Volume 1 / Part 3 — PART III.—Prose (continued 5)

Love is still the theme: of all sentiments, is it not the greatest fancy-weaver? But love is not heard here in the charming, prattle of Rosalind; it is glaring, like the season of the year. It does not brim over in slight conversations, in supple and skipping prose; it breaks forth into big rhyming odes, dressed in magnificent metaphors, sustained by impassioned accents, such as a warm night, odorous and star-spangled, inspires in a poet and a lover. Lysander and Hermia agree to meet.

"Lysander. To-morrow night when Phoebe doth behold Her silver visage in the watery glass, Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass, A time that lovers' flights doth still conceal, Through Athens' gates have we devised to steal. Hermia. And in the wood, where often you and I Upon faint primrose-beds were wont to lie.... There my Lysander and myself shall meet."[731]

They get lost, and fall asleep, wearied, under the trees. Puck squeezes in the youth's eyes the juice of a magic flower, and changes his heart. Presently, when he awakes, he will become enamored of the first woman he sees. Meanwhile Demetrius, Hermia's rejected lover, wanders with Helena, whom he rejects, in the solitary wood. The magic flower changes him in turn, he now loves Helena. The lovers flee and pursue one another, beneath the lofty trees, in the calm night. We smile at their transports, their complaints, their ecstasies, and yet we join in them. This passion is a dream, and yet it moves us: It is like those airy webs which we find at morning on the crest of the hedgerows where the dew has spread them, and whose weft sparkles like a jewel-casket. Nothing can be more fragile, and nothing more graceful. The poet sports with emotions; he mingles, confuses, redoubles, interweaves them; he twines and untwines these loves like the mazes of a dance, and we see the noble and tender figures pass by the verdant bushes, beneath the radiant eyes of the stars, now wet with tears, now bright with rapture. They have the abandonment of true love, not the grossness of sensual love. Nothing causes us to fall from the ideal world in which Shakespeare conducts us. Dazzled by beauty, they adore it, and the spectacle of their happiness, their emotion, and their tenderness, is a kind of enchantment.

Above these two couples flutters and hums the swarm of elves and fairies. They also love. Titania, their queen, has a young boy for her favorite, son of an Indian king, of whom Oberon, her husband, wishes to deprive her. They quarrel, so that the elves creep for fear into the acorn cups, in the golden primroses. Oberon, by way of vengeance, touches Titania's sleeping eyes with the magic flower, and thus on waking the nimblest and most charming of the fairies finds herself enamored of a stupid blockhead with an ass's head. She kneels before him; she sets on his "hairy temples a coronet of fresh and fragrant flowers":

"And that same dew, which sometime on the buds Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls, Stood now within the pretty floweret's eyes, Like tears that did their own disgrace bewail."[732]

She calls round her all her fairy attendants;

"Be kind and courteous to this gentleman; Hop in his walks, and gambol in his eyes; Feed him with apricocks and dewberries, With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries; The honey-bags steal from the humble-bees, And for night-tapers crop their waxen thighs And light them at the fiery glow-worm's eyes, To have my love to bed and to arise; And pluck the wings from painted butterflies To fan the moonbeams from his sleeping eyes.... Come, wait upon him; lead him to my bower. The moon, methinks, looks with a watery eye; And when she weeps, weeps every little flower, Lamenting some enforced chastity. Tie up my love's tongue, bring him silently."[733]

It was necessary, for her love brayed horribly, and to all the offers of Titania, replied with a petition for hay. What can be sadder and sweeter than this irony of Shakespeare? What raillery against love, and what tenderness for love! The sentiment is divine; its object unworthy. The heart is ravished, the eyes blind. It is a golden butterfly, fluttering in the mud; and Shakespeare, whilst painting its misery, preserves all its beauty:

"Come, sit thee down upon this flowery bed, While I thy amiable cheeks do coy, And stick musk-roses in thy sleek smooth head, And kiss thy fair large ears, my gentle joy.... Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.... So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle Gently entwist; the female ivy so Enrings the barky fingers of the elm. O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee!"[734]

At the return of morning, when

"The eastern gate, all fiery red, Opening on Neptune with fair blessed beams, Turns into yellow gold his salt green streams,"[735]

the enchantment ceases, Titania awakes on her couch of wild thyme and drooping violets. She drives the monster away; her recollections of the night are effaced in a vague twilight:

"These things seem small and undistinguishable, Like far-off mountains turned into clouds."[736]

And the fairies

"Go seek some dew drops here And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear."[737]

Such is Shakespeare's fantasy, a slight tissue of bold inventions, of ardent passions, melancholy mockery, dazzling poetry, such as one of Titania's elves would have made. Nothing could be more like the poet's mind than these nimble genii, children of air and flame, whose flights "compass the globe" in a second, who glide over the foam of the waves and skip between the atoms of the winds. Ariel flies, an invisible songster, around shipwrecked men to console them, discovers the thoughts of traitors, pursues the savage beast Caliban, spreads gorgeous visions before lovers, and does all in a lightning-flash:

"Where the bee sucks, there suck I: In a cowslip's bell I lie.... Merrily, merrily shall I live now Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.... I drink the air before me, and return Or ere your pulse twice beat."[738]

Shakespeare glides over things on as swift a wing, by leaps as sudden, with a touch as delicate.

What a soul! what extent of action, and what sovereignty of an unique faculty! what diverse creations, and what persistence of the same impress! There they all are united, and all marked by the same sign, void of will and reason, governed by mood, imagination, or pure passion, destitute of the faculties contrary to those of the poet, dominated by the corporeal type which his painter's eyes have conceived, endowed by the habits of mind and by the vehement sensibility which he finds in himself.[739] Go through the groups, and you will only discover in them divers forms and divers states of the same power. Here, a herd of brutes, dotards, and gossips, made up of a mechanical imagination; further on, a company of men of wit, animated by a gay and foolish imagination; then, a charming swarm of women whom their delicate imagination raises so high, and their self-forgetting love carries so far; elsewhere a band of villains, hardened by unbridled passions, inspired by artistic rapture; in the centre a mournful train of grand characters, whose excited brain is filled with sad or criminal visions, and whom an inner destiny urges to murder, madness, or death. Ascend one stage, and contemplate the whole scene: the aggregate bears the same mark as the details. The drama reproduces promiscuously uglinesses, basenesses, horrors, unclean details, profligate and ferocious manners, the whole reality of life just as it is, when it is unrestrained by decorum, common-sense, reason, and duty. Comedy, led through a phantasmagoria of pictures, gets lost in the likely and the unlikely, with no other connection but the caprice of an amused imagination, wantonly disjointed and romantic, an opera without music, a concerto of melancholy and tender sentiments, which bears the mind into the supernatural world, and brings before our eyes on its fairy-wings the genius which has created it. Look now. Do you not see the poet behind the crowd of his creations? They have heralded his approach. They have all shown somewhat of him. Ready, impetuous, impassioned, delicate, his genius is pure imagination, touched more vividly and by slighter things than ours. Hence his style, blooming with exuberant images, loaded with exaggerated metaphors, whose strangeness is like incoherence, whose wealth is superabundant, the work of a mind, which, at the least incitement, produces too much and takes too wide leaps. Hence this involuntary psychology, and this terrible penetration, which instantaneously perceiving all the effects of a situation, and all the details of a character, concentrates them in every response, and gives to a figure a relief and a coloring which create illusion. Hence our emotion and tenderness. We say to him, as Desdemona to Othello: "I love thee for the battles, sieges, fortunes thou hast passed, and for the distressful stroke that thy youth suffered."

INDEX

The Roman Numerals Refer to the Volumes.—The Arabic Figures to the Pages of Each Volume.

Abelard, I. 158, 160 Addison, Joseph, II. 265, 292, 300, 311; his life and writings, 327-359; III. 83, 95, 259, 272, 280, 306 Adhelm, I. 58, note 89, 69, 70, 185 Agriculture, improvement in, in sixteenth century, I. 172; in the nineteenth, III. 43, 168 Akenside, Mark, III. 36 Alcuin, I. 64, 70 Alexander VI, Pope, II. 5 Alexandrian philosophy, I. 21, note 5 Alfred the Great, I. 64, 69 Alison, Sir Archibald, III. 44 Amory, Thomas, II. 438 Angelo, Michel, I. 183, 366; III. 27 Anglo-Saxon poetry, I. 53 Ann of Cleaves, I. 186 Anselm, I. 76 Anthology the, I. 209, 240 Arbuthnot, Dr. John, II. 381 Architecture, Norman, I. 75, 127; the Tudor style, 174 Ariosto, I. 185, 222, note 360, note 366; II. 236 Aristocracy British, in the nineteenth century, III. 169 seq. Arkwright, Sir Richard, II. 320 Armada, the I. 173, 279 Arnold, Dr. Thomas, III. 100, 178 Arthur and Merlin, romance of, I. 77 Ascham, Roger, I. 181, 246, note 288; II. 3 Athelstan, I. 36, 54 Augier, Emile, III. 208 Austen, Jane, III. 85 Bacon, Francis, Lord, I. 245, 255, note 384; II. 34, 39; III. 268 seq. 284 Bacon, Roger, I. 161 Bain, Alexander, III. 185 Bakewell, Robert, II. 320 Bale, John, I. 186 Balzac, Honoré de, I. 3; III. 215, 254 Barclay, Alexander, I. 165 Barclay, John, II. 292 Barclay, Robert, I. 58 Barrow, Isaac, II. 292, 295 seq. Baxter, Richard, I. 268; II. 56, 292 Bayly's (Lewis) Practice of Piety, II. 62 Beattie, Tames, II. 440; III. 36 Beauclerk, Henry, I. 76 Beaumont, Francis, I. 291, note 421, note 423, note 459, note 490, note 494, note 495, note 497, note 506, note 509, note 512; II. 41, 45, 100 Becket, Thomas à, I. 97 Beckford, W., III. 77 Bede, the Venerable, I. 64, note 18, note 69 note 73, note 88, note 89 Bedford, Duke of (John Russell), II. 310 Beethovan, Lewis van, III. 87 Behn, Mrs. Aphra, II. 157, 254 Bell, Currer. See Brontë, Charlotte Bénoit de Sainte-Maure, I. 76 Bentham, Jeremy, II. 320 Bently, Richard, II. 303 Beowolf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, I. 49 Béranger, II. 11; III. 287 Berkeley, Bishop, II. 303 Berkley, Sir Charles, II. 141 Berners, Lord, I. 186 Best, Paul, II. 50 Bible, English. See Wiclif, Tyndale Blackmore, Sir Richard, II. 224 Blount, Edward, I. 192 Boccaccio, I. 126, 132; II. 266 Bodley, Sir Thomas, I. 246 Boethius, I. 64, note 90 Boileau, II. 144, 184, 224, 262, 284; III. 7, 4, 345 Boleyn, Ann, I. 276 Bolingbroke, Lord (Henry St. John), II. 275, 303; III. 8 Bonner, Edmund, II. 33 Borde, Andrew, I. 186 Borgia, Cæsar, II. 5, 6 Borgia, Lucretia, I. 182; II. 5 Bossu (or Lebossu), II. 224 Bossuet, I. 18; II. 233; III. 25, 306 Boswell, James, II. 444 seq. Bourchier. See Berners Boyle, the Hon. Robert, II. 303 Bridaine, Father, II. 298 Britons, ancient, I. 38 Brontë, Charlotte (Currer Bell), III. 85, 100, 185 Browne, Sir Thomas, I. 245, 246, 252, note 382, note 383; II. 34, 39 Browning, Mrs., III. 100, 185 Brunanburh, Athelstan's victory at, celebrated in Saxon song, I. 54 Buckingham, Duke of (John Sheffield), II. 153, 180, 184 Buckle, Henry Thomas, III. 154 seq., 176 Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton, III. 85, 185 Bunyan, John, II. 58-70, 133 Burke, Edmund, II. 303, 317-326, 444; III. 286, 306 Burleigh, Lord (William Cecil), I. note 407; III. 286 Burnet, Bishop, II. 202 Burney, Francisca (Madame D'Arblay), II. 283, 320, 444; III. 275 Burns, Robert, II. 251; Sketch of his life and works, III. 48-65 Burton, Robert, I. note 277, 248; II. 34, 100 Busby, Dr. Richard, II. 256 Bute, Lord, II. 273 seq., 310 Butler, Bishop, II. 320 Butler, Samuel, II. 137-140, 303 Byng, Admiral, II. 310 Byron, Lord, III. 11; his life and works, 102-151 Cædmon, hymns of, I. 57, 61; his metrical paraphrase of parts of the Bible, note 83, 61, 185 Calamy, Edmund, II. 58 Calderon, I. 161, 279; II. 155 Calvin, John, II. 11, 45, 301 Camden, William, I. 246 Campbell, Thomas, III. 76, 112 Carew, Thomas, I. 238 Carlyle, Thomas, I. 6; III. 100, 176; style and mind, 308 seq.; vocation, 327 seq.; philosophy, morality, and criticism, 336 seq.; conception of history, 348 Carteret, John (Earl Granville), II. 311 Castlereagh, Lord, I. note 514 Catherine, St., play of, I. 76 Cellini, Benvenuto, I. 26, note 169, note 290 note 292, note 293, note 409 Cervantes, I. 100, note 360, 222; II. 410 Chalmers, George, I. note 95, note 345, note 346 Chandos, Duke of (John Brydges), III. 8 Chapman, George, I. 330 Charles of Orleans, I. 84, 158 Charles I of England, III. 276 Charles II and his court, II. 140 seq. Chateaubriand, I. 4; II. 346 Chatham. See Pitt Chaucer, I. 106, 126, 155, note 153; II. 265 Chesterfield, Lord, II. 278 seq., 444; III. 15 Chevy Chase, ballad of, I. 125 Chillingworth, William, I. 245; II. 35, 38, 300 Christianity, introduction of, into Britain, I. 56, 63 seq. Chroniclers, French, I. 83 Chroniclers, Saxon, I. 68 Cibber, Colley, III. 8, 17 Cimbrians, the, I. 41 Clarendon, Lord Chancellor (Edward Hyde), I. 245; II. 140 Clarke, Dr. John, II. 289, 301 Classic spirit in Europe, its origin and nature, II. 170-173 Classical authors translated, I. 180, 190 Clive, Lord, III. 272 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, III. 73 Collier, Jeremy, II. 225, 256 Collins, William, III. 37 Colman, George, II. 220 Comedy-writers, English, II. 188 seq. Comines, Philippe de, I. 124 Commerce in sixteenth century, I. 172; III. 165 seq. Comte, Auguste, III. 362 Condillac, Stephen-Bonnot de, III. 333, 363 Congreve, William, II. 188-210, 283 Conybeare, J. J., I. note 64, note 66, note 74 Corbet, Bishop, II. 35 Corneille, II. 224, 236 Cotton, Sir Robert, I. 246 Court pageantries in the sixteenth century, I. 176, 177 Coventry, Sir John, II. 142 Coverdale, Miles, II. 20 Cowley, Abraham, I. 242; II. 34, 71 Cowper, William, III. 67-73 Crabbe, George, III. 71, 112 Cranmer, Archbishop, II. 15, 23 Crashaw, Richard, II. 34 Criticism and History, III. 267 seq. Cromwell, Oliver, I. 6; II. 35, 50; III. 276, 319, 351 Crowne, John, II. 157 Curll, Edmund, III. 18 Daniel, Samuel, I. 246 Dante, I. 135, 158, 161; II. 110; III. 335 Darwin, Charles, I. note 1 Davie, Adam, I. 93 Davies, Sir John, II. 34 Daye, John, II. 47 Decker, Thomas, I. 281, note 454 De Foe, II. 307, 402-410; III. 169 Delille, James, III. 21 Denham, Sir John, II. 185-188 Denmark, I. 34, 35 Dennis, John, II. 331 Descartes, II. 149, 233; III. 333 Dickens, Charles, III. 85, 100; his novels, 187-221 Domesday Book, I. 104, note 149, note 150, note 175 Donne, John, I. note 372, note 373, note 374, 241; II. 35 Dorat, C. J., III. 16, 140 Dorset, Earl of (Charles Sackville), II. 179, 180 Drake, Admiral, I. note 273 Drake, Dr. Nathan, I. note 274, note 275, note 278 note 284, note 329, note 404, note 508 Drama, formation of the, I. 291 seq. Drayton, Michael, I. 204, note 330, note 346; II. 34 Drummond, William, II. 100 Dryden, John, I. 18; II. 100; his comedies, 153-157, 184; his life and writings, II. 222-272, 332; III. 5, 329 Dudevant, Madame (George Sand), III. 207 Dunstan, St., I. 36 Durer, Albert, II. 9, 10 Dyer, Sir Edward, I. note 325 Earle, John, I. 246 Eddas, the Scandinavian, I. 42; III. 123, 124 Edgeworth, Maria, III. 253 Edward VI, II. 28 Edwy and Elgiva, story of, I. 38, note 32 Eliot, George. See Evans, Mary A. England, climate of, I. 33 English Constitution, formation of the, I. 105 Elizabeth, Queen, I. 175, 245, 270 Elwin, Whitwell, III. 5 seq. Erigena, John Scotus, I. 64, note 89, 69 Esménard, Joseph Alphonse, I. note 256 Essex, Robert, Earl of, I. 270, 273 Etheredge, Sir George, II. 137, 158 Evans, Mary A. (George Eliot), III. 85, 179, 185 Eyck, Van, I. 151 Falkland, Lord, I. 245 Farnese, Pietro Luigi, II. 6 Farquhar, George, II. 188, 209 Faust, III. 47 Feltham, Owen, I. 246 Fenn, Sir John, I. note 267 Ferguson, Dr. Adam, II. 304; III. 271 Fermor, Mrs. Arabella, III. 15, 16 Feudalism, the protection and character of, I. 73 Fichte, III. 335 Fielding, Henry, I. 319; II. 135, 434-433, 450 Fitmore, Sir Robert, II. 305 Finsborough, Battle of, an Anglo-Saxon poem, I. 54 Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, I. 275; II. 26 Flemish artists, I. 170, 178 Fletcher, Giles, II. 34 Fletcher, John, I. 291, 307; II. 45, 100 Ford, John, I. 291, 297, 312; II. 248 Fortescue, Sir John, I. 113, note 171 Fox, Charles James, II. 276, 311, 315 seq. Fox, George, II. 52, 58, 133 Fox, John, II. 13 seq. Francis of Assisi, I. 161 Freeman, Edward A., I. note 98 Frisians, the, I. 32, 33 Froissart, I. 83, 102, 126, 127 132, note 195, note 255 Froude, J. A., I. note 149, note 411; II. 15 seq. Fuller, Thomas, I. 318, note 513 Gaimar, Geoffroy, I. 76, 92 Gainsborough, Thomas, landscape painter, II. 220 Garrick, David, II. 444, 448 Gaskell, Mrs. Elisabeth C., III. 85, 185 Gay, John, II. 211, 279; III. 4. 29-32 Geoffrey of Monmouth, I. note 130 German ideas, introduction of, in Europe and England, III; 328 seq. Germany, drinking habits in, II. 7 Gibbon, Edward, II. 444 Gladstone, William Ewart, III. 274 Glencoe, Massacre of, III. 302 seq. Glover, Richard, III. 37 Godwin, William, II. 95 Goethe, I. 6, 18, note 441, note 708; II. 111, 118, 430; III. 48, 74, 125-131, 327 seq. Goldsmith, Oliver, II. 211, 307, 440-443 Goltzius, I. 196 Gower, John, I. 90, 163, note 127 Grammont, Count de, II. 135, 169, 170 Gray, Thomas, III. 36 Greene, Robert, I. 206, note 301, note 333, 281, note 340, 306 Grenville, George, II. 310 Gresset, J. B. Lewis, III. 16 Grey, Lady Jane, I. 180, 270 Grostete, Robert, I. 90, 93 Grote, George, III. 185 Guicciardini, Ludovic, I. 173 Guido, I. 16 Guizot, I. note 155; III. 276, 282, 305 Guy of Warwick, I. 77, note 143 Habington, William, I. 240 Hakluyt, Richard, I. 246 Hale, Sir Matthew, II. 16 Hales, John, I. 245; II. 35, 37, 301 Halifax, Charles, Montague, Earl of, II. 329, 334. 361, 366 Hall, Bishop, Joseph, I. 246; II. 35 Hallam, Henry, I. 118; III. 276 Hamilton, Anthony, II. 136 seq. Hamilton, Sir William, III. 185 Hampden, John, III. 276 Hampole, I. 93 Hardyng, John, I. 269 Harrington, Sir John, I. 237 Harrison, William, I. 173 Hastings, Warren, II. 317; III. 272, 285 seq., 291 Hawes, Stephen, I. 165 Hegel, I. 18, note 244; II. 271, 331 seq. Heine, I. 2, note 10, 360; III. 39, 48, 74, 87 Hemling, Hans, I. 170 Henry Beauclerk, I. 76 Henry of Huntingdon, I. 36, note 24, note 34, note 35, 76 Henry VIII and his Court, I. 269; II. 15 Herbert, George, I. 240 Herbert, Lord, I. 246 Herder, John Godfrey von, I. 6 Herrick, Robert, I. 204, 238, note 371 Hertford, Earl of, I. note 402 Hervey, Lord, III. 26 Heywood, Mrs. Eliza, III. 18 Heywood, John, I. 186, 280, note 425, note 488 Hill, Aaron, III. 8 History, philosophy of. See the Introduction, passim. Hobbes, Thomas, II. 147-152, 250 Hogarth, William, II. 450-453; III. 18 Holinslied's Chronicles, I. 176, 246, 275 Holland, I. 31 Homer and Spenser, I. 217 Hooker, Richard, I. 245; II. 35 seq. Horn, Ring, romance of, I. 77, 100 Hoveden, John, I. 90 Howard, John, II. 320 Howe, John, III. 299 Hugo, Victor, I. 2, note 263, note 606; II. 270; III. 74, 87 Hume, David, II. 304, 440; III. 294, 352 Hunter, William, martyrdom of, II. 31, 32 Hutcheson, Francis, II. 304, 320; III. 271 Iceland and its legends, I. 35, 42 Independency in the sixteenth century, II. 49 seq., 90 Industry, British, in the nineteenth century, III. 165 seq. Irish, the ancient, I. 38 Italian writings and ideas, taste for, in sixteenth century, I. 181, 182; vices of the Italian Renaissance, II. 3-7 James I and his Court, I. 237 James II, III. 282 Jewell, Bishop, I. 277 Johnson, Samuel, I. 319; II. 303, 321, 444-453; III. 10, 38, 345 Joinville, Sire de, I. 83 Jones, Inigo, I. note 276, 321 Jones, Sir William, II. 444 Jonson, Ben, I. note 282, 208, note 394, note 398, 280, note 520; II. 100; III. 155; sketch of his life, I. 318; his learning, style, etc., 321; his dramas, 327; his comedies, 333; compared with Molière, 345; fanciful comedies and smaller poems, 345 Jordaens, Jacob, I. 178 Jowett, Benjamin, III. 100, 334 Judith, poem of, I. 60, 61 Junius, Letters of, II. 311 seq.; III. 106 Jutes, the, and their country, I. 31 Keats, John, III. 130 Kemble, John M., I. note 26, note 35, note 39, note 58, note 59 note 63, note 77 Knighton, Henry, I. note 186 Knolles, Richard, I. 246 Knox, John, II. 8, 28; III. 354 Kyd, Thomas, I. 280 Lackland, John, I. 102 LaHarpe, III. 345 Lamartine, I. 2; III. 74, 87 Lamb, Charles, III. 73, 76 Languet, Hubert, I. 194 Latimer, Bishop, I. 109; II. 17, 27 seq. Lanfranc, first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, I. 76 Langtoft, Peter, I. 90 Laud, Archbishop, II. 38; III. 287 Lavergne, Léonce de, I. note 15 Law, William, II. 303 Layamon, I. 92, note 131 Lebrun, Ponce Denis Econchard, I. 163, note 256 Lee, Nathaniel, II. 241 Leibnitz, III. 23 Leighton, Dr. Alexander, II. 49, 88 Lely, Sir Peter, II. 320 Leo X, Pope, II. 4 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, I. 4 Lingard, Dr. John, I. note 18, note 21, note 30, note 32, note 148 Locke, John, II. 71, 300, 303 seq., 320 Lockhart, John Gibson, III. 78 seq. Lodge, Thomas, I. 204, 280 Lombard, Peter, I. 157, note 245 Loménie de Brienne, Cardinal, III. 311 London in Henry VIII's time, I. 173; in the present day, III. 164 Longchamps, William, I. 97 Longus, Greek romance-writer, I. 209 Lorris, Guillaume de, I. 84, 95 Loyola, I. 161, 171; III. 273 Ludlow, Edmund, II. 51 Lulli, a renowned Italian composer, II. 233 Lully, Raymond; I. 161 Luther, Martin, I. 26, 171; II. 3-7; and the Reformation, 7 Lydgate, John, I. 158, 163, 164, note 257, 165, note 259 Lyly, John, I. note 287, 192, 194 Lyly, William, I. 180 Macaulay, Thomas Babington (Lord), III. 100; his works, 267-307 Machiavelli, I. 183 Mackenzie, Henry, III. 35, 51 Mackintosh, Sir James, III. 276 Macpherson, James, III. 36 Malcolm, Sir John, III. 78 Malherbe, Francis de, III. 329 Malte-brun, Conrad, I. note 8 Mandeville, Bernard, II. 303 Manners of the people in the sixteenth century, I. 178 Marguerite of Navarre, I. 132 Marlborough, Duchess of, III. 26 Marlborough, Duke of, II. 275, 307; III. 259 Marlowe, Christopher, I. 211, note 344, 280, note 429, note 433, note 344, note 442, note 445, note 446, note 447, note 449, note 452; III. 73; his dramas, I. 282 Marston, John, I. 320 Martyr, Peter, II. 23 Martyrs in the reign of Mary, II. 30-34 Marvell, Andrew, II. 254 Masques, under James I, I. 177, 348 Massillon, II. 28 Massinger, Philip, I. note 400, 280, note 424, note 459, note 460, note 462, 297 Maundeville, Sir John, I. 91, note 128, note 129, note 130, 102 May, Thomas, II. 57 Medici, Lorenzo de, I. 182 Melanchthon, Philip, II. 13, 23 Merlin, I. 77, note 124 Meung, Jean de, I. 93, 162 Michelet, Jules, I. 4, note 71; III. 325 Middleton, Thomas, I. note 401, 273, 277, 291, note 458 Mill, John Stuart, III. 100, 176, 360-408 Milton, John, I. 62, note 86, 215, 245; II. 71-84; his prose writings, 84-100; his poetry, 100-128, 347, 348; III. 272 Molière, I. note 347, note 348, note 489, note 563, note 608, 361; II. 188 seq., 418; III. 214 Mommsen, Theodor, I. note 3 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, II. 424; III. 8, 15 Montesquieu, Ch., I. note 4, 25 Moore, Thomas, II. 440; III. 75 seq., 138 More, Sir Thomas, I. 246, 275 Müller, Max, III. 361 Muller, Ottfried, I. 6 Murray, John, III. 78, 138, 140 Musset, Alfred de, I. 2, 199, note 426, note 427, note 459, note 523, 358; II. 267; III. 39, 74, 87, 430 seq. Nash, Thomas, I. 281 Nayler, James, II. 53, 57 Neal's History of the Puritans, II. 53, 88 Newcastle, Duchess of (Margaret Lucas), II. 187 Newspaper, first daily, III. 44 Newton, Sir Isaac, II. 289, 301 Nicole, Peter, II. 283 Norman Conquest, the, I. 71, 72, 73; its effects on the national language and literature, 87, 123; III. 151 Normans, the character of, I. 74; how they became French, 75; their taste and architecture, 75; their literature, chivalry, and success, 76; their position and tyranny in England, 87; III. 152 Nott, Dr. John, I. 191 Novel, the English—its characteristics, II. 402 seq.; the modern school of novelists, III. 185 seq. Nut-brown Maid, the—an ancient ballad, I. note 192 Oates, Titus, II. 257 Occam, William, I. 161 Occleve, Thomas, I. 163 Ochin, Bernard, II. 23 Oliphant, Mrs., II. 424 Olivers, Thomas, II. 290 Orrery, Earl of, III. 8 Otway, Thomas, II. 241, 248 Ouseley, Sir William, III. 78 Overbury, Sir Thomas, I. note 192, 246 Owen, John, II. 58 Paganism of poetry and painting in Italy in the sixteenth century, I. 181 Paley, William, II. 300 Palgrave, Sir Francis, I. note 13, note 344 Parnell, Dr. Thomas, III. 4 Pascal, III. 300, 400; III. 25, 306 Pastoral poetry, I. 204 Peele, George, I. 280 Penn, William, II. 288; III. 299 Pepys, Samuel, II. 142, 143, 146 Percy, Thomas, III. 73 Petrarch, I. 126, 185, 163 Philips, Ambrose, III. 4 Philosophy and history, III. 308 seq. Philosophy and poetry, connection of, I. 157 Picts, I. 38 Pickering, Dr. Gilbert, II. 223 Piers Plowman's Crede, I. 122 Piers Ploughman, Vision of, I. 120 185 Pitt, William, first Earl of Chatham, II. 276, 310 seq.; III. 275 Pitt, William (second son of the preceding), II. 311, 217 seq.; III. 65 Pleiad, the, I. 18 Pluche, Abbé, II. 342 Poe, Edgar Allan, II. 405 Pope, Alexander, II. 252, 328, 332, 381; III. 5-28, 112, 117, 28O Prayer-book, English, II. 23-27 Preaching at the Reformation period, II. 27 Presbyterians and Independents in the sixteenth century, II. 49 seq., 90 Price, Dr. Richard, II. 304, 321; III. 271 Priestly, Dr., III. 66 Prior, Matthew, III. 4, 28 Proclus, I. note 5, note 244 Prynne, William, II. 57 Pulci, an Italian painter, I. 182 Pultock, Robert, II. 438 Purchas, Samuel, I. 246 Puritans, the, II. 45 seq., 132 seq. Puttenham, George, I. 185, note 294, 246 Pym, John, III. 276 Quarles, Francis, I. 240, note 371 Rabelais, I. 149, 222, note 360, 265, 366; II. 144, 388, 438 Racine, I. 371; II. 224, 284; III. 218, 306 Raleigh, Sir Walter, I. 214, 246, 273; II, 34 Rapin, II. 224 Ray, John, II. 303 Reformation in England made way for by the Saxon character and the situation of the Norman Church, I. 122, 165; II. 7 seq. Reid, Thomas, II. 304, 320, 440 Renaissance, the English; manners of the time, I. 169; the theatre its original product, 264 Renan, Ernest, I. note 3, note 194 Restoration, period of the, in England, II. 131 seq., 209 Revolution, period of the, in England, II. 273 seq. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, II. 220, 320, 444 Richard Cœur de Lion, I. 101 Richardson, Samuel, II. 135, 303, 412-424, 444; III. 8, 35 Ridley, Nicholas, II. 30 Ritson, Joseph, I. note 157, note 159, note 162, note 164 Robert of Brunne, I. 93 Robert of Gloucester, I. 93 Robertson, Dr. William, II. 440; III. 3, 38, 352 Robespierre, II. 284 Robin Hood ballads, I. 109, 178, 185 Rochester, Earl of (John Wilmot), II. 143 seq., 184, 337; III. 28, 140 Rogers, John, martyrdom of, II. 31 Rogers, Samuel, III. 112 Roland, Song of, I. 77, 81 Rollo, a Norse leader, I. 74 Ronsard, Peter de, I. 18 Roscellinus, I. 160 Roscommon, Earl of, II. 184 Roses, wars of the, I. 114, 124, 169, 287 Rotheland, Hugh de, I. 90 Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste, III. 22 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, II. 447; III. 16, 34 Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul, III. 392 Rubens, I. 151, 177, 178, 232, 366; III. 27 Rückert, III. 74 Russel, Lord William, II. 141 Sacheverell, Dr., II. 273, 306 Sacy, Lemaistre de, II. 22 Sadeler, I. 196 Sainte-Beuve, I. 6 St. John. See Bolingbroke, Lord Saint-Simon, I. 3; III. 217 St. Theresa, I. 161 Saintré, Jehan de, I. 102 Sand, George. See Dudevant, Madame Savage, Richard, III. 18 Sawtré, William, I. 124 Saxons, the, I. 31; characteristics of the race, 71; contrast with the Normans, 74, 75; their endurance, 103; their invasion of England, III. 151, 152 Scaliger, III. 345 Schelling, I. 22 Schiller, III. 48, 74, 87 Scotland in the seventeenth century, II. 134 Scott, Sir Walter, I. 4; II. 222, 361 seq., 440; III. 74, 105, 107, 260; his novels and poems, 78-85 Scotus, Duns, I. 159 Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, I. 195 Sedley, Sir Charles, I. 240; II. 179 Selden, John, I. 246 Seres, William, II. 47 Settle, Elkanah, II. 225, 240 Sévigné, Madame de, III. 15, 306 Shadwell, Thomas, II. 157, 240, 261 Shaftesbury, Anthony Cooper, third Earl of, II. 304 Shakespeare, William, I. note 169, note 274, 186, note 301, note 308, 206, note 331, 245 280; II. 230, 238 seq.; III. 155; general idea of, I. 350; his life and character, 354; his style, 366, and manners, 372; his dramatis personæ, 377; his men of wit, 382, and women, 386; his villains, 391, 392; the principal characters in his plays, 393; fancy, imagination—ideas of existence—love; harmony between the artist and his work, 407 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, III. 74, 95-100, 130 Shenstone, William, III. 37 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, II. 212 seq., 311, 440 Sherlock, Bishop, II. 292, 301, 412 Shirley, James, I. 280; II. 153 Sidney, Algernon, I. 245; II. 71, 141 Sidney, Sir Phillip, I. 186, 194, 245, 266; II. 39; III. 155 Skelton, John, I. 165 Smart, Christopher, III. 37 Smith, Adam, II. 304, 320 Smith, Sidney, II. 282; III. 100 Smollett, Tobias, II. 308, 433-437, 440 Society in Great Britain in the present day, III. 169 seq.; in England and in France, 430 seq. South, Dr. Robert, II. 292, 295 Southern, Thomas, II. 241 Southey, Robert, II. 438; III. 72, 76, 134, 287 Speed, John, I. 246 Spelman, Sir Henry, I. 246 Spencer, Herbert, III. 185 Spencer, Edmund, I. 186, 207, 213,245; II. 71, 110; his life, character and poetry, I. 214; II. 236; III. 155, 424 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, III. 100, 334 Steele, Sir Richard, II. 311, 327; III. 259 Stendhal, Count de, I. 25, note 214, note 471, note 487 Sterling, John, III. 309 seq. Sterne, Laurence, II. 437-440; III. 35 Stewart, Dugald, II. 320, 440; III. 61 Stillingfleet, Bishop, II. 292, 301 Stowe, John, I. 246 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, III. 276 seq. Strafford, William, I. 172 Strype, John, I. 268 Stubbes, John, I. note 277, 179, note 285 Suckling, Sir John, I. 238, note 371; II. 181 Sue, Eugène, III. 220 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, I. 185; II. 16 Swift, Jonathan, II. 135. 224, 303, 311, 327 seq.; III. 259, 288; sketch of his life, II. 360-368; his wit, 368-371; his pamphlets, 371-379; his poetry, 380-389; his philosophy, etc., 389-401 Taillefer, I. 79, 89 Tasso, I. 222, note 360, note 366, note 512 Taylor, Jeremy, I. 246; II. 35, 38, 44 Temple, Sir William, II. 173, 365, 389; III. 3, 272 Teniers, David, III. 83 Tennyson, Alfred, III. 100, 185, 410-438 Thackeray, William M. III. 85, 100; his novels, 223-265 Theatre, the, in the sixteenth century, I. 264; after the Restoration, II. 153-155, 188 seq., 226 seq. Thibaut of Champagne, I. 84 Thierry, Augustin, I. 4, note 20, note 69, note 99, note 118, note 119, note 120, note 157, note 178; III. 305 Thiers, Louis Adolphe, III. 282, 305 Thomson, James, III. 32-35 Thorpe, John, I. note 46, note 48, note 50, note 66, note 72, note 83, note 87 Tickell, Thomas, III. 4 Tillotson, Archbishop, II. 292 seq. Tindal, Matthew, II. 303 Titian, I. 236, note 600, 366 Tocqueville, Alexis de, I. note 3 Toland, John, II. 303 Toleration Act, the, III. 298, 299, 300 Tomkins, Thomas, II. 32 Townley, James, II. 220 Turner, Sharon, I. note 9, note 28, note 32, note 34, note 35, note 56, note 65, note 66, note 67, note 28, note 79, note 81, note 95,54 Tutchin, John, III. 18 Tyndale, William, II. 19 seq., 28, 47 Urfé, Honoré d', I. note 311, 315 Usher, James, I. 246 Vanbrugh, Sir John, II. 187-209 Vane, Sir Harry, II. 143 Vega, Lope de, I. 161, 279; II. 155 Village feasts of sixteenth century described, I. 178 Villehardouin, a French chronicler, I. 83, 102 Vinci, Leonardo da, I. 16 Voltaire, I. 16; II. 447; III. 22, 137, 346 Vos, Martin de, I. 196 Wace, Robert, I. 76, 78, note 106, note 108, 89, note 130, note 131 Waller, Edmund, I. 240; II. 71, 153, 181-184; III. 3 Walpole, Horace, III. 15 Walpole, Sir Robert, II. 274, 280 Walton, Isaac, I. 246 Warburton, Bishop, II. 303 Warner, William, I. 212 Warton, Thomas, I. note 96, note 122, note 124, note 126, note 127, note 135, note 137, note 145, note 146, note 147, note 252, note 259, note 287; III. 73 Watt, James, II. 320 Watteau, Anthony, III. 14 Watts, Isaac, III. 37 Webster, John, I. 291, 297; II. 248 Wesley, John, II. 280-291 Wetherell, Elizabeth, III. 179 Wharton, Lord, III. 26 Whitfield, George, II. 289-230 Wiclif, John, I. 123, 286; II. 15 Wilkes, John, II. 310 William III, II. 173 Wither, George, II. 35 William of Malmesbury, I. 75 William the Conqueror, I. 78 Windham, William, II. 311 Witenagemote, the, I. 46 Wollastom William Hyde, III. 271 Wolsey, Cardinal, I. 165; II. 16 Wordsworth, William, III. 73, 88-95 Wortley, Lady Mary. See Montagu Wyatt, Sir Thomas, I. 185, 180, 187 Wycherley, William, I. 18; II. 157-167, 178, 187, 188, 202, 250, 337 Yonge, Charlotte Mary, III. 179 Young, Arthur, II. 320 Young, Edward, III. 37