Chapter II · (continued 2)
Reading edition
12 1,690 865 1,840 251 105 57 520 336 345 204 175 136 106 122 77·7 167 77·9
13 1,635 857 1,677 249 105 57 537 340 345 205 183 140 106 127 76·5 161 75·7
14 1,700 895 1,685 254 110 61 530 344 340 209 190 131 100 130 68·9 161 76·3
15 1,694 865 1,766 267 108 58 540 350 347 206 185 134 102 127 72·4 162 76·1
16 1,695 860 1,715 254 100 57 526 360 344 193 177 131 108 130 74·1 148 82·4
17 1,725 885 1,801 250 104 56 544 352 361 220 183 143 109 143 78·1 153 76·2
18 1,610 855 1,695 255 107 61 529 370 359 202 188 143 103 135 76·1 150 72·0
19 1,650 820 1,750 240 103 56 535 346 350 184 183 141 98 128 77·0 144 69·5
20 1,665 845 1,705 237 106 51 523 334 331 193 179 135 96 126 75·4 153 71·1
21 1,655 840 1,769 259 108 59 550 370 364 212 184 140 100 134 76·1 158 71·4
22 1,530 825 1,616 228 106 64 561 340 334 209 192 135 110 132 70·3 158 81·5
23 1,625 853 1,742 263 110 60 550 342 340 220 190 140 109 133 73·7 166 77·9
24 1,710 825 1,795 250 110 56 530 330 330 209 186 139 100 128 74·7 155 71·9
25 1,690 845 1,765 251 114 60 530 335 340 200 180 136 102 128 75·6 156 75·0
Average 1,659 839 1,722 250 106 59 537 346 344 207 183 138 105 132 73·4 157 76·7
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—JHANGÂRA RÂJPUTS.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,714 891 1,851 257 117 76 566 376 376 231 192 151 120 141 78·6 164 79·5
2 1,684 869 1,765 254 114 71 559 363 361 216 194 146 115 135 75·3 160 78·8
3 1,770 879 1,838 259 114 64 559 356 366 200 193 147 116 140 76·2 143 78·9
4 1,668 858 1,729 259 112 66 541 343 348 183 185 143 116 140 77·4 131 81·1
5 1,752 838 1,803 254 119 71 518 328 356 200 178 135 118 135 75·8 148 87·4
6 1,676 856 1,760 254 114 69 549 358 366 200 195 136 114 136 69·7 147 83·8
7 1,734 884 1,815 264 124 69 554 361 353 216 203 139 111 136 68·4 159 79·9
8 1,696 838 1,760 249 110 64 549 348 353 206 200 140 110 132 70·0 156 78·6
9 1,770 909 1,825 264 119 61 566 358 376 211 204 144 125 142 70·6 149 86·8
10 1,661 833 1,714 251 117 66 546 350 356 213 191 145 120 135 76·0 158 82·6
11 1,6 0 828 1,650 244 102 64 541 350 353 221 194 139 … … 71·6 … …
12 1,671 853 1,727 262 112 58 543 356 356 211 195 140 … … 71·8 … …
13 1,652 895 1,730 248 109 67 564 358 354 206 195 144 118 142 73·8 145 81·9
14 1,658 865 1,767 263 105 60 562 345 364 205 194 139 110 129 71·6 159 79·1
15 1,783 925 1,835 275 117 63 571 359 373 225 197 144 115 143 73·1 157 79·9
16 1,655 875 1,648 241 99 59 553 360 370 207 194 142 109 132 73·2 157 76·8
17 1,640 863 1,665 240 105 70 542 348 329 213 191 133 104 132 69·6 160 78·6
18 1,665 908 1,695 252 109 61 516 320 328 203 180 136 103 126 75·6 163 75·7
19 1,708 872 1,761 256 104 65 570 350 350 220 200 144 107 137 72·0 161 74·3
20 1,785 890 1,830 264 111 63 553 335 347 222 197 140 118 140 71·0 159 84·3
21 1,740 945 1,755 264 112 68 545 360 355 227 197 134 103 133 68·0 171 76·9
22 1,720 880 1,850 260 110 67 545 369 370 223 187 146 112 140 78·1 159 77·5
23 1,690 895 1,729 255 110 64 540 345 354 225 186 241 103 133 75·0 169 73·0
24 1,690 876 1,750 255 110 61 535 332 349 224 185 139 99 130 75·1 172 71·2
25 1,780 805 1,895 255 115 62 525 334 325 203 184 131 100 131 71·2 154 76·3
26 1,765 855 1,822 265 108 65 533 330 348 212 180 139 100 134 77·2 157 71·9
27 1,710 863 1,749 265 104 61 562 370 360 236 195 139 103 135 71·3 175 74·1
28 1,590 790 1,670 251 108 60 540 353 352 221 188 140 100 133 74·5 167 71·4
Average 1,702 866 1,767 257 111 65 549 351 372 214 192 137 110 136 73·7 158 78·9
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—BARGÛJAR RÂJPUTS.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,732 884 1,815 279 119 66 538 348 356 243 195 137 … … 70·3 … …
2 1,750 881 1,859 259 107 64 571 383 368 241 203 142 … … 70·0 … …
3 1,701 838 1,772 264 119 64 564 371 381 241 201 145 … … 72·6 … …
4 1,769 792 1,635 246 102 56 526 330 353 200 187 141 … … 75·6 … …
5 1,628 813 1,612 262 110 58 541 361 371 239 194 142 … … 73·2 … …
6 1,656 841 1,797 254 107 69 556 368 376 236 201 143 … … 71·1 … …
7 1,734 869 1,869 267 117 66 551 340 376 216 198 145 … … 73·2 … …
8 1,848 896 1,981 282 117 64 538 330 345 206 192 140 … … 72·9 … …
9 1,709 858 1,815 257 110 69 541 340 361 231 195 142 … … 72·8 … …
10 1,656 843 1,765 257 110 76 538 343 363 188 191 139 119 130 72·8 145 85·6
11 1,734 881 1,820 262 117 64 533 333 350 211 186 136 122 138 73·1 153 89·0
12 1,658 … 1,797 254 117 61 549 333 330 … 190 130 … … 68·1 … …
13 1,628 … 1,673 251 107 58 533 330 330 … 188 130 … … 69·1 … …
14 1,755 858 1,841 267 112 69 538 353 356 206 193 137 … … 71·0 … …
15 1,630 830 1,766 254 112 60 540 335 340 199 182 140 111 126 76·9 158 79·3
16 1,695 855 1,755 257 112 57 541 347 339 205 187 133 106 131 71·1 156 79·7
17 1,730 840 1,842 260 120 70 535 335 350 219 185 139 105 142 75·1 154 75·5
18 1,770 890 1,811 271 120 63 555 360 355 223 193 142 103 133 73·6 168 72·5
19 1,718 875 1,805 277 120 64 535 335 335 207 190 130 102 135 68·4 153 78·4
20 1,709 880 1,805 263 110 62 545 329 340 224 187 139 102 137 74·3 164 73·4
Average 1,701 945 1,791 262 113 64 543 345 354 217 192 139 109 134 71·8 156 77·7
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—BRÂHMAN (SANÂDH).
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,744 881 1,836 279 119 66 533 328 345 211 193 138 … … 71·4 … …
2 1,630 846 1,717 254 107 69 541 333 340 216 192 144 … … 75·0 … …
3 1,700 848 1,772 259 107 61 541 333 348 208 184 146 … … 79·4 … …
4 1,706 856 1,828 259 112 64 566 343 353 234 200 148 … … 74·0 … …
5 1,770 896 1,841 284 114 66 551 358 368 221 191 144 … … 75·3 … …
6 1,709 874 1,702 274 110 69 549 366 361 208 199 139 … … 69·9 … …
7 1,747 863 1,815 274 119 64 549 358 361 208 191 146 … … 76·4 … …
8 1,724 863 1,820 269 114 69 566 356 356 208 201 146 … … 72·6 … …
9 1,612 835 1,711 257 107 56 538 348 343 221 190 139 … … 73·2 … …
10 1,607 823 1,700 254 104 64 559 353 348 213 200 144 … … 72·0 … …
11 1,810 609 1,864 228 117 64 546 345 348 200 195 140 … … 71·8 … …
12 1,765 896 1,823 282 117 64 559 356 373 226 194 145 … … 74·7 … …
13 1,663 856 1,694 282 112 66 549 348 363 218 195 145 … … 74·4 … …
14 1,727 820 1,765 267 110 66 536 345 343 208 190 135 … … 71·1 … …
15 1,660 855 1,740 266 105 57 526 340 350 222 186 136 102 131 73·1 169 75·0
16 1,582 835 1,627 260 114 71 549 345 350 229 186 138 97 136 74·2 168 70·3
17 1,590 810 1,637 244 110 61 525 315 320 207 187 134 107 130 71·7 160 79·9
18 1,672 852 1,722 248 111 58 553 361 357 236 200 135 103 130 67·5 182 76·3
19 1,630 835 1,749 256 117 64 526 325 330 222 186 130 105 130 69·9 171 80·8
20 1,594 776 1,670 234 104 64 536 343 352 211 185 145 113 130 78·4 162 77·9
21 1,660 827 1,768 244 107 56 534 330 341 222 182 140 102 128 76·9 173 72·9
22 1,732 915 1,770 265 114 67 573 378 370 225 200 142 110 130 71·0 173 77·5
23 1,673 805 1,782 256 117 57 508 320 325 220 179 133 110 126 74·3 175 82·7
24 1,685 840 1,755 249 116 59 520 336 343 220 185 132 112 135 71·4 163 84·8
25 1,604 824 1,724 227 107 56 535 322 340 190 185 140 94 130 75·7 146 67·1
26 1,605 850 1,685 252 114 60 538 360 360 224 190 136 102 126 71·6 178 75·0
27 1,625 826 1,686 233 105 61 534 340 330 194 179 129 98 129 72·1 150 76·0
Average 1,675 848 1,749 260 111 63 542 343 349 191 191 140 104 130 73·7 167 76·6
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—BHURJI.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,554 805 1,549 229 99 69 528 340 330 190 190 139 109 127 73·2 150 78·4
2 1,591 845 1,567 237 99 58 558 342 362 206 190 145 116 138 76·3 149 80·4
3 1,662 820 1,765 246 108 59 532 335 338 215 186 139 110 136 74·7 158 79·1
4 1,667 857 1,740 256 117 60 538 365 353 207 196 134 112 132 63·3 157 83·6
5 1,615 825 1,705 251 108 66 520 330 335 213 181 134 104 127 74·0 168 77·6
6 1,630 845 1,690 248 110 62 542 345 344 212 190 139 102 128 73·2 166 73·5
7 1,590 839 1,621 250 111 62 542 341 350 202 190 138 100 126 72·6 160 72·5
8 1,585 823 1,650 241 109 63 512 320 323 186 173 130 101 126 75·1 148 77·7
9 1,649 820 1,684 255 111 65 522 330 341 190 186 129 96 128 69·4 148 74·4
10 1,680 830 1,725 246 105 57 508 322 335 212 176 138 101 131 78·4 162 73·2
11 1,650 850 1,775 253 115 59 520 323 325 214 184 132 100 130 71·7 165 75·8
12 1,600 804 1,718 242 103 63 526 325 333 206 185 130 99 125 70·3 165 76·2
13 1,590 806 1,645 247 100 58 530 325 330 215 183 134 102 124 73·2 173 76·1
14 1,600 820 1,759 254 111 63 533 350 336 214 195 142 105 125 72·8 171 73·9
15 1,640 825 1,695 243 105 66 526 330 335 206 178 134 102 126 75·8 163 76·1
16 1,591 780 1,699 233 104 58 525 326 328 207 188 134 98 127 71·3 163 73·1
17 1,612 810 1,680 246 110 61 528 335 327 200 185 134 108 130 72·4 154 80·6
18 1,680 845 1,750 258 114 66 526 329 330 217 180 138 100 130 76·7 167 71·7
19 1,600 810 1,718 241 108 61 529 330 330 204 184 134 98 131 72·8 155 73·1
20 1,590 805 1,666 243 109 60 528 336 332 196 179 130 100 125 72·6 157 76·9
21 1,590 825 1,709 245 106 60 530 360 360 214 184 143 100 129 77·7 164 69·9
Average 1,618 823 1,691 246 108 64 529 335 337 206 185 136 117 129 73·2 160 75·9
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—MEWÂTI.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,742 881 1,807 264 112 61 546 373 376 229 201 133 … … 66·2 … …
2 1,671 858 1,739 241 102 58 538 358 348 231 194 133 … … 69·6 … …
3 1,689 838 1,752 254 102 69 538 356 350 234 195 140 … … 71·8 … …
4 1,694 835 1,793 259 107 58 526 335 348 193 184 141 … … 76·6 … …
5 1,694 881 1,755 254 112 61 526 343 330 208 190 131 … … 68·9 … …
6 1,643 833 1,701 239 104 58 516 330 335 203 185 139 … … 75·1 … …
7 1,651 800 1,734 249 104 61 538 323 340 211 184 138 117 131 75·0 161 84·8
8 1,724 853 1,782 269 119 69 554 350 340 211 200 136 114 133 68·0 159 83·8
9 1,668 830 1,732 274 117 61 533 330 330 200 188 137 107 132 72·9 152 78·0
10 1,658 838 1,737 257 107 64 541 343 350 231 193 138 117 131 71·5 176 84·7
11 1,737 868 1,841 287 114 66 538 356 361 211 193 137 116 141 71·0 150 84·7
12 1,549 782 1,638 236 107 64 523 338 330 229 184 137 111 130 74·5 176 81·0
13 1,714 828 1,869 267 117 64 549 350 361 216 192 142 121 139 73·9 155 85·2
14 1,648 841 1,671 257 112 61 526 338 343 196 185 135 108 126 73·0 156 80·0
15 1,546 805 1,558 235 105 63 575 330 320 205 181 132 98 128 72·9 160 74·2
16 1,656 825 1,760 250 107 65 637 343 350 210 191 140 105 132 73·3 159 75·0
17 1,793 890 1,885 267 120 66 560 357 358 206 195 141 117 135 72·3 153 83·0
18 1,668 865 1,745 251 109 54 548 360 350 220 195 143 110 141 73·3 156 76·9
19 1,725 900 1,765 255 112 71 506 308 335 199 184 133 99 128 72·8 155 74·4
20 1,645 865 1,680 248 114 58 512 306 340 201 173 144 109 135 83·2 149 75·7
21 1,610 820 1,715 248 105 61 545 363 360 205 190 139 109 130 73·2 158 78·4
22 1,650 835 1,688 243 109 54 560 370 380 223 195 142 105 132 72·8 169 73·9
23 1,656 800 1,720 259 113 57 533 334 330 196 182 132 100 129 72·5 151 75·8
24 1,659 825 1,762 258 117 66 545 342 343 200 185 136 96 125 73·5 160 70·6
25 1,600 803 1,664 244 110 57 518 315 318 187 179 127 102 128 70·9 146 80·3
26 1,635 830 1,700 252 112 58 540 349 358 207 196 140 105 135 71·4 153 75·0
27 1,577 798 1,627 242 105 56 529 330 335 211 189 135 102 125 71·4 169 75·6
28 1,590 825 1,634 237 113 57 526 330 329 195 180 137 99 126 76·1 155 72·3
29 1,684 845 1,783 262 120 61 532 344 334 192 181 138 100 128 76·6 150 72·5
30 1,623 833 1,664 238 105 61 528 340 335 189 182 130 100 129 71·4 147 76·9
Average 1,643 838 1,727 253 110 61 536 341 344 208 188 137 105 127 72·5 157 78·0
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—SAYYID.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,724 846 1,775 269 110 64 520 333 338 216 185 134 108 130 72·4 166 80·6
2 1,602 797 1,607 246 102 58 520 328 330 200 183 139 114 129 75·9 155 82·0
3 1,691 851 1,734 254 102 56 530 356 343 218 189 138 125 138 73·0 158 90·6
4 1,645 889 1,587 241 107 66 520 330 343 221 185 133 117 135 71·8 164 87·9
5 1,582 795 1,633 249 102 64 513 317 330 188 182 132 105 127 72·5 148 79·5
6 1,709 858 1,795 262 110 71 538 358 360 218 195 140 109 130 71·8 168 77·9
7 1,700 890 1,710 252 112 59 537 344 347 203 181 150 105 141 82·8 144 70·0
8 1,645 810 1,711 250 113 57 545 323 336 210 181 140 101 133 77·3 158 72·1
9 1,727 892 1,724 250 106 67 555 360 359 228 192 140 103 136 72·8 168 73·6
10 1,683 895 1,683 240 110 60 539 358 350 204 182 147 99 130 80·8 157 67·4
11 1,803 905 1,852 266 130 65 530 338 339 191 190 133 104 138 70·0 138 78·1
12 1,612 825 1,576 234 104 55 520 330 330 193 182 132 93 122 72·5 158 70·5
13 1,700 870 1,762 256 107 57 515 337 335 205 178 135 104 135 75·8 152 77·4
14 1,620 820 1,724 241 100 57 534 325 350 210 183 138 107 127 75·4 165 77·5
15 1,690 840 1,765 266 117 60 553 365 360 216 187 132 102 132 70·6 163 77·3
16 1,670 850 1,772 262 110 63 540 330 335 185 178 138 107 137 77·5 135 77·5
17 1,615 815 1,699 260 110 63 538 350 330 204 179 132 97 130 73·7 157 73·5
18 1,675 820 1,610 251 104 62 540 350 350 192 186 145 110 131 78·0 147 75·9
19 1,650 855 1,700 253 112 60 545 330 335 214 187 134 105 127 71·7 169 78·4
20 1,600 807 1,685 250 107 59 534 350 340 196 182 137 102 130 75·3 151 74·5
21 1,590 825 1,625 251 114 62 537 335 330 195 180 137 107 135 76·1 144 78·1
22 1,575 825 1,680 236 102 62 524 330 331 200 181 130 95 126 71·8 159 73·1
23 1,590 780 1,652 251 110 57 540 354 360 212 189 137 103 127 72·5 167 75·2
24 1,550 820 1,580 240 112 57 527 334 329 206 184 130 105 127 70·7 162 80·8
25 1,600 815 1,675 250 115 58 560 360 370 209 186 130 108 132 69·9 158 83·1
26 1,650 830 1,725 252 115 56 530 360 360 185 185 135 97 125 73·0 148 71·9
27 1,730 865 1,780 278 120 62 540 360 360 189 185 135 110 130 73·0 145 81·5
28 1,720 885 1,760 256 115 58 560 350 360 212 185 135 110 125 73·0 170 81·5
29 1,632 820 1,720 225 105 56 530 350 330 182 179 130 100 127 72·6 143 76·9
30 1,650 815 1,745 257 115 61 560 370 360 193 190 135 110 133 71·1 145 81·5
31 1,740 865 1,795 260 115 52 550 330 330 196 184 130 110 130 70·7 151 84·6
32 1,652 850 1,750 238 115 63 550 375 350 197 190 138 110 125 73·2 158 79·7
33 1,640 835 1,790 252 120 56 570 380 375 219 197 134 108 134 68·0 164 80·6
Average 1,653 838 1,709 252 111 60 537 345 345 203 184 136 106 131 73·2 157 77·6
NAME OF CASTE OR TRIBE—NAT.
Number. Height of Vertex. Height of Trunk. Span. Left Foot. Left Middle Finger. Right Ear Height. Round Head. Inion to Glabella. Tragus to Tragus. Vertex to Chin. Anteroposterior Diameter. Maximum Transverse Diameter. Minimum Frontal Diameter. Bizygomatic Diameter. Cephalic Index. General Index. Frontal Index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 1,574 782 1,668 246 102 64 549 338 330 198 198 143 116 131 72·2 151 81·1
2 1,777 886 1,823 262 107 66 541 345 353 208 194 144 120 137 74·2 152 83·3
3 1,633 858 1,678 249 102 61 536 343 348 193 188 146 114 123 77·7 156 78·1
4 1,663 876 1,719 257 110 51 523 330 348 211 184 138 123 139 75·0 153 89·1
5 1,600 841 1,633 241 102 58 523 330 348 218 185 135 118 132 73·0 165 87·4
6 1,645 858 1,739 262 117 61 541 338 356 221 193 139 117 139 72·0 159 84·2
7 1,541 772 1,546 224 102 53 536 345 335 206 190 137 119 133 72·1 155 86·9
8 1,739 876 1,793 272 122 64 552 358 361 216 190 151 124 150 79·5 144 82·6
9 1,617 843 1,681 249 112 61 564 358 353 200 202 146 124 140 72·3 144 84·9
10 1,612 770 1,698 245 106 62 553 356 355 219 192 142 110 132 73·9 166 77·5
11 1,667 830 1,745 250 110 65 548 362 365 217 190 137 108 138 72·1 157 78·8
12 1,654 810 1,712 253 108 64 514 320 336 203 181 136 108 132 75·1 154 79·4
13 1,603 830 1,628 245 104 65 520 320 320 196 177 133 114 132 75·1 148 85·7
14 1,545 818 1,480 225 96 51 540 330 340 197 188 140 114 138 74·5 143 81·4
15 1,780 896 1,795 278 118 58 528 334 342 218 190 134 109 129 70·5 169 81·3
16 1,658 840 1,700 279 111 61 548 340 364 215 194 145 115 141 74·7 152 79·3
17 1,675 855 1,750 268 115 65 555 362 380 226 195 143 117 134 73·3 169 81·8
18 1,706 874 1,743 265 120 57 539 345 354 202 191 138 100 130 72·3 155 72·5
19 1,661 826 1,685 252 112 57 532 334 335 201 185 130 102 123 75·7 163 78·5
20 1,690 865 1,757 270 112 60 517 330 334 201 180 140 97 139 77·8 145 69·3
21 1,606 785 1,665 239 107 61 518 340 339 191 179 133 91 127 74·3 150 68·4
22 1,590 814 1,653 247 104 51 510 319 330 202 178 133 102 130 74·7 155 76·7
23 1,608 815 1,695 244 100 57 539 350 349 100 182 143 107 136 78·6 147 74·8
24 1,572 800 1,620 246 99 60 530 332 335 185 184 140 103 131 76·1 141 73·5
25 1,640 845 1,650 257 105 59 518 331 340 195 181 137 102 132 75·7 148 74·5
26 1,620 835 1,710 232 110 60 534 320 334 196 181 138 105 137 76·2 143 76·1
27 1,520 770 1,585 230 98 56 514 335 336 196 185 135 107 128 73·0 153 79·3
28 1,684 845 1,765 242 121 59 544 360 330 204 190 136 102 133 71·6 153 75·0
29 1,580 800 1,650 256 112 59 521 323 325 183 180 130 102 126 72·2 145 78·5
30 1,620 842 1,684 258 113 58 562 351 345 219 196 140 110 136 71·4 161 78·6
31 1,562 830 1,584 220 111 61 536 348 338 186 188 134 100 128 71·3 145 74·6
32 1,642 840 1,726 240 113 55 528 334 338 199 185 136 100 130 73·5 153 73·5
33 1,540 760 1,636 225 107 53 524 342 324 193 178 130 103 129 73·5 150 79·2
34 1,594 819 1,674 233 112 54 500 323 320 185 176 130 100 125 73·8 148 76·9
35 1,552 811 1,623 228 110 57 532 328 329 208 180 142 100 130 78·9 160 70·4
Average 1,627 830 1,681 260 109 59 534 342 345 202 187 138 109 133 73·9 153 78·7
Anthropometry. 15. The result then of anthropometry as applied to caste appears to be that there is no good ground for disputing the fact that the present races of Northern India are practically one people. The figures prepared by Mr. Risley have been subjected to a close analysis by Mr. C. J. O’Donnell in the Bengal Census Report for 1891; and no account of the matter would be complete without reproducing his remarks.
16. “It is difficult to trace, in the introduction to The Castes and Tribes of Bengal, how far Mr. Risley recognises the influence of intermarriage between Aryans and Aboriginals, but he unquestionably denies the functional origin of caste, and seems to define it as ‘an institution, evolved by the Aryans in the attempt to preserve the purity of their own stock, and afterwards expanded and adapted, by the influence of a series of fictions, to fit an endless variety of social, religious and industrial conditions.’ With much originality he has sought to find a new guide to the ethnic composition of India in the science of anthropometry.
“ ‘Nowhere else,’ he writes, ‘in the world do we find the population of a large continent broken up into an infinite number of mutually exclusive aggregates, the members of which are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside of the group to which they themselves belong. Whatever may have been the origin and the earlier developments of the caste system, this absolute prohibition of mixed marriages stands forth at the present day as its essential and most prominent characteristic. In a society thus organised—a society sacrificing everything to pride of blood and the idea of social purity—it seemed that differences of physical type, however produced in past time, might be expected to manifest a high degree of persistence, and that the science which seeks to trace and express such differences would find a peculiarly favourable field for its operations. In Europe anthropometry has to confess itself hindered, if not baffled, by the constant intermixture of races, which tends to obscure and confuse the data arrived at by measurement. In a country where such intermixture is to a large extent eliminated, there were grounds for believing that divergent types would reveal themselves more clearly and that their characteristics would furnish some clue to their original race affinities.’
Two main types of Indian head. 17. “With the aid of the Governments of the North-Western Provinces and of the Panjab anthropometric data for ‘nearly 6,000 persons, representing 89 of the leading castes and tribes in Northern India, from the Bay of Bengal to the frontiers of Afghânistân,’ were obtained, but unfortunately Mr. Risley finds that ‘it would be vain to attempt within the compass of this essay to analyse and compare the large mass of figures which has been collected, or to develop at length the inferences which they may be taught to suggest.’ He has, however, made a few interesting deductions. Three well-known types of feature and physique have long been recognised in the Indian peninsula, the Aryan or Caucasian chiefly in Upper India, the Mongoloid, which is generally believed to be confined to the north-east corner of Bengal, and a Negrito, or, as Mr. Risley calls it, a Dravidian type, in Central and Southern India. Excluding the second, which he represents to be so local as to make its elimination a matter of little importance in discussing the ethnology of Indian peoples, Mr. Risley defines the other two as follows:—
“ ‘The Aryan type, as we find it in India at the present day, is marked by a relatively long (dolichocephalic) head; a straight, finely cut (leptorhine) nose; a long, symmetrically narrow face; a well developed forehead, regular features, and a high facial angle. In the Dravidian type the form of the head usually inclines to be dolichocephalic, but all other characters present a marked contrast to the Aryan. The nose is thick and broad, and the formula expressing its proportionate dimensions is higher than in any known race except the Negro. The facial angle is comparatively low; the lips are thick; the face wide and fleshy; the features coarse and irregular.’
“The following passage gives the most important of Mr. Risley’s deductions:—
‘Between these extreme types, which may fairly be regarded as representing two distinct races, we find a large number of intermediate groups, each of which forms, for matrimonial purposes, a sharply defined circle, beyond which none of its members can pass. By applying to the entire series the nasal index or formula of the proportions of the nose, which Professors Flower and Topinard agree in regarding as the best test of race distinctions, some remarkable results are arrived at. The average nasal proportions of the Mâlê Pahâria tribe are expressed by the figure 94·5, while the pastoral Gûjars of the Panjab have an index of 66·9, the Sikhs of 68·8, and the Bengal Brâhmans and Kâyasths of 70·4. In other words, the typical Dravidian, as represented by the Mâlê Pahâria, has a nose as broad in proportion to its length as the Negro, while this feature in the Aryan group can fairly bear comparison with the noses of 68 Parisians, measured by Topinard, which gave an average of 69·4. Even more striking is the curiously close correspondence between the gradations of racial type indicated by the nasal index and certain of the social data ascertained by independent enquiry. If we take a series of castes in Bengal, Bihâr, or the North-Western Provinces, and arrange them in the order of the average nasal index, so that the caste with the finest nose shall be at the top, and that with the coarsest at the bottom of the list, it will be found that this order substantially corresponds with the accepted order of social precedence. The casteless tribes, Kols, Korwas, Mundas, and the like, who have not yet entered the Brâhmanical system, occupy the lowest place in both series. Then come the vermin-eating Musahars and the leather-dressing Chamârs. The fisher castes of Bauri, Bind and Kewat are a trifle higher in the scale; the pastoral Goâla, the cultivating Kurmi, and a group of cognate castes from whose hands a Brâhman may take water, follow in due order, and from them we pass to the trading Khatris, the landholding Bâbhans, and the upper crust of Hindu society. Thus, it is scarcely a paradox to lay down as a law of the caste organisation in Eastern India that a man’s social status varies in inverse ratio to the width of his nose.’
The Nasal Index. The best test of race distinction. 18. “The figures on which these statements are based are found in the third and fourth volumes of Mr. Risley’s instructive work; and if in examining them it appears that they do not bear out his conclusions, I hope not to fail in recognising the great service he has rendered to ethnographic study by introducing really scientific methods of enquiry.
“The following table is an exact reproduction of the averages of the nasal index at the beginning of Volume III:—
Bengal Proper. Bihâr.
Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index.
Kâyasth 70·3 Brâhman 73·2
Brâhman 70·4 Bâbhan 74·0
Chandâl 73·9 Goâla 76·7
Sadgop 73·9 Kurmi 78·5
Goâla 74·2 Kahâr 79·7
Muchi 74·9 Bind 82·2
Pod 76·1 Maghaiya Dom 82·2
Kaibartta 76·2 Dusâdh 82·4
Râjbansi 76·6 Chamâr 82·8
Muhammadan 77·5 Musahar 88·5
Bâgdi 80·5
Bauri 84·1
Mâl 84·7
Mâl Pahâri 92·9
Mâlê or Asal Pahâria 94·5
North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Panjab.
Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index.
Bhuînhâr 73·0 Gûjar 66·9
Brâhman 74·6 Pathân 68·4
Kâyasth 74·8 Sikh 68·8
Kshatriya 77·7 Awan 68·8
Kanjar 78·0 Biloch 69·4
Khatri 78·1 Mâchhi 70·0
Kurmi 79·2 Arora 71·2
Thâru 79·5 Khatri 73·1
Banya 79·6 Chûhra 75·2
Barhai 80·8
Goâla 80·9
Kewat 81·4
Bhar 81·9
Kol 82·2
Lohâr 82·4
Guriya 82·6
Kâchhi 82·9
Dom 83·0
Lodha 83·4
Koiri 83·6
Pâsi 85·4
Chamâr 86·8
Musahar 86·1
“In this table it is a noticeable fact that the Kâyasth of Bengal Proper, an undoubtedly Sûdra caste, according to Brâhmanic theory, has finer features than the Brâhman, whilst the Chandâl outcaste of the Gangetic delta lies midway between the highborn and allied castes of Brâhmans and Bâbhans in Bihâr. Mr. Nesfield is so satisfied that the people of Upper India are a race mixed beyond recognition, that he does not hesitate to declare that a ‘stranger walking through the class-rooms of the Sanskrit College at Benares would never dream of supposing that the students seated before him were distinct in race and blood from the scavengers who swept the roads.’ It is a singular confirmation of this assertion that Mr. Risley’s table shows no appreciable difference in feature between the Brâhman of the North-Western Provinces and the Chûhra or scavenger of the Panjâb, while the latter has very much the advantage in nasal refinement over the Kshatriya or Râjput of the North-Western Provinces.
The Negritic profile common in the highest castes. 19. “The foregoing figures, however, are only averages. When one turns to the individual measurements, the entire absence of any common gradation in the nasal indices of the measured castes is still more apparent. The following figures are taken from the general tables of measurements, the five upper entries showing the smallest indices and the five lower the largest indices recorded. The numbers in the first column under each caste are the serial numbers of the individuals in the original table:—
Bengal Proper.
Brâhman. Kâyasth. Goâla. Chamâr. Bâgdi.
Serial No. Index. Serial No. Index. Serial No. Index. Serial No. Index. Serial No. Index.
41 56·1 23 60·0 37 62·0 14 62·9 33 67·3
30 58·0 15 61·5 10 62·7 10 64·1 85 67·3
21 58·3 29 62·2 17 65·3 12 66·6 41 68·0
10 60·3 63 62·7 13 65·9 24 66·6 74 69·2
5 60·7 2 62·9 33 66·0 3 67·9 27 70·0
73 80·4 82 81·2 7 83·3 23 81·3 30 90·2
84 81·2 97 82·0 35 84·4 27 82·2 10 92·8
85 81·2 70 82·9 3 84·7 15 86·0 55 95·4
94 88·6 32 83·3 19 84·7 11 87·2 6 97·4
75 100·0 9 88·8 15 86·6 6 88·0 2 100·0
“I have excluded the casteless tribes, but have included the Bâgdi, a so-called caste, though why so termed, except that it is found in the plains of India and has been largely Hinduised, is not apparent. This confusion between the two terms must continue so long as the functional character of caste is not admitted. The Bâgdis, like the Bauris, are a tribe as much as the Kol or the Santâl, and being Drâvirs by race, stand apart in the foregoing statement with a generally well-marked Dravidian type of face. The other four groups are functional, their occupations being that of priest, writer, cowherd and leather dresser; and though there is a greater coarseness of feature in the two latter, who are out-of-door labourers, than in the former, who are gentle-born, all four are manifestly of the same race or rather of the same amalgam of races. The first five Brâhmans and Kâyasths have distinctly Caucasian features, but the average index of the second five Brâhmans (86·3) shows a much greater approach to the flatnosedness of the Negro than the similar average of Goâlas (84·7), or Chamârs (84·9). In fact the two last Brâhmans have a more aboriginal type of face than any of the despised leather-dressers. It is probable and natural that there should be a greater admixture of non-Aryan blood in persons pursuing the humbler occupations, and this is the gist of Mr. Nesfield’s argument, which seems triumphantly corroborated by the foregoing figures. The race theory of castes, on the other hand, is found to have practically no statistical support. Far from its being a law of caste organisation in Eastern India, that a man’s social status varies in inverse ratio to the width of his nose, the utmost that can be predicated is that the average nasal index of a large number of the members of any caste indicates, in a very uncertain manner, the amount of aboriginal blood amongst its members, and thereby indirectly the greater or less respectability of the occupation followed.
The Cephalic Index. The Mesaticephalic head. 20. “It appears from the nasal statistics that not only an occasional Brâhman, but a very appreciable section of the caste, may be as flat-faced as a Chamâr. It is also made apparent by Mr. Risley’s measurements of the cephalic index and of the facial angle that an equally large number are as round-headed as a Mongoloid Lepcha of the Darjíling Hills, and as prognathous as any Negritic tribe in Chutia Nâgpur. The following table is a reproduction of Mr. Risley’s statement of average cephalic indices:—
Bengal Proper. Darjiling Hills. Bihâr. Chutia Nâgpur. N.-W. Provinces and Oudh.
Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index. Name of Caste. Average Index.
Mâlê or Asal 74·8 Murmu 78·5 Bind 74·0 Chero 72·4 Banya 71·3
Paharia Mangar 79·0 Brâhman 74·9 Chik 73·8 Barhi 71·8
Bauri 75·0 Lepcha 79·9 Musahar 75·2 Asur 74·0 Khatri 71·9
Râjbansi 75·2 Tibetans of Tibet 80·5 Kurmi 75·7 Korwa 74·4 Kâchhi 72·1
Mâl 75·8 Tibetans of Bhutan 80·2 Chamâr 76·0 Kharia 74·5 Kori 72·1
Paharia Khambu 81·0 Kahâr 76·1 Munda 74·5 Gauria 72·4
Bâgdi 76·3 Newar 81·5 Maghaiya Dom 76·2 Bhumij 75·0 Kol 72·4
Mâl 77·2 Gurung 81·6 Goâla 76·2 Binjhia 75·1 Lodha 72·6
Goâla 77·3 Tibetans of Sikkim 82·7 Bâbhan 76·7 Lohâr 75·3 Kâyasth 72·6
Kaibartta 77·3 Limbu 84·3 Dusâdh 76·7 Orâon 75·4 Pâsi 72·6
Mûchi 77·6 Kharwâr 75·5 Kewat 72·7
Sadgop 77·6 Kurmi 75·7 Lohâr 72·8
Pod 77·7 Bhuiya 76·0 Chamâr 72·8
Muhammadan 78·0 Dom 76·0 Kshatriya 73·0
Chandâl 78·1 Santâl 76·1 Goâla 73·1
Kâyasth 78·2 Tanti 76·2 Brâhman 73·0
Brâhman 78·7 Birhor 76·6 Bhuînhâr 73·3
Kurmi 73·3
Bhar 73·5
Thâru 73·9
Musahar 74·1
Kanjar 74·7
Dom 74·8
“In the above table the great cephalic similarity between the Kâyasth and the Chandâl in Bengal, between the Brâhman and the Bind in Bihâr, and between the Bâbhan and the Bhar in the North-Western Provinces, seems to prove beyond question how very similar must have been the racial origin of all. In fact the medium or mesaticephalic head is the most common in the plains of Bengal and Bihâr, being the result of interbreeding between the round-headed Mongol and the long-headed Drâvir, the Aryan having little to do with the physiognomy of their offspring, except in Upper India.
“Mr. Risley’s comment on these statistics is as follows:—
‘All along the Eastern and Northern frontier of Bengal we meet with a fringe of compact tribes of the short-headed or brachycephalic type, who are beyond question Mongolian. Starting from this area, and travelling up the plains of India north-westward towards the frontier of the Panjab, we observe a gradual but steady increase of the dolichocephalic type of head, which Herr Penka claims as one of the chief characteristics of the original Aryans. Bengal itself is mostly mesaticephalic, and dolichocephaly only appears in some of the Dravidian tribes. In Bihâr dolichocephalic averages are more numerous; in Oudh and the North-Western Provinces this type is universal, and it reaches its maximum in the Panjab. Assuming that Herr Penka has correctly determined the original Aryan type to be dolichocephalic, and that the theory of caste propounded above is the true one, these are just the results which might be looked for. According to the French anthropologists, the shape of the head is the most persistent of race characters, and the one which offers the greatest resistance to the levelling influence of crossing.
“ ‘A possible objection may be disposed of here. It may be argued that if the Dravidians are dolichocephalic, the prevalence of this character in North Western India may be accounted for by the assumption of an intermixture of Dravidian blood. But if this were so the proportion and degree of dolichocephaly would increase as we approach the Dravidian area, instead of diminishing, as is actually the case. Moreover, it is impossible to suppose that the races of the North-West, if originally brachycephalic, could have acquired their dolichocephalic form of head from the Dravidians, without at the same time acquiring the characteristic Dravidian nose and the distinctive Dravidian colour.’
The Negritic colour amongst Brâhmans. 21. “The last paragraph may, I presume, be taken as denying the admixture of Dravidian blood. I have shown that a Dravidian nose is far from uncommon in the highest castes. As regards colour there is a mass of evidence hostile to Mr. Risley’s latter argument. Professor Max Müller, in his Chips from a German Workshop, states:—‘There are at present Brâhmans, particularly in the South of India, as black as Pariahs.’ Mr. Nesfield, the most careful student of castes in Upper India, states:—‘The great majority of Brâhmans are not of lighter complexion or of finer and better bred features than any other caste.’ Even Kanaujiya Brâhmans, who are the priests of the upper classes in Bengal, are admitted by Mr. Risley to be ‘wanting in the peculiar fineness of feature and intellectual cast of countenance which distinguishes the higher grades of Brâhmans in other parts of India.’ On the other hand, Mr. Sherring in his “Hindu Castes and Tribes” comments on the high caste appearance of the Chamâr caste. Similar testimony to the good looks of the Chamârs in certain parts of India comes to us from the Central Provinces, where they are said to be lighter in colour than the members of other cultivating castes, while some of the men and many of the women are remarkably handsome. In Eastern Bengal, again, Dr. Wise describes the caste as ‘less swarthy than the average Chandâl, and infinitely fairer, with a more delicate and intellectual caste of features, than many Srotriya Brâhmans.’ The foregoing quotation comes from Mr. Risley’s excellent article on the Chamâr caste.
“One of the first great crimes which, as a Magistrate, I had to investigate in Bengal, was a murder committed by a Jessor Chamâr, who had spent years in the villages to the south of Calcutta in the character of a Brâhman. He at last seduced a young widow from her home, and murdered her for the sake of her jewellery a few miles before reaching his house in Jessor. He was tall and handsome with a clear olive complexion, and I afterwards noticed that some other members of his caste were equally fair. Young men of the Dusâdh caste are often rather good looking, and many of them have a yellowish-brown complexion.
The facial angle. A single type, a mixed one, universal. 22. “The facial angle of Cuvier, though somewhat discredited by later anthropologists on account of its failure to define minor distinctions of feature, is still a race test that has many advantages. It measures, as is known, the angle made by the plane of the face with the plane of the base of the skull. It is acute in the Negritic peoples, and about a right angle in the Caucasian. Mr. Risley, adopting the notation of Retz, gives the following figures:—
Bengal Proper. Bihâr. North-Western Provinces. Panjab.
Name of caste. Average Index. Name of caste. Average Index. Name of caste. Average Index. Name of caste. Average Index.
Brâhman 67·1 Bind 69·2 Kshatriya 69·6 Gûjar 70·7
Sadgop 67·0 Brâhman 63·7 Goâla 69·4 Sikh 70·4
Bauri 66·4 Dusâdh 68·7 Pâsi 69·4 Biloch 70·3
Mâlê or Asal Pahâria 66·1 Bâbhan 68·6 Brâhman 68·7 Arora 69·3
Mâl Pahâria 66·1 Goâla 68·3 Bhar 67·9 Awan 69·0
Muchi 66·1 Kurmi 67·8 Kurmi 67·9 Khatri 68·8
Mâl 65·8 Musahar 67·2 Kâchhi 67·7 Chûhra 68·8
Chandâl 65·8 Chamâr 67·1 Musahar 67·7 Muchi 68·7
Kaibartta 65·4 Kahâr 66·6 Lodha 67·6 Pathân 67·1
Râjbansi 65·1 Maghaiya Dom 65·7 Barhi 67·1
Goâla 65·1 Koeri 66·9
Pod 65·0 Chamâr 66·9
Bâgdi 64·9 Kâyasth 66·7
Kâyasth 64·2 Bâbhan 66·6
Muhammadan 63·7 Kewat 66·6
Guriya 66·4
Banya 66·3
Kanjar 66·3
Lohâr 66·2
Kol 66·1
Thâru 65·9
Dom 65·7
Khatri 65·5
“It thus appears that in Bengal the Brâhman is at one end of the scale and the cultivated Kâyasth at the other, whilst at the top of the Bihâr list the fisherman, priest, farm labourer, landlord and cowherd are in close proximity. In the North-Western Provinces the Kshatriya, the Râjput soldier and the Khatri, the Râjput trader, stand at opposite extremes; rat-catchers, carpenters, dancing women, cultivators, toddy-drawers and priests coming in between. No evidence could be more convincing, if anthropometry has any meaning. The Indian races and tribes in the valley of the Ganges from the Afghân frontier to the Bay of Bengal are so absolutely intermingled in blood, that it is impossible to discriminate between the skull characteristics of the castes or functional guilds which have grown up under later Brâhmanical usage.”
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