Part 1 — ARAB REFERENCES.1
Reading edition
ARAB REFERENCES.1
The Arab writers record the following details of twenty-two leading towns:
Barda.Barda. See Valabhi.
Goa.Goa. See Sindábur.
Chief Towns. Kábirún.Kábirún. Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) mentions Kábirún and Asáwal as towns of the same ‘section’ both of them populous, commercial, rich, and producing useful articles. He adds that at the time he wrote the Musalmáns had made their way into the greater portion of these countries and conquered them. Kábirún like the Akabarou of the Periplus (a.d. 240) is perhaps a town on the Káveri river in south Gujarát.
Kambay.Kambay. See Cambay.
Surábára.Surábára. See Supára.
The Gurjjaras.The ruler next in importance to the Balhára was the Jurz that is the Gurjjara king. It is remarkable, though natural, that the Arabs should preserve the true name of the rulers of Anhilváḍa which the three tribe or dynastic names Chápa or Chaura (a.d. 720–956), Solaṅki or Cáulukya (a.d. 961–1242), and Vághela (a.d. 1240–1290) should so long have concealed. Sulaimán (a.d. 851) notices that the Jurz king hated Musalmáns while the Balhára king loved Musalmáns. He may not have known what excellent reasons the Gurjjaras had for hating the Arab raiders from sea and from Sindh. Nor would it strike him that the main reason why the Balhára fostered the Moslem was the hope of Arab help in his struggles with the Gurjjaras.
Notes in this chapter
Note 1 · Contributed by Khán Sáheb Fazlulláh Lutfulláh Farídi of Surat. ↑Note 2 · Sir H. Elliot’s History of India, I. 116. ↑Note 3 · This important expedition extended to Ujjain. Details Above page 109 and also under Bhínmál. Raids by sea from Sindh were repeated in a.d. 7Note 4 · Details Above pages 94–96. ↑Note 5 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 129. ↑Note 6 · Sir H. Elliot’s History of India, I. 129. ↑Note 7 · See Appendix A. Volume I. Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India. ↑Note 8 · Elliot’s History of India, 394, where Sir Henry Elliot calculates a parsang or farsang (Arabic farsakh) to be 3½ miles. Al Bírúni, however, Note 9 · Ibni Haukal (Muhammad Abul Kásim) a native of Baghdád, left that city in H. 331 (a.d. 943), returned to it H. 358 (a.d. 968), and finished hNote 10 · Elliot, I. 34. ↑Note 11 · Sir Henry Elliot (History of India, I. 363) correctly takes Fámhal to be a misreading for Anhal that is Anhilwára. Al Bírúni (a.d. 970–1039)Note 12 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 34. ↑Note 13 · M. Gildemeister’s Latin translation of Ibni Haukal’s Ashkál-ul-Bilád (Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 39). ↑Note 14 · Al Bírúni makes his farsakh of four miles. Sachau’s Arabic Text, 97. ↑Note 15 · Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni, 98 and Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 61. ↑Note 16 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 65. Sachau’s Text of Al Bírúni, chapter 18 page 102. ↑Note 17 · Sachau’s Arabic Text, 102. ↑Note 18 · According to Richardson (Arabic Dictionary voce مقل myrrh) though rendered gum by all translators. According to the Makhzan the word mukl (Note 19 · Sachau’s Arabic Text page 99 chapter 18. ↑Note 20 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. ↑Note 21 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 77. ↑Note 22 · Bombay Gazetteer, II. 69. ↑Note 23 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 76. ↑Note 24 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 79. ↑Note 25 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 79. ↑Note 26 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 27 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 28 · Sir H. Elliot’s History of India, I. 85. ↑Note 29 · Elliot, I. 90–93. ↑Note 30 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 89. ↑Note 31 · Barbier De Meynard’s Text of Al Masúdi’s Les Prairies D’Or, I. 382. ↑Note 32 · Compare Sachau’s Al Bírúni with Sir Henry Elliot, I. 49, who is silent as to the distance. ↑Note 33 · See Ahmedábád Gazetteer, IV. 338; also Elliot’s History of India, I. 356–357. ↑Note 34 · See Appendix Elliot’s History of India, I. 363. ↑Note 35 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 27. ↑Note 36 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 30. ↑Note 37 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 32–34. ↑Note 38 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 34–38. ↑Note 39 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 39. ↑Note 40 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 40. ↑Note 41 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 77. ↑Note 42 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 79. ↑Note 43 · Al Idrísi in Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 44 · Farishtah Persian Text Lithographed Bombay Edition, I. 57. ↑Note 45 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, II. 155. ↑Note 46 · Elliot’s History of India, II. 200. ↑Note 47 · Elliot’s History of India, II. 229–30. ↑Note 48 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, III. 74. ↑Note 49 · Sachau’s Text, 102. ↑Note 50 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 87. ↑Note 51 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 88. ↑Note 52 · Elliot’s History of India, III. 260. ↑Note 53 · Bayley’s Gujarát, 81. ↑Note 54 · Elliot’s History of India, IV. 39; History of Gujarát, 81. ↑Note 55 · Bayley’s Gujarát, 90. ↑Note 56 · Al Biláduri (a.d. 892) in Elliot’s History of India, I. 116. ↑Note 57 · Barbier DeMeynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. 239. ↑Note 58 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 87. ↑Note 59 · Elliot’s History of India, III. 256–260. ↑Note 60 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 27. ↑Note 61 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 30. ↑Note 62 · Prairies D’Or (Barbier DeMeynard’s Arabic Text), I. 253–54. ↑Note 63 · Prairies D’Or (Arabic Text), III. 47. ↑Note 64 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 34. ↑Note 65 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 38. ↑Note 66 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 39. ↑Note 67 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. ↑Note 68 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 77. ↑Note 69 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 70 · Tazjiyat-ul-Amsar in Elliot, III. 32. ↑Note 71 · Elliot’s History of India, III. 256–57. ↑Note 72 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 24. ↑Note 73 · Prairies D’Or, II. 85. ↑Note 74 · Al Masúdi’s Murúj Arabic Text Cairo Edition, II. 56–57. ↑Note 75 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 27. ↑Note 76 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 30. ↑Note 77 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 33–34. ↑Note 78 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 38. ↑Note 79 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 38. ↑Note 80 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 77. ↑Note 81 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 77, 85. ↑Note 82 · Tárikh-i-Fírúz Sháhi by Ziá Barni (Elliot’s History of India), III. 264–65. ↑Note 83 · Rashíd-ud-dín (a.d. 1310) from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. 65. ↑Note 84 · Rashíd-ud-dín (a.d. 1310) from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. 49. ↑Note 85 · Rashíd-ud-dín (a.d. 1310) from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. 66. ↑Note 86 · Written a.d. 1600 (Elliot, I. 213). ↑Note 87 · Táríkh-i-Maâsumi in Elliot, I. 16. ↑Note 88 · Tuhfat-ul-Kirám in Elliot, I. 344. ↑Note 89 · Táríkh-i-Maâsumi in Elliot, I. 217. ↑Note 90 · Tárikh-i-Maâsumi in Elliot, I. 218. ↑Note 91 · Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal for February 1838, 102. ↑Note 92 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 268. ↑Note 93 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 23. In the Cairo Edition of the Arabic Text of Al Masúdi’s Murúj (Prairies D’Or) vol. I. page 241 is the origiNote 94 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 33. ↑Note 95 · Elliot’s History of India. I. 45. ↑Note 96 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 49. ↑Note 97 · Elliot, I. 90. ↑Note 98 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 147. ↑Note 99 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 15. ↑Note 100 · Al Masúdi’s Prairies D’Or (Arabic Text), I. 168. ↑Note 101 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 19, 20, 21 and Prairies D’Or, I. 178. ↑Note 102 · Al Masúdi Arabic Text Prairies D’Or, (I. 381); Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 24. ↑Note 103 · Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni’s Indica, 99. ↑Note 104 · Persian Text Bombay Edition of 1832, I. 53. ↑Note 105 · Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni, 100. ↑Note 106 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 107 · Al Biláduri in Elliot (History of India), I. 129. The word sáj in the Arabic text means besides a teak-spar (which seems to be an improbableNote 108 · Ibni Khurdádbha in Elliot (History of India), I. 14 and 15. ↑Note 109 · De Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, III. 47–48. ↑Note 110 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 34 and 38. ↑Note 111 · Al Bírúni in Elliot, I. 66. ↑Note 112 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 77–85. ↑Note 113 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 403 Appendix. ↑Note 114 · Lee’s Ibni Batuta, 166. ↑Note 115 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 21. ↑Note 116 · Rashid-ud-dín from Al Bírúni in Elliot, I. 68. ↑Note 117 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 89. ↑Note 118 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 65; Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni, 102. ↑Note 119 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. ↑Note 120 · Sachau’s Text of Al Bírúni, 252. ↑Note 121 · Sachau’s Arabic Text, 253. ↑Note 122 · Sachau’s Arabic Text, 253 chapter 58. ↑Note 123 · Sachau’s Arabic Text, 253 chapter 58. ↑Note 124 · Sachau’s Text, 253 chapter 58. ↑Note 125 · From the term ‘sculptured’ it would seem the idol was of stone. It is curious how Ibni Asír states a little further that a part of the idol Note 126 · Prairies D’Or (DeMeynard’s Arabic Text, I. 381); also Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India. I. 24). ↑Note 127 · Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 27. ↑Note 128 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 34, 39. ↑Note 129 · Thus in Sachau’s Arabic Text page 102, but Elliot (I. 66) spells the word Sufára in his translation. It might have assumed that form in comiNote 130 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 77 and 85. ↑Note 131 · Al Bilázuri in Elliot, I. 116. ↑Note 132 · Barbier DeMeynard’s Text of Masúdi’s Prairies D’Or, I. 330 and 381. ↑Note 133 · Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni, chapters 18, 99, 102 and Elliot’s History of India, I. 60–61, 66–67. ↑Note 134 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, 1–89. ↑Note 135 · Al Idrísi says the real tabáshír is extracted from the root of the reed called sharki. Sarki is Gujaráti for reed. It is generally applied tNote 136 · The name Barádah برادة in Arabic orthography bears a close resemblance to برابہ Barâbah, بارلبہ Bárlabah, برلبہ Barlabah, all three beinNote 137 · Reigned a.d. 754–775. ↑Note 138 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, II. 246 and Frag. Arabes 3, 120, 212; Weil’s Geschichte der Chalifen, II. 115. ↑Note 139 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 444. ↑Note 140 · Sir Henry Elliot (History of India, I. 445) identifies Kandhár with Kandadár in north-west Káthiáváḍ. ↑Note 141 · Sachau’s Original Text, 205. ↑Note 142 · Sachau’s Original Text, 17–94. ↑Note 143 · Details above in Dr. Bhagvánlál’s History, 96 note 3. ↑Note 144 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 7. ↑Note 145 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 22, 24, 25. ↑Note 146 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 34. ↑Note 147 · Elliot’s History of India, I. 86. ↑Note 148 · Al Masúdi Les Prairies D’Or, II. chapter 18 page 85. ↑Note 149 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot’s History of India, I. 13. ↑Note 150 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 25. ↑Note 151 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot (History of India), I. 34. ↑Note 152 · Al Bírúni in Elliot (History of India), I. 67. ↑Note 153 · Al Bírúni in Elliot (History of India), I. 59. ↑Note 154 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 76. ↑Note 155 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 86. ↑Note 156 · The merchant Sulaimán (851 a.d.) in Elliot’s History of India, I. 5. ↑Note 157 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot (History of India), I. 13. ↑Note 158 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 23. ↑Note 159 · Al Masúdi in Elliot (History of India), I. 25. ↑Note 160 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot’s History of India, I. 14. ↑Note 161 · Al Masúdi in History of India by Sir Henry Elliot, I. 25. ↑Note 162 · Lane’s Notes on his Translation of the Alf Leilah, III. 80. ↑Note 163 · Al Masúdi’s Murúj (Arabic Text Cairo Edition, I. 221). ↑Note 164 · The merchant Sulaimán (Elliot’s History of India), I. 4 and 5. ↑Note 165 · See page 519 note 8. ↑Note 166 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 11. ↑Note 167 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot’s History of India, I. 14. ↑Note 168 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot’s History of India, I. 15. ↑Note 169 · Al Masúdi (Elliot’s History of India), I. 23. ↑Note 170 · Barbier De Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, III. 47–48. ↑Note 171 · Barbier De Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. 239. ↑Note 172 · Barbier De Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. 253. ↑Note 173 · Barbier De Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. 384. ↑Note 174 · Ibni Haukal (Ashkál-ul-Bilád) and Elliot’s History of India, I. 39. ↑Note 175 · Elliot’s History of India, III. 33. ↑Note 176 · Mámhal is by some numbered among the cities of India. Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 84. ↑Note 177 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 79. ↑Note 178 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 85. ↑Note 179 · Al Idrísi in Elliot’s History of India, I. 85. ↑Note 180 · Al Idrísi in Elliot’s History of India, I. 85. ↑Note 181 · Rashíd-ud-dín in Elliot’s History of India, I. 67–68. ↑Note 182 · Ibni Haukal (a.d. 968) in Elliot, I. 39. ↑Note 183 · Al Idrísi (a.d. 968) in Elliot, I. 84 and 87. ↑Note 184 · Al Idrísi speaking of Cambay in Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. ↑Note 185 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 85. ↑Note 186 · Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. 88. ↑Note 187 · Al Masúdi in Elliot’s History of India, I. 9. ↑Note 188 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot, I. 35. ↑Note 189 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot, I. 39. ↑Note 190 · Al Idrísi in Elliot’s History of India, I. 88. ↑Note 191 · Rashíd-ud-dín (a.d. 1310) in Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. The passage seems to be a quotation from Al Bírúni (a.d. 1031). ↑Note 192 · Ibni Haukal in Elliot’s History of India, I. 34–38, also Al Kazwíni, I. 97. ↑Note 193 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 29. ↑Note 194 · The merchant Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. 7. ↑Note 195 · The merchant Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. 6. ↑Note 196 · The merchant Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. 7. ↑Note 197 · Abu Zaid in Elliot’s History of India, I. 10. ↑Note 198 · Abu Zaid in Elliot’s History of India, I. 9–10. ↑Note 199 · Abu Zaid in Elliot’s History of India, I. 11. ↑Note 200 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot, I. 17. ↑Note 201 · Ibni Khurdádbah in Elliot’s History of India, I. 13–17. ↑Note 202 · Text Les Prairies D’Or, I. 149–154 and Elliot’s History of India, I. 19. ↑Note 203 · Arabic Text Les Prairies D’Or, I. 149–154, and Elliot’s History of India, I. 20. ↑Note 204 · Al Masúdi’s Prairies D’Or, I. 169, and Elliot’s History of India, I. 20. ↑Note 205 · Rashíd-ud-dín from Al Bírúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. 67–68. ↑Note 206 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 76. ↑Note 207 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 85. ↑Note 208 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 87. ↑Note 209 · Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 88. ↑Note 210 · Al Idrísi in Elliot (History of India), I. 88. ↑Note 211 · Appendix V. Arab References, a.d. 851–1350. Arab References, a.d. 851–1350.The earliest Arab reference to Gujarát is by the merchant SulaimáNote 212 · Al Biláduri3 (a.d. 892) states that the first Islámic expedition to India was the one despatched against Táná4 (Thána) by Usmán, son of Al-ÁNote 213 · The dissension between Muhammad and his brother Mahán, who in Muhammad’s absence had usurped his authority at Sindán, re-established the powNote 214 · Rivers.Regarding the rivers and streams of Gujarát the Arab writers are almost completely silent. The first reference to rivers is in Al MasNote 215 · Towns. Anahalváda.Anahalváda (Ámhal, Fámhal, Kámhal, Kámuhul, Mámhul, Nahlwára, Nahrwála). Al Istakhri (H. 340; a.d. 951) mentions Ámhal FámNote 216 · The Jámi-ûl-Hikáyát of Muhammad Úfi alludes73 to the defeat of Sultán Shaháb-ud-dín or Muhammad bin Sám, usually styled Muhammad Ghori, at tNote 217 · Chief Towns. Asáwal.Asáwal. Abú Rihán Al Bírúni is the first (a.d. 970–1039) of Arab geographers to mention Asáwal the site of Ahmedábád whiNote 218 · Capital and Port Towns. Broach.Broach (Báhrúj, Bárúh, Bárús) is one of the places first attacked by the Muslim Arabs. In the fifteenth year Note 219 · Port or Coast Towns. Cambay.Cambay (Kambáya, Kambáyat, Kambáyah, Khambáit.) According to Al Istakhri (a.d. 951) Kambáya formed the north bouNote 220 · The trade in horses from the Persian isles and coast and from Katíf, Láhsa, Bahrein, and Hurmuz was so great that during the reign of AtábakNote 221 · Appendix V. Arab References, a.d. 851–1350. Port or Coast Towns. Cheul. Cheul.Cheul (Saimúr). Al Masúdi (a.d. 943) is the first Arab geograpNote 222 · Al Istakhri (a.d. 951) mentions Saimúr as one of the cities of Hind, makes it the southern end of the Balhára kingdom with Kambáya as the noNote 223 · Al Kazwíni (a.d. 1236) quoting Misâar bin Muhalhil (a.d. 942) describes Saimúr as one of the cities of Hind near the confines of Sind,119 whNote 224 · Chief Towns. Dholka.Dholka (Dúlaka). Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) places Dúlaka and another town he calls Hanáwal that is ChunwalNote 225 · Gondal.Gondal (Kondal). Ziá-ud-dín Barni in his Tárikh-i-Fíruz Sháhi states122 that Sultán Muhammad Tughlak spent (a.d. 1349) his third rainNote 226 · Capitals. Kachh.Kachh. Al Bírúni (a.d. 970–1031) is the only Arab writer who refers to Kachh. He calls Kachh123 with Somnáth the head-quarteNote 227 · Kaira.Kaira (Karra). One mention of Karra apparently Kaira or Kheḍá occurs in Ziá-ud-dín Barni’s134 account of Muhammad Tughlak’s (a.d. 1325Note 228 · Kanauj.Kanauj. Al Masúdi135 (a.d. 956) is the first Arab traveller who gives an account of Kanauj. He says:136 The kingdom of the Baûúra kinNote 229 · Kol.Kol. Ibni Khurdádbah (a.d. 912) has Kol seventy-two miles (18 farsakhs) from Sanján in Kachh.142 And the Táj-ul-Mâásir143 relates how inNote 230 · Málkhet.Málkhet (Mánkír). Al Masúdi (a.d. 943) is the first Arab writer to mention Mánkír that is Mányákheta now Málkhet about sixty miles sNote 231 · Al Masúdi correctly describes the position of Málkhet as eighty Sindh or eight-mile farsakhs that is six hundred and forty miles from the seNote 232 · Appendix V. Arab References, a.d. 851–1350. Chief Towns. Mándal. Mándal.Mándal. Ibni Khurdádbah (a.d. 912) enumerates Mándal (in Viramgám) wNote 233 · Nárána.Nárána. In his Indica Al Bírúni (a.d. 970–1031) notices Nárána near Jaipur as the ancient capital of Gujarát. He says that its correcNote 234 · Ránder.Ránder (Ráhanjir or Rahanjúr). Al Bírúni (a.d. 1031) gives152 Ráhanjúr and Báhrúj (Broach) as the capitals of Lar Desh or south GujarNote 235 · Sanján.Sanján (Sindán). The two Sanjáns, one in Kachh the other in Thána, complicate the references to Sindán. Sindán in Kachh was one of thNote 236 · Port or Coast Towns. Sindábúr or Sindápúr.Sindábúr or Sindápúr. Al Masúdi (a.d. 943) places Sindápúr he writes it Sindábúra or Goa in the coNote 237 · Somnáth.Somnáth. Al Bírúni (a.d. 970–1031) is the first of the Arab writers to notice Somnáth. He calls Somnáth and Kachh the capital of theNote 238 · Supára.Supára (Subárá, Sufára, or Surbáráh.)—The references to Subárá are doubtful as some seem to belong to Surabára the Tápti mouth and otNote 239 · Ibni Haukal (a.d. 968–976) mentions180 Surbárah apparently the Tápti mouth or Surat as one of the cities of Hind four farsakhs, correctly daNote 240 · Capitals. Thána.Thána (Tána).—That Thána was known to the Arabs in pre-Islám times is shown by one of the first Musalmán expeditions to the Note 241 · Vála or Valabhi.Baráda (Porbandar).—Of the Arab attacks on the great sea-port Vala or Valabhi, twenty miles west of Bhávnagar, during the eiNote 242 · In the fourth year of his reign about a.d. 758 the Khalífah Jaâfar-al-Mansúr189 (a.d. 754–775) the second ruler of the house of Abbás appoinNote 243 · Kings.Of the rulers of Gujarát between a.d. 850 and a.d. 1250 the only dynasty which impressed the Arabs was the Balháras of Málkhet or MányNote 244 · The merchant Sulaimán (a.d. 851) ranks the Balhára, the lord of Mánkír, as the fourth of the great rulers of the world. Every prince in IndiNote 245 · Condition.That the Arabs found the Ráshṭrakúṭas kind and liberal rulers there is ample evidence. In their territories property was secure,20Note 246 · Jurz.According to the merchant Sulaimán201 (a.d. 851) the kingdom next after the Balhára’s was that of Jurz the Gurjjara king whose territorNote 247 · The king of Jurz was at war with the Balháras as well as with the neighbouring kingdom of Táfak or the Panjáb. The details given under BhínmNote 248 · Rahma or Ruhmi.Rahma or Ruhmi, according to the merchant Sulaimán (a.d. 851) borders the land of the Balháras, the Juzr, and Táfán. The kingNote 249 · Products.In the middle of the ninth century mines of gold and silver are said to be worked in Gujarát.217 Abu Zaid (a.d. 916) represents peaNote 250 · Ibni Khurdádbah220 (a.d. 912) mentions teakwood and the bamboo as products of Sindán that is the Konkan Sanjan.221 Al Masúdi (a.d. 943) noteNote 251 · Al Bírúni (a.d. 1031) notices that its import of horses from Mekran and the islands of the Persian Gulf was a leading portion of Cambay tradNote 252 · According to Ibni Haukal (a.d. 170) from Kambáya to Saimúr the villages lay close to one another and much land was under cultivation.235 At Note 253 · Review.In their intercourse with Western India nothing struck the Arabs more than the toleration shown to their religion both by chief and p