INDEX

Address, terms of, 44, 53; used in legends, 191

Adoption of children, 77; effects of, on regulation of marriage, 72

Adultery, 50

Adze, 450

Age, distinctions of, 80

Aka-, prefix referring to mouth and speech, 23

Aka-op, term applied to boy or girl during adolescence, 94; foods avoided by, 95; interpretation of avoidances imposed on, 279

Aka-yat, relationship, 81

Alebe, name given to girl at first stage of initiation, 93

Alpinia, leaves used in honey-eating ceremony, 105; used as remedy for sickness, 183

Anadendron, magical properties of, 157, 180; protective value of, 261; dangerous to use, 273; uses of fibre, 453; preparation of fibre, 453

Ancestors, legends of the, 190; names applied to the, 137, 190; with animal names, 191; legends of the dispersion of the, 212

Andaman Islands, description of, 1; fauna, 3; climate, 4; early accounts of, 7; area of, 15

Andamanese home, 19

Animal bones, protective power of, 184, 273

Animals, legendary, 225; in the legends, 191; personification of, 388; legends of the origin of, 206 sqq., 341 sqq.

Ant’s nest (Ko̱t), human race descended from, 192

Arabian travellers, description of Andamans by, 7

Areca wood, skewer of, 449; arrows of, 439

Arrows, 435 sqq.; protective power attributed to, 259; used to stop a storm, 157

Artocarpus fruit, 40

Ar-yoto, coast-dwellers, 26

Authority of chiefs, 47

Bachelors’ hut, 34

Bain (civet-cat), as the first woman, 196

Bamboo, necklaces of, 259, 480; vessels of, 475; used for fish arrows, 435

Bark sling for carrying children, 480; worn by man who desires children, 90

Basket-work, 458 sqq.; Little Andaman, 461; South Andaman, 463; North Andaman, 465; Semang, 470; Philippine Negritos, 471

Be, pearl shell, associated with Biliku, 152

Bees’-wax, burning of, angers Biliku, 152, 357; magical properties of, 183; protective power of, 263

Belt, men’s, 125, 476; women’s, 477

Beyan (civet-cat), as the first woman, 193

Bido Teč Lau, 136, 165

Bilik, generic name for winds, 149; name of a class of spirits, 169

Bilika, Aka-Kede form of Biliku, 199

Biliku, associated with the N.E. wind, 147, 353; associated with the season of the N.E. monsoon, 149; statements concerning her husband and children, 150; meaning of the name, 151; actions that anger, 152; punishes offences with storms, 156; legends about, 197; represented in pantomimic dance, 165

Biliku and Tarai, beliefs concerning, 147 sqq.; legends of, 197 sqq.; interpretation of beliefs about, 351 sqq.

Birth of children, customs relating to, 89

Birth-rate, decrease of, 18

Boar’s tusk, used as a spokeshave, 448

Bone arrow points, 448

Bones, animal, magical properties of, 184

Bones of the dead, recovered from the grave, 112; worn to prevent sickness, 126, 184; interpretation of customs relating to, 292

Bow, 419 sqq.; Little Andaman, 419; North Sentinel Island, 422; Jarawa, 423; South Andaman, 423; North Andaman, 427; comparison of different forms, 432; Semang, 434; Philippine Negritos, 435; an element of primitive Negrito culture, 492

Buckets, 474

Burial customs, 106 sqq.; weeping over corpse, 106; preparation of corpse, 100; interment, 107; tree-burial, 108; use of ko̱ro fibre, 108; burial of children, 109; of strangers, 109; recovery of bones, 112; interpretation of, 285 sqq.

Čainyo leaf, used in girl’s initiation ceremony, 93; formerly worn by women of North Andaman, 93 note

Čaitan, the abode of spirits of the dead, 171

Calamus, uses of, 453; associated with spirits, 136, 165, 292

Camping sites, 29

Camps, kinds of, 31; hunting, 33, 409

Canoes, 485 sqq.; Little Andaman, 491; North Sentinel Island, 492; ownership of, 42

Čara, equivalent of Tomo, 144; legends of, 193

Caryota, associated with spirits of the dead, 147, 171, 290; belongs to Biliku, 152, 358

Čatlo, stars, children of sun and moon, 141

Čatlo, beetle, associated with Biliku, 156

Čauga, spirits of the dead, 136, 170

Čauga ta, bones of the dead, 137

Čauga tabaŋa, the ancestors, 190, 137

Caves, use of, 33

Celtis cinnamonea, use of fibre of, 452

Ceremonial customs, definition of, 89; nature of, 233, 325

Chiefs, 47

Child, sex of unborn, 90; reincarnation of dead, 90

Childbirth, 89

Children, treatment of, 51; and parents, 76; naming of, 89

Chinese records of Andamans, 7

Cicada, associated with Biliku, 150, 152, 154, 198, 206, 208, 359; associated with day and night, 155, 214, 330; may not be killed, 155; may not be disturbed by noise at dawn or sunset, 154; ceremony of killing the, 155

Čirikli, the moon, 141

Civet-cat, beliefs concerning, 184; as wife of first ancestor, 193, 196; position in legends explained, 348

Clan organisation, absence of, in Andamans, 23

Classificatory system of relationship, 53

Clay, used for making pots, 473; men and women made of, by J̌utpu, 192

Clay (odu), newly born child painted with, 90; used in initiation ceremonies, 99, 102; used in mourning, 106, 111; summary of uses of, 122; used after eating food, 122, 265; interpretation of uses of, 275, 289, 312

Clay, white (to̱l-odu), use of, after initiation ceremonies, 99, 102; used for decorating corpse, 102; may not be used by mourners, 111, 112; used for ornamenting bones of the dead, 113; summary of uses of, 124; use of, in purification of homicide, 133; interpretation of uses of, 254, 256, 315 sqq.

Climate of Andamans, 4

Coast-dwellers and forest-dwellers, 26

Čoinyop, legend of, 142

Čol, 161; legend of origin of, 224

Colebrooke, 445, 448

Communal huts, 31, 35, 413

Convict Settlement, see Penal Settlement

Cramp, caused by civet-cat, 184

Creeks and islands, legends of origin of, 217

Crime, punishment of, 48

Cyclones, 5, 344, 364

Cyrena shell, uses of, 447

Da, term of address, 44

Dance, 128 sqq.; rhythm of, 130; of women, 131; before a fight, 132, 252; at turtle-eating ceremony, 100, 282; at end of mourning, 114; pantomimic, representing supernatural beings, 164; legend of origin of, 215, 334; social function of, 246 sqq.

Dance meetings, 40, 253

Day, personified, 144; made by Tauto̱bitatmo̱, 144; made by Čara, 144

Day and night, legend of origin of, 214; interpreted, 330

Death, legend of origin of, 236, 299

Dendrobium, use of skin of, for ornament, 454

Dentalium shell, ornaments of, 126, 479

Deria, see Tarai

Diu, the sun, 141

Division of labour, 43

Dogs, 36, 417

Domestic implements and utensils, 472 sqq.

Dove, as first woman, 195

Dreams, beliefs concerning, 167, 304; communication with spirits in, 177; power of medicine-man exercised in, 178; provide means of representing the spirit world, 303

Dugong, legend of origin of, 218

Duku (monitor lizard), as first ancestor, 196

Dula, the moon, 141

Eagle (Ko̱lo), legend of, 227

Earthquakes, made by the spirits, 146

Education, 276

Elders, respect for, 44; influence of, 50

Ele, personification of lightning, 145; represented in pantomimic dance, 166

Entada scandens, belongs to Biliku, 152

E̱ra-puli, patterns painted on body, 122; explanation of, 265, 312

E̱rem-čauga, spirits of the jungle, 136; Mr Man’s account of, 140

E̱rem-taga, forest-dwellers, 26

Family, 23

Fibres used for making rope and string, 450 sqq.; protective powers attributed to, 259

Ficus laccifera, home of souls of unborn children, 91; storm will come if tree is damaged, 157; leaves used for stopping storm, 157; abode of spirits of dead infants, 174; magical properties of, 181; protective value of, 262; use of fibre of, 452

Fighting, 85

Fire, absence of method of producing, 472; magical properties of, 184; legends of origin of, 201; protective value of, 258; used in initiation ceremonies, 95, 98, 280; interpretation of legends of origin of, 341; social value of, expressed in legends of flood, 345; relation to Biliku, 367

Fishing, 417

Flood, legends of, 206; Mr Man’s version of, 209; interpretation of legends of, 344

Flower-names of girls, 119; interpretation of, 311

Flying-fox, remedy for rheumatism, 184

Food, distribution of, 43; avoidance of certain, during pregnancy, 89; avoidance of certain, at menstrual periods, 94; avoidance of certain, during adolescence, 95; avoidance of certain, during mourning, 111; customs connected with, 114 sqq., 272; patterns painted on body after eating, 122, 265, 312; belief in dangers of, 270; social value of, 270; used in treatment of sickness, 273

Frederike, Master Caesar, description of Andamans, 8

Frog, legends of, 221; eaten by woman who desires children, 90

Funeral customs, 106 sqq.; interpretation of, 285 sqq.

Gnetum edule, use of fibre of, 452; magical properties of, 181; protective power of, 261

Government, absence of, 44

Grewia laevigata, use of fibre of, 452

Gumul, see Kimil

Habitations, 31 sqq., 409 sqq.

Hair-dressing, 483

Harpoon, 441

Hibiscus tiliaceus, use of fibre for rope, 451; method of preparation of fibre, 451; leaves used in turtle-eating ceremony, 98, 99, 100; wood used for cooking turtle, 116; protective power of, explained, 259

Hiccough, said to be caused by lizard, 184

Homicide, customs relating to, 133

Honey, 39; legend of discovery of, 221; associated with the snake o̱r-čubi, 227

Honey-eating ceremony, 105

Hunting, 36, 417

Huts, 32 sqq., 409 sqq.

In, term of address, 44

India, natives of, called Lau, 137

Initiation ceremonies, 91 sqq.; interpretation of, 276 sqq.

Initiation into the world of the dead, 146, 290

Interpretation of customs, methods of, 329

Iron, use of, 9, 444, 449

J̌a̤rawa, 10, 11, 12, 86; their relation to the Önge, 13

J̌ereg, the abode of the dead, 171, 173

J̌ereg-l’ar-mugu, the abode of the dead, 170, 171, 173, 174

J̌irmu, a legendary animal, 226

J̌urua, spirits of the sea, 136

J̌uruwin, Mr Man’s account of, 140

J̌utpu, the first being, legend of, 192

Kara-duku, said to be the crocodile, 194

Kimil, term applied to initiation ceremonies, 101; meaning of the word, 266, 307

Kimil season, 39, 153; association with Biliku, 359

Knives, 449

Ko̱lo, sea-eagle, legend of, 227

Ko̱lotat (ebony), as the first woman, 194

Ko̱ro, fibre, 453; used in burial ceremonies, 108; used in peace-making ceremony, 134; formerly worn by women, 479; explanation of uses of, 290

Korude, thunder, personified, 145

Ko̱t (ant’s nest), as the first woman, 192

Land, ownership of, 29

Languages of the Andaman Islands, 11

Lapicque, M. L., 31, 446

Lau, the spirits, 136; term applied to natives of India, 137

Lau to̱i, bones of the dead, 137

Laziness, condemned, 50

Legends, 186 sqq.; interpretation of, 330 sqq.

Lightning, personified, 145; made by Ele, 145; made by Tarai and Biliku, 145; connection with Biliku discussed, 367

Little Andaman, 12; former connection with Great Andaman, 14; huts, 413; bow, 419; arrows, 439; basket-work, 461; personal ornament, 483

Local groups, 23, 26; size of, 27; names of, 28; membership of, 28; meetings of, 40; relations between, 82

Lo̱ito, edible root associated with Biliku, 199

Maia, term of address, 44; used in legends, 191

Man, E. H., 20

Marco Polo, description of Andamans, 7

Marriage, 70 sqq.; regulation of, 71; of cousins, 71; ceremony of, 73; ceremony, interpretation of, 255

Mats, 456

Medicine-men, 48, 51, 175 sqq.; powers of, how acquired, 176; cure sickness, 178; control the weather, 178; skilled in legendary lore, 186; beliefs concerning, discussed, 301

Melochia velutina, 451

Menstruation, ideas about, 94; avoidances during, 94; ceremony at first occurrence of, 92

Mimi, term of address, 44; used in legends, 191

Mimusops leaves, worn by women, 127; used to frighten Biliku, 157

Mincopie, as name of Andaman Islanders, 12

Mode of life, changes in, 19

Monitor lizard, as the first ancestor, 193, 196, 211, 213, 225; identified with Biliku (Öluga) in Little Andaman, 151; inventor of scarification, 219; position in the legends explained, 388

Moon, personified, 141; beliefs relating to, 142; can turn into a pig, 141; anger of, how caused, 142; waxing and waning of, 143; eclipse of, 143; as wife of Tomo, 195; interpretation of beliefs concerning, 340

Morgan, Lewis, 53

Mo̱rua, spirits of the sky, 136, 160; angry if pork is roasted, 160

Mourners, names avoided, 111; terms of address used for, 112; cut off from normal social life, 288

Mourning, customs of, 166 sqq.; duration of, 110; ceremony at end of, 114; interpretation of customs of, 285 sqq.

Murder, 48

Myristica, leaves used in initiation ceremonies, 92, 98; explanation of protective power of, 260

Names, 89, 117 sqq.; flower names of girls, 93, 119, 312; avoidance of, 121; of parents avoided after birth of child, 89; of initiates avoided during ceremonies, 93, 95, 101; of deceased avoided during mourning, 111; of mourners avoided during mourning, 111; new, given at turtle-eating ceremony, 101; interpretation of customs relating to, 294 sqq.

Negrito race, 2, 6

Netting, 471 sq.

Nicobar Islands, 2

Night, personified, 144; made by spirits, 145; legend of origin of, 213; legend of origin of, interpreted, 330 sqq.

Nila, beliefs concerning, 163

Nomadism, 30

North Sentinel Island, 15; huts, 412; bow, 422; canoe, 492

Odour, symbolism of, 311

Odu, clay, used in turtle-eating ceremony, 98; used by mourners, 106, 111; uses of, in general, 122; interpretation of use of, after eating food, 265; interpretation of use of, in initiation ceremonies, 281; interpretation of use of, in mourning, 289; interpretation of uses of, in general, 312

Ogar, the moon, 142

Oko-ǰumu, see Medicine-men

Oko-paiad, see Medicine-men

Önge, 12; see also Little Andaman

O̱r-čubi, 124, 162, 227; see also Wara-J̌obo

O̱r-čubi t’e̱ra-bat, name of pattern of white clay, 124

Origin of mankind, legends of, 191 sqq.

Ornament, personal, 121 sqq., 476 sqq., 483; interpretation of customs relating to, 254 sqq., 315 sqq.

Ornamentation, character of, 484

Ornamentation of utensils, 323

Ot-kimil, see Kimil

Ot-ǰumulo, double or soul, 166, 304

Painting the body, 121 sqq., 315 sqq.; see also Odu, Clay, white (to̱l-odu)

Pandanus leaf, belts, and ornaments of, 477; belts of, worn by women, 127; used in girl’s initiation ceremony, 92

Paradoxurus, see Civet-cat

Parents and children, 76

Peace-making ceremony, 134; interpretation of, 238

Pearl shell (be), used as a knife, 447; associated with Biliku, 198, 201, 202, 206, 367, 368

Penal settlement, first, 9; present, 10

Pe̱rǰido (Piǰčor), son of Biliku, 150, 160, 198, 199, 217, 371, 373 footnote; and origin of dugong, 218; first discoverer of honey, 221

Personal ornament, see Ornament

Personal qualities, respect for, 45

Personification of natural phenomena, 141 sqq., 377 sqq.; of animals, 388

Pe̱tie, monitor lizard, as first ancestor, 193

Philippine Islands Negritos, 6; huts, 416; bows, 435; basket-work, 471

Phonetics, 495

Pig, method of hunting, 36; method of cooking, 37; method of cutting up prescribed by custom, 116, 161, 272; belief in danger of roasting, 160, 363 footnote; skulls preserved, 274; skulls encased in basket-work by Jarawa, 467; the moon can take the form of, 141; legend of how the pig got its senses, 217; legend of the origin of, 218; position of, in legends, 347

Pigeon, connection with conception of children, 91

Piǰčor, see Pe̱rǰido

Po̱ičo-tobut, the first ancestor, 192

Population of the Andaman Islands, 15, 16; estimate of former, 18; decrease of, 17; density of, 19, 25

Pork, dangerous to roast, 160

Po̱ro̱kul, husband of Biliku in Aka-Kede legend, 199

Port Blair, 2, 9, 10

Portman, M. V., 21

Pottery, 473

Prefixes in Andamanese languages, 23, 496

Pregnancy, avoidances during, 89

Presents, as expression of good will, 237

Property, 41; in land, 29

Protective power of amulets explained, 257

Pterocarpus, peculiar beliefs concerning, 182

Pteropus, see Flying-fox

Puki, the moon, 142

Puluga, Mr Man’s account of, 157 sqq.; see also Biliku

Punishment of crime, 48

Purchas: his Pilgrimes, quoted, 8

Puto, the sun, 142

Quarrels, 48

Rainbow, beliefs concerning, 145

Red paint, used in initiation ceremonies, 99, 102; used on corpse, 106; use prohibited to mourners, 111, 112; used for decorating the bones of the dead, 112; uses of, in general, 125; use of, by homicide, 133; used in treatment of illness, 179; uses of, explained, 318; used for ornamenting utensils, 323

Reflection (ot-ǰumulo) and the notion of soul, 166, 304

Reincarnation of dead infant, 90, 109

Relationship, system of, 52 sqq.; terms of, North Andaman, 54; terms of, Akar-Bale, 57

Resin, used for torches, 476; legendary origin of use of, 214, 335

Rheumatism, caused by Anadendron, 180

Ritchie, John, 9

Rope, 450, 452, 454; ornamental, 456

Scarification, 92, 483; as remedy for illness, 184; of boy’s back at initiation, 94; legend of origin of, 219; interpretation of customs of, 315

Sea-eagle (Ko̱lo), legend of, 227

Seasons, 4; connected with Biliku and Tarai, 149, 351 sqq.

Semang, 6; huts, 415; bow, 434; basket-work, 470

Septs, 28

Shadow, and notion of soul, 166, 304

Shell, implements of, 446

Skewer, 449

Sleep, as condition of danger, 302; prohibited to initiate during ceremonies, 99, 102

Social Organisation, 22 sqq.

Social personality, definition of, 284, 285; not annihilated by death, 285; connection between name and, 294

Social value, definition, 264; expressed in beliefs in protective power of common objects, 264; of food, 270; of night and day expressed in legend, 331; of moonlight, 341; of fire, 342; of weather and seasons expressed in myth of Biliku and Tarai, 353; explanation of legends as expressing, 397

Songs, 131, 247

Soul, notion of, 106, 304

Sounding-board used in dances, 128

Spelling of Andamanese words, 495

Spirits, 136 sqq., 168 sqq., 297 sqq.; of the jungle, 136; of the sea, 136; of the sky, 136; invisible, 137; appearance of, 138; live in villages, 138; contact with, dangerous, 139; cause illness, 139; more dangerous at night, 139; attracted by whistling, 139; feed on flesh of the dead, 140; Mr Man’s account of, 140; night made by, 145; rainbow belongs to, 145; dead men initiated by, 146

Spirits of the dead, 168 sqq.; remain in the jungle and the sea, 168; go to Maramiku, 168; go to the east, 169; live with Tomo in the sky, 169; medicine-men become Bilik, 169; go to J̌ereg-l’ar-mugu, 170; Mr Man’s account of, 171

Stars, beliefs concerning, 141; children of sun and moon, 141; constellations not recognized, 141

Sterculia, use of fibre of, 453

Stoliczka, 446

Stone implements, 444, 450

Storms, 5; made by Biliku, 156; caused by spirits of the sea, 157; methods of stopping, 157

String, 455

String figures, 182

Subsistence, 36, 417

Sun, personified, 141, 142; eclipse of, 144; made by Bilika, 203

Tarai, husband or child of Biliku, 150, 198; statements about, 199; identified with the S.W. wind, 353; see also Biliku and Tarai

Tauto̱bitatmo̱, makes the daylight, 144

Temple, Sir Richard, 21

Tetranthera, leaves used in girl’s puberty ceremony, 92; leaves used in pig-eating ceremony, 102; skewer of wood used in pig-eating ceremony, 102; plumes of shredded wood used in war-dance, 133; plumes of, worn by homicide, 133; plumes of, used in eclipse of the moon, 144; magical properties of, 182; explanation of beliefs concerning, 260

Thunder and Lightning, personified, 145; made by Biliku and Tarai, 145, 152

Tides, beliefs concerning, 146; soul of dying man goes out with the tide, 175

Ti-miku Lau, spirits of the jungle, 136

To̱lito̱n, makes the rainbow, 146

Tomo, connected with sun and fine weather, 142, 195; moon made by, 142, 195; spirits of dead live with, 142, 169; moon as wife of, 195; as first man, 195

Tomo-la, name for the ancestors, 191

Toto (Pandanus), name given to girl at first initiation ceremony, 93

Trees, ownership of, 41

Tribal names, 12, 24

Tribes, 12, 23 sqq.; boundaries of, 15; extent of territory of, 25

Trigonostemon, leaves used in sickness, 182

Turtle, legend of origin of, 218, 392; method of killing, prescribed by custom, 116; must only be cooked with Hibiscus wood, 116

Turtle-eating ceremony, 98 sqq.; interpretation of, 279

Turtle net, 443

Uču, legend of, 225

Vegetable foods, 38; associated with Biliku, 152, 198, 199, 200

Villages, 32; arrangement of, 34

Vital principle, 166

War, 85

Wara-J̌obo, Puluga threatened with, 162; mentioned in honey-eating ceremony, 105; legend concerning, 227

Weather, 4; connection with Biliku and Tarai, 147 sqq., 351 sqq.; controlled by medicine-men, 178; fine, associated with Tomo, 142, 195

Weeping, ceremony of, 116; interpretation of, 239 sqq., 281

Whistling, attracts spirits, 139

Widows, 75; marriage of, with deceased husband’s brother, 75

Winds, names of, 147, 148

Women, position of, 47; costume of, 127; dance of, 131

Yams, associated with Biliku, 152, 198; legend of first discovery of, 220

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