, 153

Bridges, 23

Brodie, Captain, visit to Lhotaland, 2

Broom, in Potsos’ gift omen of damage to crops by wind, 114

Brothers of bride, share in marriage price (otyai-etsoman), 155

Brother and sister, world peopled from, 193, 195

Brown, Dr. G., xvii n. 4

Bruise, cupping for, 81

Buffalo (juzo), slaughter commemorated by Y-shaped posts, by Wa, xxxvi n. 3; used for food, too stupid for sacrifice, 61; flesh not eaten by young women, 77

Bulbul, first flesh given to babies, 147

Bull, black, as substitute for mithan, 137; killed in Wozütana “genna,” 138; in Shishang “genna.” 138, 139; formerly beaten to death, 139; sacrificed by some clans in Etha ceremony, 140; killed and flesh distributed in stone-dragging, 143

Burial of dead, practised by Angamis, Lhotas, xiv, xxiv; Semas, Rengmas, Sangtams, Yachungr, Tangkhuls, Kacha Nagas, Kukis, xxiv; Changs, xxv, 92 n. 1; northern boundary of tribes which practise, xxxvi; southern origin suggested, xxxvii; method and ceremonies of, 157 et seq.; of infant, of man killed in war, 160; of those who die “apotia,” 160–162

Buriers (mungpen), duties and perquisites, 157

Burning of dead, by Manipuris and Singphos, xxxiii, xxiv

Butler, Major, “Sketch of Assam,” xxvi; on human sacrifice, 230 Captain, account of his death, 2; estimate of Lhota character, 19 Mr. S. G., thanked for photographs, 19

Butterflies, souls of dead pass into, xxxiii, 119 n. 2

Cachar, south-west boundary of Naga tribes, xvi

Calendar, 226, 227

Calf, birth “genna” and treatment, 60

Calves, of Angamis and Kukis, xxii, 7

Cane, in ornaments, 12, 14; leggings of, 15; helmets of, 18, 43; bridges of, 23; hedge as defence (Konyak), 21

Canoes, 158; similarity of coffins to, 157

Carving on champo posts, 25, 26, 43

Cat, 63

Catfish, capture of, 71, 72; “How men became catfish,” 184

Cattle (mangsü), keeping of, trade in, 60, 61; joint ownership in “genna” for births, 60; indigenous breed, 61; flesh not eaten by dyers, 38; pot-makers, 41; cultivator on day of selecting “jhum,” 46; by household at Rangsikam ceremony, 52

Cave, woman out of, reputed ancestress of clan, xxi on Wokha hill entrance to Land of the Dead (etchhiku), 22, 119

Celebes, use of bow in, xxviii

Census of India, 1911, xvii n. 4; 1921, xxxii n. 1

Cephalic indices, xxiii

Ceremonial dress, abandonment of, xi; described, 13; occasions on which worn, occupation of new village, 6; champo rebuilding, 27; Ramo, 109; “mock fighting,” 110; Opya ceremonies, 123; Sirosi, 127; stone-dragging, 142; by bridegroom, 150; corpse buried in, 157

Chabli, kept as heirlooms, 44

Chakrima, two linguistic groups in, xxxi; numbers of, xxxii n. 1

Chakroma, no terrace cultivation, xxix

Chalmagra (hmhmti), fruit used to smoke out bees, 69; as food and rat poison (Konyaks), 69 n. 1; bark lotion for wounds, 80

Chami, Lhota clan, 88; origin of, 89; claims right to sacrifice bull at Etha “genna,” 140; connected with Chamirr and Yepothomi, 92

Chamimo thanked for help, vi

Chamirr, Ao clan, xxx, xxxi, 92

Champimi, or Champhimi, fighting stones at, xxxiv n. 3, 117 n. 1

Champo, Lhota name for Morung (references under this heading apply to Lhotas only, those regarding other tribes will be found under Morung). Word possibly of Chang or Konyak origin, 24 n. 1; effect of reconstruction on Okotso, xii; described, 24, 25, 26; building, a preliminary to new village, 6; dance at building, 18, 19; rebuilding, 26, 28; oha stones kept at, 6, 25, 166; posts carved, 25, 26, 43; enemies’ heads brought to, 24, 108; skin of first head attached to post of, 25, 108; raids planned in, 24; warriors gather in, 107; prisoners of war kept in, 105; owns land, 26, 97; boys assemble in, 127; boys pay fine to, on marriage, 97; in Pikuchak ceremony, 128; omen of death taken in, at Tuku, 130; skull and horns of mithan kept in, 141; to dream of new, presages deaths, 171

Chamthe, cloth of performer of Wozütana and head-taking “gennas,” 10

Chankerhomo, valour and death of, xiv

Chants, in champo rebuilding, 27; agricultural, 85; head-hunting, 106, 107, 123; hoiki enyam, 123

Character: Angami, Sema, xiii; Lhota, humour, pluck, 19; morals, 19, 121; thrift, xiii, 30, 136; reserved, v, xiii; treatment of parents, 19, 20; of animals, 20; prone to suicide, 20, 82; not litigious, 96, 98; respect for age, 72, 65, 98; —— for wealth, 136; philosophical view of life, 113

Charaksü, cloth of wife of Stone-dragger, 11, 143

Charms, love, 168; to keep off evil spirits and improve crops, 169

Chebi river, xiii, 23

Cherhechima, unlucky Memi subdivision, xxxii

Cheroma: see Thekronoma.

Chesha, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, xxxii n. 2

Cheshi, month corresponding to May, 226

Chichama village, 42

Chicken, sacrificed in new house (kichakro), 34; in head-taking “genna,” 108; at stone-dragging, 142; at death as forerunner of soul, 157, 159; strangled and omens taken, 149; flesh of, in Thruven, 47; released as scapegoat, 134, 135; to dream of killing, a presage of death, 171

Chickens, provisions as to first removal from nest, 63

Chiefs, among Southern Konyaks, xxxi, xxxiii; Semas, xxxiii, xxxvii; Kacharis, Changs, Thados, xxxiii; among Lhotas (ekyung), 96

Chikanika, month corresponding to August, 226

Chikmang, peak, xxxiv n. 1

Child, colour of hair in childhood, xxiii; treatment at birth, naming, feeding, 144–147; ear-piercing, 8, 147

Childbirth, death in, demands special funeral rites, 160. See Apotia.

Children, punishment of, 102; inherit qualities of animals eaten by parents, 74, 75, 76; of celebrant of Liritang eat offerings, 54

Chilies, cultivation of, 57; cooking of, 74, 78; offered in soul-calling ceremony, 135

Chili plant, men will decrease till they can climb up, xxxiv

Chin, xvi

China, immigration from Southern, xvii, xx

Chindwin river, valley reputed home of S. Sangtams, xiv, xix; eastern boundary of Naga tribes, xvi

Chishi, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, xxxii n. 2

Chishilimi, Sema clan, perhaps has dual organization, xxxii n. 2; corresponds to Lhota Muri clan, 92

Chochang, junior division of Sotsoi, 97

Chongli, Ao, linguistic group, dual and triple division of, xxx; members in 1921, xxxii n. 1

Chongliemdi, traditional place of origin of Aos, xviii, xx

Chongsemo thanked for help, vi

Chongyichami, clan, 88; Ao descent of, 89

Chopuk, month corresponding to November, 226

Chorothui clan, 14, 88; origin of, 91

Chotantsu, intercalary month, 226

Christianity, denationalizing effect of, xi; spread of, xii; effect on Aos’ funeral customs, xxiv

Christians of Okotso starting tea culture, 59

Chüka, first item in marriage price, 155

Chunga, 232, 36; in ceremonies, 48, 34, 149; omens taken by splitting, 109, 133, 134, 135; miniature in male baby’s hand at first carrying, 146; first-fruits placed in, 54; navel string placed in, 145; special in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151

Circumcision not practised, 8

Clan: division of phratry into clans and clans into kindreds, 87, 91; list of clans by phratries, 88; origins of different clans, 89 et seq.; jungle men clans, 91; equality of and exception, 91; becoming exogamous division, 87; intertribal correspondence of, discussed, 92; welfare involved in heirlooms, 98; —— of victim may not take share of murderer’s property, 101; —— of Stone-dragger receives no flesh from bull killed, 143; —— realizes price of widow who marries into another clan, 155; mithan and pig sacrificed by, at funeral of head-taker, 159

Clan lands, customs regarding, 97, 98

Clansmen of sacrificer feasted, 139; receive portions of meat, 138, 149; —— of Stone-dragger help to carry stone, 142; —— of bridegroom distribute firewood to clansmen of bride, 149; escort couple to Kithandro. Clansman acts as go-between in marriage negotiations, 153; escorts couple from bride’s father’s house, 154; old clansman of bridegroom and old clanswoman of bride accompany former in Tsoyuta ceremony, 153; wives of clansmen of bridegroom escort couple from bride’s father’s house, 150; two boys of bridegroom’s clan sleep with couple on night of Halam, 150; husbands of women of bridegroom’s clan collect firewood in Lantsoa ceremony, 148, 149; kill pig, 149; women of bride’s clan give her cotton and thread, 149; in case of “apotia” death old clansman makes fire to purify household, takes rent for land, 162; —— of deceased cannot cultivate land being cultivated at time of death, 161; also see Echantyoi

Cleanliness, of different tribes, xxxv

Cloth: also see Weaving. Man’s described, 9, 40; hung over grave, 158; woman’s, 11; special method of wearing in stone-dragging, 143; made of dog’s hair, 19; new, offered in soul-calling, 136; at sale of, thread retained, 44; corpse wrapped in two or three good cloths, 157; head-taker’s, 10; social “genna” performer’s, 9, 10, 11, 136

Clouds, beliefs regarding, 173

Club, used in mock fights, 110 n. 2

Cock, sacrificed, in village founding, 6; in Opya consecration, 123; in Pikuchak, 128; Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151; in purification after “apotia,” 162; eaten and omens taken before head hunt, 106; killed by intending performers of head-taking ceremony, 108; killed at Shishang, 138; killed and cooked by bridegroom, 148

Coffin (orhung), Lhota, xxiv, 157; Konyak, xxiv; Kalyo-Kengyu, xxv

Colour of skin: see Skin.

Communication, inter-village, 22

Complexion: see skin.

Composition of tribes, xv et seq.; traces of race movements found in, xviii; conclusions regarding, xxxv, xxxvi

Conch shell in necklaces, 12, 13

Cornelian, bead thrown into spring of new village, 5; in necklaces, 12, 13; tied to wrist of corpse, 157

Corpse, preparation for burial, 157; during Rangsikam household may not touch, 52; —— of “apotia” exhales evil, 118; ornaments and clothes of those touching thrown away, 160

Cotton (khungko), cultivation of, 57; cleaning of, 36; bartered for salt, 44; offered in soul-calling, 135; bride receives, from married women of her clan, 149 thread (oying), manufacture of, 36, 37; given to bride by women of her clan, 149 wool, worn in ears, 8, 11, 13, 147; thrown away by those in contact with “apotia,” 161; put in ears of monkey, 53; of enemy’s head, 108; tied to hornet, 69; offered to Tchhüpfu, 125

Cough, due to eating with owner of oha stone at Liritang, 55; medicine for, 80; ratsen’s cure for, 166

Council of Elders, among Tangkhuls and Aos, xxxiii; among Lhotas, 96, 97

Cow, killed in champo rebuilding ceremonies, 26, 27; gall of, medicine for diarrhœa, 79

Cowrie, tied to scapegoat chicken’s leg, 135; to “death” chicken’s leg, 157; charm against evil spirits, 169

Cowries, use developed from seeds of Job’s tears, 12 n. 1; in ornamentation, 12, 14

Crabs, as relish, 54; offered in scapegoat ceremony, 135

Crops: see also Jhum, and Ceremonies, agricultural; other than rice, 56–58; protection of, 52; ripening of, 54; damage by wind foretold, 114; singeing of sacrificial pig fatal to, 130; abandoned in case of “apotia,” 161; not reaped where lightning strikes, 163

Cross-bow, cultural connection, xv; distribution among tribes, xxvii, xxviii; description, 17, 18

Crow tits, not eaten, lest eater’s children inherit pinching, 75

Cubicles, in houses, 31

Cuckoo (liyosangsü), flesh given to babies, 147

Cucumber (lishakti), cultivation of, 58

Cultivation: also see Jhum, Terraced cultivation; diversity of methods, xxviii, xxix; prohibited during emung, 26

Culture: Lhota —— with reference to other tribes, xiv; traces of race movement found in, xviii, xxvi

Cumming, Mr. R. C. R., on migration of Miri tribe, xvi n. 4

Cup, 35; special, in stone-dragging ceremony, 143

Cupping, 81

Currency, 44

Customs, previous accounts of, scanty, vi; decay of, xi, xii; revival and value of, xii

Daily routine, 86

Dal (nyingtyingtsing or limcham), cultivation of, 57; not eaten by dyers, 38; by potters, 41

Dances at champo rebuilding, 18, 19, 27, 91; brass plates worn at, 15

Dao (lepok): also see Yanthang and Tsonak. Connection between tribes indicated by, xxvi, xxvii; Kabui, xxvi, 16; Kacha Naga, Garo, Igorot, xxvi; Tangkhul, xxvii; S. Sangtam as heirloom, 4; Lhota, xxvi; described, 15, 16; close connection with owner, 44, 161; miniatures, placed in male baby’s hand, 146; of chaste man used in opya sacrifice, 123; of chaste boy in Pikuchak, 128; in Tsirotsoala ceremony, held in left hand, 140; washed, 141; of warriors not cleaned till day after return from successful head hunt, 108; scraped together with spear in Epuetha, 132; in omen taking, 124, 134; in final offering to dead, 161

Dao-holder (lechap), described, 16; assumption of sign of termination of infancy, 24; hung over man’s grave, 150; miniature in final offering to dead, 160

Daughter, sleeps with mother, 31; rules regarding inheritance, 98, 99

Dayang river, 115, 117, xiii; Lhotas cross, xiv, 4; basin of, Lhota habitat, 1; Pyotsoja ceremony on bank of, 125; offering made to, 131

Dead, the, beliefs regarding, 119, 120, 121; final departure of, 159; meaning of dreams of, 171; offerings to (sochipen), 22, 53, 159, 160; appeased, 120; disposal of, methods practised by Naga tribes, xxiii–xxvi, 92 n. 1. Also see Burial, Exposure, Desiccation.

Dead, The Land of the (Etchhili): beliefs of different tribes regarding, xxxiii, xxxiv; entrance to, on Wokha hill, 22, 119; passage of souls to, 115 et seq., 155, 159; spirits of animals also go to, 120; tiger in, 66; sun’s lights at night, 172

Dead, Road of the (etchhilan), 119, 120; beliefs regarding, xxxiv; path leading to Wokha hill always known as, 22; soul (omon) passes along, 118; enticed down, 159; chicken and dog killed to precede omon down, 157; blocked at rain-compelling, 131; avoidance of, 143, 146; at omen taking, 152, 153; dream of carrying child down presages death, 171

Death: ceremonies, ordinary, 156–160; immediately after, 157, 159; burial, 157, 158; subsequent to burial, 158, 159; extraordinary (see Apotia) in case of, by drowning, 160–162; by tiger or leopard, 162; houses in which death has occurred receive portion of sacrificial meat at Mshe-etak, 53; omens of, taken at Tuku emung, 130; in childbirth, 146

Debts, inherited, 99; interest on and repayment of, 45; wiped out by “apotia” death, 161

Deer, hunting of, 63–65; trap for, 51, 52; pitfalls for, 67; Sityingo’s special, 64 Barking, omen of killing, 65

Defences, described, 21, 22

Deluge, the, 163 n. 1

Democracy, of certain tribes, xxxiii; southern origin suggested, xxxvii

Deolung, story of, 117; oath on, 103; in rain-compelling, 131

Desiccation of dead, described, xxv

Dhansiri Valley, crossed by Lhotas, xiv

Diarrhœa, medicine for, 79

Digger (chukchü), 47, 49

Dikhu river, xxv; line of contact between northern and southern tribal movement, xxxvi

Dilungcham, village named in Rangsi invocation, 126

Dimapur, monoliths at, similar to Y-shaped memorial posts, xxix

Dish (opyi and pyikhyu), 36, 43

Ditch as defence, 21

Divination: see Omen taking.

Divorce, rules regarding, 156; very frequent, 112

Domestic life, 21–86

Door, of village, 22; of house, 33

Doyang: see Dayang.

Dranda: see Prayer.

Dreamer (hahang), professional, consulted as to house site, 32; makes offerings to dead, 120, 171; duties in Potsokam, 131, 132

Dreams, 170–172; influences choice of site of “jhum,” 46; soul’s movements in, 136, 170, 171; lucky and unlucky, 32, 171; symbolical, 171, 172

Dress, 9, 10, 11; also see Ceremonial dress.

Drill, implement, 12

Drink, 78–79; also see Madhu.

Drongo: see King crow.

Dropsy, cupping for, 81

Drugs, 81, 82

Drum, affinities of tribes suggested by use of, xxviii

Ducks, eaten but not kept, 63

Dyeing, women’s work, 36, 38; process described, 37, 38; chastity during and food tabu, 38

Dzunokehena intermarry with Cherhechima, xxxii

Ear, piercing of, 8, 146; ornaments worn in, by men, 8, 11, 13, 147; by women, 13; flowers worn in, 58; substitute for a head, 106; ears of sacrificial dog in Oyantsoa, 123, 124

Earth, ancestors emerge from, xx, 3, 193; belief regarding the, 172; oath on earth from grave, from land in dispute, 103

Earthquake, cause of, 172; dream of, presages death, 172

East, souls of “good” go to, xxxiv

Easter Island, similarity of Naga and —— hoe, xxvii

Eating together as test of relationship, xix; separately, husband and wife when selecting “jhum,” 46; after formal sowing, 49; on morning of Rangsikam, 51; relations of murderer and his victim must never eat together, 101; villages between which there has been much bloodshed, 101

Echantyoi, husbands of women a man calls sister, duties in stone-dragging, 141, 142

Echon, month corresponding to January, 226

Eclipse of sun and moon, causes and meaning of, 172, 173

Egg, omen taking by breaking, xxxiv n. 3; by rolling, 124, 152, 153 offered to spirits, 6, 50, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 135, 152; to Dayang river, 131; in stone-dragging, 142, 143; to tree struck by lightning for rheumatism, 166 oath on, 103; with rice offering eaten by householder at Liritang, 54

Eight, importance of this number appears from following: sacrificer swings eight pieces of meat in each hand, 34; eight nung yung leaves offered, 48; eight cuts to right and eight to left in stone-dragging, 143; Hantsen swings sacrificial meat eight times before bride and bridegroom, 148; bride and bridegroom genuflect eight times before Hantsen, 150; in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony eight bundles of eight “chungas” each containing eight pieces of pith, and four parcels of eight pieces of pork, 151; “Hohoho” repeated eight times, eight yutso leaves left, 152; omen taken eight times, bride and bridegroom’s cloths shaken eight times; omen mat shaken eight times, 153

Ekhirandhapen, boy’s game, 85

Ekyung, chief, his position, 96; raiders collect at his house, 106

Elephants, damage crops, 56; caught in pitfalls, 67; flesh not eaten by young women, 77; Potsos foretell trouble from, 114; fear of death from, 163

Emetic, 79

Emhu, month corresponding to March, 226

Emung (gathered together), term explained, 26, n. 1; for rebuilding champo, 26; after firing “jhum,” 46; after Thruven, 48; Motharatsen, 49; Amungkam, 50; Lanvung, 52; Pikuchak, 128; Tuku graves dismantled, death omens taken, 130; three days preceding dragging of opya posts, 123; day after visit from Potsos, 114; day after an eclipse, 173; story regarding monkey’s ravages during, 224; stranger who breaks emung held to ransom, 101

Emungrangki, temporary hut during stone-dragging, 141

Enemy, insignia of killer of, 7, 12, 14; see also Head hunting, Head taking.

Eni clan, 42 n. 1, 88, 90

Entrails, eaten, 78; of sacrificial animal eaten by Puthi, 50; buried, 51; eaten by stone-carriers, 143; omens taken from, 6, 34, 50, 51, 123, 128

Ephi, month corresponding with April, 226

Epuetha ceremony to appease Khyuham, 116; described, 132

Erhinga tree, nets made of bark, 43

Eschatology of different tribes, xxxiii; of Lhotas, 115 et seq.

Eshamsü, cloth of man who has dragged more than one stone, 10

Eso, supporter of Stone-dragger, 142

Etchhienya, ceremony to appease the Dead, 120; may not be performed six days before Lanvung, 52; offerings to Dead at, 53

Etchhiku, entrance to Land of the Dead, q.v.

Etchhili, Land of the Dead, q.v.

Etchhililan, Road of the Dead, q.v.

Etchhililanthamo, guardian of Road of the Dead, 119 n. 4, 157

Etchhiman (price of death), 155

Etchhitsok (dead men’s rice), 120

Etha, social “genna,” described, 140; performers must perform Thruven, 47, 48

Ethasü, cloth of performer of Etha, 10, 140

Ethung, second spear, q.v.

Etsiao thanked for help, vi

Excreta, omen taken from, 50, 149, 151

Exogamy, among Naga tribes, xxx–xxxii; among Lhotas, 87, 88; arranged for in new village population, 5 n. 1; may have existed between corresponding clans, 92, 93

Exposure of dead, practised by Aos, Konyaks, xxiv; Phoms, Changs, xxv, 92 n. 1; Lhotas in case of tiger’s victim, 162

Eyes, of Angamis and Semas, xxi–xxii; Lhotas, 7; medicine for sore, 81

Ezong clan, origin of, 88; term used for mother, 95

Ezongterowe kindred, 91

Ezongtsopowe kindred, 91

Fasts: owner of “jhum” fasts on morning of formal sowing, 48

Father, use of different words for, divides tribes into two linguistic groups, xxxi n. 2; food and other tabus of, during mother’s pregnancy, 144, 145; duties during wife’s labour, 145; after birth of child, 146, 147; share of daughter’s marriage price, 149; his duties during marriage ceremonies, 148–150, 153

Feet, of game hung in mpongki, 35; of Puthi touched with rice in first-fruits ceremony, 53

Females sit on left of sacrificer, 34; associated with number five, q.v.

Fertility, spirit of, in Lisü “genna,” xxx n. 1; ceremonies to promote, 28, 122, 129; especially of rice, 125, 126

Feudal position of Sema chief, xxxiii

Fever, cure for, 136

Field-house, 86; described, tabus regarding, 51; ceremonies in, 51, 54; unhusked rice stored in, 55, 56

Fingers, as trophy, 106; hung in mingetung, 108

Fire, lighting of, in new village, 6; in new house, 34; a protection against evil spirits, 48, 133; for purifying dogs, 65; people, 160–161; kept burning on graves, 158, 159; dreams of fire, meanings, 172; also see Fire-stick.

Fireplace (nchu): see Hearth.

Fire-stick (mi-hm), described, 6 n. 1; omen-taking by, xiv; use and disposal of, in ceremonial fire-lighting, 6, 34, 50, 52, 54, 65, 161; in case of painful childbirth, 145; oath-taking, 102, 103

First-fruits, eaten by Puthi and householders, some placed in daily rice-bin, 53, 54; see Mshe etak.

Fish, shooting of, xxvii n. 3; kept in water supply, 29; presented to Potsos, (tseru) in rain-compelling, 130; (ngolelop) given to babies, 147; disposal of, in case fisherman is drowned, 161; vehicle of love charm, 168; gift of, completes marriage (Aos), 168

Fishing, methods by poison, 43, 90; described, 70, 71, 72; observances connected with, 71, 73; by rod (ngoko), 73; by blocking channel, 74; by weirs, 72, 73; by hand trap, 73; rights, 70

Fishing, beliefs connected with, weir-builders keep chaste, do not speak to strangers, begin as boys, 73; catcher of süwo fish with rod, liable to death by tiger, 74; luck in, spoilt by a man dyeing, 38

Fish-hook (mukhu), 73

Five, important number connected with females: compare with six; —— days’ “genna” for birth of, and five beads in necklace of cow-calf, 60; “chunga” dropped —— times in omen-taking for a woman, 134; chicken tossed —— times for a woman in scapegoat ceremony, 135; girls’ name given —— days after birth, 145; bride carries —— pieces of meat and bobbins of thread in Halam ceremony, 154; —— pieces of meat over woman’s grave, five days’ “genna” after woman’s death, 158; death chicken’s wings chopped —— times for a woman, 159; —— pieces of liver in Sityingo’s share, 65; —— days’ “genna” for litter of pigs, 61; puppies, 63; —— days’ interval between counting of oha stones and opening of mingetung fence, 124

Flies, after second death the Dead change into, 121

Floor of house, 30

Flowers, cultivation and use of, 58

Flute (philipi or phiphili), 85; girl’s name expressed in note of, 86; Sema and Angami, 85 n. 1

Flycatcher, Little Pied, called Deadmen’s Hornbill, 120

Folklore, as indication of tribal origins and affinities, xxxiv, xxxv

“Folklore in the Old Testament,” xxvii n. 1, 46 n. 1

Food, 74–78; cat-flesh as, 63; bee and hornet grubs, 69, 74; transference of qualities by eating, 74; animals, etc., not eaten, with reasons, 75–77. Food tabus attaching to persons and avocations will be found under those headings.

Forehead of Puthi touched with rice at First-fruits eating, 53

Forge, site of, unlucky, 42

Founder of village, duties of, in village founding ceremony, 56; priestship, hereditary in family (Angamis), xxxiii; chieftainship, hereditary, 96

Four, important number in various ceremonies: in new house occupation, 34; in first sowing, 47; in second sowing, 48; in Liritang, 54; in rain-compelling, 131; in Ponyiratsen, 151, 152

Fowls (hono), keeping of, 63; sacrificed, 125, 129, 140; also see Cock, Hen, Chicken.

Frazer, Sir J., xxvii n. 1, 46 n. 1, 160 n. 3, 186 n. 1

Friend (okam), making of formal, 104; namesakes regarded as, 104, 169

Fringe (khezi), as insignia of tiger-slayers and head-takers, 12

Frog flesh tabued to ratsen, 165

Fruit, 58, 59

Gait, “History of Assam,” 2 n. 1

Gall of cow or pig medicine for diarrhœa, 79; of python for fever, etc., 80

Games, 82, 83

Garden, crops grown in, 57, 58; Puthi sows first rice in, 48; reaped at Mshe etak, 53

“Garos, The,” on reaping, xxviii; Road of the Dead, xxxiv n. 1; on hauntings, 160 n. 2; on the moon, 172

Garos, Bodo Tribe, lack of love for village site, xv; migratory, xvi; immigrants from Nepal and Tibet, xvi, xvii, xxvi; connected with Semas, xix; burn dead, xxiv n. 1; reap with hand only, xxviii; erect memorial posts, xxix; knowledge of lycanthropy, xxxiv; Road of the Dead, xxxiv n. 1

“Gazetteer of Upper Burma, etc.,” xvi n. 3, xvii n. 1, 2, xxiv n. 1, xxviii n. 1, xxxvi n. 3; regarding Kachins, 105 n. 1

Genealogies, Angamis’ knowledge of, xv

“Genna” stones, 5, 23; tallystick, 159

“Gennas,” Social, 136–144. Importance and cost of, general remarks regarding, 136, 137; first “genna,” 138; second, 138; third, 140; fourth, 140; performance of all, necessary for certain posts, 66, 98, 122, 126; non-performance of any, necessary for certain posts, 48, 126, 132, 133; performance of, considered in division of inheritance, 98, 99; insignia of performers, 9, 10, 136, 138, 140; memorials of performers and non-performers of, 159; tabus regarding, 65, 138, 141

Ghosts (omon), 169–170; ladder, 160, xxiv

Gibbon, fur of, as warrior’s wig, 13; flesh not eaten by young women, by Othui clan, 185 n. 2; head put in stream as rain charm, 130; story, “How Men were turned into Gibbons,” 92 n. 1, 184

Ginger (osing), use of, to keep off evil spirits, 27, 34, 132; as offerings, 47, 49, 128, 133, 134, 135

Girl, head shaved, 7, 8; assumes first skirt (khondrosü), 9; terms used for, 95; birth customs differ from those for boys, 145–147; married without being consulted, 112; girls and boys formed into working parties, 97; stories of girls emerging from oranges, etc., see Legends.

Goat (nyanya), keeping of, 62; hair, value of, 62; in ornaments, 13, 14, 17; hoof as medicine, 79; flesh not eaten by dyers, 38, pot-makers, 41, cultivator on day of “jhum” selecting, 46; household at Rangsikam, 52

Gods: see also Rangsi, Sityingo, Tchhüpfu, Ngazo, Potso. Lhota’s ideas regarding, 113 et seq.; Wind god of Ungma, 103

Goître, cure for, 80

Gongs, 44

Gourds (shammo, zükhe), cultivation of, 58; use of, as bottle, 36, 54, 58

Government, practices stopped by: use of notsü as fish poison, 70; catching game in pitfalls, 67; plucking goats and dogs alive, 62

Granary (osung), described, 23; temporary (echengrangki), 56; as ossuary (Kalyo-Kengyu), xxv, 130; sacrifice at, 140; mithan head placed in, 155; oha stones kept in, 166

Grave, digging of, 157; protection, ornamentation of, fire lighted on, 158; dismantled, 159, 130, 154; of performer of Rangendri, 129; of Sema, 19; in houses, xxiv; houses built over, xxiv, 160 n. 3; thatched, xxiv; opened for second burial, xxiv; oath on earth from, 103

Great Darkness: see Thimzing.

Grierson, Sir George, on classification of Naga languages, xvi n. 1, xix, xxxv; of Lhota, 207

Guests, sleeping-place of, 31

Guns, scarcity of, 63

Gurdon, Colonel, xv n. 2, xxvii, xxviii n. 3, 172 n. 3

Hail, cause of, 173

Hair, as guide to classification of races, xxii; types of, found among hill tribes, xxiii; —— of Lhotas, 67; Aos, Konyaks, 7; colour of children’s, xxiii, 7; not cut during pregnancy, 145; first cutting of baby’s, 147; oath taken on, 102, 103; danger of —— getting into hostile hands, 169; dressing of, 7, 8; of children, 147; —— of “head” fixed on gate-post (orrülama), 107; in ornaments, human, 13, 14; dog’s 13, 19; goat’s, 13, 14

Hair-brush Palm (shawo), leaf as arrow-feather, 18

Haki-ung, Chang clan, hereditary “tiger men,” 163 n. 1

Halam, third part of marriage ceremonies, 149–151; Southern Lhota, 154

Halamman, fifth item of marriage price, 155

Hammer, similarity of Naga and Philippine, xxvii

Hands, conventional representations of, on houses of Puthis and warriors, 34

Hantsen, celebrant of marriage ceremonies, 148–155; not known among Southern Lhotas, 154

Haokip, Thado clan, xxx n. 1

Harvest, described, 54–56

Hawks, eaters of, spit, 76

Hawk-eagle, only eaten by old people, 76

Head, treated with ceremony, xxv; detached after death, xxiv, xxv of bull, Stone-dragger’s portion, 143; of pig in Halam ceremony, father-in-law’s portion, 148 of enemy, treatment after taking, 107, 108; ear as substitute, 106; brought to champo, 24; hung in mingetung, 28, 108; in Phiro, 29; skin of, attached to champo post, 25, 107; brings luck to village, 109; —— of toothless baby valueless, of woman valued more than man’s, 105; represented by rüho, 14; carved over graves, 129, 158; exposed in front of “morung,” xxix n. 2; buried, xxxvii; see also Head hunting, Head-taking “genna.”

Headache, medicine for, 80

Head-hunting: importance of, 105, 109; abolition of, tends to decay of customs, xii, 104; Phiro belief regarding abolition of, 29; degraded state of, 109; between Lhota villages prohibited, 104; planning of, 24, 105; proceedings on return of successful —— party, 106–108; trophies, 106; mock, 128

Head-taking “genna” (Ramo), described, 108–109; qualifications required of performers of, 107, 108, 110; insignia of performer of dark blue “lengta,” 8, 109; cowrie wristlets, 12, 109; three king-crow feathers, 13; hornbill’s tail feathers, 13, 109; wild boar’s tusks, 12, 109; lechapsü red, 16, 109; spear-shaft scarlet goat’s hair, 17; mock —— at Rangendri, 129; commemorated on grave, 158

Head-taker, at funeral of, dog killed, 157; mithan and pig killed, 159; tally of heads alongside Road of the Dead, 159

Head Tree, see Mingetung.

Hearth (nchü), ceremonial construction of, in new house, 34; shelf over, 36; held in case of earthquake, 172; separate —— for each wife, 31; bridegroom waves spear round, in hamal ceremony, 150, 154; —— in champo, 26 stones, placing of, 34; touched with rice in Mshe etak, 53; miniature made in Shishang ceremony, 139

Heirlooms, custody of, welfare of clan involved in, 98; chabli as, 44; yanthang as, 3, 16, 197; Southern Sangtam dao and ornaments, 4

Helmets (kiven), 18; manufacture of, 43; worn in tiger-hunt, 66

Hen, sacrificed in Mshe etak, 53; eaten, 54; in Pyotsoja ceremony, 125; strangled, omens taken from excreta and entrails in Amungkam, 50; swung round field-house, strangled, omens taken eaten by old clansman, 51

Hiccough, bad omen for head hunter, 106

Hides, preparation of, 44

Himalayas, Lhota tradition of origin from, xv

Hinduism, effect on Lhotas, xi

“History of Mankind,” xxii n. 2, 172 n. 3, xxvii, xxviii

“History of Assam,” 2 n. 1

“History of Upper Assam,” etc., 19 n. 1

Hmhmti: see Chalmagra.

Hodson, Colonel, T. C., 124, 199; regarding Manipuri people, xxxvi n. 1; kang game, 84 n. 1

Hoe, connections between tribes indicated by —— used, xxvii

Ho-hoing, in Lanvung, 52; in fish-poisoning, 71

Hoiki enyam, chant, 123

Honohoyanto (fowl-throat-cutting village), or Themoketsa, tradition of Lhota sojourn at, xiv, 4; first name in Rangsi invocation, 125

Hoopoe, not eaten, 76

Hornbill (Great Indian), caught with bird-lime, 69; flesh not usually eaten, prohibited to Tompyaktserre, 77; symbolical of wealth, 14; head insignia of Stone-dragger, 14; tail feathers insignia of performer of head-taking ceremony, 13, 109; ancestress of Worore clan made pregnant by, 89; head carved on champo posts, 28, 43

Hornets, varieties, taking of nests, grubs eaten, 69, 70

Hose and McDougall, 46 n. 1

House, varieties of, among Naga tribes, xxx; cleanliness of, xxxv Lhota, xxx; described, 30–35; selection of site, 32; construction, 32–34; ceremonies of entry into new, 34, 35; contents of, 35, 36; abandoned for “apotia” death, 146, 161; if struck by lightning, 163 restrictions on others entering; strangers, Puthi’s —— at Motharatsen, 49; celebrant of Epuetha re-entering, 136

Hukong valley, north-eastern boundary of Naga tribes, xvi

Humtsoi clan, 88; origin of, 90; term used for mother, 95; sacrifice bull in Etha, 140

Hunchibili, story of, xv n. 1; similarity to story of Lichao and his daughter, 188 n. 1

Hunting, of deer and serow, 64; wild pig and bear, 65, 66; porcupine, 66; tiger and leopard, 66, 67; monkeys, 67; rules for division of spoil, 65; to dream of successful —— presages bad sport, 171; beliefs regarding, death in village means bad sport, good or bad sport foretold by position of tongue of quarry, 64; to kill deer with torn ear (Sityingo’s deer) stops hunt and entails purifying of dogs, 64, 65; if spear strikes quarry in face or hock a claim for a share entails death of claimant or near relative, 65

Husband, Lhota and Ao compared, 19; terms used for, 95; relations with wives, 154; tabus affecting, during wife’s pregnancy, 144, 145; may not take share of adulterer’s fine, 101

Husbands of women born in sacrificer’s clan collect leaves in Shishang, 139; are Wothang (announcers) in Tsirotsoala, 140; of women born in bridegroom’s clan, duties in Lantsoa and Halam ceremonies, 149

Hutton, J. H., Esq., C.I.E., help acknowledged, v; account of Lhota customs, vi; Introduction by, xi–xxxix; mentioned in Labour Corps song, 205; Mr. Hutton’s notes initialled J. H. H. have not been separately indexed.

Igorot, connection with Nagas suggested by similarities of daos and spears, xxvi, xxvii; terrace cultivation similar to Angamis’, xxix; connection with Angamis suggested, xxxvii

Iki, Sema equivalent of Apfuho, 176, 177 n. 2

Illness, attributed to evil spirits, introducing things into body of patient, 116, 133, 165, 166; capturing soul (omon) of patient, 79, 133, 166; ceremonies for, 133–136; medicines for, 79–81; results, from breaking an emung, 26; bringing dross from forge into house, 42; eating with owner of oha stones in Liritang, 56

Illimyo village, Potsos visit, 114

Imaiyali, response to chant of head-takers, 107

Impur mission station, xi, xii

Indigestion, medicine for, 80

Indigo (tchemo), cultivation of, 58; dyeing with, 38

Indonesia, Ratzel’s division of races of, xxii; Naga connection with, suggested by weapons, xxvi; Mr. Hutton’s views regarding, xxxvi, xxxvii

Inheritance, rules of, 98, 99

Insects, souls of dead inhabit, xxxiii, xxxiv n. 1; fortunes of village foretold by, 65, 127, 128

Inseni-Kotsenu, Rengma linguistic group, xxxi

Insignia, of warrior, head-taker, first, second, third spear, Stone-dragger, performers of “gennas”: see under respective headings.

Irawadi, immigration from east of, xvii

Iron, oaths on broken —— binding, 187 n. 2; stuck in tree struck by lightning cures rheumatism, 166 work, 41, 42 foundry, 42

Ivory, ill luck connected with, 12, 44

Izumontse, legendary ancestor of phratry, 3, 88

Izumontserre (scattered men), xxxviii; traditional origin of, 88; clans in, 88, 90

Japfu, song of founding, 203

Japvo: see Tukahu.

Jhum, methods of sowing, xxix; cutting, 45, 46; selection of site, 46; burning, 46, 47; sowing, 47–49; weeding, 49; protection, 52–53; harvest, 54–56; miscellaneous crops, 56–58 of man who dies “apotia”; next cut by man of another clan, 161–162

Job’s tears (omung), seeds used in ornamentation, 12; sown along edges of fields, 57

Journal of R.A.I., “Leopard man,” etc., 164 n. 1

Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2 n. 3

Jump, long (eyenda), high (untsongeyen), 82; —— and kick (nshü), 83

Jungle men (orakyon), families descended from, xv, xxi, xxx, 89, 90; possible explanation, 91

Kabuis, dao, xxvi, 16; erect dolmens, xxix; ceremony similar to spearing of opya, 124

Kacha Nagas, xx; probably recently migratory, xvi; connection with Kacharis, xix; facial resemblance to Memi and Tengima, xxii n. 1; bury dead, xxiv; northern origin suggested by dao, xxvi; Igorot connection suggested by spear, xxvi; terrace cultivation, xxviii; erect dolmens, xxix; defences resemble those of Wa, xxxvi n. 3; influenced by southern immigrants, xxxvii, xxxviii; clubs used in riots, 110 n. 2

Kacharis, Bodo tribe, no affection for village sites, xv; immigrants from Nepal and Tibet, xvi; language in Naga-Bodo group, xvi n. 1; connected with Semas and Nagas, xix; Dimapur monoliths similar to Y-shaped posts, xxix; feudal position of chiefs, xxxiii

Kachins, xvi; affinity with Changs, xx; prisoners kept in stocks, 105 n. 1

Kalij pheasant, feathers worn, 13

Kalyo-Kengyu, Singpho affinities, northern origin, xix; disposal of dead, xxv, 130 n. 1, 158; offerings to dead, 159 n. 1; erect memorial posts, xxix; make leggings, 15

Kamahu, village imports an Ang, xxxi n. 1

Karens, xix

Kayans, cultural affinities with Nagas, 46 n. 1; similarity of folk tale, 222

Kepepfüma, see Pepfüma.

Kepezoma, see Pezoma.

Ketenini, Rengma clan corresponding to Nguli, 92

Ketsarhontsü, Lhota name for Kezakenoma stone, 167

Kezakenoma (Keshur) village, traditions of Lhota sojourn at, xiv; legend of ancestors emerging from the earth near to, 3; miracle-working stone at, 3; fragment (Phi-tsong-lung) at Pangti, 4, 167

Kezami, probably connected with Semas, xix; intermarry with Cherhechima, xxxii; numbers in 1921 census, xxxii n. 1

“Khasis, The,” xv n. 2, xxvii, xxviii

Khasis, permanent villages, xv n. 3; folk-tales connect them with Nagas, xxxiv; dao, with Garos, Lhotas, Kabuis, xxvi; hoes with Yachungr, Mikir, Konyak Battak, Easter Island, xxvii; use of bow, xxvii; no knowledge of lycanthropy, xxxiv; divination by egg-breaking, xxxiv n. 3; regard moon as masculine, 172 n. 3

Khawtlang, erect Y-shaped posts, xxx n. 1

Khel (Yankho), term explained, 24; government of, 97; after-birth tree of, 146; Ponyiratsentung, 152

Khoirao, tradition of origin, xviii, xx; language classification, xix; terrace cultivation, xxviii; much affected by immigration from south, xxxvii

Khoro, village, 1

Khurocho, game described, 83, 84

Khyuham, evil spirit imprisoned, 116; annual sacrifice to, 132

Kichan, rice collected at, Tuku, q.v.

Kikung, two “khels” of, in Tsingaki village, 24; in Tompyaktserre phratry, 88, 89; corresponding clans, 92; sacrifices bull in Etha, 140; in legend of Kithang clan, 185–187

Killing, prohibited on morning of fish-poisoning, 71; on last morning of building fishing weir, 73; in Ratsen’s house prior to Potsos’ visit, 114; by member of deceased’s household till completion of death “genna” 119, 158; between collecting of unhusked and husked rice in Tuku, 130; of wild animal by pregnant woman, 144

Kimongthang, mythical hero, 185

Kindred, clans divided into, 87, 91, 92; becoming exogamous divisions, 87; in Ovung clan, 89; some eponymous, 91; of Nguli enumerated, 92

King-crow, eaten by old people, 76; feathers of (Yizememhi) worn by head-taker, 13; not eaten by ratsen, 165

Kisiyo, village in Rangsi invocation, 126

Kithandro, shed built by bridegroom, 149, 154

Kithang clan, 88; origin, marriage rules of, 90; term used for mother, 95; the story of the —— clan, 185

Kitsoman, fourth item of marriage price, 155

Kiwen, third spear, q.v.

Kizu, leaf as medicine, 80

Kohima, vii; traditions of Lhota sojourn at, xiv, 4; mixed origin of clans in, xx, xxi

Kol-Mon-Annam tribes, once inhabited Naga hills, xvii, xxxvi; connection with Nagas suggested by weapons, xxvi; by hoes, xxvii

Kudámji, Chang clan, 185 n. 2

Kukis, no affection for village site, xv; migratory, xvi; language classification, xvi n. 1, xxxv, xxxvi; attack Makware, xvii; possible northern origin, xvii; physical type, xxii; complexion and hair, xxiii; bury dead, detach head, xxiv; use of bow, xxvii; belief as to earthquakes, 172 n. 1

Kukung, cotton winding-frame, 37

Kuwang clan, 88, 89

Kyon, man: Lhotas’ name for themselves, 1; mynas call, 185

Lakhuti, village, 117; defeats Burmese, receives Brodie well, instigates Butler’s murder, 2; spear through roof as prophylactic, 116; Apfuho’s rock, 176

Land, heritable, not saleable, 98; champo lands, 26, 97; clan lands, 97, 98

Langkam, Ao clan, xxx

Language, 207–225; languages of Naga tribes, classification of, xvi; line of cleavage between north-eastern and other groups, north-eastern group resembles Kuki-Bodo languages, xxxv, xxxvi

Lantsoa (road-making), second portion of marriage ceremony, 148, 149, 154

Lanvung (Angami, Chadangi), path-clearing ceremony, 52; precedes Rangsikam in Akuk, 51

Lapung clan, 88, 90, 91

Laughing thrush, not eaten, 76

Lazemi, village, 90

Leaf, various kinds of, as medicines, 80; bunches of, held to keep off evil influence, 118, 141 n. 2; put over door to denote house as “sacred,” 141

Leech, applied to sprains, protection against bites, 81

Left, associated with female, females sit on ——, 34; bride on, 150, 151, 154; bride’s garment placed on ——, 152; associated with number nine in ceremonies, 47, 49, 128; fire waved from —— to right in Liritang, 54; wings of death chicken hung on —— wall, 157; —— hand used in sacrifices, 34, 128, 140

Legends: see also Folk Tales. Ancestors emerging from earth, xx, 3, 88, 89, 90; ancestors descending from sky, 91 Cloud impregnates daughter of god, xx Fighting stones, xv, xxxiv, 117 Girls emerging from oranges, etc., xv, xxxiv, 188 n. 1 Jungle men, xv, xxi, 89, 90 Kezakenoma stone, 3, 4, 167 Men turned into Gibbons, 92 n. 1, 184 Village site selected by sow littering, 5 Women impregnated by hornbill’s feather, 89

Leggings (chori), 15

Leipzig Museum, hoes in, xxvii

Lemon leaves (tsoshü), as poultice, 80; male after-birth wrapped in, 145; ratsen rubs patient with, 166

Lengka, mythical home of Lhotas and Plainsmen, 3

Lengta (rive), described, 8; ceremonial (phuhorive), 14; hung over grave, 157

Lentamoman, ninth item of marriage price, 155

Lentil (orho), cultivation of, 57

Leopard (mharrtero), hunting of, 66; shields used in hunting, 18; flesh not eaten, 74; protection of goats from, 62; ratsen’s “familiar,” xxxiv n. 2, 164 men (Semas), 164

Leopard cat, eating of, detrimental to crops, 74

Leprosy, cure for, 198, 199

Lhetyak leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, 54, 55

Lhurhui (cubicle), 31; scene of Epuetha, 132; tsoyuta, 148, 154; omen mat placed in, 153; death chicken’s wings chopped on step of, 159

Life after death, 20, 118, 119; see also Dead, The Land of the.

Lightning, customs regarding, 163; connected with rheumatism, 166

Likam: see Rangsikam.

Lime, 82

Limhachan, legendary ancestor of Tompyaktserre phratry, 3, 88

Lingta, first spear, q.v.

Linguistic groups: Aos, xxx, xx; Rengmas, xxxi; S. Konyaks, xxxi; Angamis, xiv, xxxi, xxxii, xxxviii; Lhotas, xiv, xxxii, xxxviii

Liritang, reaping ceremony, 54–56; offering to oha stones prior to, 168

Lisio village, decay and revival of customs in, xii

Lisü “genna,” fertility ceremony, xxx, n. 1

Live-stock, 59–63; abandoned in case of “apotia,” 161

Liye, right bank of Dayang Lhotas, 3 n. 1; dialect, 207

Lizard, beliefs regarding, 116; aid to delivery, 145

Loans, customs as to, 45

Lobeni, dream woman, 170 n. 2

Locusts, in omen-taking, 127

Loko, cotton cleaning bow, 36

Lolo tribe, burn dead, xxiv n. 1

Longchacharr, Ao clan corresponding to Kikung, 92

Longcham, scene of Rampham’s exploits, 197

Longchethang, ancestor of Muri, Othui, and other clans, 90, 167

Long-tailed Broadbills not eaten, 76

Loom described, 38

Loroesü, married woman’s cloth, 11; first wearing of, 150

Lotsü village, founding of, 5, 91; Puthi’s son dies “apotia,” 161 n. 1

Love token, 12 charms, 168

Lozema, Lhotas and Semas part at, 4

Lufas (longchungo), 57, 58

Lung, hole in, repaired by ratsen, 166

Lungchakdhro, chicken sacrificer, 142

Lungcham, legendary village, 4, 5

Lungitang village, S. Sangtam in, 4; Sempinguli clan in, 90; clubs for mock fighting, 110 n. 2

Lungla village, Sempinguli clan in, 90

Lungpensü, Stone-dragger’s cloth, 10, 11

Lungsa village, meaning of name, 21; feud with Pungkitung, 101 n. 1

Lungsachung village, story of founding, 5

Lushai Hills, traces of terrace cultivation, xx

Lushais’ belief as to soul’s passage, 118, 119

Lushei-Kuki northern trek stopped, xvii

Lushei, xvi; origin of, doubtful, xvii

“Lushei-Kuki clans, The,” xxx n. 1, 119 n. 1, 176 n. 3

Lycanthropy, not practised by Angamis and Semas xxxiv. See Tiger-men.

Lyengmei erect dolmens, xxv

Lynngam, xv n. 3, xix, xxviii n. 3

Machan, house built on, xxx; at back of house (khantsung), 30, 31

Madhu rice, kept in baskets, 58; to dogs in purification, 65; of bride’s and bridegroom’s families mixed, 148; in head-taking ceremony, 108; waste, fed to pigs, 61

Madhu rohi (zutsü), manufacture and special uses of, 78; libations of, at champo posts, 27; at Shishang, 139; to drive off evil spirits, 27, 34; round stone before dragging, 142; as cure for effects of drunkenness, 80; husband and wife exchange during childbirth, 145; drunk in marriage preliminaries, 147, 153; by bride and bridegroom, 151; given to Ponyiratsen, 151

Madhu saka (chemcho), manufacture of 78, 79; interchanged in settlement of disputes, 100, 101; libation of, after head-taking, 107; use of, in Epuetha ceremony, 132; sprinkled round stone before dragging, 142

Madhu sieve (cham), 78

Madness, due to Python, 70; a proof of taking false oath, 103; result of sacrificer eating sacrificial flesh, 138

Maggots, removal of, 80

Magic, 121; homœopathic, 121, 125, 130, 131; —— power gained by possession of intimate article, 44

Magpie not eaten, 76

Maibang (“much paddy”), xviii

Maize (tsunghundhro), cultivation, 57; cooking, 78

Makware attacked by Kukis, xvii

Males: all —— receive portions of sacrificial meat, 27; sit on right of celebrant, 34; contribute rice at oyantsoa, 122; tabus affecting males: may not eat rice boiled in water used in thread preparation, 37; have any share in dyeing, 38; in weaving save setting of warp, 39. See Man.

Man: man’s work, basket-making, 43; net-making, 43; fish-poisoning, 71; —— and tiger of common origin, xxxiv. See also Males, Old man, Young man, Married men, Unmarried men.

Mangya village, 21

Manipur, point of contact of Nagas and Kukis, xvi

Manipuris, xxiii; composition of, xxxvi n. 1; belief in vampires, xxxiv n. 2

Manö tribe, xix, xxviii

Manufactures, 36–44

Mao, legendary place of origin of Lhotas and other tribes, 4

Maram tribe, xxviii, xxxvii

Marriage, 147–156; Ceremonies: preliminary, 147, 148; tsoyuta, 148; Lantsoa, 148, 149; halam, 149–151; Ponyiratsen’s, 151–153; exogamous system, 87, 88; rules as regards certain blood relations, mother’s clan, brother’s widow, father’s widow, 95; of adopted persons, 99, 100 price (oman) settlement of, 148; payment by instalments, 87, 155, 156; items of, and recipients, 155; arrangements in case of death of wife, 156; in case of divorce, 112, 156; elder brother pays for younger, 99; paid and received by adopter, 99, 100; not paid for brother’s widow, 95, 155

Married men: recently —— must perform second sowing ceremony, 48; blessed at Tuku, 129

Maru tribe, xxiv n. 1

Mat in omen-taking, 152, 153

Matishi boulder, story of, 117

Mat-mei (real men), Chang term for Nagas, xxii

Matrilineal system, indications of, xxxvi

McCulloch on composition of Manipuris, xxxvi n. 1

Meal, ceremonial in new house, 34; daily meals, 86

Measures: see Mensuration.

Meat, cooking and smoking of, 78; present as overture of marriage, 153; on grave, 158; in offering to dead, 159

Medicine, 78, 81

Medicine Man: see Ratsen.

Megalithic monuments: also see Stone-dragging. Associated with terrace cultivation, xxix; erection by Angamis and Lhotas, xiv; in front of “morungs,” Phoms and Konyaks, xxix n. 2; associated with oha stones, xxx n. 1, 144, 168

Meitheis: see Manipuris.

“Meitheis, The,” xxxvi n. 1

Mekrima, legends regarding, xx

Mekula village, 21

Melanesians, xvii n. 4

Melomi, xxi

Memi, influence on Khoiraos, xviii; legend of origin, xx; physical type, xxi; social organization, xxxii; numbers in 1921, xxxii n. 1

Mensuration, 228, 229

Mering in story of Kithang clan, 185–187

Methama clan, 42

Michem, tree on which afterbirth is hung, 145, 146

Midwife: see Oshangessi.

Migrations considered in detail, xxxvi, xxxvii; from south, xxxv; of Lhotas, xiv; Lushai-Kuki tribes, xvii; from north, xxxv, xxxvi; from Nepal and Tibet, xvi; traditions among Lhotas, xv, 3; from east, xxxvi; Rengmas, xiv; from Southern China, xvii

Mikir Hills, Rengmas enter, xiv, xxi

Mikirs, Bodo tribe, from Nepal and Tibet, xvi, xvii; language, xvi n. 1; shouldered hoe, xxvii; killed by Lhotas, 1

Milk, use of, 61

Millet (lichophuk), cultivation of, 57

Mills, Mr. J. P., xv, xi, xii, xiii; regarding Ung, xxxiii n. 1; familiar spirit, xxxiv n. 2; yanthang, xxvi n. 1

Mingetung (head-tree), description of sacredness and importance of, 28, 29; selection necessary before founding new village, 5, 29; theft of branch of old, 6, 29; fall of branch necessitates oyantsoa ceremony, 29, 122; fencing of, 124; oha stones kept under, 28, 29, 166; heads of enemies hung in, 28, 108, 162 n. 1; dummy heads hung in, 129; of Phiro, xxxix, 29

Mingishi, death dues for wife, 156

Minivet, not eaten, 75

Mint: see Rarakham.

Mipongsandre (“Fire-smoke-conquering men”), phratry, xxxviii, 88; clans in, 88, 90, 91; tradition of origin, 88, 167

Miri Tribe, xvi n. 4

Mishmis, from Nepal and Tibet, xvi; Linghi sept from south, xvi n. 4; method of disposing of dead, xxiv n. 1

Mission, American Baptist, xi

Mithan (tsiro), keeping of, 59, 60; “gennas” for calving, 60; regarded as sign of wealth, 59; of superiority, 89; mode of measuring, 229; sacrificed, 140, 159; bull may be substituted, 137; blemishes which render unfit for sacrifice, 137; meat not eaten by sacrificer or his household, 138, 141; cutting up of, 140, 141; disposal of skull and horns, 141; precautions as to sale, 44 horn on ceremonial helmet, 19; carved on champo posts, 25, 43; representation of, on Stone-dragger’s roof, 34; head placed on man’s grave, 155; kept by widow as sign of perpetual widowhood, 155 shoulder-blades as shovels, 23 “Mock fight,” described, 110, 111; at marriage, 151 n. 1; between young men and women at “morung” rebuilding, 28

Mock head hunt, 128

Moilang village, 66

Mokokchung, v, xi

Mole, deer of the dead, 120

Money, thrown away in case of “apotia,” 161, 162; oha stones kept with, 167

Monglema kindred, 92

Mongsen, Ao linguistic group of, xxx; numbers in 1921, xxxii n. 1

Mongsentung, leaves as medicine for eyes, 81

Mongyi: see Soul.

Monkey, scaring of, 53; hunting, 67; trap, 68; not eaten by young women, 77

Mon-Khmêr, Lhota possible connection with, xv; intermingled with Bodo, xvii n. 4; possibly once in Naga hills, xxxvi

Monoliths: see Megalithic monuments.

Months, names of, 226, 227

Montsai, soul-caller, qualifications for, and duties, 133–136; perquisites, 134, 135

Moon, beliefs regarding, 172, 173

Morakcho village, 115, 117

Morals, 19; not due to his religion, 121

Morung (bachelors’ house): also see Champo. Common to most Assam tribes and to Oraon, 24 n. 1; enemy’s head exposed in front of, xxix n. 2; animal or bird tied to post of, 25 n. 1; of Aos and Konyaks, 24

Motharatsen ceremony, described, 49, 50

Mother, use of different words for, divide tribes into two linguistic groups: Aos, xxx, xxxi; Angamis, xiv, xxxi, xxxii, xxxviii; Lhota, xiv, xxxii, xxxviii, 93, 94 note; Rengmas, xxxi

Mother’s father or brother receives first item of marriage price, 155

Moyoyanthang clan, 88, 91

Mozoi clan, 88, 90

Mozoi Rangpang: see Rangpang, 90

Mpongki, front room, 32, 33; described, 30; servants, bridegroom sleep in, 31; pigs kept in, 61; hens sit in, 63; at head-taking ceremony sacrificial offering hung in, 108; miniature hearths made in, 139; chicken sacrificed in, 142; omen mat placed inside door into lhurhui, 153; death chicken’s wing cut on step, 159; infants buried in, 160

Mshe etak (the eating of first-fruits), described, 53, 54; Phi-tsong-lung in, 167

Muksü, girl’s cloth, 11

Murder, punishment for, 101; relations of murderer and victim can never eat together, 101

Muri clan, 88; origin of, 90; connections, 91; corresponding clans, 92

Music, 85, 86

Musical instruments, 85

Mustard (hangi), 58

Muzamuza, Sema deity, 116 n. 1

Naga-Bodo language group, xvi, xix

Naga Labour Corps, 78; song on return, 205

“Naga tribes of Manipur, The,” 124 n. 1, 199 n. 1

Nails, clippings of, 169

Names, giving of, 145; false names, 145, 169; private names, 169; namesakes are friends, 104, 169; of dogs, 61, 62; of khels, 24; of pigs, 61; of villages, 21

Namsang, village dance on “morung” roof, 27

Nangkamo, wailing fiends, 116

Nankam village, sale of slave for slaughter, 109, 230; freed slave in, 111

Napa, boulder, 117

Navel string, disposal of, beliefs regarding, 145

’Nchemo, Potsos visit, 114

’Nchuko (hearth-bringers), duties, 126; in Shishang ceremony, 139

Ndrangtso, month, 226

Ndri, month, 226

Ndrung, group of villages, 3

Necklace, of plantain seeds, 12, 13; of boar’s tushes, 12; of sword-beans on mithan calves, 60

Needle (otyam), 40

Negrito, type found, xxiii

Nepal, immigration from, xvi

Nets, making of, men’s work, 43; use of, 72

Nettles, as whips for children, 102; as village defence, 186

New, fire, in village founding, 6; in new house, 34. See Fire-stick. bamboo, in village founding, 6 “chunga,” in ceremonies, 34, 50, 127 cooking-pot in ceremonies, 50, 51 cloth in soul-calling, 136 basket in Sirosi ceremony, 127 lechapsü in final offering to the dead, 160

Ngari village, xviii

Ngaromuchung, “first carrier,” 146

Ngazo, godlet, 115, 183

Nguli, clan, 88; origin of, 90; kindreds in, 92; corresponding clans, 92; term for mother, 95; sacrifices bull in Etha, 140; in Tsingaki, 24

Nicknames, 224, 225

Nicotine, sipped as pick-me-up, 82

Nightjar, not eaten, 76

Nine, associated with left side, 47, 49, 128, 134; in Pyotsoja sacrifice, 125

Ningetung, tree, 28

Niro, fish poison, 70, 161 n. 1

Niroyo village, vi, 5; meaning of name, 21; water supply, 29; Potsos’ seed rice, 114; rain-compelling, 131

Nnung, month, 226

Nose, Angami, Sema, xxii; people with inverted noses, xxvii n. 1

Nritangpeng, memorial trophy, 22, 159

Numbers, affected by sex, xxv. See Four, Five, Six, Eight, Nine, Ten, Twelve, Sixteen, Twenty-three, Thirty, Sixty, Sixty-four

Nungkamchung village, 181, 187

Nungnung, medicine from bark, 80

Nungying village, 14

Nungyung leaves, in ceremonies, 47, 48

Nvaman, third item in marriage price, 155

Nyimshamo kindred, 144, 168

Nyok, evil emanation, 118

Nzuiman, second item in marriage price, 155

Oath, taken on tiger’s tooth, 102; on swearer’s hair, on stolen property, on earth from latrine and grave, on wood of “apotia” house, on soil of disputed land, 103; on Deolung, 103, 117; on broken iron, 187 n. 2; storm as result of false oath, 103, 104

O’Callaghan, Mr. T. P. M., on Mishmi migration, xvi n. 4

Officials: lay, Ekyung, Sotsoi, Pangi, q.v.; religious, 121–126; Puthi, Yenga, Wokchung, ’Nchuko, Sorhung, q.v.

Oha (luck-stones), described, 166, 167; luck of village and champo depends on, 25, 166; stealing of, from old and depositing in new village, 6, 25, 166; removal and replacement at champo rebuilding, 26, 27; counting of, in Oyantsoa, 124, 166; inspected at Pikuchak, 168; offerings made to, at Liritang, 168; owner eats pig’s head in Liritang, 55; associated with erection of monoliths, xxx n. 1, 144, 166

Oil seed (pentsü), cultivation of, 58

Okisityingo, good genius of house, 115; precautions against escape in Potsokam, 132

Okotso village, vi, 127; meaning of name, 21; decay and revival of custom in, xii; heirloom yanthang, 3; varieties of rice used in, 56; tea cultivated, 59; slave sold to Nankam, 111

Old, man or men, saws elephant tusk, 12; employed as intermediary to avert ill luck, 44; may act for Ponyiratsen, 48; eats sacrificial fowl in Rangsikam, 51; purifies dogs, 65; their share in tiger hunt, 66; eat stomach of sacrificial pig, 129; performs Epuetha, acts as montsai, 133; spears mithan in Tsirotsoala, 140; and takes stomach, 141; sacrifices chicken, 142; acts as Hantsen, 148; marriage ceremonies, 153, 154, 157; in connection with “apotia” death, 161, 162

Old people, in Liritang ceremony, 55; eat fish found in cat-fish, 72; food tabus less important for, than for young, 74; various birds and beasts which only—may eat, 75–77; eat sacrificial meat in Head-taking “genna,” 109

Old woman, red dyeing only done by, 37; acts as Ponyiratsen, 151; eats the same food as old men, 77; attends wife of Stone-dragger, 143; accompanies bridegroom, 153, 154

Oldest man of “khel,” in dog sacrifice at champo rebuilding, 27, 28; of house-builders exorcises evil spirits, 34; in village becomes Puthi, 122 n. 1; eats Sityingo’s share of deer killed, 65

Omen of death, 158; of long life, 158; of killing barking deer, 65; hiccough bad for head hunter, 106 in dreams, 171, 172

Onion (sandhra), charm against evil spirits, 169

Ophthalmia, cure for, 136

Opium, use of, 82

Opya post, 47; ceremonies connected with, 123; possible meaning of, 124; pig speared at, 129; miniature, set up, 128

Opyachama, traditional site of opya, 123

Ora, grub, 49

Orange (tsampen or khongkeng, bitter; tsampenyimo, foolish orange), cultivation and trade in, 58, 59

Orchid root (wokoloha, pigs’ luck-stone), 61 n. 1 stalk in ear ornaments, 11, 13; in leggings, 15

Organization, social, Angamis, xiv, xx, xxviii, xxxii; Aos, xxx; Konyaks, xxxi; Rengmas, xiv, xxxi; Chishilimi, xxxii n. 2; Lhotas, xiv, xxviii, xxxii, 88–93

Orhendhreni; Orhendhromo, grave of, 117

Orho, seeds sown in Thruven, 47

Ornamentation, of baskets, 43; of cloths, chequer, 31, 43, 40; string, 40; twill, 43; cross-warp, 43

Ornaments, 11–15; use of, in soul-calling, 136; removed from graves at Tuku, 130, 159; buried with dead, 157; return of, in case of divorce, 156

Orrülama, hair of “heads,” 107

Orungu leaves waved, 54

Oshangessi, midwife, duties, 145–147

Osoni-woala sacrifice, 140

Oten, month, 226

Othui clan, 88; origin of, 90; connected with Ezong and Tsangle, 91; with Wotsami, 92 n. 1, 185 n. 2; Puthi of, at Pangti, 167

Otter, as aid to fishing, 73; eaten by Aos and Changs, not by Lhotas, 75

Otyai-etsoman main marriage price, 155, 156

Ovung clan, 88, 89

Owlet not eaten, 76; tale of, 196

Oyantsoa, village-making ceremony, 47; description of, 122–125; in Okotso, xii; necessary at first founding, 6, 122; should mingetung lose a branch, 29, 122; on appointment of new Puthi, 122; to increase fertility, 122; offerings made to Tchhüpfu at, 115

Palisade, in tiger hunt, 66

Palm (oko) leaves for thatch, 25, 30

Pan (lamo), cultivation of, 59; chewing, 82

Pangashari, chant, 27

Pangi, 97

Pangolin, not eaten by young women, 77; by parents during pregnancy, 144; beliefs regarding killing of, 144 n. 1

Pangti, village, vi, 21, 23, 90, 120, 137, 138; views on missionaries, xi; ambushed Captain Butler, 2; Kezakenoma stone preserved at, 4, 167; head of an Ao league, 96; Sirosi ceremony, 127; stone-dragging, 141; Labour Corps song, 205

Panji, in defences, 21, 22; in approach to field-house, 51; to impale deer, 52; in pitfalls, 67; below tree in which corpse is exposed, 162 basket, 13

Parrot, children of eaters of, will pinch friends, 75

Pathong clan, 88, 89; sacrifices bull in Etha, 140

Pawsey, Mr. C. R., 143 n. 1

Peal, Mr., xxvii

Pellet-bow, xxvii, xxviii

Pembvo, xiv; gravestone, 143 n. 1

Pepfüma, Angami linguistic group, xxxi; numbers in 1921, xxxii; corresponding Lhota phratry, xxxviii; legend of origin, xx

Pezoma, Angami linguistic group, xxxi; numbers in 1921, xxxii; corresponding Lhota phratry, xxxviii; legend of origin, xx

Phallic post at Lisü “genna,” xxvi n. 1

Phangdhrap, cloth of Wozütana performer, 10, 138

Phekekrima, Angami village, x

Philippines, suggested connection of Nagas with, xxvi, xxvii, xxix, xxxvii

Phiro, village, 4; mingetung of, xxxix, 29; belle of, 106; use of term Puki, 122 n. 1; dream-woman, 170 n. 2

Phiyosao, sad result of wild dog diet, 75

Phom tribe, cave-woman as ancestress, xxi; facial resemblance to Memi and Tengima, xxii n. 1; Negrito type, xxiii; monolith, xxix; sale of slave for slaughter, 110

Phratries, 92; among Lhotas and Angamis, xiv, xxxii, xxxviii; names, divisions and origins of Lhota, 87 et seq.

Phukirongti, leaf used as emery paper, 43

Pig (woko); also see Boar; keeping of, 60, 61; “genna” for birth of, 61; scavengers, 23; sacrificed, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 120, 129, 131, 140, 142, 149, 159; killed for feasts, 26, 27, 52, 106, 138, 139, 142; association with oha, 55; gall of, medicine, 79; in marriage ceremonies, 149; method of measuring, 229 wild (oni or lipung), damage crops, 56; interbreed with tame, 61; hunting of, 65, 66, 67

Pigeons (vephu), 63

Pikuchak, agricultural ceremony, 127; described, 128, 129; village fence outlined at, 22; tsoyuta, ceremony at, 148; oha looked at, 168

Pipe (tsintsanmukukhu, murimukukhu), 81, 82

Pitfalls (soku), 67

Pith (shambuk, shamburi) in Ponyiratsen’sceremony, 151; in final offering to dead, 160

Piwhema, reputed first home of Angamis, xx

Plainsmen, traditional common origin of Lhotas and, 3

Plantain (echamyuti), 59; cooking of, 78 leaves as cups, 35, 143; for Potsos, 114; strips of, over ears of bride and bridegroom, 151 seed beads (eshe), 12, 13, 43, 44 stem, blackened as offering in soul-calling, 134

Plates, brass (pyabi), wearing of, 14; in soul-calling, 15

Platform (eno), for ghost, 160

Playfair, Lieut.-Col., xxviii n. 3, xxxiv n. 1, 160 n. 2, 172 n. 2

Poison, not used on arrows, 18; suicides by, 20, 82; women’s knowledge of, 82 n. 1; used in fishing, 70, 71; for method of use see Fishing.

Polity, village —— in different tribes, xxxiii; among Lhotas, 96, 97

Polynesians, Turanian origin, xvii

Pomegranate (tsaramtiven), 59

Pongen, Ao clan, xxx; corresponding clans, xxxi, 92

Pongrr, same as Pongen.

Pontengcho, leaves as medicine, 80

Ponyiratsen (man and wife magicians), qualifications necessary, 151; duties in marriage ceremonies, 151, 152, 153; in second sowing ceremony, 48

Ponyiratsentung, tree, 152

Porcupine (liso), hunting of, 66; stomach of, as medicine, 80; quills worn in ear, 11

Pork, offered in ceremonies, 6, 48, 49, 50, 128, 134; distributed to Rangsikam performers, 50; as aperient, 79; eating competition, 84

Posts, of champo (humtse, humtse tachungo), carved, 25, 26; skin of “head” attached to, 25, 107; oha placed at foot of, 25, 166 of house, offerings to, 131, 132 memorial, Y-shaped, erected in place of monoliths, xxix, xxx, 144 n. 1; similar to Dimapur monoliths, xxix, 144 n. 1; as spirit of fertility, xxx n. 1, 144 n. 1; ascribed to Bodo influence, xxxvi, 144 n. 1; erected by Wa, xxxvi n. 3; by Lhotas (tsongzü) 144, 184 n. 1

Pot, making of, and tabus connected, 40, 41; women’s work, 41; prohibited during an emung, 26

Pot, cooking, varieties of, 36; abandoned after sacrifice, 6, 50

Potso (gods), 113 et seq.; many worlds of, 172, 173; rain and hail due to, 173; prayers to, 115, 124

Potsokam (“Present to Potso”), ceremony described, 131, 132; not performed during six days before Lanvung, 52

Potsophü, “Potso’s axes,” i.e. celts, 115

Potsotsitam, seed-case, 115

Poultices, 80

Prayer, 121; in agricultural ceremonies, of cultivator, 48, 51, 55; of Puthi, in village founding, 5; in Mshe etak, 50, 53; in Rangendri, 129; in dog purifying, 65; in sacrifices to Potsos, 115; by house-master at Potsokam, 131; by old man, 132; for Stone-dragger, 143; of Hantsen, 148; of Ponyiratsen, 152; for village (dranda) purport of, 127; in Puthi installation, 123; Sirosi, 127; Pikuchak, 128; Tsirotsoala, 140; by Wokchung before Shishang, 139

Pregnancy, tabus during, 77, 144, 145; during —— woman may not act as escort to bride, 150

Priest (for Lhota priest see Puthi), among Angamis hereditary, xxxiii; among Konyaks, combined with chieftainship, xxxiii; of Ung clan, Changs, xxxiii n. 1

Prohibitions: general; also see Emung. No one may—spread clothes on a granary, 23; watch dyeing of thread, 38; watch shaping or firing of pots, 41; sell, kill, touch tiger’s kill, and perform certain “gennas” during six days before Lanvung, 52; join Liritang ceremony after its commencement, 54; sell or kill anything or bring meat from tiger’s kill into village during Tuku, 129 Special prohibitions affecting males, females, strangers, etc. will be found under appropriate headings.

Property, laws regarding, 97, 98 of deceased abandoned in case of “apotia,” 161

Puchatsuma, clan, xx, xxx n. 1

Puki: see Puthi.

Pun, Lhotas’ love for, 180

Pungkitung, village, 101 n. 1

Punishment, in inter-village dispute, 100; for murder, adultery, theft, 101; breaking emung, 101–102

Purification, of hunting dogs, 64, 65; of those in touch with “apotia,” 160–162

Puthi’s dues in champo rebuilding, 27; in fish-poisoning, 72 wife, accompanies Puthi in Thruven, 47; in Amungkam, 50; cuts first-fruits, 53

Putting the weight (olungeyen), 83

Puzzi, stone, 117 n. 1

Pyabi, heirloom, 4

Pyopsü village, 117

Pyotsoja, ceremony, 125

Python (ongam, but sosiyo if an article of diet), causes loss of way, remedy, 70; customs as to eating, 77; gall of, as medicine, 80

Quiver (lotsiphu), 18

Quoireng, spearing ceremony, 124

Raft, 158; miniature bears Tchhüpfu’s offerings, 125

Rake (keya), 47

Raid: see War and Head-hunting.

Raider of enemy’s field, insignia, 13

Railway carriage, portion of, as omen, 114

Rain, compelling ceremonies, 130, 131; fortelling, 50; caused by Potsos, 173

Rain-shields (phuchyo), 11; ornamentation, 43; gift to bride, 148

Ramo “genna,” description, 108; boy’s ears pierced at, 8

Ramphan, Lhota hero, 16; spears a Nangkamo, 116; “The Story of ——,” 197, 199

Ranchamo thanked for help, vi

Rangpang clan, 88; origin of, 99

Rangendri ceremony, 129

Rangsi, deity of crops, 50, 115; sacrifice and prayers to, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56; critical of tunes, 85; summoned to fill rice baskets, 126

Rangsikam or Likam, agricultural ceremony, 51; notice of, given, 50

Rangsi’s load, 55

Rangsitsa (calling Rangsis), described, 125, 126

Rangti, breaker-off of fragment of Kezakenoma stone, 167

Rankhanda, or Rhankhantang, 3, 88; imprisons Khyuham, 116

Rarakham wild mint, in scapegoat ceremony, 134; in stone-dragging, 142; worn at “gennas,” 169

Rat, jungle, offered in scapegoat ceremony, 135

Ratsen, medicine man, 79; selection, inauguration, 164; visited by Potsos, 113, 114; consulted in illness, 133, 134, 135, 165; ratsen’s stone, 164, 166; ratsen’s familiar (sonyo), 164, 165; food tabus of, 165, 166; tabus connected with visits from Potsos, 114

Ratzel, division of Indonesian races, xxxii; regarding hoes, xxvii; bows, xxviii; moon, 172 n. 3

Reaping ceremonies, 54–56; method of, 55; similarity of methods evidence of affinity, xxviii

Red, predominating skin colour among Nagas, xxii; in head-taker’s ornaments, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19; in women’s ear ornaments, 13; to dream of, presages someone being wounded, 172

Red-headed Trogon, not eaten, 76

Reed, in omen-taking, xiv; symbolical of sunny weather, 114

Reincarnation, 119

Relation, nearest present buries corpse of “apotia,” 160

Relationship, Table of, 93, 94; special terms in certain cases, 95

Religion, 113–173; Lhotas non-moral, 121

Remphi, feasting day in Tuku, 130

Rengma tribe, migrations, xiv, xxi, 4, 91; dual system, xiv, xxxi; bury dead, xxiv; method of sowing, xxix; monoliths, xxix; make bands for rükhusü, 10; weapons and tools, 17, 42; lizard on head-taker’s cloth, 116 n. 2; younger brother’s intercourse with wife of elder, 154 naked, branch off at Melomi, xxi; terrace cultivation, xxviii

Rephyim, village, performance of head-taking ceremony over fellow-tribesman’s head causes “khel” to die out, 104 n. 1; opya ceremony in, 123

Rezüyo leaves, on horns of sacrificial mithan, 140; on ceremonial cups, 143

Rheumatism, cure for, 166

Rhinoceros bone as fertility charm, 167

Rhisa, poison, 82

Right, males sit on, 34; bridegroom’s place on, 150, 151, 154; husband’s garment on, 152; associated with number ten, 47, 49, 128

Ritsenshandre, kindred, 92

Rivers, Professor, suggested relationship table, 93

Roller, Indian, not eaten except by old people, 76

Rongorongyi, month, 226

Roof, of house, making of, 30–34; decoration of Stone-dragger’s and Puthis’, 34; omen “chunga” hidden in, 109; hole cut in, at death, 157 of champo, making of, dance on, 27 of field-house, four blades of grass from, burnt in Liritang ceremony, 157

Rüho, warrior’s ornament, 14

Rükhusü (enemy-frightening-cloth), v, 10

Sachema, xxxi

Sacrifice, necessary to keep gods pleased, 113

Sacrifice, human, Major Butler’s account of, remarks thereon, 230–231; head-hunting degenerated into, 109 of boar, of chicken, of cock, of dog, of hen, of pig; see under respective headings.

Saki, village, point in Lhota migration, 4; use of term Puki, 122 n. 1

Salt, obtained by barter, 44; interest on loan of, 45; use of, in cooking, 74, 78; in tempering iron, 42; put on pig’s head at Liritang, 54; given to mithan, 60, 140

Sambhur (sepu), hunting, 64; big insects omen of killing, 65; “The Story of the Sambhur and the Hanuman Monkey,” 175

Sangsu, leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, 54

Sangtam tribe, place of origin, xiv, xix; —— blood in Semas, xviii n. 2, xix; in Lhotas, xxxvii; connection with Tamans, xix, xx; bury dead, xxiv; war drum, xxviii; monoliths, xxix; democratic government, xxxiii Southern, tradition of common ancestor of ——, Lhotas, Semas and Rengmas, 4; use of tsonak, 15; spread culture of limes and pomelos, 58 n. 1; disposal of enemies’ heads, 108 n. 1

Santemo, thanked for help, vi

Satami, village, sells piece of “Head,” 25

Scapegoat (chicken) ceremony, 134, 135

Scimitar Babbler, not eaten, 75

Seleku, village, vi; meaning of name, 21; pet pig in, 62

Sempinguli clan, 88; descended from Sema fugitives, 90; term used for mother, 95

Serow (tsiyo), hunting of, 64; use of horns, 18, 81; not eaten by young women, 77; ghost —— of Okotso, 170

Sesame, cultivation of, 58

Settlement of disputes, 100–102

Sexes, separation of, at new house sacrifice, 34

Sexual act, effect on miraculous stone of Kezakenoma, 3 n. 2; intercourse, see Chastity.

Shakespear, Lt.-Col. J., v, xxx n. 1, 84 n. 1, 118, 176 n. 3 Col. L. W., on Lhotas, 19

Shamashari, chant, 106, 107, 123, 124

Shambemo, thanked for help, vi

Shans, xvii

Shelves (theka), 35

Shetri clan, 88; origin of, 90; corresponding clan, 92 n. 1; term used for mother, 95

Shield (otsung), of bamboo, 18, 43; of hide, 18; use of, in tiger hunts, 66; in mock fighting, 110

Shiong, Konyak village, xxiii n. 2

Shishang or Wozüyua, second Social genna, 138, 139

Shohemi clan, 92

Shotokuk, month, 226

Shovels of cattle’s shoulder-blades, 23

Shrew mouse, 120 n. 1

Shungentsore kindred, 92

Sickle (vekhua), 55; in Mshe etak, 53; omen-taking, 153

Silence, in ceremonies, of wife in dog purifying, 64; of cultivator before first sowing, 46; by makers of fishing weirs, 73; of bride and bridegroom, 150; household of “apotia,” 162; by mock raiders, 129

Singeing of sacrificial animal, 50, 134, 149, 151; prohibited, 6

Singpho tribe, affinities and connections, xv, xviii, xx; come from direction of Nepal and Tibet, xvi, xxxvi; burn dead, xxiii, xxiv; use of cross-bow, xxvii

Sityingo (Angami Tsikeo), Divine owner of wild animals, 115; snicks ears of deer, 64; prayer to, in dog purifying, 65; share of deer killed, 65; “The Story of —— and Ngazo,” 183

Sityingonguli clan, 88; origin, 90; term for mother, 95

Six, important number, connected with males: —— days’ “genna” for birth of a boy, 145, 146; of a bull calf, 60; —— beads in bull calf necklace, 60; in omen-taking for a male, 134; —— days’ “genna” for death of a man, 158; —— pieces of meat over man’s grave, 158; —— cuts on death chicken’s wings, 159; —— pieces of meat in final offering to dead (male), 159, 160; —— nights’ chastity before head-taking ceremony, 108; in connection with sacrifices and ceremonies, 48, 54, 65, 128, 131, 133, 139, 151, 154, 162; with death of tiger, 164 n. 1

Sixteen, two packets of —— pieces of cock’s flesh waved eight times before bride and bridegroom, 148

Sixty pieces of pork offered in Potsokam, 131; in soul-calling, 134; two offerings of thirty pieces of pork, 6, 151, 152

Sixty-four, eight bundles of eight “chungas,” 151

Skin, colour of, in different Naga tribes, xxii, xxiii; of Lhotas, 6 of animals eaten, 78

Skirt (sürham), described, 9; girl’s first (khondrosü), 9, 147

Sky, spirits in, xx, xxxiv; Potsos live in, 113, 172; land of the dead, xxxiv; beliefs regarding, 172

Slave (’ndri), thief sold as, 101; treatment of, 111; bought for slaughter, 110

Slavery, 111

Snake, sight of, proves spot unfit for a jhum, 46; not eaten, 77; parents must not kill, during mother’s pregnancy, 145; as ratsen’s familiar, 164; big —— cause of earthquakes, 172; bite, cupping for, 81

Snares, 67

Soap, substitute for, 83

Solhima, linguistic group, xxxi, xxxii

Songs, 85; specimens of, 200–206; “enemy-songs,” 143; also see Chants.

Sontsoman, seventh item in marriage price, 155

Sonyo, ratsen’s familiar, 164

Soot (lire), for medicine, 80; use in soul-calling, 134

Sorhung (meat-dividers), 126

Sotsoi (meat-eaters), village elders, 96, 97

Soul, beliefs regarding, 118 et seq.; souls of enemies killed benefit slayers’ village, offerings to ——, 107; soul’s passage to Land of the Dead, 118 et seq.; final departure from old haunts, 155; duality of, 118; omon, the external soul, 118; loss of, cause of illness, recalling of, 15, 79, 118, 133–136; talks to dreamer (hahang), 120; footmarks of, as omen of death, 130; of tiger, 67 mongyi (stupid soul), 118

Soul-caller, Montsai, q.v.

Sowing (see also Jhum and Agricultural ceremonies), Kalyo-Kengyu break up corpses at, xxv; diverse methods of, xxv, 49

Sparrow, not eaten, 76

Spear (otso), cultural evidence of affinity, xxvi; description of Lhota, 16, 17; place of keeping, 35; ceremonial of religious officials (phui), 17, 122; belief regarding —— broken by tiger, 66, 163; to keep off illness, 116; jabbed in ground to frighten evil spirits, 135; stuck on grave, 158; shaving off shaft thrown away in case of “apotia,” 161; miniature —— in final offering to the dead, 160; spears and daos scraped together in Epuetha, 132; of bridegroom 150, 154 first, Lingta; second, Ethung; third, Kiwen, in head hunt, 106, 12, 14; in deer, bear or pig hunt, 65, 66

Spider hunter, only eaten by old people, 75

Spindle (humtsi), 36, 37

Spinning, women’s work, 36, 37

Spirit, of sky, xx; of dead, see Soul. evil (tsandhramo), kept off by ginger, 27, 34; by fire, 48, 54; by “madhu,” 34, 55; by mint (rarakham), 134, 142, 169; by burning brand and ashes, 133, 134; exorcised, 34, 132, 151–152; deceived by false name, 145; illness attributed to, 99, 116, 133; detains sick man’s soul, 133–136

Sprain, cupping for, 81

Squirrel, unlucky to meet, 150 flying, tabus regarding, 75; soul of, shelters soul of slayer on passage to Land of the Dead, 118

Stars, beliefs regarding, 173

Stick insect, omen of childless marriage, 127

Stocks, 102, 105

Stomach, of porcupine as medicine, 80; Puthi eats —— of pig sacrificed, 50 ache, medicine for, 79, 80

Stone-dragger, insignia of, in dress, 13, 14; in his house, 30, 34, 141; must perform second sowing ceremony, 47, 48; receives share of sacrificial meat in Amungkam, 50; —— and household only get head of bull killed, 143 wife or widow of, qualified to be Ponyiratsen, 151

Stone-dragging ceremonies, described, 141–144; rules as to repetition, 136, 137

Stone implements, xxvii n. 2, 163

Stones, fighting, stories of, xv, xxxiv, 117

Stools, 35

Store-room (bhuritheng), 31, 36

Stories: see Folk Tales and Legends.

Stranger (i.e. person of another village), may not enter or quit village during an emung, 26; enter new house till earth on machan is dry, 35; before family start for jhum at Rangsikam, 52; of Puthi in Mshe etak, 53; during calf-birth “genna,” 60; at dog purifying, 64; of intended Stone-dragger, 141; during birth “genna,” 146; may not help in threshing, 56; touch meal prepared for soul, 136; be spoken to by weir-maker, 73; by Stone-dragger, 143; by parents after birth, 146; by household of “apotia,” 158; be given “madhu” by performer of Wozütana, 138; held to ransom for breach of emung, 101

String of cross-bow (tchhütsang), 18; carrying —— cut to shorten death agony, 157

Suckling, period of, 147

Suicide, Lhotas prone to, 20, 82

Sumatra, use of hoe in, xxvii; bow, xxviii

Sun, beliefs regarding, 172

Sun-bird, not eaten, 75

Süpang, woman’s cloth, 11

Sütam, cloth of those who have performed no social “gennas,” 9, 10

Süwo, fish, danger of catching with rod, 74

Swallow, not eaten, 76

Swallow-shrike, not eaten, 77

Swemi, point of contact of Semas and Khoiraos, xviii

Swiftlets, not eaten, 75, 76

Swimming, Lhotas expert in, 70, 72

Sword-bean (khuro), in mithan’s necklace, 60; in khurocho as soap, 83

Symbolical articles brought by Potsos, 114; —— dreams, 171

Synteng, xv n. 2

Tai races, possible connections, xxiii; immigration of, xvii, xxxviii

Tail (tsichap and tsongotsichap), in ceremonial dress, 13, 14 of puppy, cutting and care of, 62

Taman tribe, immigration of, xvii, xvi; possible connections, xix, xx

Tamanthi, xix

Tamlu, xviii; dance on “morung,” 27

Tang village, fuzzy-haired clan, xxiii n. 2.

Tangkhul tribe, habitat once in Angami occupation, xx; origin, xxi, xxxvii; bury dead, xxiv; dao suggests Igorot connection, xxvii; terrace cultivation, xxviii; houses on ground level, xxx; governed by elders, xxxiii; ghost houses, 160 n. 1

Taro (mani), varieties and cultivation, 57; pigs fed on, 61; offered in scapegoat ceremony, 134; to release soul, 135; Konyaks prefer, to rice, xxix giant, leaves used, 58

Tarrlung, 117

Tattoo, not practised by Lhotas, 8; among Aos, xxx; Konyaks, xxxi

Tchhüpfu (Water master), particulars of, 115; ceremony in honour of, 125; anger of, 161 n. 1; objects to novices making weir, 73; stories about, 182

Tea, cultivation of, 59

Temphak, berries and leaves as medicines, 80

Ten, important number, associated with “right” in ceremonies, 47, 49, 128, 134; with offerings at ceremonies, 47, 49, 125, 128, 134, 151; —— days’ interval in Oyantsoa, 124, 125

Tengima, sub-tribe, xxi, xxxi n. 2, xxxii; number in 1921, xxxii n. 1

Tephri sept, origin of, 42 n. 1

Teprima = foreigner, xxxii n. 1.

Tera, ear ornament, 13

Terraced cultivation, distribution of, xxxviii, xxix; traces of, in Lushai Hills, xx; associated with megalithic monuments, xxix; Mr. Hutton’s views of origin of, xxxvii