APPENDIX I. MASAI—COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

Nouns.

(The particle following the noun is the article, masculine, feminine, or neuter.)

English. Masai. Latuka, Bari,^[85] &c.

Air Giǰabe, eṅ

Animal ǰaṅito, ol Lat., Ečoṅ (Game).

Ant Oisusu, ol; pl. Oisusun

Antelope Guruk, ol

Galau, eṅ; pl. Galaun

Anus Kurum, ol

Duli, ol

Ape (baboon) Goroi, ol; pl. Goroin

502Arm (upper) Beraṅgas, em

(lower) Daṅgule, en

Arrow Bai, em; pl. Ba

Ass Sigiria, os; pl. -n Lat., Segira, os.

Axe Dolu, en; pl. -an Lat., Edzolu.

Back Gorioṅ, en Lat., Orioṅ.

Banana

(fruit) Marigo, ôl; pl. -n

(tree) Musalala, ôl; pl. -n

Basket Dam, en; pl. -i

Bat Lat., Neina.

Beads Sirírim, os; pl. -i

Beard Munyei, ôl; pl. -n Bari, Nyeke

Bed Ruat, er; pl. -an

ǰoni, ôl; pl. -n.

Bee Ótoro, ôl Lat., Avatoro.

Bell Piriri, ôl; pl. -n

Bellows Gunei, eṅ; pl. -n

Belly Gošóke, eṅ; pl. Oišua

Bird Kweni, eṅ Bari, Kwenti.

Blood Sérige, os

Body Sesin, os

Bone Oito, ôl; pl. Oik Bari, -yutyo.

Lat., Ogoti.

503Bottom Gumodo, en; pl. -n

Bow Borowai, em

Boy Aion, ôl; pl. Aiok

Brains Isisi, eṅg

Brass Suyai, os

Breast (male) Gô, ôl; pl. Gon

(female) Gina, ôl; pl. Gi

Brother Alaše, ôl; pl. -n Bari, -načer.

(friend!) Oito, ôl; pl. Oie

Buffalo Ôsowan, ôl; pl. -i Lat., As-suwani.

Butter Orṅo, eṅ

Buttocks Kurumi, el

Cattle Kišu, eṅ Bari, Kiču, Kičuk.

Chair Origa, ôl; pl. -n

Cheek Dakula, en

Chief Eibon, ôl,; pl. -ok

Kiboroni, ôl; pl. Kiborok

Child Gerai, eṅ; pl. Gera

Claw Oibôso, ôl; pl. -k

Cloth Naṅga, e; pl. -n

Cloud Būrwo, em; pl. -n Lat., Avuru = smoke.

Cock Motonyi, ôl, ôlôle (the male fowl)

Cold Giǰabe, en (wind)

Copper Suyāi, os Lat., Aǰel.

Corpse Meneṅgani, ôl (male); em (female)

Country (tribal district) Manyara, ôl; pl. -n

(land) Kob, eṅ; pl. -an

Cow Kiteṅ, eṅ; pl. Kišu Lat., Ne-iteṅ.

Bari, Kiteṅ; pl. Kiču.

(heifer) Dawo, en; pl. -n. (Kiteṅ with the masc. article ôl means a bullock, a gelded ox.) Šiluk } Diaṅ.

Šuli } Diaṅ.

Lur } Diaṅ.

Kavirondo } Diaṅ.

Diṅka, Wen.

γwen.

Crocodile Kinyaṅ, ôl Lat., Enya.

Bari, Kinyoṅ.

Šuli, Nyaṅ.

Lur, Niaṅ.

Day (-light) Barkiǰi, em Lat., Na-loṅ.

Bari, Koloṅ.

(from sunrise to sunset) Gôloṅ, eṅ; pl. -i Diṅka, Akol.

Death Ôtoa, ôl Bari, Atoan.

504Dog Dia, ôl; pl. Diain Lat., Eṅ-gōk.

Bari, Dioṅ.

Diṅka, ǰio.

Šuli, Gwôk.

Donkey Sigiria, os; pl. -n Lat., Os-segira.

Door Kutuk-aǰi, eṅ; pl. -n (lit. mouth

of house)

Dream (vide verb)

Drum Dam, ôl; pl. -i

Siṅgôdio, os; pl. -n

Dwarf Didikimo, en (fem. diminutive)

Eagle Kilit, ôl; pl. Kilili

Ear Giok, eṅ; pl. Gia Lat., Nē-iok.

Diṅka, Yig.

Bari, Čwet.

Šuli, Yit.

Egg Mosor, ôl Lat., Et-telio.

Orušia, eṅ

Otorui, em (ostrich egg?)

Elbow Dakule, en; pl. -n Lat., Oggole.

Elephant Dome, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Tome.

Bari, Tome.

Excrement Gik, eṅ

Eye Goṅ, eṅ; pl. Goniek Lat., Onyet.

Bari, Konie.

Šiluk, Waṅ.

Diṅka, Nyen.

Face Gomon, eṅ; pl. -i Bari, Komon.

Fat Sūnia, os

Elata (grease, oil) Bari, Welet.

Father (genitor) Oiu, ôl Lat., Mon.

(head of household) Mēnye, ôl Bari, Monye.

(term of address) Papa, ôl; pl. -n Baba.

Feather Gobiro, ôl (large) Bari, Kofiret.

„ eṅ (small)

Finger Kimoǰino, ôl; pl. Kimoǰik

Fire Gima, eṅ; pl. Giman Lat., Ne-ima.

Bari, Kiman.

Diṅka, Maǰ.

Šuli, Maǰ.

Fish Síṅgeri, os; pl. -n

Food Dā, en

505Fool Dūrwei, ôl; pl. Durwan

Foot Geǰu, eṅ; pl. Geǰek

(lower part) Oilēle, ol; pl. -k

(sole) Dap, en Lat., At-tiva.

Foreigner Omoni, ôl (lit. beggar)

Forest Dim, en Bari, Mudim.

Fowl Guku, eṅ from Ṅguku, a universal

Bantu word.

Motonyi, ôl (Bari, Čukoro; Lat.,

Nogoro, logoro.)

Friend Žore, ôl; pl. -n

Dōruet, ôl; pl. -a

Frog Dua, en Bari, Doke.

Fruit Gululwi, eṅ Bari, Konie.

Genitor Oiu, ôl (masc.)

Naiu, e (fem.) (from the root -iu-)

Giraffe Maūti, ôl

Girl Dito, en; pl. Doiak Lat., Odueti.

Siaṅgiki, es; pl. -n

Goat Dare, en (common plur.)

Kine, ôl (he-goat); pl. Kineǰi. Lat., Ne-ini.

Kine, eṅ (female); pl. Kineǰin

God Gai, eṅ (fem., also rain, sky, &c.)

Grass Kuǰita, ôl

Grave Gurare, eṅ

Gumoto, eṅ Lat., Ume, el.

Gum of teeth Irt, eṅ.

Gun Diol, en; pl. -n

Hair (of the head) Babit, ôl

(body) Bon, em

Hand Gaina, eṅ; pl. Gaik. Lat., Na-gas.

Bari, Kanin.

Diṅka, Čien.

Šiluk, Čiṅga.

Hare Kitoǰo, ôl Lat., Itoǰo.

Head Lugunia, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Na-gu.

Bari, Kwe.

Heart Dau, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Et-taǰi.

Bari, Tewili.

Heel Dudunio, en; pl. -n

Hill Eibaṅgi, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Ebak.

Hippopotamus Makau, ôl; pl. -n

Hoe ǰerembe, en A Bantu word.

Honey Neišo, e Lat., Essio.

506Horn Segegwa, os; pl. -n

House Gaji, eṅ; pl. Gaǰiǰik Lat., N-aǰi.

Bari, Kadi.

Šuli, Āt.

Hunger Ameo, ôl Lat., Idua.

Bari, Magor.

Husband Môruo, ôl; pl. Môruak

Hyena (striped) Otonu, ôl; pl. Otonak

(spotted) Nyoǰine, ôl; pl. Nyoǰinak

Insect Kimamani, ôl; pl. -n

Iron Seṅeṅge, os

Island Abori, ôl Lat. N-abful.

Knee Guguṅ, eṅ; pl. Guṅ Lat., Og-guṅi.

Bari, Kuṅo.

Knife Alem, ôl; pl. -an Lat., Ademi.

Bari, Wale.

Šuli, Pala.

Language (vide mouth)

Leg Geǰu, eṅ; pl. Geǰek Lat., N-eiǰu.

Leopard Uwaru, ôl; pl. Uwarak Lat., Auvuru.

Bari, Gwaron (hyena).

Lion Nyatun, ôl

Locust Mati, ôl

Magic Setan, es

Maize Bayek, ôl

Man Duṅani, ol; pl. Duṅana Lat., E-duṅgoni, a

craftsman.

Market Siṅgira, os; pl. -n

Meat Giriṅgo, eṅ. Lat., Eriṅgo

Lur and Šuli, Riṅgo.

Bari, Kore.

Milk Kule Lat., Nā-li.

Bari, Le.

Monkey Boroši, ol; pl. -n

Moon and Laba, ol; pl. -n Lat., Aǰafa.

month Bari, Yapa.

Diṅka, Pei.

Morning Tadekenia (East)

Mother (personal) Yeyo Lat., Eaṅ.

Bari, Yaṅo.

(general) Noto, en; pl. Noton Bari, Nwote.

(as mistress) Nain, en

Mountain Doinyo, ôl; pl. Doinyak or Doinyon Lat., Adoṅge, Donye.

507Mouth Gutuk, eṅ; pl. Gutuāk Lat., Edok.

(language, door, &c.) Bari, Kotok.

Diṅka, Vtok.

Šiluk } Dŏga.

Suli } Dŏga.

Lur } Dŏga.

Nail (finger and toe) Oibôso, ôl; pl. Oibôsok Lat., Aviela.

Name Garna, eṅ; pl. -n Lat., Avure.

Bari, Karin.

Diṅka, Rin.

Navel Surôrwa, os; pl. -n

Neck Murd, em; pl. -on Lat., Am-morit.

Bari, Murut.

Needle Ditu, ôl; pl. -n

Night Kewarie (darkness) Bari, Kwaje.

„ fall Dara, en Lat., At-tari.

Nose Gume, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Ne-imo.

„ eṅ (diminutive) Bari, Kume.

Diṅka, Ūm.

Šuli } Ūme.

Lur } Ūme.

Ox Moṅgi, ôl; pl. Kiteṅi

Peace Serre, es

Sôtwa, os

Penis ǰabo, en; pl. ǰabok (the

“wrapped-up,” “concealed,” is the

meaning of this word, although, as

a matter of fact, the Masai men

are the most shamelessly indecent

in the world)

Pig Bitir, ôl; pl. -on Lat., Abūtir.

Bari, Uri.

Pipe Modi, ôl; pl. -o

Place Weiǰi, e; pl. -tin

Plantation Guruma, eṅ; pl. -ni

Pot Modi, em; pl. -o

Prostitute Siǰ or Sid’, es

Rain Gai, eṅ (Eṅgai, in one word) Lat., Ag-gede.

Rat (burrowing) Uda, eṅg; pl. -n

(house) Deroni, en; pl. Dero

Rhinoceros Mūnyi, ôl Lat., Emoy’.

Bari, Mui.

River Gare, eṅ (water) Lat., Ari.

Bari, Kare.

Gwasu, ôl

508 Mwipo, ol; pl. -n

Geǰu, ôl (small stream)

„ eṅ (brook)

Road Goitoi, eṅ; pl. -n.

Roof Geberi, eṅ

Saliva Gāmulak, eṅ Lat., Amēla.

Bari, Kamolak.

Salt Munian, em A Bantu word.

Sand Gǘlukok, eṅ; pl. Gǘlukwa

Shadow Oip, ôl; pl. -i

Sheep Ger, ôl, eṅ; pl. Gera Lat., Na-ker (fem.).

Shield Oṅo, ôl; pl. -n

Shoe (leathern sandal) Namka, en; pl. -n

Sickness Ea, eṅg (from ē, to die)

Sister ắ Ganä́ši, eṅ; pl. Ganä́šan Bari, Kiačer.

Daṅgile, eṅ (a term of salutation)

Skin (hide) ǰôni, ôl; pl. ǰonito Lat., Na-gon (fem.).

Sky Gadamba, eṅ

Slave Siṅga, os; pl. -n

Sleep ǰô, en (Dyo) Lat., Aǰôto.

Bari, Doto.

Šuli, Nenǰo.

Small-pox Eṅg-ēa naibor (the white sickness) Lat., Eibora.

Smoke Būrwo, em Lat., Av-vuru.

Bari, Kofuret, Kopuröt.

Snake Asurai, ôl; pl. Asuran (Lat. Am-monu. Bari, Munu.)

Snow Seret, es

Snuff Kombau, ôl

Gišuki, eṅ

Son Aioni, Aiu, ôl or eṅg; pl. Aiok

Song Siṅgolio, os; pl. -n

Soul Dau, ôl

Spear Bere, em; pl. -n Lat., Aveira.

Bari, Gor.

Speech Rorei, or

Omon, el (words)

Spine Giǰi, eṅ

Spinster Gapiak, eṅ

Star Okirāi, ôl; pl. Ôkir

Stick Sebua, os

Stomach Ošoke, eṅ; pl. Ošoa Lat., Noke.

Stone Soit, os; pl. -on (Lat., Amoru. Bari, Murufit.)

509String Ene, eṅg

Sun Oloṅ, eṅg, or Goloṅ, eṅ Lat., Na-loṅ (fem.).

Bari, Koloṅ.

Diṅka, Akol.

Šuli, Ceṅ.

Tail Kidôṅoi, ôl; pl. Kidoṅo

Tale Bai, ôl

Tear Giǰo, ôl; pl. -n

Širi, eš

Testicles Derege, ôl; pl. -n

Thief Aburon, ôl; pl. Aburok

Thing Doki, en; pl. Dokitin

Thorn Gikwa, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Ikoa.

Bari, Kikwoti.

Throat Murut, em Bari, Murut.

Gos, ôl Yoṅin.

Thunder Gurugur, eṅ

Dara, en Lat., Ed-diri.

Tobacco Kumbau, ol (from the word Tumbako, through the corrupt form Kumbatu.)

Toe (vide finger) Kimoǰino, ôl Lat., Abuge.

Tongue Geǰep, ôl; pl. -a Lat., Aṅgaǰi.

Bari, Nedeb.

Diṅka, Lyeb.

Šuli, Lieva.

Lur, Levve.

Tooth Ala, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Ala.

Bari, Kele.

Šuli, Lāk.

Diṅka, Lēk.

Town Gaṅ, eṅ; pl. Gaṅite

Maniara, ôl; pl -n

Tree ǰáni, ôl, en; pl. ǰanito Lat., At-tana.

ǰata, en; pl. Gek Šuli, ǰat.

Dimi, en (a number of trees, Bari, Kadini.

forest) Diṅka, Tim.

Tribe (vide town and country) Kob, eṅ; Gaṅ, en

Truth Edede

Twins Mao, el

Udder Nyawo, en; pl. -n Lat., Anyava.

Bari, Panyak.

510Ulcer Dodudai, ôl

Uncle Abulai, ôl

Urine Gūlak, eṅ Bari, Kūla.

Lat., Agola.

Vagina Gwali, eṅg

Boliš, em; pl. -an (the female

pudenda)

Village Ganāsa, eṅ; pl. -n (a small group

of houses)

Vulture Modôni, e

War ǰore, en; pl. ǰoriak Lat., Avere.

Bari, Ko.

Water Gare, eṅ Lat., Nare.

Bari, Kari (river).

Wax Došo, en

Way Goidoi, eṅ

Well Duroto, ôl (also pond, lake)

Wife Siaṅgiki, es; pl. -n

Wilderness Sero, ôs

Wind Giǰabe, eṅ Lat., Iǰami.

Window (hole) Udoto, eṅ; pl. -n

Witchcraft Dāsim, en

Wizard Oisakutoni, ôl; pl. Eisakutok

Eiboni, ôl; pl. Eibonok

Woman Norion, en; pl. Noriok (Bari, Nuru = child.)

Daṅadana, en (a mother)

Damonon, en (pregnant)

Siaṅgiki, es (wife)

Daṅgile, en, na (mode of address)

Gogo, eṅ (old woman)

Word Omon, ôl

World Kob, eṅ

Year Ari, ôl; pl. -n

Zebra Oitiko, ôl; pl. -n Lat., Edigo.

Numerals.

1 -bo (o-bo, masc.; na-bo, fem.) Lat., -bodi.

Somali, Kob.

2 -arre (w-arre, masc.; n-arre, fem.) Lat., -arrega.

Bari, Öri, murek.

Diṅka, Rōu.

Šiluk } Arrio.

Šuli } Arrio.

Lur } Arrio.

5113 Uni Lat., Gonigo.

Bari, Ok (in compounds).

4 Uṅgwan; Otoni (Southern Masai) Lat., Aṅgon.

Bari, Uṅgwan.

Diṅka, Ṅgwan.

Šiluk } Aṅgwēn.

Suli } Aṅgwēn.

Lur } Aṅgwēn.

5 Imiet Lat., Miyet.

Bari, Kanat.

Diṅka, Vdieč.

Šiluk ) Abīč.

Šuli } Abīč.

Lur } Abīč.

6 Ille Lat., Elle.

Somali, Li.

Boni, Lī.

Galla, Dia.

7 Nabušana Lat., Attarit.

8 Isiet Lat., Otogoṅi (5 + 3).

Galla, Zadeta.

Boni, Siete.

9 Sāl, or Sahal Lat., Otoṅgoṅ (5 + 4).

Galla } Sagalla.

Somali } Sagalla.

Boni } Sagalla.

10 Tomon Lat., Tomon.

Somali, Tomon.

Galla, -tama (in the decades).

Woratta, Tama.

Boni, Tobenna.

Bari, Mere (in the decades).

Diṅka, Vtiar.

11 Tomon obo Lat., Tomon abodi.

20 Dikitam Lat., At-tomon abodi.

Kitikitam, Dígtam Galla, Diketama.

(This is evidently a very ancient form. It is remarkable that it is almost identical with the Galla. It is probably composed of an old word for 2, viz. Dik or Tiki and Tama = 10.)

30 Osom Somali, Sodon.

512 Galla, Sad-tam or Sodom.

40 Artam. Somali, Afarton.

(Query: Is there here an evidence of an older form of 4 in Masai, related to the Galla, viz. Ar, Afur?) Galla, Afurtam.

50 Onom (also Neiduruǰa) Somali, χantom.

Galla, Šantam.

60 Ipi (“many”); beyond this the numerals do not seem to be further expressed in Masai. Ipi is used for 70, 80, 90, 100 indifferently. Galla, D’iba = 100.

Adjectives.

All Boki (perhaps -bo, one, pluralized)

Alone -beṅ, ô, na, or ei^[86] Lat., Abodi (from Bodi, one).

Bad Torono; pl. Torok. (In Masai the pl. of adjectives is often used in the singular as an intensitive; thus Torok means in the singular, “very bad.”) Bari. -doro = fallen, spoilt, damaged.

Beautiful (vide good) Sidai

Bitter -dua Lat., -dua (ô, na, e).

Black -rok Lat., -riok.

Eloitwe Bari, Elurwe.

Bold Ol-ēṅoni; pl. Eṅok, el (the manly) Lat., Ol-le.

Broad Dabaš

Ala Bari, Anagalan.

Broken (spoilt) -derie

Clean (vide white) -ibor Lat., -ibor.

Clever (cunning) Nyen, or Ṅeṅ Bari, Kaṅa.

Cruel -maṅ

Dead -toa Bari, Atoan.

513 Lat., Adua (dumb, silent).

Deep Akwa

Dirty -sorto

Dry -doyo

Each Kil

Every Boki Lat., -ǰogo.

Fat -bir Lat., -vir.

Bari, -ofir.

Feeble -nana Lat., -nana.

Few Kuti

Fresh -ǰon

Full -puta Lat., -vot.

Good Sidai. (This word comes from the root Sid’, “to be of easy manners,” “to be unchaste,” whence -sid’ or -siǰ, “incontinent.” It shows the notion of morality among the Masai, that such a term should come to mean “pleasant,” “handsome,” “good,” and even “useful”); pl. Sidan. Lat., Isidda (wanton).

Subad, or Subai (used as a greeting) Lat., Mgada (good).

-gai (from which root Rain and God)

Great Kito; pl. Kitok

Green -nyori

-ǰon (fresh, raw)

-šal (in contradistinction to dry, burnt)

Hard -gol Bari, Al-ogo.

Having -ata

Healthy -lulunga

-gol

Heavy -iroši Lat., -irosi.

High -ado Lat. ôdo.

Bari, -aǰo.

Hot -ruwa

Left (hand) Kirian

Little -ti, Kiti; pl. Kutiti Bari, -dit.

Long -ado (vide high) Bari, -aǰo.

Lat., -odo.

Low Abori

Male Ole; pl. Lewa Lat., Olle.

Bari, Logulao; Lo- (masc. article and prefix).

514Many Kumo, Kumok

Near Etana

New Neǰuk Lat., Aṅgeǰuk.

Bari, Ludukotyo.

Old Msana Lat., Meruan.

Gogo (old in years) Bari, Madoṅ.

Eos

Open Eigenu Lat., Aṅa.

Bari, Aṅa.

Other -kai, ôl, eṅ; pl. Kulikai

Pregnant Emena

Red -nyokie

Right (hand) Olewa (vide male)

Ripe Eo, Eoto Lat., -dori.

Bari, Toran.

Short Torop or Dorob Lat., Os-suk.

Sick -mui, Emui Lat., Uṅgwe.

Spotted -geri Bari, Mimyen.

Strong -gol

Sweet -melok

Thick -pir Lat., -vir.

Bari, ofir.

Thin Roṅgai

Weak -nana (evidently connected with Na, the feminine particle) Lat., Na-, fem. article.

Bari, Na, No, Nu, fem. article.

Šiluk, Nyano = she.

White -ibor Lat., -ivor; Aboṅ.

For Pronouns see preceding sketch of grammar.

Verbs.

Able, be -idim

Abound -bore Bari, ǰore = overflow.

Agree -šiate

Angry, to be -goro Bari, Awaran = angry.

Anoint -el Bari, Wel-et = ointment.

-pik

Arrive -beki

Ask -bar

Avoid -pal

515Awake -tobiwo

-inyo

Be -ra; -ta; -ti.

Bear (to give birth) -išo

Beat -ar

Begin -aṅgas

Bend -lok

Benighted, to be -muta

Bind -en, -gen, -igen (all sorts of variants from the primitive root -en)

Bite -on

Blow -yuk; -kut Bari, Kudie.

Boil (act.) -yir

(neut.) -tokitok

Break (act.) -rek

(neut.) -er (from this root a number of terms are derived, such as -derie, broken, from the past tense of -er = -derie, &c.)

Break open -bol Bari, Bel, Belen; Futukö.

„ off -pukus

Breathe -yaṅ Bari, Yukakin.

Bring -iau Bari, ǰwe.

Build -itobir (from -ito, make, and -bir, big, wide, &c.)

Bury -nuk

-tur (to excavate)

Buy -inyaṅu

Call -ibot

Carry -nap (-nab in conjugation)

Catch -iwōn; -wab

Choose -ikebu; -šilu

Circumcise -murāt

Clean -ǰud Bari, Čea.

Climb -ilebaki

Clothe (act.) -yop

(pass.) -išop

Come an irregular verb conjugated by the imperfect and independent forms -lotu, -yuo, -ponu Bari, Po, Fo.

Count -iken Bari, Ken.

(reckon) Šuli, Ken.

Copulate -urbono

516Cover -pukur Bari, Rap.

(conceal) -jab (from this root = Enjabo, penis, viz. “the covered, concealed”)

Cut -duṅ

„ open -pūl

„ up -saǰ

Dance -raṅ

Deceive -led’ or leǰ

Despise -men

Die -ē (irregular verb, past tense,

-tua) Bari, Toan.

Dig -tur

Do -itobir (old form, -ito)

Dream -idetidet

Drink -mat Bari, Moǰu.

Šuli, Mate.

Eat -nya (irregular verb, past tense, -tama) Bari, Nye.

Šuli, Tyam.

Empty -bugu

„ to be -mota

Enter -ǰiṅ

Erect -ṅgada

Escape -luaǰa

Fall -doye Bari, Doro.

Fatten -bir Bari, Ofir = fat.

Fear -ure

Feel -niṅ Bari, Yin = to hear.

Fight -ara Latuka, Ivot.

Fill -ibut

Find -šia?

Finish -idip; -mit

Fly -ipiri

Follow -tubake

Forbid -anya

Forget -torgine

Frighten -iture; -urešo

Generate -iu (old form only existing in compounds and derivatives, such as -išo, the modern verb, past tense, -toiūo)

Get -šia; -tum

Give -išo (imperative irreg., Enǰo, Enǰoki)

Go Irregular verb composed of the independent forms, -lo; -po; -no; šom; and -beti Lat., -lo.

517Greet -irorok (from -roro, to speak) Bari, Ro-man.

Grind -idoṅ

Grow -bulu

Hang -ik Bari, Likie.

Have -ata (to be with)

-ra ( „ )

Heal -išiu

Hear -niṅ (the same as “feel”) Bari, Yin.

Šuli, Win.

Help -retoki

Hide -isudo

Hit -ar

Hunt -iṅoru

Ill, be -mui Bari, Mimyen.

Itch -oǰ

Judge -iriš.

Jump -isioṅ

Kick -ramo

Kill -ar; -rem Bari, Rembu.

Know -yôlo

Laugh -kwen Bari, Kweni.

Lick -meǰ

Lie -teleǰase

Lie down -ber

Like -nyon; -šam Bari, Nyar.

Live, to (be alive) -piu

Look -iṅon; -imariri

Lose -imim

Love -šam; -nyor; -iyan Bari, Nyar; Yap.

Make -itobir

Marry -yam (for a man)

-yamišo (for a woman) Bari, Yenbaǰi.

Milk -leb Bari, Le = milk, n.

Mix -gurd

Move -ipoṅ Bari, Bondu.

Overcome -mir

Pass -im

Perish -min

Perspire -ilaṅ

Plant -tur

Pregnant, be -mena

Pull -ibuṅ; -yet Bari, ǰik.

Pursue -suǰ

Push -rumo

Put -Šum; -rid

518Quarrel -arare; arate

Rain -ša

Remove -tau; -tumu

Rend -giǰ

Reply -iruk

Resemble -wana

Return -riṅyo

Roar -šir

Roast -beǰ

Rob -buro

Run -bor

Say -ǰo

See -dol (irregular; past tense, -tadūa)

Seek -iṅoru

Seize -ibuṅ

Sell -mir

Send -ipaya

Sew -rip

Shake -igusugusu

Shave -barn Bari, Barandu.

Shine -imer; iwaṅ

Sing -raṅ; -isilil

Sit -ton; -totona

Skin -ǰeṅ

Sleep -irura

Smell (stink) -ṅgu

(fragrant) -robil

Speak -iro; iroro

Stand -idaso

Steal -buro

Stoop -ulud

Suck -nak

Swallow -iǰo

Take -ya (past tense, -yawa)

Talk -iroro

Tear -giǰ

Tell -liki

Think -ǰo

Throw -ibugo; -idad

Tie -lid; -en

Tire -naura

Tremble -girigira

Twist -gur; -biaǰ

Urinate -lut Bari, Kula.

Vanquish -dim

Vomit -lobišo

519Want -yau

Wash -ug; -sul

Watch -muda

Weep -išir

Wipe -yud

Write -sir

Yawn -aṅa

Adverbs, Prepositions, &c.

Above Keber Bari, Ki.

Afterwards Pei

Again Si

Ago Oba, muidi

Although Pe

Always Osake

And O (masculine); na (feminine)

As, like Kam Galla, Kam.

At Ti; T-

Because Amu

Before Teṅgomom (“in the face”)

Behind Tolkurum

Beyond Endalo

But (only) -ke (generally enclitic)

Down Abori

Either (or) au—ao

Entirely Boki; naleṅ

Far Ba Bari, Faǰo.

First -bo

For From Ko; K- Bari, Ko.

Here Ene; tene Bari, Ni.

How? Aˇi?

How much? „ many? -muaǰa (prefix according to gender of noun) Bari, Moda?

If Den or Ten; Pe, P-

In -ti; T-, Te; Atwa

Like Kam Galla, Kam.

Much Kumo, Kumok

No Emé Galla, Me, eme.

Not Me, M-

Now Tata

Of -a (la, na, ra, according to gender)

Often Enake

On Keber Bari, Ki.

Only Ke Bari, Gelen.

520Outside Aulo

Quickly Sarasara

Really Edede

Slowly Akidi

So Neǰa Bari, Čona.

There Ende, Tende Bari, Ni.

To Ko, K-; Te, T-

To-day Tata; Duo Lat., Agana.

To-morrow Teisere Lat., Taleloṅ.

Under Abori

Upon Keber

Very Kumo

Well Subai

What sort? What kind of? Ka, K-? (prefixed to word)

When? Kaǰi?

Where? Aǰi? Akodēē?

Why? Painyo? (For what?)

With La, na, e; ko; pe

Yes Neǰata (It is so); Oi; iba; eo; iko, &c.

Yesterday Ṅole Lat., Golo-ṅgole

521