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Islam and the Divine comedy

Part 4 — INDEX

Harold Sunderland translation

Aaraf, El, derivation of, 83

Abbas, Ibn, 9, 87, 136

Abd Allah, son of Rawaha, 5

Abd Allah, voyage of, 212

Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak, 133

Abd Allah ibn Sahloh, 245

Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan, Caliph, torture of, 104

Abd ar-Rabihi, 9, 24

Abd ar-Rahman ibn Awf, legend of, 229

Abd ar-Rahman ibn Zayd, 133

Abraham, Garden of, 134

Abu Aldunya, Ibn, 224;

hadith by, 230

Abu Bakr, 41

Abu Dolaf al-Ijli, in purgatory, 117

Abu Hurayra, hadith of, 229

Abu Jahl, 91

Abu Kabir al-Hudali, the poet, 59

Abu Lahab, 58

Abu Laith, 39

Abu-l-Ala al-Maarri, the blind poet, 55;

history, 55 n;

Risala al-ghufran, 55-67, 74, 135

Abu-l-Hasan al-Ashari, 109

Abu-l-Hasan, Ali, 55 n

Abu Said al-Khadari, 183

Abu Talib, 5

Abu Ubayda, 56

Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 45

Accorso, Francisco de, 64

Acheronte, the monster, 186

Ad, wind of, 97, 173

Adam’s Peak, 124

Adelard of Bath, 257 n

Adim, or surface, 88

Ahmed ibn Abu-l-Hawari, 132

Al-Akhtal, the poet, 59

Al-Asmai, 56

Al-Awzai, legend of, 224

Albaida, Mount, 106

Alberic, Vision of, xvi, 191

Albumazar, 261

Aleppo, 55 n

Alexander the Great, 180;

voyage of, 204, 215

Alfarabius, 160, 261

Alfraganius, 261

Al-Futuhat al-makkiya, or the Revelations of Mecca, 47-51

Al-Gassaq, or infection, 90

Algazel, the great moralist, 79, 261;

Minhaj, 44 n;

views on paradise, 137;

Ihia, 162, 164, 189, 209;

theory of the Beatific Vision, 162;

hadith by, 228

Al-Hajjaj, torture of, 104

Al-Hasan, hadith by, 228

Al-Hatma, or greedy fire, 88

Al-Hawiya, or abysm, 88

Al-Hazan, or sorrow, 90

Al-Horayfish, 45 n

Al-Hutaiya, the poet, 58

Ali, 87, 216, 260;

torture of, 103

Ali al-Talhi, 132

Al-Idrisi, 206

Al-Jahim, or intense fire, 88

Al Jahiz, Book of Animals or Hayawan, 107 n, 208, 214 n

Al-Khabal, or ruin, 90

Al-Khansa, the poetess, 58

Alpetragius, 261

Alphonso VI, Conqueror of Toledo, 244;

marriage, 244

Alphonso X, or the Wise, 244;

Governor of Murcia, 245;

Grand e General Estoria d’Espanna, 245, 249;

Primera Crónica General, 249 n

Al-Qama, the poet, 59

Alvaro of Cordova, Indiculus luminosus, 242, 248

Al-Wayl, or misery, 90

Al-Yawaqit, 44 n

Amador de los Ríos, 246 n, 250 n

Amari, Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia, 240 n

Analecta Bollandiana, x

Angels and Devils, debate between, for possession of the Soul, legends of the, 226-232

Anselmo, Fr., de Turmeda, vii

Antaeus, the giant, 105

Antara, the epic poet, 59

Aquinas, St. Thomas, vii, 65;

see St. Thomas

Arabi, Ibn, vii, 44 n;

Al-Futuhat al-Makkiya, xiii, 47-51, 92, 157-160, 172, 276;

The Book of the Nocturnal Journey, 45;

compared with the Divine Comedy, 51-54, 154-160, 172, 264-271, 275-277;

ascension, 74;

description of Hell, 92;

on the souls detained in the sirat, 115;

the two heavens, 138;

conception of paradise, 139, 150-152;

on the grades of Heaven and Hell, 145;

division of heaven into mansions, 147;

simile of the tree of happiness, 152;

distribution of the elect, 155;

description of the Beatific Vision, 157-160, 164;

symbol of the three circles, 168-171;

“The Interpreter of Love,” 267, 268;

“The Treasures of Lovers,” 267-271;

the psychology of love, 275

Arabian Nights Tales, 89 n

Arezzo, Guittone da, 64

Aristotle, Apocryphal Theology, 168

Armengol, Fr. Pedro, “El Obispo de Jaén sobre la seta Mahometana,” 250 n

Armorican monks, legend of, 218

Ash-Sharani, Mizan, 124 n

Asín y Palacios, Prof. Miguel, La Escatología musulmana en la Divina Comedia, vii;

Abenmasarra, xiii, 24 n, 44 n, 45 n, 51 n, 81 n, 93 n, 107 n, 168 n, 208 n, 273 n;

La mystique d’Al-Gazzali, 81 n;

La Psicología, 165 n;

El Averroismo teológico de Santo Tomás de Aquino, 262 n

As-Sair, or flaming fire, 88

As-Saqar, or place of burning, 89

Ash-Shanfara, the poet, 60

Ash-Sharani, denounces Ibn Arabi, 44 n

Atham, or place of crimes, 90

Athara, or place of damp, 89

Avempace, 160

Averrhoes, vii, 65;

views on paradise, 138;

theory of the Beatific Vision, 160, 163;

in limbo, 259, 262

Avicenna, 160;

Risala at-tayr, 45 n;

in limbo, 259, 262

Aws ibn Hajar, the poet, 59

Ayshun, Ibn, 149

Az-Zaqum, a tree in hell, 111 n

Babelon, Du Commerce des Arabes dans le nord de l’Europe avant les croisades, 239 n

Bacon, Roger, 257, 264

Balfour, Earl of, xi

Ballesteros, Sevilla, 246 n, 251 n

Banu Odhra, the Yemen tribe of, or “Children of Chastity,” 272

Basit, or plain, 88

Basset, René, “Histoire du Roi Sabour,” 111 n

Batiffol, Anciennes Littératures chrétiennes: La Littérature grecque, 76 n

Batih, or place of torrents, 89

Batiouchkof, Le débat de l’âme et du corps, 183, 227

Batutah, Ibn, 124

Baxxar ibn Burd, the poet, 59

Beatific Vision, 148, 157-167, 173;

grades in, 166

Beatrice leads Dante to heaven, 11, 28, 52;

meeting with him, 70, 129, 173;

rebukes him, 122, 131

Beck, Friedrich, ix;

Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie, 255 n

Belacqua, in the antechamber of purgatory, 117

Benjamin of Tudela, “Itinerary,” 239

Bertrand de Born, torture of, 103, 104

Bilal, 41, 203

Blochet, M., Les sources orientales de la Divine Comédie, xv n, 246 n;

L’Ascension au ciel du prophète Mohammed, 76 n

Boniface VIII, Pope, 252

Bonucci, Prof., ix

Boraq, the beast of heaven, 46, 48, 203

Brehier, L’Église et l’orient au moyen âge, 240 n

Briareus, the giant, 105

Brockelmann, 39 n, 45 n, 55 n

Bukhari, the critic, 200, 247

Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique, x

Bulletino della società dantesca italiana, ix

Buonagiunta, the poet, 64

Burdach, Ueber den Ursprung des Mittelalterlichen Minnesangs, 257 n

Buxtorf, Lexicon chaldaicum, 91 n

Caaba, temple, 144, 270

Caballera, Prof., x

Cabaton, Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, 255 n

Cæsar of Heidenbach, 225

Caiaphas, tortures of, 101, 173

Cairo, celebration of the Miraj, 76

Cancellieri, Abbé, xvi, 191

Cantara, or place of expiation, 116

Capocchio of Sienna, 17, 69

Caronte, the boatman, 15

Carra de Vaux, Fragment d’eschatologie musulmane, 93 n, 152 n

Casella, the musician, 64

Cavalcanti, Guido, 255 n, 271

Ceylon, island of, 124

Chantepie, Hist. des Rel., 86 n, 91 n, 195 n, 228 n

Charlemagne, Emperor, 195

Charles, R., The Apocalypse of Baruch, 76 n;

The Assumption of Moses, 76 n

Chauvin, Victor, Bibliographic des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arabes, 39 n, 89 n, 111 n, 206, 213 n

Chinvat, or luminous bridge, 115

Christian legends, origin, 177-179;

of paradise, 199-204;

sea voyages, 204;

sleepers, 216-218

Christianity, contact with Islam, 239-246

Circle, symbol of the, 168-171

Clair-Tisdall, The Sources of Islam, 76 n

Cock, Moslem legend of, 18, 29, 72

Cocytus lake, 106, 108

Cold, torture of, 106

Comettant, Oscar, Civilisations inconnues, 107 n

Constantinople, celebration of the Miraj, 76;

Council of, 222

Convito, the, 267, 276

Corra, the, 102, 120, 148, 165, 199 n, 231

Corrat, Aloyun, 130

Cosmo, Umberto, on the learning of Dante, 256

Cour du paradis, 200, 202

“Court of Holiness,” hadiths of the, 201, 202

Crete, island of, 99 n

Crusades, influence of, 240

Cunizza, 65 n, 72

Dahlan, 110

Damiri, 18 n

D’Ancona, xvi, 32, 180, 184, 190, 214;

Precursori, xvii, 85 n, 141 n;

on the learning of Dante, 256

Daniel, Arnauld, 64

Dante, Divine Comedy, vii, xiii, 47, 62;

Moslem influences, xiii-xviii, 36, 234, 238, 255;

compared with the Nocturnal Journey of Mahomet, 3-9;

with his Ascension, 11, 14-17, 25-32;

conception of Hell, 14-17, 85, 88-111;

threefold purification, 37, 70, 112, 114, 122;

Epistola a Can Grande della Scala, 46 n, 51;

Monarchia, 47 n, 51;

compared with Al-Futuhat, 51-54, 264-271, 275-277;

visit to hell or purgatory, 63-67;

summary of comparisons, 67-76;

compared with other Moslem legends on the after-life, 79;

the limbo, 82;

description of a hellish storm, 97;

tortures of sinners in Hell, 98-110, 117-121;

on the fall of Lucifer, 110;

conception of Purgatory, 111-116;

the earthly paradise, or Garden of Eden, 121-135;

the site, 122-125;

meeting with Beatrice, 129, 131, 173;

temperament, 129;

the Celestial Paradise, 135, 140-142, 145;

the Paradiso, 142, 199;

site of glory or celestial Jerusalem, 143;

simile of the rose, 145, 151;

distribution of the blessed, 146, 156;

compared with Ibn Arabi’s paradise, 154-160;

on the Beatific Vision, 163, 166;

geometrical symbol of the three circles, 167, 171;

analogies with Islamic literature, 171-174;

in Rome, 252;

attraction for Islamic culture, 256, 259, 264, 275;

knowledge of Semitic languages, 258;

De vulgari eloquio, 259, 261;

portrayal of Mahomet, 260;

sketch of Ali, 261;

sympathy with Moslem philosophers and men of science, 261-263;

Vita Nuova, 266;

the Convito, 267

Dardir, 40 n, 41 n

Daud, Ibn, legend of, 229;

Book of Venus, 273

De Goeje, Légende St. Brandan, 206-208, 214

De Haeresibus, 81 n

Devils and Angels, Debate between, for possession of the Soul, legends of the, 226-232

D’Herbelot, Bibliothèque Orientale, 123 n

Dis, city of, 16, 69, 98

Divine Comedy, Moslem influences, vii, xiii, 36, 234, 238, 255;

character, 63;

personages, 63;

see Dante

Diyarbakri, Tarikh al-Khamis, 124 n

Donati, Piccarda, 65, 72

Dozy, Recherches, 240 n

Ducange, Glossarium, 81 n

Dulcarnain, legend of, 205, 210, 215

Eagle, vision of the, 29, 72

Earth, division of the, 110

Earths, the seven, 88

Edda, The Song of the Sun in the, 192

Eden, Garden of, 121, 134;

site, 122-125

Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of, 220-222

Ephialtes, the giant, 90, 105, 106

Escatología musulmana en la Divina Comedia, La, vii

Esperaindeo, Abbot, Apologetico contra Mahoma, 248

Eunoe, river of, 37, 70, 114, 122

Euphrates, the, 11;

source of, 99 n

Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi, scheme of paradise, 149

Fatima, 57 n

Felicity, Tree of, 24, 152, 154

Felix, the Cistercian monk, legend of, 217

Ferdinand the Saint, 245

Fibonacci, Leonardo, 255 n

Fire, torment of, 121, 184 n

Florence, Council of, 112

Fraticelli, Figura universale della D.C., 14 n, 37 n, 47 n, 86 n, 143 n

Frederick, King of Sicily, 241

Frezzi, Federigo, Quadriregio, 154

Frisian sailors, legend of, 215

Gabriel, accompanies Mahomet to Heaven, 10, 12, 18-24, 28, 33-35, 68

Gabrieli, “Intorno alle fonti orientali della Divina Commedia,” 255 n

Gayangos Collection, 39 n, 40 n, 41 n, 43 n, 45 n, 87 n, 88 n, 96 n, 100 n

Gehenna or Jahannam, 88

Ghiti, 40 n, 41 n

Giacomino of Verona, the minstrel, 201

González, Fernández y, Mudéjares, 244 n

Graf, xvi, 32, 184, 214, 223;

Demonologia di Dante, 108, 227;

on the site of the earthly paradise, 122, 125;

the Christian legends, 178;

origin of the Three Monks of the East, 180

Griffolino of Arezzo, 17, 69

Gubernatis, Dante e l’India, 124 n

Guidi, Sette Dormiente, 221

Guinicelli, Guido, the poet, 64, 271

Hadiths, or traditions on the After-life, 247

Hakki, Ibrahim, Maʿrifet Nameh, 93

Hales, Alexander, 264

Hamduna, 57, 65, 73

Hamza, 57 n

Haritha, 5, 41

Hassen Husny Abdul-Wahab, 45 n

Hayn, or region of adversity, 89

Hazm, Ibn, 258;

theory of the Beatific Vision, 163;

“Necklace of the Dove,” 273;

“Characters and Conduct,” 273

Heat, torture of, 106

Heaven, grades of, 145, 149 n;

division into seven mansions, 147

Heavens, the seven, 10, 18, 88;

the nine astronomical, 48-50, 72, 142;

the two, 138

Hell, the four rivers, 99 n;

torments of, 173, 183, 187;

division, 194, 232;

gates, 194;

legends of visions of, 180-195;

respite of sinners from tortures, 222-226

Hell, the Moslem, 14, 85-111;

torments, 17, 96-110;

depth, 86, 92;

mouth, 86;

structure, 87;

seven gates, 87;

divisions, 88;

storm, 97;

giants, 105-110

Hells, the two, 114

Henry III, Emperor, 195

Hijr, Ibn, Isaba, 213 n

Hirschfeld, Researches into ... the Qurân, 76 n

“Historia Arabum,” 249, 254

Holy Land, pilgrimages to the, 239

House of Habitation, temple, 11, 12, 50, 144

Hugh of St. Victor, 113

Hyacinth, Mount of the, 124

Hypocrites, torture of, 101

Iblis, king of the infernal regions, 58, 89;

torture of, 92 n, 106, 109;

legend of, 111

Ida, Mount, 99 n

Ikhwan Assafa, or Brethren of Purity, vii, 123

Illuministic mystics, 264

Imram Maelduin, 208 n

Imru-l-Qays, the poet, 59, 60, 70, 135

Interián de Ayala, “El pintor Cristiano y erudito,” 197

Ischia, island of, 223

Ishac, 9

Ishaq ibn Hunayn, 253 n

Ishraqi mystics, 264;

doctrine, 165;

symbol of the circle, 168

Islam, doctrine on the future life, 79, 86, 233;

the earthly paradise, or Garden of Eden, 121-135;

the Celestial Paradise, 135-171;

analogies with the Divine Comedy, 171-174;

influence on Christian legends, 179;

legends of, 185;

on sea voyages, 205;

sleepers, 218-222;

belief in the respite from torture, 223-226;

hadiths on Angels and Demons, 228-232;

contact with Christianity, 239-246

Ismail ibn Hayyan, 134

Isra, or Nocturnal Journey of Mahomet, xiv, 3-9;

First Cycle, Version A, 4-6;

Version B, 6-9;

fusion with the Miraj, 33-38;

Version of Cycle III, 33

Italy, the dolce stil nuovo poetry, origin, 271

Izzu’d-Din ibn Abd as-Salam, on the grades of heaven, 149 n

Jabir ibn Abd Allah, hadith by, 228

Jafar, 5

Jahannam, or Gehenna, 88

Jahiz, Hayawan, 107

Jerusalem, celestial, site of, 143, 144;

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 214 n

Jihun, the, source of, 99 n;

monks of, legend, 217

Joachim, Abbot, vision of the, 193

Jourdain, Recherches sur les anciennes traductions latines d’Aristote, 245 n, 248 n

Jubinal, “Le vergier du paradis,” 200

Jurayj, Ibn, 194

Kaab al-Akhbar, 143, 189

Kanz, 86 n, 87 n, 91 n

Karizme, Prince of, voyage, 205, 206

Kasimirski, 84 n, 86 n, 97 n

Kauthar, the river of paradise, 24, 203

Khadija, 57 n

Khandaq as-Sokran, or pit, 90

Kharida, 97 n

Khaytaur, 58, 66, 68

Khazin, Tafsir, 87 n, 97 n, 98 n

Khidr, legends on, 213

Koran, the, 11, 24, 83, 230;

paradise of, 136, 141;

translations of the, 245, 248;

houris, 274

Labitte, xvi, 32, 180;

opinion of the Voyage of St. Brandan, 214

La Fuente, Hist. de las Universidades, 246 n

Lamlam, or round valley, 90, 102

Landino, Christoforo, 37 n;

on Dante’s conception of Hell, 85;

on purgatory, 113

Lane, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, 76 n

La Pia of Sienna, 65

Latini, Brunetto, tutor to Dante, 64, 252;

tortures in Hell, 98;

“Tesoretto,” 252;

“Tesoro,” 252, 254;

Ambassador to Toledo, 254

Lazi, or glowing fire, 88

Leire, monastery of, 248

Lentino, Jacopo da, 64

Lethe, river of, 37, 70, 114, 122

Limbo, the, 81;

the Moslem, 83

Limbus, the, 81, 83

Lotus-tree of the Boundary, 11, 12, 24, 35

Lucifer, 89;

position in Hell, 108;

appearance, 109;

fall, 110;

tortures, 173, 188

Lull, Raymond, vii, 139, 255 n, 257, 264;

Liber de Gentili, 140 n

Maarrat Alnoman, 55 n

Magnus, Albertus, 257

Mahomet, Isra, or Nocturnal Journey, xiv, 3-9, 32-38;

Miraj, or Ascension, xiv, 9-38, 199, 247, 251;

theological commentaries on the legend, 38-42;

Adaptations from the Legend, mainly mystical Allegories, 42-54;

literary imitations, 54-67;

summary of comparisons, 67-76;

intercedes for sinners, legend of, 185, 198;

hadith by, 230;

in Hell, 259;

misrepresentations of, 260

Makhluf, Ibn, 44 n, 85 n, 98 n, 99 n, 149 n

Mâle, “L’art religieux du XIIIme siècle en France,” 196

Malebolge, valley of, 99

Malikan, the beast, 110

Manfred of Sicily, in the antechamber of purgatory, 117

Margrave, Hugh, 187

Martin, François, Le Livre d’Henoch, 76 n

Martin, Raymond, 139;

Explanatio Simboli, 140 n, 250 n

Masarra, Ibn, xiii, 264, 276

Masika, or store, 89

Matilda, 37, 70, 122

Maubiq, or perdition, 90

Maymun al-Asha, 56

Maysara, 9, 24

Mecca, Mosque of, 10

Minos, the Keeper of Hell, 8, 13, 16, 18

Miraj, or Ascension of Mahomet, xiv, 9-24;

Second Cycle, 9;

Version A, 10-12;

Version B, 12-18;

Version C, 18-32;

fusion with the Isra, 33-38;

Version of Cycle III, 33

Modi, Dante papers, 76 n

Mondir ibn Said al-Belloti, 123

Monks of the East, Three, 180-182

Montecasino, Monastery of, 191

Moreno, Gomez, Iglesias mozárabes, 243 n

Morocco, celebration of the Miraj, 76

Mosca degli Uberti, torture of, 103, 104

Moslem legend of Mahomet’s Nocturnal Journey, 3;

on the after-life, compared with the Divine Comedy, 79;

purgatory, 80, 111-121;

limbo, 81, 83;

hell, 85;

conception of paradise, 200;

legends of sea voyages, 205;

influences on the Divine Comedy, 234, 238, 256, 275-277;

legends on the after-life, transmission to Christian Europe and Dante, 246-255;

aversion to writing, 247 n

Mozarabs, the, 242

Muawya, Caliph, hadith of, 229

Mudejars, the, 244

Muhalhil, the poet, 60

Muhammad ar-Riquti, 245

Muljam, Ibn, 261

Murcia, recapture of, 245

Muslim, the critic, 200, 247, 250

Muspilli, 227, 231 n

Muta, battle of, 5

Nallino, Prof., ix;

Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 255 n

Nardi, Bruno, xiii n;

Sigieri di Brabante, 262 n, 267 n

Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, x

Nicholas IV, Pope, 250, 252

Nicholson, 55 n;

translation of “The Interpreter of Love,” 267 n

Nile, the, 11;

source of, 99 n

Nimrod, in Hell, 105

Normans, the, administration of Sicily, 240

Nuova Antologia, ix

Oderisi, the painter, 64

Omar, 9

Ozanam, xvi, xvii n, 32, 180, 192;

on the learning of Dante, 256

Palermo, 241

Paradise, entry of the blessed soul into, 130;

legends of, 199-204;

the Celestial, 135-171;

site of, 143;

spheres, 150;

grades, 151;

distribution of the elect, 155;

Earthly, 121-135;

site, 122-125;

description, 126-128;

legends of, 130-134

Paradiso, the, 11, 24, 41;

compared with the legend of the Ascension of Mahomet, 25-32;

scheme of the, 142;

the nine astronomical heavens, 142

Parodi, Prof., ix

Perrone, Praelectiones theol., 82 n, 143 n

Petavius, Dogm. Theolog., 81 n;

on the lumen gloriae, 161

Pistelli, E., L’ultimo canto della D.C., 168 n

Plotinus, 162

Porena, Manfredi, 14 n;

“Commento grafico alla Divina Commedia per use delle scuole,” 93, 152

Pozzuoli, 223

Priscian, the grammarian, 64

Purgatory, the Christian, 80;

the Moslem, 80, 111-121;

site of, 112;

punishments, 117-121

Qaim al-Jawziya, Miftah, 123 n

Qarih, Ibn al-, travels in the celestial regions, 55-58, 60;

in hell, 58-61

Qasi, Ibn, 93 n

Qisas, 81 n, 88 n, 97 n, 105 n, 111 n, 213 n

Qotaiba, Ibn, Liber poësis et poëtarum, 273 n

Qummi, Tafsir, 45 n

Rada, Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de, “Historia Arabum,” 249, 254

Rafraf, or shining wreath, 48

Rajna, Pio, viii

Rasail, or encyclopædia, 123

Rawaha, 5

Raymond, Archbishop, translation of Arabic books, 244, 248

Reclus, Géogr. Univ., 124 n

Regio Emilia, vision of the Bard of, 193

Renan, opinion of the voyage of St. Brandan, 214

Revue de littérature comparée, xi

Ribera, Julián, vii;

Orígenes del Justicia de Aragón, 237 n, 244 n;

Discursos de ingreso en las Academias Española y de la Historia, 257 n

Ricardo de Media Villa, 113

Ricoldo de Monte Croce, the Dominican, 255 n

Ridwan, the angel, 130

Risala al-ghufran, or Treatise on Pardon, 55-67, 74, 135

Rivista degli studi orientali, ix

Rivista di Studi filosofici e religiosi, ix

Robert of Reading, Archdeacon of Pamplona, Latin version of the Koran, 248

Roger II, King, at Palermo, 241

Rossi, 8 n, 14 n, 25 n, 44 n, 47 n, 53 n, 63 n, 65 n, 66 n, 86 n, 88 n;

on Dante’s conception of Hell, 85

Rudolph, King, of Burgundy, 193

Sad Valley, 102

Said of Toledo, 258

St. Ambrose, 161

St. Augustine, 161

St. Brandan, voyage of, 206-214, 233

St. Epiphanes, 161

St. Eulogius, Memoriale Sanctum, 248

St. Isidore, conception of Hell, 91 n

St. John Chrysostom, 161

St. Macarius, legend of, 180-182

St. Michael, 196, 197

St. Patrick, Legend of Purgatory of, 190

St. Paul, Vision of, 182-185, 223

St. Paul, the hermit, 213

St. Peter Damian, legend by, 223

St. Peter Paschal, Bishop of Jaen, “Impunaçion de la seta de Mahomah,” 250;

history of, 250;

in Rome, 252

St. Thomas Aquinas, vii, 65, 113;

Summa Theologica, 81 n, 91 n, 143 n;

on the Beatific Vision, 160, 163

Saladin, 262

Salman, hadith by, 228

Salomo, Emmanuel Ben, 255 n

San Amaro, legend of, 218

Saqar, or burning fire, 88

Scartazzini, 37 n

Schiaparelli, Ibn Giobeir, 240 n

Schroeder, Sanct Brandan, 207

Scotus, Duns, 264

Sea Voyages, legends of, 204-216

Seville, recapture of, 245;

Latin and Arabic College founded at, 245

Shahr ibn Hawshab, legend of, 230

Shakir ibn Muslim, 149;

legend of the earthly paradise, 126-128

Shiites, the, 260

Sicily, conquered by the Normans, 240;

population, 241

Sigier of Brabant, 65, 262

Sihun, the, source of, 99 n

Sijin, or dungeon, 89, 90

Simonet, Hist. mozárabes, 243 n

Sindbad the Sailor, voyage of, 205, 206, 207

Singer, S., Arabische und Europäische Poesie im Mittelalter, 257 n

Sirat, the, or path of purgatory, 125, 126, 183;

souls detained in, 115, 120

Sleepers, legends of, 216-222

Söderhjelm, Prof., x

Sodomites, the, torture of, 98, 173

Sordello, the poet, 64

Soul, debate between Angels and Devils for possession of the, legends of, 226-232

Souls, weighing of, legends on the, 195-199

Spain, contact with Islam, 242;

the centre of Western culture, 243;

study of Moslem legends on the after-life, 247

Statius, Papinius, 64

Stygian Lake, 16

Sufis, or mystics, doctrine, 44-46, 273

Sulayman, 9

Sulayman ad-Darani, 132

Sundby, Della vita e delle opere di Brunetto Latini, 252 n, 253 n

Sunderland, Harold L., xi

Suyuti, Al-Laali, 266 n;

Sudur, 104 n, 117 n, 226

Tabari, Tafsir, 33, 35, 41 n, 87 n, 91 n, 100

Tabatasharran, the poet, 60

Tabrani, hadith by, 266

Tadhkira, the, or Memorial of the Future Life, 44 n, 90 n, 105 n, 121 n, 149, 184, 186, 189

Tafsir, or commentary on the Koran, 33

Tarafa, the poet, 59

Tawfiq, 58, 65, 73

Thaalabi, Qisas, 88 n

Thaqil, or region of distress, 89

Thomist doctrine, 165, 263

Tisserant, Eugène, Ascension d’Isaie, 76 n

Tixeront, Hist. des dogmes, 83 n

Toledo, 244

Torraca, xv n, xvi n

Torture, respite from, legends of the, 222-226

Toynbee, Paget, 261

Trent, Council of, 112

Trismegistus, Hermes, 168

Tufayl, Ibn, Self-taught Philosopher, or Epistle of Hayy ibn Yaqzan, 51 n

Tundal, legend of, 186

Turcill, vision of, 193

Ulysses and the syrens, fable of, 37 n

Utba, 58

Utba al-Ghulam, 132

Van Tieghem, Prof., x;

Revue de littérature comparée, 255 n

Virâf, Ardâ, 76 n, 246 n

Virey, Relig. anc. Égypte, 195 n

Virgil, 64, 66;

guides Dante through Hell, 68, 82

Visione dei gaudii de’ santi, 201

Vossler, 36, 66 n, 172 n, 193, 272;

on the prehistory of the Divine Comedy, 85

Wahab, 9

Wahab, Ibn, 131

Wahb ibn Al-Ward, hadith by, 228

Wahb ibn Munabbih, 88 n, 144

Wicksteed, Rev. P. H., The Temple Classics, 27 n

Wüstenfeld, Die Übersetzungen arabischer Werke, 248 n

Yaqut’s Dictionary, 55 n

Yazid, Caliph, 59

Zahir ibn Rustam, 269

Zal Yahmum, mountain, 90

Zamharir, or frozen lake, 107, 173

Zayd, 5, 41

Zeitschrift fuer romanische Philologie, ix

Zemzem, well of, 10

Zodiac, the, 50

Zoroastrian religion, 107, 227

Notes in this chapter

Note 2 · When making this assertion I was unaware of the works published two years before in Italian reviews by the erudite Dante critic, Bruno NardiNote 4 · When writing the third part of my book, dealing with the Moslem elements in the pre-Dante Christian legends, I discovered from Torraca (PrecNote 5 · Ozanam, p. 373.Note 7 · D’Ancona, Precursori, pp. 108 and 113.Note 7 · See Rossi, I, 146, who summarises the contrapasso in the Divine Comedy, and compare with the tortures described in Versions A and B.Note 14 · Cf. Rossi, I, 140, 142, 143; Fraticelli, 47, n. 8 and Porena, p. 9.Note 29 · The cock was to some extent revered by the primitive Moslems. Its crowing at dawn announced the time for prayer, and the more pious among thNote 32 · See my work, Abenmasarra, ch. IV, V and VIII.Note 33 · Cf. Rossi, I, 165, 168.Note 43 · The quotations on this and the following pages are from the English version by the Rev. P. H. Wicksteed, M.A., “The Temple Classics.” Edit. Note 64 · The fable of Ulysses and the syrens.Note 65 · Cf. Fraticelli, 310, n. 7. Landino, fol. 269. Scartazzini, 536 and 539.Note 70 · Cf. Brockelmann, I, 196.Note 71 · Reference to the works quoted by Chauvin shows that of the better-known treatises on the Miraj one is of the 10th century, another of the 13Note 74 · Cf. Ghiti, 41, and Dardir, 7. Also MS 105, Gayangos Collection, fol. 120.Note 76 · Ghiti, 44, and Dardir, 14. Likewise MS 105 of the Gayangos Collection, fol. 123 and 232 vᵒ.Note 85 · Tabari, Tafsir, XV, 12.Note 87 · Cf. MS 105 of the Gayangos Coll., fols. 216, 218, 223 vᵒ, 225, 245 and 246, in which fragments in rhymed prose and verse are inserted dealinNote 88 · Tadhkira, 18, and Ibn Makhluf, I, 51-52. The examination to which the soul is subjected in each heaven in this legend may be compared with DNote 89 · Minhaj of Algazel, p. 69.Note 90 · This presumption on the part of the Sufis was regarded as a sin against the faith. Proof of this is furnished (in Al-Yawaqit, II, 174) by AsNote 91 · Cf. Tafsir of Qummi, XV, 6. Other Sufi interpreters account for the inclusion of the Miraj in the Divine Scheme by the necessity of Mahomet’Note 93 · Avicenna, in his Risala at-tayr, pp. 26-32, adapts the Miraj to the flight of birds, symbolising the exaltation of the souls of sinners whicNote 94 · Cf. Asín, Abenmasarra, 110-115, where other works by the author and his master Ribera on the life and system of Ibn Arabi are quoted.Note 95 · Extant at the Kgl. Bibliothek, Berlin (Nos. 2,901/2) and at Vienna (No. 1,908), according to Brockelmann, I, 443, No. 16. Another copy is inNote 97 · In his Epistola a Can Grande della Scala (Opere minori, III, epist. XI, No. 7, p. 514).Note 98 · Cf. Monarchia (Opere Minori, II, 404). Likewise Fraticelli, pp. 28-31 of Preface to his edition of the Divine Comedy. Also Rossi, I, 152-157Note 1 · For the value of these symbols in Ibn Arabi’s system, cf. the author’s Abenmasarra, p. 111, et seq.Note 2 · The close relation existing between this allegory and that of Ibn Tufayl in his Self-taught Philosopher or Epistle of Hayy ibn Yaqzan is notNote 4 · Rossi, I, 147.Note 7 · Abu-l-Ala Ahmed, the son of Abd Allah al-Maarri, was born at Maarrat Alnoman, a village in Syria lying between Hama and Aleppo, in 973 A.D. Note 8 · Nicholson described and translated fragments in the JRAS of 1900 to 1902. Cfr. also Nicholson, Hist. pp. 313-324. The Risala really consistsNote 9 · Abu-l-Hasan Ali, the son of Mansur, known as Ibn al-Qarih, was born at Aleppo in 962 and died at Mosul sometime after 1030. A professor of lNote 11 · One of the poets he consults begs to be excused on the plea that he lost all memory of his poetry in the fright he received at the time of JNote 14 · Cf. Rossi, I, 163, 164, 166, 167.Note 25 · Par. XX. Cf. Par. IX, 31-6, where Cunizza, famous rather for her amorous adventures than her penitence, is placed in heaven.Note 26 · Cf. Rossi, I, 163.Note 28 · Cf. Fraticelli, Della prima e principale allegoria del poema di Dante (in La Divina Commedia), pp. 18-27. For the bibliography on this pointNote 29 · Vossler, II, 169, quotes Jeremiah V, 5, in which the lion, wolf, and leopard are mentioned; but in the story of the Moslem journey the analoNote 30 · Cf. François Martin, Le Livre d’Henoch; Eugène Tisserant, Ascension d’Isaie; R. Charles, The Assumption of Moses; R. Charles, The ApocalypseNote 31 · The festivity of the Miraj is celebrated on the 27th day of the month of Recheb, the seventh of the Moslem calendar. At Constantinople the SNote 2 · Cf. De Haeresibus (Opera Omnia), Paris, vol. I, 110-115, No. 100.Note 3 · Cf. Qistas, p. 60: “Should someone say to thee, ‘Say that there is but one God and that Jesus is His Prophet,’ thy mind would instinctively Note 5 · Cf. Petavius, Dogm. Theolog. IV (Pars sec.) lib. 3, cap. 18, § 5. The texts Ducange refers to in his Glossarium (s.v.) are later than the twNote 12 · Cf. St. Thomas, Summa Theol. pars 3, q. 52, and Supplementum, q. 69. Perrone, in his Praelectiones theol., II, 157, says of the limbo: “ReliNote 14 · The theological meaning of the word Al Aaraf may be derived from the eschatology of St. Ephrem (id. 373), who divided the celestial paradiseNote 16 · Koran, VII, 44. Cf. Ithaf, VIII, 565; Kanz, VII, 213, No. 2,312. The Koran here refers to the dwellers in the limbo and not, as Kasimirski hNote 18 · Other less striking features of resemblance might be quoted. Thus the crowd running behind the flag in the Ante-inferno (Inf. III, 52) is reNote 20 · Rossi, I, 139-140. Cf. D’Ancona, Precursori, 28-31, 36, and passim.Note 23 · Cf. Chantepie, Hist. des rel. Reference to the quotations in the index, s.v. Enfer, will show that the Moslem hell is superior to all othersNote 24 · Cf. Kasimirski’s translation of the Koran, p. 122, footnote and refer to the index, s.v. Enfer.Note 25 · Cf. Kanz, VII, 244, Nos. 2,756 to 2,791.Note 26 · Cf. Rossi, I, 140, and see the general plan Figura universale della D.C. in Fraticelli, p. 402. For the Moslem traditions cf. Kanz, VI, 102,Note 28 · Kanz, VIII, 278, No. 3,079.Note 29 · Cf. Kanz, ibid. No. 3,078. Also Tabari, Tafsir, XIV, 25, and Khazin, Tafsir, III, 96. Cf. also MS 234, Gayangos Coll., fol. 100 vᵒ. “Ibn AbbNote 30 · A collection of hadiths dealing with this division into seven may be found in Qisas, 4-11; on p. 7 is a hadith by Wahb ibn Munabbih, which sNote 31 · Cf. Rossi, I, 141.Note 32 · Hadith of Ibn Jurayj in Khazin, Tafsir, III, 96-97. Cf. MS 64 Gayangos Coll., fol. 22.Note 34 · How popular these descriptions of hell were is shown by the fact that they passed into the Arabian Nights Tales. Thus, Tamim Dari and BoluqiNote 36 · The Tadhkira of the Cordovan, or Memorial of the Future Life, is one of the richest of such collections and was popular in the East and WestNote 38 · Tadhkira, 19, 39, 74. Cf. Kanz, III, 76, No. 1,436; V, 217, Nos. 4,479 and 4,484; VII, 245, Nos. 2,777 and 2,784. Corra, 12. Al-Laali, II, 2Note 40 · St. Thomas finds no precise topography of hell in Christian tradition and can only record the probable opinion of the theologians that “igniNote 41 · Not in the Vedas. Cf. Chantepie, Hist. des rel. 346 and 382. Also Roeské, L’enfer cambodgien (in Journal Asiatique, Nov.-Dec. 1914, 587-606)Note 43 · Futuhat, I, 387-396; II, 809; III, 8, 557, 575-577. Other picturesque features might be added to those mentioned above; thus, in hell there Note 45 · Cf. Asín, Abenmasarra, pp. 111 and 161.Note 46 · Futuhat, I, 388. Cf. Abenmasarra, 109. The figure of the serpent he no doubt derived from Ibn Qasi, a disciple of the Masarri school and heaNote 48 · It is here reproduced from the Turkish author’s two general plans of the Cosmos given by Carra de Vaux in Fragments d’Eschatologie musulmaneNote 49 · Infernal tortures based on this principle were found in several versions of the Miraj, but they recur in far greater number in other traditiNote 51 · Cf. Kharida, 182.Note 52 · See index of Kasimirski’s translation, s.v. Ad. Cf. Khazin, Tafsir, II, 104, and Qisas, 40.Note 58 · Kanz, VII, 246, No. 2,800. Ibn Makhluf, II, 41. Cf. Khazin, Tafsir, IV, 348-9.Note 59 · Kanz, V, 213, No. 4,383; 214, No. 4,415; 217, Nos. 4,479 and 4,484. Ibn Makhluf, II, 37. Tadhkira, 74.Note 60 · Before leaving the circle in which Dante finds Brunetto, Virgil explains to him the hydrography of hell, the four rivers of which have theirNote 64 · Inf. XIX. Corra, 72. Their peculiar posture is also mentioned in some descriptions of hell attributed to Ibn Abbas. Cf. MS 234, Gayangos ColNote 81 · Kanz, VIII, 188, No. 3,288; V, 214, No. 4,415; Suyuti, Sudur, 30 and 121.Note 87 · Tadhkira, 75. Cf. Kanz, VII, 212, No. 2,301; 237, Nos. 2,668, 2,671 and 2,801-2,808. Moreover, the existence of giants in hell was traditionNote 94 · Jahiz, Hayawan (Book of Animals), V, 24. A summary of the life and writings of Jahiz is given in the author’s Abenmasarra, Appendix I, 133-1Note 112 · Qisas, 3, line 10 inf. The immediate purpose of this legend was indeed to explain the stability of the earth in the midst of space, but the Note 113 · So great is the wealth of picturesque detail in the descriptions of the Moslem hell that minor features of resemblance to Dante have been omNote 129 · Special books were written on this theme, such as the oft-quoted Sudur by Suyuti, the Tadhkira of the Cordovan, and the work by Ibn Makhluf.Note 141 · Cf. Tadhkira, 81, for a description of the purgatorial fire: The souls raise their voices to Mahomet in lament and pray for his intercessionNote 144 · Ibn Qaim al-Jawziya, of the fourteenth century, in his Miftah (I, 11-34), has left us a record of the various opinions and their chief exponNote 147 · Cf. D’Herbelot, Bibliothèque Orientale, s.v. gennat, pp. 378, 773, 816.Note 148 · Cf. Diyarbakri, Tarikh al-Khamis, I, 61.Note 149 · The Moslem belief was in its turn based upon a Buddhist myth. Cf. Reclus, Géogr. Univ. VIII, 581; and especially Graf, Miti, I, 59-61. GuberNote 151 · The belief that the earthly paradise was situated on Adam’s Peak endured in Islam until the sixteenth century. It was in that century that tNote 17 · Lull, in Liber de Gentili (Op. Omn., Mayence Edit., vol. II, 89) is clear on this point:— “Dixit Sarracenus: Verum est quod inter nos diversNote 18 · Cf. D’Ancona, Precursori, 29: “Hanno ... tutte queste leggende carattere ingenuo, anzi fanciullesco, che di necessità ce le fa porre fuori dNote 24 · Tixeront, s.v. eschatologie. Origenes (Ibid. I, 303) and St. Ephrem (II, 221) alone appear to mention the astronomical heavens. Accordingly Note 25 · Fraticelli, commenting on the passage of Inf. XXXIV, 112-115, says, “Imagina Dante che Gerusalemme sia posta nel mezzo dell’emisfero borealeNote 39 · Ibn Makhluf, II, 58. The elaboration of this fantastic picture of glory was continued, more notably by the Spanish and African sufis betweenNote 46 · A rough sketch of this Islamic tree is to be found in the illustration from the Maʿrifet Nameh, included by Carra de Vaux in Fragments d’EscNote 88 · Corra, 102, 104, 106, 114, and 117. Cf. Kanz, VII, 232, Nos. 2,575, 2,588, 2,608, 2,616, 2,629, and 2,658. In Nos. 2,616 and 2,658, moreoverNote 97 · Cf. E. Pistelli, L’ultimo canto della D.C. (in Scartazzini, Par. XXXIII, 120):— “Noi non tenteremo di seguirlo (i.e. Dante) e di rappresentaNote 99 · Cf. Asín, Abenmasarra, passim.Note 109 · Had Vossler known of Ibn Arabi’s plans, he would certainly not have sought in the symmetry of Dante’s three realms a symbolical application Note 21 · For instance, the graduation of the torture of fire according to the degree of sin, the sinners appearing immersed in fire up to their kneesNote 61 · Chantepie, Hist. des relig., 107. Cf. Virey, Relig. anc. Égypte, 157-162.Note 73 · Other picturesque scenes, which Mâle attributes to the working of the popular mind, may also have had a Moslem origin. Thus, the wicked are Note 95 · Cf. Asín, Abenmasarra, Appendix I, 133.Note 96 · According to Schirmer the Latin version is based on tenth or ninth century texts, and Zimmer even connects the legend with the Celtic story,Note 106 · Qisas, 135-143, contains several legends on Khidr. A richer collection is that included by Ibn Hijr in his Isaba, II, 114-137. Cf. also SuduNote 110 · The miraculous lighting of the altar lamps, witnessed by St. Brandan on the isle of the monks, is, as De Goeje has pointed out (loc. cit. 55Note 11 · The Zoroastrian origin of all the legends of this group is evident. Cf. Chantepie, Hist. des religions, 473.Note 30 · Corra, 29-30. The influence on the Christian legends of this hadith, which must have been widely known in the first two centuries of the HegNote 1 · The author has dealt with the problem here presented on the lines laid down by his master Ribera, who in his book, Orígenes del Justicia de Note 2 · Cf. Babelon, Du Commerce des Arabes dans le nord de l’Europe avant les croisades, pp. 33-47, and passim.Note 3 · Brehier, L’église et l’orient au moyen âge, pp. 20-50.Note 6 · Dozy, Recherches, II, 271. Cf. Amari, Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia, III, part 2, 365, 445 et seq. Schiaparelli, Ibn Giobeir, 322 and 332.Note 8 · Simonet, Hist. mozárabes, pp. 216-219, 252, 273, 292, 346, 368, 384, 690. Throughout the tenth century Arabicised monks and soldiers flockedNote 11 · Ribera, Orígenes Justicia, 19-84. Fernández y González, Mudéjares, 224, et passim.Note 12 · Jourdain, Recherches sur les anciennes traductions latines d’Aristote, pp. 95-149.Note 16 · Amador de los Ríos, III, 496. Ballesteros, Sevilla en el siglo XIII, docs. Nos. 67 and 109. La Fuente, Hist. de las Universidades, I, 127-13Note 17 · Blochet in his Sources orientales de la Divine Comédie, omits or disregards the nearest and most constant channels of communication between Note 18 · The early Moslems, who were Arabs by race and, like the Prophet, illiterate, felt the same aversion for writing as did Mahomet; and at firstNote 22 · Jourdain, Recherches, 100-103. Cf. Wüstenfeld, Die Übersetzungen arabischer Werke, 44-50.Note 25 · See the Primera Crónica General of Alphonso the Wise, pp. 270-272, chapters 488 and 489, entitled “De como Mahomat dixo que fallara a AbrahaNote 26 · Recently published under the title “El Obispo de Jaén sobre la seta Mahometana,” by Fr. Pedro Armengol in vol. IV of the Obras de San Pedro Note 27 · Cf. Amador de los Ríos, Hist. crít. de la liter. esp., IV, 75-85.Note 31 · How close these ties were is shown by the mere fact that shortly after the reconquest of Seville Italian nobles and merchants occupied wholeNote 33 · Scartazzini in his comment on Inf., XV, 23-54, gives a bibliography of the person and works of Brunetto Latini. The work here consulted is SNote 39 · Sundby, 136, and passim, acknowledges that he does not know the origin of some passages; on p. 111 he admits that Brunetto availed himself oNote 44 · A knowledge of Islamic lore may have been transmitted to Dante by a learned Rabbi, such as Emmanuel Ben Salomo, of the Zifroni family, a poeNote 48 · That the lyrical and epic poetry of the then rising Christian literatures were also influenced by Hispano-Moslem models has been shown by myNote 49 · Typical of the vogue for Arabic is the following text, taken from the Liber Adelardi Batensis de quibusdam naturalibus questionibus (MS. BibNote 63 · Cf. Asín, El Averroismo teológico de Santo Tomás de Aquino, 299-306.Note 64 · Sigieri di Brabante nella Div. Com. e le fonte della fil. di Dante (Rivista di fil. neoscolastica, 1911-12). Cf. Bruno Nardi, Intorno al tomNote 68 · Suyuti, Al-Laali, I, 15-17.Note 71 · Par. I, 1; XXXIII, 145. See Nardi, Sigieri, 39-41, and compare with Futuhat, loc. cit.Note 72 · Nicholson has translated the former into English under the title of Tarjuman al’Ashwâq (London, 1911). An edition of the latter, referred toNote 80 · Ibn Qotaiba, Liber poësis et poëtarum, 260-4, 394-9.Note 81 · Cf. Asín, Abenmasarra, 13-16, and Logia et agrapha D. Jesu, 8.
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