Note A — Front matter
Reading edition
Stephens’ Illustrations, vol. i., p. 72, note.
[B] Contemplation de la Nature, part ii. ch. 42.
[C] The original observations in this volume which are marked by the initials J. R., are by J. Rennie, A.M., A.L.S., and those which are enclosed in brackets are by the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., F.L.S.
[D] Introduction to Entomology, vol. i.
[E] Dunciad, book iv.
[F] Humboldt, Voyage, lib. vii., ch. 20.
[G] Amer. Ornith., i., p. 144.
[H] Amer. Ornith., iii., p. 21.
[I] Blumenbach; see also Insect Transformations, p. 231.
[J] Nomina si pereant, perit et cognitio rerum.
[K] J. R., in Mag. of Natural History, vol. i., p. 334.
[L] Miss Jermyn’s Butterfly Collector, p. 11.
[M] Generally to ametabolous pupæ.
[N] See Spallanzani’s Tracts, by Dalyell, vol. i.
[O] Ray, Hist. Insect., 254.
[P] The fifth order of Linnæus; insects with four transparent veined wings.
[Q] Naturalist’s Calendar, p. 100.
[R] Introduction to Entomology, vol. i. p. 435, 5th edit.
[S] See p. 50.
[T] Shapeless.
[U] The Owl observed by Vieillot in St. Domingo digs itself a burrow two feet in depth, at the bottom of which it deposits its eggs upon a bed of moss.
[V] American Ornithology, by Charles Lucien Bonaparte, vol. i. p. 69.
[W] Réaumur, vol. vi. bottom of page 182; Hist. of Selb. ii. 228; and Introd. to Entomol. i. 504, 5th edition.
[X] In the Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 458, Mr. Shuckard gives an account of the nest of a wasp, which he regards as _Vespa Britannica_,—remarkable for the material of which it was constructed, and for the locality in which it was found. This nest, which was exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society, was found near Croydon, built in a sparrow’s nest, and attached to the lining feathers. “The smallness of the nest,” says Mr. Shuckard, “and also of the tier of cells, as well as the peculiar material of which it appeared composed, led to a discussion, the tendency of which seemed to support the opinion that it was most probably the nest of a Polistes, a social-wasp not yet found in this country, but if not of Polistes, certainly not yet determined or known.” The nest was ovate, about an inch and a half long, with a tier of cells internally, originating from a common pedicle. It appeared to be constructed “of the agglutinated particles of a soft white wood, probably willow, very imperfectly triturated;” whence it had externally a rough granulated appearance. It was sprinkled with black specks, arising perhaps from the intermixture of more decayed portions of the wood; and was of a very fragile texture. “The nature of the material, and its unfinished execution, as well as the situation in which it was found, appear to me to be its own peculiarities, and I must necessarily consider it merely an accidental variation in material and locality from the usual nests of the Vespa Britannica of Leach.”
[Y] Mémoires sur les Insectes, tom. vi., mem. vii. See also Bonnet vol. ix.
[Z] It is right to remark that Huish and others have suggested that the grubs thus royalized may originally be misplaced queens; yet this admission is not necessary, since Madlle. Jurine has proved, by dissection, the workers to be imperfect females.
[AA] Huber on Bees, p. 338.
[AB] Melisselogia, or Female Monarchy, 8vo., Lond. 1744.
[AC] De la Pluche, Spectacle de la Nature, vol. i.
[AD] Philosophical Trans. for 1792, p. 143.
[AE] Huber on Bees.
[AF] American Quarterly Review for June, 1828, p. 382.
[AG] Latreille, Mém. Acad. des Sciences, 1821.
[AH] Huber on Bees, p. 325.
[AI] From two Greek words [Greek: pro polis] meaning _before the city_, as the substance is principally applied to the projecting parts of the hive.
[AJ] Phil. Trans. for 1807, p. 242.
[AK] Schirach, Hist. des Abeilles, p. 241.
[AL] Kirby and Spence observed bees very busy in collecting propolis from the tacamahaca-tree (_Populus balsamifera_).—Introd., ii. 186.
[AM] Huber on Bees, p. 408.
[AN] Philosophical Trans. for 1807, p. 242.
[AO] Spectacle de la Nature, tome i.
[AP] Huber on Bees, p. 358.
[AQ] Réaumur, vol. v., p. 380.
[AR] Huber on Bees, p. 368.
[AS] Huber on Bees, p. 220.
[AT] Memoirs of the Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ii. p. 260.
[AU] Bevan on Bees, p. 326.
[AV] Huber on Bees, p. 416.
[AW] Huber on Bees, p. 391.
[AX] From two Greek words, signifying _pitch_ and _wax_.
[AY] Huber on Bees, p. 415.
[AZ] Spectacle de la Nature, vol. i.
[BA] North American Rev., Oct. 1828, p. 355.
[BB] “Hibernia dives lactis ac _mellis_ insula.”—Beda, Hist. Eccles. i. 7.
[BC] Deut. xxxii. 13.
[BD] Psalm lxxxi. 16.
[BE] Forbes, Orien. Mem. i.
[BF] Amer. Q. Rev., iii. p. 383.
[BG] Roy. Mil. Chron. quoted by Kirby and Spence.
[BH] “Cantu querulæ rumpent arbusta cicadæ.”—Georg. iii. 328.
[BI] A line is about the twelfth part of an inch.
[BJ] Introd., vol. i. p. 457.
[BK] Roesel, cl. ii., Pap. Nocturn., tab. xx. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
[BL] See p. 100.
[BM] Contemplation de la Nature, part XV. chap. 38.
[BN] A cement prepared of volcanic earth, or lava.
[BO] It is justly remarked by Réaumur, that when caterpillars are left at liberty among their native plants, it is only by lucky chance they can be observed building their cocoons, because the greater number abandon the plants upon which they have been feeding, to spin up in places at some distance. In order to see their operations, they must be kept in confinement, particularly in boxes with glazed doors, where they may be always under the eye of the naturalist. In such circumstances, however, we may be ignorant what building materials we ought to provide them with for their structures. A red caterpillar, with a few tufts of hair, which Réaumur found in July feeding upon the flower bunches of the nettle, and refusing to touch the leaves, began in a few days to prepare its cocoon, by gnawing the paper lid of the box in which it was placed. This, of course, was a material which it could not have procured in the fields, but it was the nearest in properties that it could procure; for, though it had the leaves and stems of nettles, it never used a single fragment of either. When Réaumur found that it was likely to gnaw through the paper lid of the box, and might effect its escape, he furnished it with bits of rumpled paper, fixed to the lid by means of a pin; and these it chopped down into such pieces as it judged convenient for its structure, which it took a day to complete. The moth appeared four weeks after, of a brownish-black colour, mottled with white, or rather grey, in the manner of lace.
Bonnet also mentions more than one instance in which he observed caterpillars making use of paper, when they could not procure other materials.
[BP] Kirby, in ‘Linn. Trans.,’ vol. v. p. 246, and Introd. ii.
[BQ] See Fig. _d_, p. 238.
[BR] Réaumur, ‘Mém. Hist. Insectes,’ iii. 70.
[BS] ‘Contemplation de la Nature,’ part xii. chap. x. note.
[BT] ‘Animal Biography,’ vol. iii. p. 330, Third Edition.
[BU] Bonnet, xi. p. 204; Kirby and Spence, ‘Introduction,’ i. 464, Fifth Edition.
[BV] Bonnet, vol. ix. p. 203.
[BW] ‘Mém. Hist. Insect.’ iii. p. 106.
[BX] Réaumur, iii. p. 130.
[BY] Bonnet, ‘Contempl. de la Nature,’ part xii.
[BZ] Swammerd., ‘Book of Nature,’ vol. ii. p. 84.
[CA] ‘Contempl. de la Nature,’ part xii. p. 197.
[CB] Bonnet, ‘Observ. sur les Insectes,’ vol. ii. p. 425.
[CC] Dict. Classique d’Hist. Nat. Art. Grillon.
[CD] Natural History of Selborne, ii. 82.
[CE] Entomologie, par R. A. E. 18mo., Paris, 1826, p. 168.
[CF] Natural History of Selborne.
[CG] Act. Acad. Berolin. 1752, et Gleditsch, Phys. Botan., quoted by Kirby and Spence, ii. 353.
[CH] Moufet, 153. Kirby and Spence, ii. 350.
[CI] Journal of a Naturalist, p. 311.
[CJ] Bingley, Anim. Biog., vol. iii, p. 230.
[CK] Phil. Trans., vol. xliv. p. 579.
[CL] Anim. Biog., vol. iii. p. 233.
[CM] Anderson’s Recr. in Agricult., vol. iii. p. 420.
[CN] Hints, p. 74.
[CO] Journal of a Naturalist, p. 304.
[CP] A line is the twelfth part of the old French inch. _See_ Companion to the Almanac for 1830, p. 114.
[CQ] M. P. Huber on Ants, p. 20.
[CR] Stedman’s Surinam, vol. i. p. 160.
[CS] M. P. Huber on Ants, p. 23.
[CT] Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Fourmis.
[CU] Dr. Cleghorn, Thesis de Somno.
[CV] Aristotle Hist. Animal. ix. 38. Pliny says, “Operantur et noctu plenâ lunâ; eadem interlunio cessant,” _i.e._, They work in the night at full moon, but they leave off between moon and moon. It is the latter that we think doubtful.
[CW] M. P. Huber on Ants, p. 31.
[CX] Huber on Ants, p. 43.
[CY] In formicâ non modo sensus, sed etiam mens, ratio, memoria.
[CZ] Aldrovandus de Formicis, and Johnston, Thaumaturg. Nat. p. 356.
[DA] See Professor Paxton’s Illustrations of Scripture, i. 307.
[DB] Huber on Ants, p. 15.
[DC] Huber on Ants, p. 11.
[DD] Huber, p. 56.
[DE] The acid of ants.
[DF] Huber.
[DG] Hawkesworth’s Account of Cook’s First Voyage.
[DH] Phil. Trans., xxx. p. 346.
[DI] Jobson’s Gambia, in Purchas’s Pilgrim, ii. p. 1570.
[DJ] Heber’s Journal, vol. i. p. 248.
[DK] Smeathman, in Phil. Trans., vol. lxxi.
[DL] Smeathman.
[DM] Quoted by De Geer, vol. vii.
[DN] Hist. Nat. Générale, vol. xiii. p. 66.
[DO] Smeathman, in Phil. Trans., vol. lxxi. p. 169, note.
[DP] Latreille, Hist. Nat. Générale, tom. xiii. p. 64.
[DQ] Lyonnet.
[DR] Spectacle de la Nature, vol. i.
[DS] Cours d’Agriculture, par M. Rozier. Paris, 1801.
[DT] This is denied by recent observers.
[DU] Spectacle de la Nature, vol. i.
[DV] Count Dandolo’s Art of Rearing Silk-Worms, Eng. Transl., p. 215.
[DW] On a tort de croire que le bruit nuise à ces insectes, Hist. Nat. Générale, vol. xiii. p. 170.
[DX] Shaw’s Gen. Zoology, vol. vi.
[DY] North American Review, Oct. 1828, p. 449.
[DZ] Essay on the Silk-Worm, p. 95. London, 1719.
[EA] Preface to Dandolo on the Silk-Worm, Eng. Transl., p. xiii.
[EB] Glover’s Directory of the County of Derby, Introd., p. xvi.
[EC] Memecken, quoted by Kirby and Spence, iii. 280.
[ED] Brahm’s Ins. Nat. 289, and Kirby and Spence’s Intr. iii, 223.
[EE] De Geer, Mém. i. 319.
[EF] Curtis, Hist. of Brown-tail Moth, 4to. London, 1782.
[EG] Réaumur, ii. p. 137.
[EH] Salisbury, Hints on Orchards, p. 53.
[EI] Hardy’s Travels in the Interior of Mexico, p. 32.
[EJ] Hill’s Swammerdam, part i. p. 23.
[EK] Swammerdam, part i. p. 24.
[EL] Intr., vol. i. p. 415.
[EM] Kirby and Spence, vol. i. Intr. p. 416.
[EN] Porcupines do not shoot out their quills, as was once generally believed.
[EO] Lister, Hist. Animalia Angliæ, 4to. p. 7.
[EP] Phil. Mag., ii. p. 275.
[EQ] Vol. i. Intr., p. 417.
[ER] Phil. Mag., ii. p. 339.
[ES] Nat. Hist. of Selborne, vol. i. p. 327.
[ET] Book of Nature, part i. p. 25.
[EU] Hist. Anim. Angliæ, 4to.
[EV] Mémoires, vol. vii. p. 189.
[EW] Spectacle de la Nature, vol. i.
[EX] Book of Nature, part i. p. 25.
[EY] Animal Biography, vol. iii. p. 475, 3rd edition.
[EZ] Brez, Flore des Insectophiles. Notes, Supp. p. 134.
[FA] Thomson’s Ann. of Philosophy, vol. iii. p. 306.
[FB] Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 322.
[FC] Experim. Researches in Nat. Hist., p. 136.
[FD] Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 324.
[FE] Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 456.
[FF] Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 397.
[FG] Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 453.
[FH] “——L’un des bouts de ces premiers fils, afin que le vent ou un courant d’air pousse l’autre extrémité de l’un d’eux au de là de l’obstacle.”—Dict. Classique d’Hist. Nat., vol. i. p. 510.
[FI] Evelyn’s Travels in Italy.
[FJ] Book of Nature, part i. p. 24.
[FK] Bloomfield’s Remains, vol. ii. p. 64, _note_.
[FL] Animal Biography, iii. 470-1.
[FM] Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences pour 1707, p. 339.
[FN] Kirby and Spence, Intr. i. 419.
[FO] Darwin’s Zoonomia, i. 253, 8vo. ed.
[FP] Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, An. vii.
[FQ] Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, p. 125, and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Géuér. viii. p. 163.
[FR] Kirby and Spence, Intr. i. 425.
[FS] Aranei Suecici, Stockholm, 1757.
[FT] Mém. des Araign. Aquat., 12mo. Paris, 1799.
[FU] Clerck, Aranei Suecici, cap. viii.
[FV] De Geer, Mém. des Insectes, vii. 312.
[FW] Spectacle de la Nature, i. 58.
[FX] Linn. Trans. vol. xv.
[FY] Spectacle de la Nature, i. p. 61.
[FZ] Remains, ii. 62-5. It is a remarkable fact, as recorded from personal observation by Mr. Bell (British Reptiles), that the toad swallows the cuticle detached from its body during the moult which it undergoes.
[GA] Spectacle de la Nature, i. 119.
[GB] Introduction, ii. 449.
[GC] Hist. des Moeurs et de l’Instinct, vol. ii.
[GD] Entomologie, par R. A. E., p. 242. Paris, 1826.
[GE] Elements of the Philosophy of Plants, Eng. Trans., p. 285.
[GF] Flore Franç. Disc. Préliminaire.
[GG] Réaumur, vol. iii.
[GH] In order to prevent ambiguity, it is necessary to remark that the excrescences thus called must not be confounded with the true galls, which are occasionally found in the gall-bladder.
[GI] Réaumur, Mém. iv. 505.
[GJ] Mém. iv. 538.
[GK] Est lucos Silari circa ilicibusque virentem Plurimus Alburnum volitans, cui nomen asilo Romanum est, Oestrum Graii vertere vocantes, Asper, acerba sonans; quo tota exterrita silvis Diffugiunt armenta; furit mugitibus æther Concussus, sylvæque et sicci ripa Tanagri. _Georg._ lib. iii. 146.
[GL] Linnæus, Lachesis Lapponica, July 19th.
[GM] Linnæus, Flora Lapponica, p. 378, ed. Lond. 1792.
[GN] Kirby and Spence, Introd. i. 151.
[GO] Kirby and Spence, p. 149.
[GP] These circumstances afford, we think, a complete answer to the query of Kirby and Spence—“There can be little doubt (or else what is the use of such an apparatus?) that it bores a hole in the skin.”—Introd. i. 162, 2nd edit.
[GQ] Linn. Trans. iii. 305.
[GR] Linn. Trans. iii. 305.
[GS] Mém. iv. 540.
[GT] Réaumur, iv. 549.
[GU] Bruce’s Travels, i. 5, and v. 191.