Part 2 / Book 1 — CHAPTER V.
Henry P. (Henry Pomeroy) Horton translation
MILITARISM.
We may be very brief upon the correlation of militarism and the present economic system. This correlation is so clear that there are few persons who deny it. The motives which, under all earlier modes of production, have engendered wars are principally of an economic nature. But besides these there have been at times others; but we have not to enquire here what was in the last analysis their correlation with the mode of production of that day. The relation between capitalism and war is always so close that we can find in the economic life the direct causes of the wars waged under the empire of capitalism.
As we have seen above in our exposition of the present economic system, a part of the surplus-value that comes to the moneyed class is invested as new capital. The continually increasing amount of capital does not readily find investment in full in a country where capitalism is already in force. This is why the moneyed class desires to invest a part of the surplus-value in countries whither capitalism has not yet penetrated. If the inhabitants of the country chosen as field of operation are opposed to this, or if the same country is coveted by other capitalistic powers, the resulting antagonism generally leads to war.
In the second place, the producers can sell in their own country only a part of the increasing quantity of their products; whence come their efforts to find an outlet into other countries. But as capitalism expands with increasing rapidity over the whole world, the difficulty of finding a country in a position to buy, or to which capitalism has not yet penetrated, becomes greater and greater. Encounters with other capitalistic powers pursuing the same end are the inevitable consequence.
It is upon the State that the task is imposed of finding new territories where capital may be invested, or new outlets for goods which do not find purchasers in the country where they are produced. Beside the duty of the State to maintain a certain order in a society confused and complicated through the nature of our economic life (civil and criminal jurisprudence), there is its more important duty of warding off other groups of competitors, or even at need attacking them by force of arms.
But the army serves not only to act against the foreigner, it has equally a domestic duty to fulfil. In the cases where the police cannot maintain order the army reinforces them. The army must especially then be active at the time of great strikes, when so-called free labor is to be protected, that is when employers are trying to replace the striking workmen with others who, in consequence of their poverty, or their lack of organization, put their personal interests above those of their comrades. Also it has its part to play in connection with great political movements, like that to obtain universal suffrage, for example.
Our present militarism is, therefore, a consequence of capitalism. The double duty of the army proves it; for its function is to furnish the bourgeoisie with the means of restraining the proletariat at home, and of repulsing or attacking the forces of foreign countries.
Notes in this chapter
Note 1 · This sketch is based upon Karl Marx’s “Kapital” and K. Kautsky’s works primarily, with some indebtedness to Marx’s “Oekonomischen Lehren”, aNote 2 · Marx, “Kapital”, I, p. 4. ↑Note 3 · “Kapital”, I, p. 6. It is plain that in this exposition it is needless to add why this law is discarded under a developed system of capitaliNote 4 · In his work “The Condition of the Working-class in England”, F. Engels, after speaking of the condition of the English proletariat, says, “TNote 5 · Upon the petty bourgeoisie see the excellent article of Dr. B. Schönlank, “Zur Psychologie des Kleinbürgerthums” (“Neue Zeit”, 1890). ↑Note 6 · Alcoholism being of great importance for criminality I shall treat the etiology of this social phenomenon separately (see Chap. IV). ↑Note 7 · It is plain that I cannot cite proofs in support of this exposition; I should go beyond the proper limits of this discussion of the present Note 8 · See the proof cited by K. Kautsky in his “Sozialreform und soziale Revolution” (pp. 22–25), in support of the assertion that the distance beNote 9 · What the Germans call “Lumpenproletariat.” [The French is “le bas Prolétariat.” “Submerged class” is perhaps our most common English equivalNote 10 · Pp. 213–215. (“Neue Zeit”, 1884). ↑Note 11 · Op. cit. p. 215. See also, as regards the condition of the lower proletariat in Germany, Dr. H. Lux, “Sozialpolitisches Handbuch”, pp. 32 ffNote 12 · There may be found in Dr. L. Woltmann’s “Die Darwinsche Theorie und der Sozialismus” (pp. 81–135) a detailed résumé of the works of the authNote 13 · P. 527, op. cit. I. ↑Note 14 · P. 529, op. cit. I. ↑Note 15 · As is well known, Galton is one of the authors who denies this thesis. One of the rare examples which he produces as proof is d’Alembert, whNote 16 · Op. cit., I, p. 562. ↑Note 17 · P. 80. ↑Note 18 · Cf. especially the excellent refutation of the pseudo-Darwinian theory by Professor Bücher in the chapter “Arbeitsgliederung und Soziale KlaNote 19 · See Woltmann, op. cit., pp. 32–81 and pp. 334 ff., where he cites a number of authors who are of this opinion. Upon the whole subject see DrNote 20 · “Menschliche Auslese”, p. 10 (Zukunft, 1894). ↑Note 21 · Under this heading are included all the children below 14, and the women who live with the person assisted. It is enough to point out that tNote 22 · “Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich”, X, 1889, pp. 206–208. ↑Note 23 · Read the following taken from “Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians”, by G. Catlin: “This cruNote 24 · The figures given by J. S. in “Aus den Ergebnissen der sächsischen Armenstatistik” (“Neue Zeit” 1894–95, II), confirm those in the table I hNote 25 · P. 490. “Biologie und Kriminalstatistik.” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrechtswissenschaft”, VII.) ↑Note 26 · See K. Kautsky’s “Das Erfurter Programm”, p. 64. ↑Note 27 · Upon the period without class see, among others, L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, and upon the origin of classes H. Cunow, “Arbeitstheilung Note 28 · It is well known that sociological studies upon the subject of marriage date from 1861, when Bachofen’s “Das Mutterrecht” came out. Since thNote 29 · Westermarck (in his “History of Human Marriage”, pp. 51–133) has led the opposition to the promiscuity theory. It is also combated by StarckNote 30 · See Ch. Letourneau, “L’évolution du mariage” (pp. 46–48). ↑Note 31 · See Fr. Engels, “Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums, und des Staats” (pp. 17–18) [Translated as “The Origin of the family, etc.”Note 32 · The following discussion is based upon material drawn from Grosse (op. cit.), and from H. Cunow (“Die ökonomischen Grundlagen der MutterherrNote 33 · Op. cit., pp. 60–61. ↑Note 34 · L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, p. 424; Fr. Engels, op. cit., p. 21; and others. ↑Note 35 · Westermarck believes that there is an innate aversion to sexual relationships between persons who have lived together from childhood; and thNote 36 · See Steinmetz, op. cit., p. 817. ↑Note 37 · Upon the origin of agriculture see H. Cunow, “Arbeitstheilung und Frauenrecht” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–1901; I, pp. 102 ff.). ↑Note 38 · See C. N. Starcke, “Die primitive Familie”, pp. 106–107. ↑Note 39 · The “metronymic” system by which the mother has the right to transmit her name to the child (Mutterrecht) is quite distinct from the matriarNote 40 · L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, p. 345; Dargun, op. cit., pp. 131, 132. ↑Note 41 · See Morgan, op. cit., Pt. II, chap. X and XIII, and F. Engels, “Origin of the Family, etc.”, chap. V, VI, VIII; Gumplowicz, “Grundriss der SNote 42 · Engels, op. cit., p. 51. [Paging of original.] ↑Note 43 · See Engels, op. cit., pp. 47 ff. [Paging of original.] ↑Note 44 · See A. Bebel, “Die Frau und der Sozialismus”, pp. 265 ff. ↑Note 45 · See “Neue Zeit”, 188, p. 239; G. v. Mayr, “Statistik und Gesellschaftslehre”, II, p. 384; F. v. d. Goes, “Socialisme en Feminisme” (“TweemaaNote 46 · See Bebel, op. cit., chapter entitled “Ehehemmnisse und Ehehindernisse”; v. d. Goes, op. cit., pp. 445–458; Braun, op. cit., pp. 166–170; ZeNote 47 · See Bebel, op. cit., p. 159; v. d. Goes, op. cit., pp. 458 ff.; and Braun, op. cit., pp. 165, 166. ↑Note 48 · See Bebel, op cit., pp. 223 ff.; v. d. Goes, op. cit. (Année VII, 1901), pp. 120 ff.; Zetkin, op. cit., pp. 3, 4, and “Die Arbeiterinnen- unNote 49 · See Braun, op. cit., p. 181. ↑Note 50 · See Braun, op. cit. Pt. II, chaps. IV and V. ↑Note 51 · “Das Weib und der Stier.” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–1901, II, p. 6–7.) ↑Note 52 · It is unnecessary to go into the question of marriage in the petty bourgeoisie, which does not differ fundamentally from that which we have Note 53 · Engels, op. cit., pp. 59, 60, and Dr. A. Blaschko, “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 12. ↑Note 54 · See “Englands industrielle Reservearmee”, pp. 215–216 (“Neue Zeit”, 1884). ↑Note 55 · Engels, op. cit., pp. 63–74 [paging of original]. ↑Note 56 · E. Grosse, “Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der Wirthschaft”, pp. 49–53. ↑Note 57 · See Grosse, op. cit., pp. 78–82, 120–123. ↑Note 58 · Grosse, op. cit., pp. 183–186. ↑Note 59 · See Grosse, op. cit., pp. 220–223, 226–228, 230–234. ↑Note 60 · See v. Dargun, op. cit., p. 12. ↑Note 61 · See M. Kovalewsky, “Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de la famille et de la propriété”, pp. 150–161. ↑Note 62 · The law does not produce much change in the situation which would exist without it, since most parents would perform this duty without beingNote 63 · L. Ferriani, “Entartete Mütter”, pp. 24–50. ↑Note 64 · “Der Selbstmord im kindlichen Lebensalter”, p. 48. ↑Note 65 · Op. cit. This quotation follows directly upon the one given above. ↑Note 66 · Dr. A. Baer, op. cit., p. 49. See also pp. 58, 59. ↑Note 67 · [Note to the American Edition: Cf. M. Kauffmann, “Die Psychologie des Verbrechens”, pp. 235 ff.] ↑Note 68 · C. Zetkin, “Die Arbeiterinnen- und Frauenfrage der Gegenwart”, pp. 23–39. ↑Note 69 · See J. Stern, “Thesen über den Sozialismus”, p. 24; and C. Zetkin, op. cit., pp. 30 ff. ↑Note 70 · C. Zetkin, op. cit., p. 24. ↑Note 71 · L. Ferriani, “Schlaue und glückliche Verbrecher”, pp. 34, 35. ↑Note 72 · To name one among many: M. Kovalewsky. See his “Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de la famille et de la propriété”, pp. 160, 161. ↑Note 73 · The number of births is constantly decreasing, and the consequent decrease in the size of families accentuates the tendency to develop egoisNote 74 · “The Book of the New Moral World”, Pt. III., pp. 9–11. ↑Note 75 · K. Kautsky, “Die Entstehung des Christenthums” (“Neue Zeit”, 1885). ↑Note 76 · L. Ferriani, “Schlaue und glückliche Verbrecher”, p. 48. ↑Note 77 · P. 144 [In original, p. 147]. See also L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp. 318 ff.; C. Zetkin, op. cit., p. 26; Herkner, op. cit., pp. 36 ff.; Note 78 · [Note to the American Edition: Upon the situation of illegitimate children see Rühle, op. cit. pp. 63 ff., and especially the interesting woNote 79 · Dr. C. Hugo, “Kind und Gesellschaft”, p. 562 (“Neue Zeit”, 1894–1895, I). See also L. Ferriani, “Entartete Mütter.” [Note to the American EdNote 80 · For a criticism of the present educational system see A. C. F. Schäffle, “Bau und Leben des sozialen Körpers”, I, p. 262; Ch. Letourneau, “LNote 81 · [Note to the American Edition: There has also appeared in recent times a considerable literature upon the etiology of prostitution. We note Note 82 · C. Zetkin, “Geistiges Proletariat, Frauenfrage, und Sozialismus”, pp. 5, 6; Dr. J. Jeannel, “De la prostitution dans les grandes villes au XNote 83 · Each consequence becomes in its turn a cause; as in this case, for, while prostitution is largely a consequence of the impossibility of marrNote 84 · See also by the same author: “Die moderne Prostitution”, pp. 14, 15 (“Neue Zeit”, 1891–92, II), and “Hygiene der Prostitution und venerischeNote 85 · [Note to the American Edition: Upon the demoralization of poor children see the works of Baernreither and Rühle already cited, and H. ArendtNote 86 · This study may be found in the second volume of Parent-Duchatelet’s work: “De la Prostitution dans la ville de Paris.” ↑Note 87 · P. 39 (Session 1882). ↑Note 88 · Vol. I, pp. 91, 92. ↑Note 89 · “La Prostitution à Paris et à Londres”, p. 125. ↑Note 90 · Op. cit., p. 211. ↑Note 91 · “Le Crime à Deux”, pp. 205, 206. For figures for Berlin see Dr. B. Schoenlank, “Zur Statistik der Prostitution in Berlin”, pp. 335, 336 (“ArNote 92 · “Die Beziehungen der Prostitution zum Verbrechen”, p. 8 (“Archiv f. Kriminal Anthropologie u. Kriminalstatistik”, XI.). ↑Note 93 · “Zur Kenntnis des grossstädtischen Bettel- und Vagabondentums,” p. 188 (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrw.”, XXXIII). ↑Note 94 · Op. cit. I, pp. 92, 93. ↑Note 95 · Op. cit., p. 210. ↑Note 96 · Op. cit., pp. 215, 216. ↑Note 97 · “Reports of the Select Committee”, Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 98 · Pp. 42–44 and 46–66. ↑Note 99 · Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 100 · P. 133. ↑Note 101 · Op. cit., p. 108. ↑Note 102 · Op. cit., p. 196. ↑Note 103 · Op. cit., I, pp. 67–70. ↑Note 104 · Op. cit., I, p. 68. ↑Note 105 · Op. cit., I, p. 71. The data of the same author show that out of 3,095 fathers of prostitutes, 1,078 (35%) could not sign their names. ↑Note 106 · Op. cit., I, p. 108. ↑Note 107 · “Moralstatistik”, p. 216. Upon this cause of prostitution see also: Dr. G. Richelot, op. cit., pp. 582, 583; Dr. C. Röhrmann, “Der sittlicheNote 108 · Op. cit., p. 216. ↑Note 109 · Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 110 · P. 42. ↑Note 111 · Op. cit., p. 108. ↑Note 112 · Op. cit., p. 197. ↑Note 113 · Op. cit., I, p. 102. ↑Note 114 · A. Pappritz, “Die wirthschaftlichen Ursachen der Prostitution”, p. 14. ↑Note 115 · “Wiener Wohnungsverhältnisse”, pp. 221–223 (“Archiv f. soz. Gesetzg. u. Statist.” VII). ↑Note 116 · “Bijdragen tot de Statistiek van Nederland XXIV, Uitkomsten der woning-statistiek”, p. 52. ↑Note 117 · Op. cit., p. 98. ↑Note 118 · Pappritz, op. cit., p. 15. ↑Note 119 · v. Philippovich, op. cit., p. 222. ↑Note 120 · P. 42. See also: Richelot, op. cit., pp. 573, 574; W. Acton, “Prostitution Considered in its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects”, pp. 131 fNote 121 · Op. cit., p. 54. [Note to the American Edition: Cf. especially the “Report of the Departmental Committee on the Employment of Children, Oct.Note 122 · Op. cit., p. 247. See also Parent-Duchatelet, op. cit., I. p. 103; Röhrmann, op. cit., p. 44; Jeannel, op. cit., pp. 146–148; “Reports”, etcNote 123 · Dr. A. Blaschko, “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 22; “Hygiene der Prostitution”, pp. 40, 41. ↑Note 124 · Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 125 · Dr. Bonhoeffer, op. cit., p. 109. ↑Note 126 · See the detailed statistics, op. cit., I, pp. 79–84. ↑Note 127 · Op. cit., p. 148. ↑Note 128 · Op. cit., p. 336. ↑Note 129 · Op. cit., p. 197. ↑Note 130 · Pp. 148, 149 [in original, pp. 151, 152]. See also: L. Faucher, “Études sur l’Angleterre”, I, pp. 276, 277; M. de Baets, “Les influences de Note 131 · Op. cit., p. 149 [in original, p. 152]. For analogous cases see A. Bebel, “Die Frau und der Sozialismus”, pp. 195–197; “Les Scandales de LonNote 132 · L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp. 409–411; G. S., op. cit., pp. 754–756. [Note to the American Edition: Upon servants cf. further: O. Spann, Note 133 · Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 48–50. [Note to the American Edition: Cf. further: C. Jellinek, “Kellnerinnenelend” and Dr. H. Peters, “Zur Lage der KNote 134 · Stursberg, op. cit., pp. 55, 57; Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 42, 43; Pappritz, op. cit., pp. 13, 14. ↑Note 135 · Op. cit., I, p. 107. ↑Note 136 · Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 137 · P. 169. ↑Note 138 · H. Frégier, “Les classes dangereuses de la population dans les grandes villes”, I, p. 97; Lecour, op. cit., p. 244; L. Taxil, “La corruptionNote 139 · Op. cit., I, p. 107. ↑Note 140 · Op. cit., I, p. 99. ↑Note 141 · Op. cit., I, pp. 104, 105. ↑Note 142 · Session 1882, Appendix B, p. 52. ↑Note 143 · Op. cit., p. 169. ↑Note 144 · “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 17, 18. See also B. Schönlank, “Zur Lage der in der Wäschefabrikation und Konfektionsbranche DeutNote 145 · Hirsch, op. cit., p. 57. ↑Note 146 · P. 161. See also Faucher, op. cit., I, p. 277; Bebel, op. cit., p. 194; and Schäffle, op. cit., I, p. 261. Cf. Neher, op. cit., pp. 13 ff. ↑Note 147 · Pp. 8, 9. ↑Note 148 · P. 188 (“Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung, und Volkswirthschaft”, XII, 2). See also L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp. 227 ff., and 287 fNote 149 · I, p. 65. ↑Note 150 · III, p. 168. See also “Reports of the Select Committee,” etc. (Session 1882), pp. 15, 16. ↑Note 151 · Op. cit., I, pp. 103–104. See also: Richelot, op. cit., pp. 577–579; Frégier, op. cit., I, pp. 97, 98; Ducpetiaux, “De la condition physiqueNote 152 · L. Braun, op. cit., p. 555; Röhrmann, op. cit., pp. 46, 47; Pappritz, op. cit., p. 12. ↑Note 153 · Kühn, op. cit., p. 38. ↑Note 154 · Hatzig, “Der Mädchenhandel”, p. 514 (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrw.” XX); Bebel, op. cit., pp. 190–192; “Reports of the Select Committee”, eNote 155 · Pp. 514, 515. ↑Note 156 · Collard, op. cit., pp. 13–15. Upon the procurer’s trade in general see: Parent-Duchatelet, op. cit., I, pp. 430–436; Richelot, op. cit., pp.Note 157 · Op. cit., pp. 600 and 637. ↑Note 158 · P. 52 (Session 1882), Appendix B. ↑Note 159 · Op. cit., I, p. 86. ↑Note 160 · Op. cit., p. 334. ↑Note 161 · Tarnowsky, “Prostitution und Abolitionismus”, pp. 108 ff. ↑Note 162 · Lombroso and Ferrero, “La femme criminelle et la prostituée”, p. 212. ↑Note 163 · Op. cit., p. 581. ↑Note 164 · P. 132. ↑Note 165 · Op. cit., p. 574. ↑Note 166 · See some typical examples cited by Dr. Magnan in his report to the second Congress of Criminal Anthropology: “De l’enfance des criminels danNote 167 · Commenge, op. cit., p. 107. ↑Note 168 · Op. cit., I, p. 106. ↑Note 169 · See further against Lombroso’s theory: R. Calwer, “Die erbliche Belastung der Prostituirten” (“Neue Zeit”, XII, 2); Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 15Note 170 · See for example Blaschko, “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 9. ↑Note 171 · “The History of Human Marriage”, pp. 70, 71. ↑Note 172 · [Note to the American Edition: Notable recent works are: E. Vandervelde, “Le socialisme et l’alcool” (“Essais socialistes”); E. Wurm, “Die ANote 173 · The abuse of alcohol is much more extensive than is generally believed. Dr. Grotjahn gives as the amount that a normal man can take without Note 174 · Pp. 126, 127. ↑Note 175 · Op. cit., pp. 287, 288. ↑Note 176 · Op. cit., p. 288. ↑Note 177 · Holst, “Arbeiders en Alkohol” (“Nieuwe Tijd”, VII), p. 527, and Grotjahn, op. cit., p. 225. ↑Note 178 · Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, pp. 215, 216. ↑Note 179 · Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 35–41. ↑Note 180 · See J. Rae, “Der Achtstunden-Arbeitstag”, pp. 249, 250, where mention is made of the opposition of public-house keepers in Australia to the Note 181 · Given in detail in Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 277–283. ↑Note 182 · See also Colajanni, “L’alcoolismo”, pp. 153 ff.; Zerboglio, “L’alcoolisme: causes et remèdes”, pp. 123, 124 (“Devenir Social”, 1895); VanderNote 183 · Colajanni, op. cit., pp. 177, 178; Braun, “Berliner Wohnungsverhältnisse”, p. 22; Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 290–292; Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisNote 184 · P. 533. ↑Note 185 · Zerboglio, op. cit., p. 125. See also Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, p. 212; Colajanni, op. cit., pp. 181, 182. ↑Note 186 · See upon this subject Colajanni, op. cit., pp. 168, 169; Verhaeghe, op. cit., pp. 222, 223; Holst, op. cit., p. 528. ↑Note 187 · Pp. 75, 76. See also Colajanni, op. cit., pp. 169–173; Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 289–298; Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, pp. 225–227. ↑Note 188 · Holst, op. cit., pp. 534, 535. ↑Note 189 · Kautsky, “Der Alkoholismus und seine Bekämpfung” (“Neue Zeit”, 1890–91, II); Vandervelde, “Het alkoholisme en de arbeidsvoorwaarden in BelgiNote 190 · See, among others, Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 296–298. ↑Note 191 · “Condition of the Working Class”, pp. 102, 103 [in original pp. 105, 106]. See also: Ducpetiaux, “De la condition physique et morale des jeuNote 192 · “De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris”, I, p. 139. ↑Note 193 · “Zur Kenntnis des grossstädtischen Bettel- und Vagabondentums. Zweiter Beitrag: Prostituirte”, p. 119 (“Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Strw.”, XXIII). Note 194 · Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, p. 211; see also Colajanni, op. cit., p. 183; and Kautsky, op. cit., p. 50. ↑Note 195 · Pp. 50, 51. See also Battaglia, op. cit., pp. 418–420, and Zerboglio, op. cit., p. 125. ↑Note 196 · “Ergebnisse einer Umfrage über den Alkoholgenuss der Schulkinder in Nieder-Oesterreich”, p. 82. See also Ducpetiaux, op. cit., pp. 367–370. Note 197 · See Baer, op. cit., pp. 144, 145; Colajanni, op. cit., pp. 139–142; Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 178, 179; Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, pp. 2Note 198 · Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 300, 301. ↑Note 199 · Holst, op. cit., p. 530. [Note to the American Edition: Cf. further upon alcoholism among the Jews, Dr. L. Cheinisse, “Die Rassenpathologie Note 200 · Vandervelde, “Die ökonomischen Faktoren des Alkoholismus”, pp. 742, 743. ↑Note 201 · See Zerboglio, op. cit., pp. 125–127; Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 149–155; Verhaeghe, op. cit., pp. 187–189. ↑Note 202 · This has actually happened, certain distilleries in the whisky trust being closed to increase the profits. ↑Note 203 · See Vandervelde, “Het alcoholisme en de arbeidsvoorwaarden in België”, p. 268. ↑Note 204 · See Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 5–12. ↑Note 205 · Grotjahn, op. cit., p. 9. See also: Hirschfeld, “Die historische Entwicklung des Alkoholmissbrauchs” (VIII Intern. Cong. gegen den AlkoholisNote 206 · The assertion that the Germans were addicted to alcohol before the invasion is erroneous. Agriculture was not sufficiently developed among tNote 207 · See Kautsky, op. cit., p. 47, and Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 20 ff. ↑