INDEX (continued 6)

— — ibid, on the determination of, xxviii, 134.

— — ibid, Bunsen's method of estimating, xli, 53.

— — ibid, new method of determining, Varrentrapp and Will, xlii, 253^f; xlv, 267.

—, combines with iron and copper, xxiv, 374.

—, phosphuret of, xxviii, 140.

—, combined with boron and silicon, forming combinations analogous to cyanogen, xlvii, 192.

—, chloride of, properties of, G. S. Serullas, xviii, 155.

—, new compounds of, (Mellon, Melam, &c.) J. Liebig, xxix, 371.

—, gas at Hoosic, N. Y., xv, 234.

—, formation of, in warm springs, C. Daubeny, xx, 383.

—, springs in New York, analysis of, xxxvi, 7.

— —, see Springs.

Nitroline, analysis of, xlix, 204.

Nitrous atmosphere of Tirhoot, xx, 199.

— ether, new process for, R. Hare, ii, 326.^f

— gas, theory of the action of, in eudiometry, J. F. Dana, vii, 338.

— oxide, effects of, v, 194.

— —, condensation of, vii, 355.

— —, method of obtaining, R. Hare, xvi, 295, 297.^f

—, —, properties and composition of, xvi, 298.

Nobili, L., new thermo-electric piles of, xxviii, 397.

— and Melloni, new experiments on heat, xxiii, 185.

Noggerath, on compression of air, xvii, 38.

Nomenclature of minerals, i, 45.

—, chemical, J. J. Berzelius on, xxii, 248;

–(letter) xxxii, 262.

—, —, R. Hare on, xxvii, 63; xxxii, 259; xlix, 249.

—, —, W. Whewell on, xxi, 369.

— of numbers from ten to twenty, xlvi, 215.

— of the stars, revision of, under the direction of the British Association, xxxviii, 94; xl, 310; xlii, 147; xliv, 158.

—, zoological, A. A. Gould, xlv, 1.

—, —, remarks on, S. S. Haldeman, xlvi, 18.

— of the Palæozoic strata of the Appalachian basin, xlvii, 154.

Nooney, J., on the astronomical operations at Pulkova Observatory, xlvii, 88.

Nooth's apparatus, a substitute for, R. Hare, i, 410.^f

North, E., on fuel, xi, 66.

North America, Report on the Zoology of, xxxi, 343, 356, 376.

North American Medical and Surgical Journal, xviii, 203.

North Carolina, basalt, basaltic dikes ("natural walls") and petrifactions of, J. Beckwith, v, 1.

—, natural walls of Rowan, xiv, 242.

—, mining district of western part, J. Peck, xxiii, 1.^f

—, origin and character of the low country, E. Mitchell, xiii, 336.

—, red sandstone of, D. Olmsted, ii, 175.

—, rocks and minerals of, D. Olmsted, v, 257.

—, geological survey of, in contemplation, v, 202;

–D. Olmsted's Report on the Geology of, noticed, xiv, 230.

—, J. Dickson on the mineralogy and geology of, iii, 1.

—, T. D. Porter, ibid, iii, 227.

—, gold, miscellaneous notices of, iii, 3; xvi, 360; xvii, 400; xlviii, 398.

—, —, large mass of, ix, 9.

—, — mines of, D. Olmsted, ix, 5; xiv, 237.

—, —, on the mines of, C. E. Rothe, xiii, 201.^f

—, —, on the region of, E. Mitchell, xvi, 1.^f

—, remarks on, J. Peck, xxiii, 1.^f

—, —, on the nature of the deposits of, F. L. Smith, xxxii, 130.

—, —, talcose slate, the rock of, A. Eaton, xviii, 50.

—, heights of several mountains in, with remarks on their features, (Table Mountain, Roan, Black, Grandfather, Yeates's Knob, Pilot,) E. Mitchell, xxxv, 377.

—, temperature of wells and springs, xxxv, 379.

North magnetic pole, revolution of, around the north pole of the earth, xxix, 352.

North pole and northwest passage, i, 101.

Northern Antiquaries, Society of, xlii, 214.

Northern lights, see Aurora Borealis.

Northwest passage, and Greenland ice, i, 101.

— —, I. Lea, x, 138.

Northrop, B. F., fluid in hornstone, vii, 283.

Norton, W. A., Treatise on Astronomy by, noticed, xxxvi, 197.

—, on the tails of comets, xlvi, 104.^f

Norton, J. P., analysis of Sillimanite, xlvi, 382.

Notices of books, see Works.

Nova Scotia, short notice of the minerals of, xii, 176.

—, mineralogy of, F. Alger, xii, 227.

—, geology and mineralogy of, C. T. Jackson and F. Alger, xiv, 305, with a map; xv, 132^f, 201; xxii, 167.

—, fossils in the iron ore of, xv, 201.

—, scientific excursions to, from Williams College, with an account of the minerals and geology of, xxx, 330.^f

—, fossils and fossil wood of, xxx, 339.^f

—, grindstones, xv, 148; xxx, 338.

—, coal, bituminous, xv, 149.

—, fossil trees, upright in the coal strata of, xlv, 353.

—, gas, from the coal mine of, xxx, 184.

—, coal and gypsiferous formation of, xlv, 356.

Novaculite, or whetstone of North Carolina, v, 262; xiv, 238.

— in Georgia, xvi, 185.

— in Ohio, xvi, 374.

— of Lake Memphremagog, Canada, v, 41, 406.

Nucula, see under Zoology, Mollusca.

Nugent, geology of some West India Islands, i, 140.

Nulty, E., on formulæ for comets, xxxviii, 160.

Number five, the most favorite of nature, xvi, 172.

Numbers, interesting properties of, G. R. Perkins, xl, 112.

—, analysis of square, A. D. Wheeler, xxv, 87.

Numerical faculties, theory of, vii, 285.

Nutation, new determination of, Peters, xlvii, 90.

Nutmeg, in Singapore, xliv, 153.

Nutriment of gelatine, xxii, 197.

Nutritious matter from an acre of land cultivated with potatoes or wheat, Eli Ives, i, 297.

Nutt, R., on the origin and extension of prairies, xxiii, 40.

—, observations on the lower part of the Mississippi valley, xxiii, 49.

Nuttall, T., plants collected in East Florida, v, 286.

—, serpentine rocks of Hoboken, iv, 16.

—, observations and geological remarks on the minerals of Patterson and the valley of Sparta, N. J., v, 239.

—, reply to H. Seybert, vi, 171.

—, Botany of, noticed, xiii, 99.

—, proposed work on birds, xx, 154.

—, — —, noticed, xxii, 178.

—, North American Sylva, noticed, xliv, 194.

O.

Obesity, xxii, 194.

Obituary of Adam Afzelius, xxxiii, 211.

— J. Aldini, xxvii, 405.

— Duke of Atholl, xx, 307.

— R. Bakewell, xlv, 403.

— D. H. Barnes, xv, 401.

— Mark Beaufoy, xxviii, 340.

— John, Duke of Bedford, xl, 219.

— Andrew Bell, xxiii, 370.

— E. T. Bennet, xxxii, 215.

— J. Bentham, xxiii, 370.

— Sir Charles Blagden, ii, 344.

— J. F. Blumenbach, xl, 219.

— Bode, xv, 177.

— E. Boethor, of Paris, v, 180.

— C. Bonnycastle, xl, 375.

— C. V. de Bonstetten, xxiii, 370, 371.

— Camille Borghèse, xxiii, 370.

— N. Bowditch, xxxiv, 220; xxxv, 1.^f

— G. T. Bowen, xv, 403.

— S. Breislak, xii, 192.

— Henry Browne, xx, 307.

— Archibald Bruce, i, 299.^f

— Carreno, xliii, 215.

— G. L. J. Carre, xxiii, 371.

— Angelo Cesaris, xxiii, 370.

— J. F. Champollion, xxiii, 371.

— J. A. Chaptal, xxvi, 127.

— Chenevix, xx, 305.

— G. Chilton, xxxi, 421.

— Chladni, xv, 177.

— Sheldon Clark, xli, 217.^f

— J. F. Coindet, xxvii, 404.

— Condorcet, widow of, vii, 200.

— Corvisart, of Paris, v, 179.

— G. Crabbe, xxiii, 370.

— Wm. Cristy, xl, 219.

— Allan Cunningham, xl, 219.

— R. Cunningham, xxxii, 215.

— G. Cuvier, memoir of, xxiii, 303, 371.

— Sir Humphrey Davy, xvii, 157^f;

review of the labors of, 217.

— B. Dearborn, xxxviii, 154.

— A. P. De Candolle, xlii, 217; xliv, 217.

— R. L. Desfontaines, life and writings of, xxvii, 201.

— Alberic Deville, xxiii, 371.

— Simeon Dewitt, xxvii, 395.

— David Don, xliii, 214.

— A. Doolittle, xxii, 183.

— David Douglas, xxx, 196.

— Auguste Duvau, xxiii, 371.

— Amos Eaton, xliii, 215.

— J. P. Emmet, xliii, 404.

— J. Esmark, xl, 220.

— Martin Field, xxvi, 204.

— A. M. Fisher, v, 367.^f

— Fourier, xx, 174.

— J. Frauenhofen, xv, 177; xvi, 304.

— Fresnel, xv, 177.

— Fuss, xv, 177.

— Evariste Gallois, xxiii, 371.

— George Gibbs, xxv, 214.

— Davies Gilbert, xl, 219.

— C. Vidua le Gonzano, xxiii, 198.

— John Gorham, xvi, 400.

— Prof. Gouan, of France, v, 179.

— Guillemin, xliii, 214.

— Frederick Hall, xlv, 404.

— R. Harlan, xlvi, 216.

— R. J. Haüy, viii, 362.

— Sigismund Hernbstadt, xxvi, 402.

— Frederick Hoffman, xxxiii, 76.

— Hosack, xxix, 395.

— François Huber, xxiii, 117.

— Baron Jacquin, xl, 219.

— Patrick Keith, xl, 219.

— George Knox, xv, 189.

— Don Mariano Lagasca, xl, 219.

— J. L. Lagrange, xxx, 64; xxxi, 97.

— Marquis de la Place, xiii, 166; xxv, 1.

— Lambert, xliii, 214.

— P. A. Latreille, xxv, 431.

— Thomas Lawrence, xx, 308.

— L. Lederer, xliv, 216.

— Leroux, xxiii, 371.

— C. Linnæus, xxv, 151.

— James H. Linsley, xlvi, 216.

— Martin Lister, xxxvii, 136.

— Littrow, xl, 220.

— Wm. Maclure, xxxix, 212; xlvii, 1.^f

— Sir J. Mackintosh, xxiii, 370.

— Jared Mansfield, xviii, 208.

— E. P. Mason, xl, 407; xliii, 381.

— Wm. Meade, xxv, 215.

— Prof. Meyen, xl, 219.

— J. S. Miller, notice of, xx, 300.

— S. L. Mitchill, xxvii, 149.

— F. Mohs, xl, 220.

— Boissel de Monville, xxiii, 371.

— John Murray, ii, 355.

— Næff, xxiii, 370.

— J. N. Nicollet, xlv, 404; xlvii, 139.

— H. W. M. Olbers, xxxix, 387.

— B. Oriani, xxv, 186.

— T. Ornie, xxiii, 370.

— T. Pennant, xxxvii, 146.

— Persoon, xxxii, 215.

— H. Pestalozzi, xiii, 183.

— William Phillips, xv, 160.

— M. A. Pictet, x, 179.

— S. D. Poisson, xl, 220.

— J. Priestley, xxiv, 28.

— J. Prince, xxxi, 201.^f

— C. S. Rafinesque, xl, 221.

— Ramond, xv, 177.

— Reichenback, xv, 177.

— Abel Remusat, xxiii, 371.

— James Rennell, xx, 304.

— Stephen Van Rensselaer, xxxvi, 156.

— La Rochefoucald-Liancourt, xiii, 167.

— Rodrigues, v, 193.

— Count Rumford, xix, 28; xxxiii, 21.

— Thomas Say, xxvii, 393.

— Scarpa, xxv, 184.

— L. D. de Schweinitz, xxvi, 218.

— Schubert, xv, 177.

— G. S. Serullas, xxiii, 371.

— Charles Silvertop, xl, 220.

— Nathan Smith, xvi, 211.

— Wm. Smith, xl, 219.

— Smithson, xx, 306.

— L. Simond, xxxii, 371.

— G. Spurzheim, xxiii, 356.

— Sir John St. Aubyn, xl, 220.

— M. F. de St. Fond, ii, 352.

— Edward Thomas, xxii, 380.

— Sir Benjamin Thomson (Count Rumford), xix, 28; xxxiii, 21.

— John Trumbull, xlvi, 216.

— Edward Turner, xxxii, 213.

— Vaucher, xliii, 215.

— Benjamin Vaughan, xxix, 395.

— Vigors, xl, 219.

— Vogel, xliii, 215.

— Alexander Volta, xv, 67.

— Eli Whitney, xxi, 201.^f

— F. P. Wilmsen, xxii, 380.

— Wollaston, xvi, 216; xvii, 159.

— Thomas Young, xxii, 232.

— F. X. Baron de Zach, xxiv, 194.

Observatory, a new Astronomical, at Berne, in Switzerland, vii, 374.

—, letter on, from Encke to A. D. Bache, xxxviii, 184.

—, at Cape of Good Hope, xxxviii, 95.

—, near Glasgow, xl, 344.

—, at Geneva, xxiii, 390.

—, at Rome, xliv, 373.

—, at Pulkova, astronomical operations at, xlvii, 88.

—, at St. Petersburg, a new, xxviii, 200.

—, at Havana, xlii, 153.

—, remarks on certain, (Cambridge, Brussels, Calton Hill at Edinburgh,) xxviii, 67, 69.

—, United States, Cambridge, xlv, 224.

—, —, at Girard College, authorized, xxxviii, 398.

—, —, in Philadelphia, in Rittenhouse Square, xl, 375.

—, —, of Hudson, Ohio, Western Reserve College, E. Loomis, xxxix, 361.

—, —, of Yale College, latitude and longitude of, xxxiv, 309.

—, instruments proper for a small, xxxviii, 185.

—, magnetical, at Dublin, xxxiv, 3.

—, —, establishment of, recommended by the British Association, xxxviii, 108.

O'Brien, L., on a case of transpiration, xxxix, 400.

Obsidian, West Indies, i, 237.

—, used for cutting instruments by the Mexicans, xvi, 161.^f

Occultation of Aldebaran, July, 1830, xix, 170.

Ocean, natural history of, v, 128.

—, color of, vi, 198; xxix, 237.

—, —, cause of, xvii, 170; xxvi, 65.^f

—, depth of, v, 130; xl, 407.

—, —, not determined from the echo, xxxviii, 160.

—, temperature in different parts v, 129; xxv, 130.

—, — and saltness of, at different depths, xxiii, 10.

—, — at great depths, xvii, 295.

—, — ibid, Foster's observations, xvii, 299.

—, — ibid, Irving's observations, xvii, 299.

—, — ibid, Scoresby and Buchan, xlv, 139, 140.

—, —, between New York and Rio, 1834, xxix, 237.

—, saltness of, H. Humphreys xlix, 208.

—, —, remarks on, v, 131.

—, —, at different depths xxiii, 10.

—, pressure of, at great depths, xiv, 194.

—, deep soundings in, by the French ship Venus, xl, 407.

—, phosphorescence of, v, 133; xvii, 209; xviii, 166, 187; xxxvi, 208.

—, supposed effects of, on the features of western New York, during its elevation, xxxv, 86.

—, see Sea water.

Oceanic currents, v, 132.

— —, of the Atlantic, iv, 390.

— —, of the Gulf Stream, v, 133, 353.

— —, general remarks on, W. C. Redfield, xxv, 130;

–circuit currents of the Atlantic and Pacific, 130, 131;

cold polar currents flowing beneath the tropical, and carrying icebergs into the Gulf Stream, 131;

their influence on climate, 133.

— —, tidal, course of, in the Atlantic, W. C. Redfield, xxviii, 313.

— —, Gulf Stream, relation of, to an opposite current on the North American coast, W. C. Redfield, xxxii, 349.

— —, Gulf Stream, icebergs carried into, by the deeper polar current, W. C. Redfield, xxxii, 351, 352;

–lower temperature on shoals and shores due to the submarine current, 353.

— —, prevailing, and observations on tides, W. C. Redfield, xlv, 293.

— —, on ancient polar, W. C. Redfield, xliii, 152.

— —, effects of polar, W. C. Redfield, xlv, 326.

— —, of the north Atlantic and the drift ice, with a map, W. C. Redfield, xlviii, 373.

— —, Gulf Stream, existence of, determined by B. Franklin, xlvii, 162.

— —, — —, remarks on, M. F. Maury xlvii, 161;

–warmth of, 162;

course, color, 164;

relation of amount of waters to waters of Mississippi, 165;

causes of, 165;

evidence from bottles thrown overboard, 167;

temperature of, 175;

cold northern currents, 177;

Japan currents, 181.

— —, tidal, see farther under Tides.

Ochres, in Connecticut, v, 36.

—, in Vermont, iii, 58; iv, 43.

Odessa, notice of, vi, 386.

Odontograph, xxxv, 319.

Odors affected by electricity, xv, 394.

Odor, like Benzoin, from a man's arm, xxii, 368.

— of wines due to œnanthic ether, xxxii, 381.

Œnanthic ether, xxxii, 381.

— acid, xxxii, 382.

Œrsted, H. C., on water-spouts xxxvii, 250.^f

—, on tornadoes, xxxviii, 82.

—, allusion to discoveries electro-magnetism, v, 388.

Oerstedite, xxx, 179.

Ogden, H. W., on water-spouts, xxix, 254.

Ohio, notes on, i, 207, 311.

—, Medical College of, i, 311.

—, Belmont Co., scenery, geology, mineralogy, botany, &c., of, C. Atwater, i, 226.

—, winds of, C. Atwater, i, 276.

—, vegetable impressions in the coal strata of Zanesville, E. Granger, iii, 5.^f

—, facts relating to certain parts of, S. P. Hildreth, x, 1;

–Washington Co., soil, &c., 2;

caverns on the Little Hockhocking, 3;

limestone and coal, salt borings, 4;

gas from springs, 5;

petroleum, 5;

iron ore, 7;

ochres, pyrites, 8.

—, notes on, in reply to inquiries by C. Atwater, S. P. Hildreth, x, 152;

–Marietta, size, manufactures, &c., 152;

county of Washington, statistics, 153;

settlement of different places of Ohio, 153, 154, 155;

attacks of Indians, 154;

escape of R. J. Meigs, 157;

Indian Mounds, &c., 160.

—, ibid, S. P. Hildreth, xi, 231;

–on the plants of, climate, &c., 231;

epidemic disorders, influenza, &c., 233;

diseases of cattle, 234;

crimes, suicide, 235;

education, 235;

population of Marietta, 236;

sect of Halcyons, 236;

antiquities, 237;

meteors, 237;

storm of May 28, 1809, 238.

—, on the geology, climate, diseases, &c., of, C. Atwater, xi, 224.

—, Washington Co., climate and productions of, S. P. Hildreth, xii, 206.

—, coal and diluvial strata of, S. P. Hildreth, xiii, 38.

—, people of, C. Atwater, xiii, 200.

—, miscellaneous notices of rocks and minerals of, S. P. Hildreth, xvi, 154.

—, canals, xx, 416.

—, boulders of, D. and I. A. Lapham, xxii, 300.

—, saliferous rock formation of, S. P. Hildreth, xxiv, 46.

—, ten days in, xxv, 217;

–Marietta, notice of, 217;

Waterford, 221;

Morgan Co., 227;

Zanesville, 228;

Putnam, 230;

Muskingum Co., 230;

Perry Co., 232;

Flint ridge, 233;

buhrstone, 233;

Tumuli, 234;

Somerset, 236;

Rushville and Rush Creek, 236;

Lancaster, 237;

Pickaway Co., 238;

Circleville ancient works, 238;

Scioto aqueduct, 240;

Williamsport, 247;

the Barrens, 248;

Westport, 249;

Chilicothe, 251;

Pickaway plains, 255.

—, channels of streams far below the general level, deeply seated, xxv, 223.

—, on the bituminous coal deposits of the Ohio valley, S. P. Hildreth, xxix, 1^f;

–general topography, 7;

Muskingum valley, 9^f;

Putnam Hill strata, 30^f;

cannel coal, 39;

calcareous breccia, 43;

Hockhocking valley, 46;

buhrstone, 142.

—, miscellaneous notices of, S. P. Hildreth, xxxi, 1;

–steamboats, 1;

Sun-fish creek, 2;

grave creek, bituminous coal, Wheeling and Indian attacks, 3;

Wellsburg, Steubenville, 6;

Judge Tappan's cabinet, 7;

ancient Indian sculpture, 8^f;

Mingoes, Logan, Henry Jolly, 10;

Mr. Slack's spring garden, 14;

Lewis Wetzel, 14;

Brady and Brady's Hill, 20, 21;

Connecticut Reserve, 21, 34;

Poland, Dr. Kirtland's collection of shells, 22;

Mahoning valley, tertiary deposits, 24^f;

coal deposits, 27;

natural mounds, fossil plants, 28^f;

massasauga, rattle snakes, 32;

gypsum of Canfield, 34;

ponds of Portage Co., 35;

Lymnæa stagnalis and Helices, &c., 35.^f

—, miscellaneous notices of, S. P. Hildreth, xxxi, 1;

–Portage Co., 37;

Ohio and Pennsylvania canal, 40;

Brady's Pond, 42;

Falls of the Cuyuhoga, 45^f;

travertine, 50;

marl beds, 55;

mastodon bones at Massillon, 56;

Fort Lawrence, 57;

village of Zoar, 59;

and great ferruginous deposits, 61;

Newcastle, coal, 63;

Gnadenhutten, 64;

Rev. J. Heckewelder, 66;

Coshocton Co., 69;

narrows of Licking, 70;

rock strata, 71;

trilobites, 72^f;

Delaware sulphur springs, 73;

sulphuret of iron, 74;

Zanesville, 75^f;

cannel coal, 79;

cabinet of the Atheneum at Zanesville, 79;

fossil bones of ovis, &c., 80.^f

—, Geological Reports of, noticed, xxxii, 190; xxxiv, 196, 347^f; xl, 126.

—, ibid, with extracts, xxxiv, 347;

–extent of coal in, 348, 357;

degradation on Lake Erie, 349;

buhrstone of, 352, 353;

iron ore deposits, 357;

fossil elephant of Salt Creek, 358, 362.^f

—, Indian mounds and relics, C. Whittlesey, xxxiv, 361.

—, hurricane in, Oct. 20, 1837, E. Loomis, xxxiii, 368.^f

—, prairies of, xxxiii, 230.

—, cannel coal in, xviii, 376; xxix, 39; xxxi, 79.

—, buhrstone in, xxv, 233; xxix, 142; xxxiv, 353.

—, mastodon remains in, ii, 245^f; xxv, 256; xxx, 394; xxxi, 56; xxxvi, 189.^f

—, heights of various points in, C. Whittlesey, xlv, 12.

—, meteorological observations in, see under Meteorology.

Oils, depuration of, xxiv, 200.

—, action of, on oxygen gas, xxiii, 190.

—, bleaching, xlvii, 196.

—, proportion of, in different oleaginous plants, xviii, 150.

— of balsam copaiva, xxviii, 384.

Oil of cajeput, xxviii, 384.

— of the Chené, ii, 264.

— of cinnamon, xxviii, 385,

— of the Croton tiglium, xiv, 369.

— from grape seed, ii, 348.

— of Indian corn, xliii, 403.

—, inflammable, xii, 388.

— of juniper, xxviii, 385.

—, olive, impurities in, xix, 76.

—, —, purification of, for chronometers, xx, 166.

— from the spirit of wine of potatoes, J. Dumas, xxviii, 386.

—, essential, of potatoes, xxxii, 382.

— of Ricinus communis, impurities in, xix, 77.

— of roses, on the preparation and analysis of, R. Blanchet, xxviii, 383.

— of turpentine, see Turpentine.

— of sweet almonds, impurities in, xix, 76.

— of the tutui or candlenut tree of the Sandwich Islands, xxxiv, 209.

— of wine, destructive distillation of, xxxvi, 76.

— from white fish, xxxv, 391.

—, essential, adulteration of, with alcohol, xix, 77; xlvii, 197.

—, —, action of, with sulphurous acid, R. Hare, xxxi, 281.

—, watchmaker's, best, ix, 202.

Oil-casks, rendered impermeable by glauber salt, xxx, 173.

Oilstone, of Ohio, xvi, 374.

—, of Georgia, xvi, 185.

—, of Lake Memphremagog, v, 41, 406.

—, of North Carolina, v, 262; xiv, 238.

Olbers, H. W. M., obituary of, xxxix, 387.

Old man of the Mountain, xiv, 64.^f

Olea Americana, northern limit of, H. B. Croom, xxvi, 315.

Oligostachyum, iv, 58.

Oliver, B. L., on prussic acid, iii, 182.

—, letter to, on Otaheite, J. A. Maerenhaut, xxix, 283.

—, on the use of iodine in gout, xvi, 176.

Olivine from near Naples, L. P. Walmstedt on, ix, 378.

— and chrysolite, comparative analyses of, xiii, 184.

Olmsted, D., red sandstone of North Carolina, ii, 175.

—, geological survey of North Carolina, in contemplation, v, 202.

—, rocks and minerals of North Carolina, v, 257.

—, on the gold mines of North Carolina, ix, 5.

—, Report on the Geology of North Carolina, noticed, xiv, 230.

—, report on the state of chemical science in 1826, xi, 349; xii, 1.^f

—, on the materiality of heat, xi, 356; xii, 359.

—, notice of illuminating gas, from cotton seed, viii, 294; x, 363.

—, on the excessive use of sulphur, viii, 394.

—, meteorological report, for 1827, xiv, 176.

—, — —, for 1828, xvi, 70.

—, on the phenomena and causes of hail storms, xviii, 1.^f

—, on adjusting lightning rods, xviii, 362.

—, reply to A. T. Christie on hail-storms, xx, 373.

—, on the New Haven tornado, July, 1839, xxxvii, 340.^f

—, on the nature and cause of the meteors of Nov. 13, 1833, xxv, 363; xxvi, 132.^f

—, cause of the meteors of November, xxix, 376; xxx, 370.^f

—, meteors of November, 1836, xxxi, 286.

—, — —, 1837, xxxiii, 379.^f

—, — —, 1838, xxxv, 368.

—, — —, 1839, xl, 202.

—, — of different periods, xxvi, 132.

—, on the Aurora Borealis, xxix, 388; xxxii, 176.

—, on the Zodiacal light, xxvii, 416; xxix, 379.

—, on the eclipse of the sun, of Sept. 1838, xxxv, 174.

—, report of observations on the transit of Mercury, May, 1845, xlix, 142.

—, new experiments on the solar spectrum, xlviii, 137.

—, a paralytic affection cured by a stroke of lightning, iii, 100.

—, memoir of Eli Whitney, xxi, 201.^f

—, Natural Philosophy of, noticed, xxiii, 351; xxv, 214; xxxiv, 219.

—, Introduction to Astronomy by, noticed, xxxvi, 203.

—, Life and Writings of E. P. Mason, by, noticed, xl, 407; xliii, 381.

Ontario valley, geological features of, xi, 213.^f

— lake, level of, xxxiii, 122; xlv, 16.

— —, temperature of, xxxiii, 403; xxxvii, 242.

— —, ridge of, xxxvi, 40.

— —, evidences of changes of level about, xxxv, 104; xxxvi, 41; xlvi, 315.

— —, small lakes running into, xxxvi, 42.

— —, shore of, and height of water in, xxxvi, 43.

Onyx, in Missouri, iii, 71.

Oolitic formation in America, xl, 41.

— — in New York, Orange Co., xix, 398.

— — —, in Saratoga Co., J. H. Steele, ix, 16.^f

— — in Ohio, xlii, 233.

— fossils, remarks on, xxxiii, 107.

Oology, notice of W. Hewitson's work on, xxxvii, 166.

Opal at Vienna, a large, xii, 384.

— from the graphite mine of Pfaffenreith, one-third water, xv, 390.

Opelousas, geological notice of xxxv, 344.

Ophisaurus ventralis, i, 262.

Opiamon, xlix, 205.

Opianic acid, xlvii, 196; xlix, 205.

Opiano-sulphurous acid, xlix, 205.

Opium, constitution of, xxviii, 359.

—, mode of detecting minute quantities of, R. Hare, xii, 290.

—, observations and experiments on, G. W. Carpenter, xiii, 17.

—, English, viii, 389; x, 194.

—, paramorphine in, xxiv, 374.

—, thebaine in, xxx, 379.

Opossum, remains in the Stonesfield slate, xxvii, 412; xxxvii, 228.

Optics, notice of D. Brewster's Treatise on, xxiv, 389.

Optical amusements, xvi, 398.

— experiment, exhibiting the blood vessels of the eye, xxi, 166.

— deception, instrument for exhibiting a certain, E. S. Snell, xxvii, 310.

— instruments, xix, 390.

— properties of saccharine juice, Biot, xxiv, 379.

— structure of minerals, notice of, ix, 384.

— surgery, xviii, 179.

— trap, v, 200.

Orang Outang, account of, xv, 161.

Orange County of New York, natural history of, J. Van Rensselaer, xiii, 224.

—, mineral notices of, C. U. Shepard, xxi, 321.^f

—, — —, J. Fowler, ix, 242.

Orangeries, v, 190.

Orchis tribe, synonymy of some species of, A. Gray, xxxviii, 306.

— spectabilis, monstrous flower of, J. W. Bailey, xxxv, 117.^f

Ordinaire, J. J., method of teaching Latin used by, v, 182; vii, 383.

—, on public instruction, vii, 199, 383.

Oregon, fossil bones from, H. C. Perkins, xlii, 136.^f

—, fossil bones from, orycterotherium, &c., R. Harlan, xliv, 79.

—, geological and miscellaneous remarks on, J. Ball, xxviii, 1.

—, climate of, and a meteorological register kept at Fort Vancouver, 1832, 1833, J. Ball, xxviii, 8.

Orenburg, salt steppe of, xliv, 205.

Orford brown tourmaline, xxxiv, 204.

Organic remains, see Fossil.

Oriani, B., death of, xxv, 186.

Orientals, style of, v, 181.

Oriental minerals, F. Hall, xxxiii, 249.

Ornithichnites, see Footprints.

Ornithological terms, improved, xxi, 162.

Ornithology, work on, by T. Nuttall, noticed, xx, 154; xxii, 178; xxv, 424.

—, see farther under Zoology.

Orr, I., on the process of memory, xxiii, 278.

—, on the formation of the universe, vi, 128.^f

—, on infinites, v, 326.

—, mathematical propositions by, xxiv, 395.

Orthite, ix, 376.

Orthocerata, see Zoology, Mollusca.

Orthography, English, proposals for improving, xxxix, 197.

Orycterotherium, xlii, 136^f, 392; xliv, 69^f; xlv, 210.

— Missouriense, xliv, 69^f; xlv, 210.

— Origonense, xlii, 136^f; xliv, 79.

Osborn, M. W. and N. S., on a vibrating dam, xliv, 366.

Osler, F., on indications of his anemometer, xxxviii, 103.

Osmelite, xv, 388.

Osmium, atomic weight and compounds of, E. Fremy, xlix, 199.

—, method of obtaining, from the platinum residue, F. Wöhler, xxvi, 371.

—, means of obtaining pure, E. Fremy, xlviii, 185.

Ossification of the vitreous humor, xvii, 186.

Ostræa edulis, remarks on, xxxii, 241.

—, see farther under Zoology, Mollusca.

Ostrich toes, xxxv, 312.

Otaheite, letter on, by J. A. Maerenhaut, xxix, 283.

—, contents of J. A. Maerenhaut's work on, xxix, 290.

Otto, on the separation of zinc from manganese, xlvii, 194.

Oval arches, tracing of, E. Miller, xxii, 303.^f

Owen, D. D., on fossil palm trees in Indiana, xlv, 336.

—, on geological coloring and symbols, xlv, 351.

—, on geological paintings and illustrations, xlv, 136.

—, geology of the Western States, xliv, 365; xlv, 151, 163.

—, report on Indiana, notice of, xxxiv, 193; xl, 133.

—, on human footprints in limestone, xliii, 14.^f

—, review of New York Geological Reports, xlvi, 143; xlvii, 354^f; xlviii, 296.^f

—, meteorological notices in Indiana, xxix, 294.

Owen, Richard, Wollaston medal, presented to, xxxv, 197.

—, on the fossil bones collected by C. Darwin, xxxv, 196.

—, structure of fossil teeth, xxxv, 307.

—, on the Megatherium, xxxvii, 371.

—, on R. Harlan's notice of new fossil mammalia, xliv, 341.

—, reply of R. Harlan to, xlv, 208.

—, on the Dinornis, and the Connecticut valley fossil footprints, xlv, 185; xlviii, 194.

—, on the bird's nests of New Holland, xlviii, 61.

—, Report on the Fossil Mammalia of Great Britain, xlvii, 186.

Owen, Robert, establishment at New Harmony, x, 165; xi, 188.

—, Plans of Education, &c., ix, 161, 383.

Owhyhee, see Sandwich Islands–also under Geology and Volcanoes.

Oxahverite, xv, 387, [Apophyllite.]

Oxalates, experiments on certain, xiii, 188.

Oxalate of lime, crystallized in plants, xxi, 372.

Oxalic acid, Gay Lussac, xxvii, 400.

— ether, new product from, Malaguti, xl, 215.

— — and chlorine, compound of, xl, 215.

Oxygen, absorption of, by water, ii, 349.

—, abstraction of, from the atmosphere, xii, 91.

—, specific gravity of, xxxv, 298.

—, delicate test of, in a gaseous mixture, xvi, 397.

—, a means of resuscitating from drowning, xvi, 250.

—, respiration of, i, 95.

—, action of oils upon, xxiii, 190.

Oxygenized water, iii, 369.

Oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, see under Blowpipe.

— - — illumination in light-houses, xxviii, 355.

Oxyria reniformis, xlv, 29.

Oysters, ancient and modern history of, xxxii, 211.

—, fishery of, xxxii, 245.

—, habits of, xxxii, 244.

—, uses, xxxii, 246.

Ozocerite, new mineral species, xxvi, 388.

Ozone, the cause of the electro-chemical odor, C. F. Schönbein, xli, 44.

—, nature and properties of, F. de Moleyns, xiii, 318.

—, notice of, xlix, 195.

P.

Pachuca silver mines, xxiv, 231.

Pacific, Caroline Islands, some account of, xxviii, 115.

—, currents of, xxv, 131; xlv, 299.

Packfong, composition of, xv, 396.

Paddle fish, Ohio, xii, 201.^f

Paddle wheel and screw, propulsion of vessels by, xlii, 336.

Padua, v, 177.

Pæstum, on the stone of which the temple of, is built, xxxvii, 366.

Page, C. G., movements on the surface of water produced by the vibration of glass, xxx, 192.

—, echo in Virginia, xxxvi, 174.

—, new electrical instruments, xxvi, 110.^f

—, method of increasing shocks with J. Henry's apparatus for obtaining sparks and shocks from the calorimotor, xxxi, 137.^f

—, iron, lead and other metals, a substitute for copper in galvanic apparatus, xxxii, 197.

—, on the use of the dynamic multiplier, xxxii, 354.^f

—, musical tones from magnets, xxxii, 396; xxxiii, 118; xlviii, 401.

—, electro-magnetic apparatus and experiments, xxxiii, 190.^f

—, — - — experiments on the application of electro-magnetism as a moving power, xxxiii, 118, 190^f; xxxv, 106.

—, rotary multiplier, or astatic galvanometer, xxxiii, 376.^f

—, new form of electrepeter, xxxiii, 377.^f

—, new magnetic electrical machine of great power, with two parallel horse-shoe magnets and two straight rotating armatures, with experimental researches, xxxiv, 163.^f

—, ibid, fusion of iron filings by, xxxiv, 169.

—, compound electro-magnets for the magnetic electrical spark, shock and decomposition, xxxiv, 364.

—, magneto-electric multiplier convertible into an electro-magnetic engine, xxxiv, 368.^f

—, magneto-electric and electro-magnetic apparatus, xxxv, 252.^f

—, magnetic electrepeter and electrotome to be used with flat spirals, xxxv, 112.^f

—, compound electro-magnet and electrotome, xxxv, 253.^f

—, circular galvanometers, xxxv, 259.^f

—, revolving armature machine, xxxv, 262^f; xxxvi, 350.^f

—, reciprocating armature engine, xxxv, 263.^f

—, vibrating armature engine, xxxv, 267.^f

—, double helix for inducing magnetism, xxxv, 261.^f

—, on the benefit of fresh immersion in galvanic batteries, xxxvi, 137.^f

—, the galvanoscope, a means of detecting the failure of water in steam boilers, xxxvi, 141.^f

—, observations on electricity, xxxvi, 353.

—, magneto-electric multiplier, xxxvii, 275.^f

—, an improved form of Saxton's magneto-electric machine, xlviii, 392.

—, new electro-magnetic machine, xlix, 131.^f

—, new axial galvanometer, xlix, 136.^f

—, double axial reciprocating engine, xlix, 139.^f

—, entomological cabinet of, for sale, xxxix, 211.

—, mode of preserving Lepidoptera, xlvii, 131.

Paine, M., Medical Commentaries, notice of, xxxix, 209.

Paine, R. T., on barometric minima of Feb. 16-19, 1842, xlii, 403.

—, on the solar eclipse of July 8, 1842, xlii, 175.

Paint, fine scarlet, for the pallet, xvi, 174.

—, a new green, for artists, xxviii, 148.

—, use of alumina with, for the pallet, xvi, 173.

— Rock, Virginia, i, 67.

Painting in fresco, means of detaching, iv, 384.

— on ivory, color of carmine, how produced by red lead, xxvi, 74.

— of a Parthian archer, by D. Scott, xlii, 215.

— of porcelain, iii, 217.

— of the Declaration of Independence, by Col. Trumbull, i, 200.

Paintings, historical, by J. Trumbull, xvi, 163.

—, Trumbull Gallery of, at Yale College, xxxix, 213.^f

—, transparent, by Kœnig, ii, 348.

—, remarks on colors for, xxvi, 74, 75.

Palæonisci found in New Jersey, xliv, 135.

Palæontology, W. Whewell's remarks on, xxxvii, 227.

Palæozoic rocks, classification and nomenclature of, H. D. and W. B. Rogers, xlvii, 111, 154.

Palermo, iii, 396.

Palestine, on minerals from, F. Hall, ix, 337.

—, —, I. Bird, x, 21.

—, various facts relating to, I. Bird, xii, 145.

—, notices of, in a letter by I. Bird, xv, 374.

—, climate of, xxxi, 183.

—, account of, J. D. Sherwood, xlviii, 2.

Palisades, ii, 182.

Palms, C. F. P. von Martius on, noticed, viii, 383.

Palm trees, fossil, Indiana, D. D. Owen, xlv, 336.

—, seed of, Mariner's Mill, Ohio, xxxi, 28.^f

—, leaf of, Ohio, xxxi, 35.^f

Palmacites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Palmetto, used as food in Florida, xxxv, 59.

Paludina, see Zoology, Mollusca.

Pantology, of R. Park, noticed, xli, 389; xlii, 192.

Pantoppidan's account of the sea serpent, ii, 163.

Paper from the bark of willow, &c., x, 387.

— from the beach grass, xxxvi, 386.

— from husks of corn, xxvi, 193.

— made from marine plants, xv, 169.

—, ivory, iii, 370.

—, lithographic, iii, 370.

—, rice, xxiv, 207.

— for drawing, a new mode of preparing, xiv, 373.

— covered with pumice, for removing rust, xv, 169.

— making, a discovery in, made, x, 193.^f

— hangings, how protected from injury by dampness of walls, vi, 396.

Papyrus, made from plants, at Syracuse, xxvii, 80.

Paradoxides, J. Hall on, xxxiii, 139.^f

Paragrèles in France, x, 196; xii, 398.

—, efficacy of, xiv, 37.

Parallax of the star 61 Cygni, xxxvi, 200.

Paralysis, cured by lightning, iii, 100.

Paramorphine and Pseudomorphine, xxx, 179.

Parasite tree, G. W. Long, xxvi, 106.^f

— of the honey bee, xxv, 213.

— of the eggs of the canker worm, xxxviii, 385; xl, 211.

Parasitical plants, xii, 21.

Parhelion, singular, with theory of halos, E. S. Snell, xlix, 73.^f

Pargasite, in Massachusetts, x, 11.

—, in New York, xxv, 347.

Parhelia, seen at Otisco, W. Gaylord, xxxix, 61.^f

—, seen at Green Bay, R. E. Clary, xxviii, 304.^f

Parietin, R. D. Thomson, xlix, 195.

Paris, J. A., on sandstone, i, 234.

Paris, France, statistics of, iv, 376; ix, 202.

—, suicides in, x, 386.

—, table of punishments in, iv, 386.

—, table of epidemics in, during the past and present centuries, xxv, 197.

—, disinfection of the dead bodies at the Morgue, xxi, 149.

—, fresh water formations, notice of, vi, 381.

—, Linnæan Society of, v, 382.

—, Tract Society of, v, 383.

—, Conservatory of Arts and Trades, v, 383.

Paris, Maine, minerals of, x, 14; xviii, 293.

Parker, P., meteorological observations at Canton, August, 1839, xxxviii, 301.

—, on volcanic ashes, xl, 198.

Parker, on volcano of Hawaii, xl, 117.^f

Parkes's Chemical Catechism, v, 398.

—, Essays, noticed, viii, 190.

Parkinson and Frodsham, on the sea and land rates of chronometers, xxvi, 121.

— —, on chronometers, xxix, 297.

Parnell, on rare British fishes, xxxv, 310.

Parnell, E. A., Elements of Chemical Analysis, xliv, 190.

Parrot, on the temperature of the globe, xxvi, 10.

Parry, Capt. W. E., observations on the Aurora, notice of, xvi, 148.

Parthian archer, picture of, xlii, 215.

Partridge, W., on the manufacture of indigo in the United States, xviii, 237.

Pascalis, F., remarks on hail-rods, x, 196.

—, on the small pox, x, 208.

—, upward forces of fluids, xi, 110, 339.^f

—, on the culture of silk in the United States, xvii, 202; xviii, 278.

—, obituary of, xxv, 216.

Pasco silver mines, xvii, 43^f; xxiv, 232.

Pasquier, A. du, iodine a reagent for hydrosulphuric acid, xl, 123.

Passeres, new species of, xxxi, 192.

Passiflora Warei, v, 297.

Paste, mode of preserving, vii, 379.

Pasteboard roofs, xxiv, 381.

Pastils, use and preparation of alkaline, for calculus, xi, 388.

Pasture, spring, E. Ives, iii, 355.

Patagonia fossil bones, R. Owen, xxxiii, 208; xxxv, 196.

— fossil remains, C. Darwin, xxxiii, 105.

Patents, number of new, in different countries in 1822, ix, 198.

—, agency for, at Washington, xxxi, 411.

Patent claims in Piedmont and Sardinia, remark on, xvii, 193.

Patten, J. H., air pump of, viii, 143.^f

—, — —, gazometer and balance beam of, ix, 92^f, 327.

—, — —, J. F. Dana, remarks on, viii, 275; ix, 327.

Patterson, on electricity from steam, xl, 382.

Pattinson, H., new mode of extracting silver from lead, xxxv, 299.

Patton, J. H., hurricane in India, xxxvi, 71.

Paulding, N., on shells, ii, 371.

Pavia, v, 177.

Paving with wood, xxxviii, 136.

Payen, means of employing dead animals, xxiv, 326.

—, on the woody tissue of plants, xl, 176.

—, on the bleaching of oils, xlvii, 196.

Peach trees, cause of decay in, xi, 194.

Peaches on an almond tree, ii, 363.

Pearl ashes, method of manufacturing, G. A. Rogers, viii, 304.

Pearls and pearl fishery, xxxii, 56, 68.

—, in fluviatile shells, xxv, 257.

Pearson's Domestic Telegraph, iv, 314.^f

Peat, on the use and mode of formation of, E. North, xi, 67.

—, on the origin, preparation and uses of, from a memoir by Ribaucourt, xv, 250.

—, gas light from, xxx, 189.

—, instance of bituminization of, in Maine, C. T. Jackson, xxxiv, 73.

—, in Massachusetts, xxii, 38.

—, in New York, i, 139; v, 8; xxxvi, 16.

—, moss, mode of determination of age of, xxix, 349.

Peat-bogs, observations on, G. H. Adams, xxxviii, 127.

Peck, J., geology of the mining districts in Georgia, western North Carolina and East Tennessee, with a map, xxiii, 1.

Pecten, uses and economical notice of, xxxii, 248, 219.

Pectic acid, converted to oxalic, xvii, 179.

Peirce, B., elements of the third comet of 1845, xlix, 220.

Peligot, E., on tea, xlviii, 187.

Pelletier, on guaiac resin, xlix, 194.

Peloconite, new mineral species, xxii, 387; xxvi, 386.

Pelopium, new metal, xlviii, 400.

Pelouze, J., on tannin, xxviii, 124.

—, on the atomic weights of simple bodies, xlvii, 188.

—, on the solubility of chlorine in water, xlvii, 191.

Peltier, on tornadoes, xxxviii, 401.

Pendulum, new compensating, W. G. Jones, xxxviii, 274.^f

—, experiments on the vibrations of, with different suspending springs, W. J. Frodsham, xxxvii, 278.

—, W. J. Frodsham's improved compound, xxviii, 107.

—, portable mercurial, E. J. Dent, xxxv, 289.

—, vibrations of a mercurial, G. Baker, xlviii, 156.

—, barometric compensation of, xlvi, 393.

—, oscillations in the plane of the meridian and at right angles with the same, different, xxviii, 62.

—, simultaneous motions of the surrounding air and, S. D. Poisson, xxiii, 391.

—, E. Sabine's experiments with, and conclusions, xvii, 364.

—, on the reduction to a vacuum of the vibrations of an invariable, xvii, 365.

Penetrativeness of fluids, xix, 360.

Penguins, habits of, xlix, 151.

Pennant, Thos., life and writings of, xxxvii, 146.

Pennatule flèche, iv, 87.^f

Pennine, form and analysis of, xlvii, 216.

Pennsylvania, coal beds of Wyoming, Z. Cist, iv, 1.^f

—, — — —, rocks accompanying, vii, 260.

—, —, remarks on the properties and economical uses of anthracite, B. Silliman, x, 331;

–characters, 332;

experiments on, 333;

uses of, in the arts, 337;

mode of burning, 338, 341;

comparative value of Lehigh and Schuylkill, 339;

price in New York, 340;

general qualities of, 343;

documents relating to the value of, 346.

—, —, characters of anthracite, B. Silliman, xi, 91;

–analysis of the Lehigh by L. Vanuxem, 93;

directions as to burning, 94;

remarks on M. Bull's memoir on the healing power of fuels, 98.

—, coal; value, position, extent, &c., of anthracite, J. Pierce, xii, 54.

—, —, Mauch Chunk, J. Pierce, xii, 56;

yield of Mauch Chunk beds in 1825, and statistics relating to, 57;

navigation of the Lehigh, 58;

rations to laborers, 61;

Mount Carbon or Pottsville, 63;

price of coal, 64;

Peter's Mountain, 65;

Wyoming beds, 66;

Lackawanna, 67.

—, —, on the bituminous, J. Pierce, xii, 69;

–use of, in making iron, 73.

—, — mines of Belmont on the Lackawanna, T. Ritter, xii, 301.

—, — on Tioga river, chemical analysis and description of, W. Meade, xiii, 32;

–the two great coal districts of the state, 35.

—, — region of the valley of the Lackawanna and Wyoming, B. Silliman, xviii, 308.^f

—, — — of Mauch Chunk, &c., B. Silliman, xix, 1^f, 11;

–mine, 12;

new mines, 17;

Beaver Meadow mine, 19; xx, 163.

—, — region between Cumberland and Pittsburg, S. W. Pomeroy, xxi, 342.

—, — vegetable fibres apparent in the anthracite, B. Silliman, xxiv, 173.

—, — region of the Monongahela valley, xxix, 60^f, 61, 64.^f

—, — — of the Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, xxix, 73, 74.^f

—, —, remarks on the extent and characters of the bituminous, S. P. Hildreth, xxix, 77.

—, — field of Carbon Creek, (Bradford coal field) with analyses, W. R. Johnson, xxxix, 137.

—, —, southern, M. C. Lea, xl, 370;

–various analyses, 373.

—, —, —, model of, with notices of geological features, &c., R. C. Taylor, xli, 80.^f

—, —, on the general character, limits, and relations of the beds, J. Hall, xlii, 52.

—, — formation, H. D. Rogers, xli, 177.

—, Beaver Meadow mine, xix, 19.

—, Bethlehem, catalogue of plants near, J. Wolle and A. L. Hübener, xxxvii, 310.

—, Blue ridge gap, xix, 6.

—, Carbon Creek, region, W. R. Johnson, xxxix, 137.

—, Chester Co., mineralogy of, G. W. Carpenter, xiv, 1.

—, Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas regions, xxix, 71.^f

—, diluvial scratches in, H. D. Rogers, xliii, 180.

—, Easton, notice of, B. Silliman, xix, 5.

—, —, rare plants of, L. de Schweinitz, viii, 267.

—, —, geology of the country near, and list of minerals, J. Finch, viii, 236.^f

—, geological survey of, proposed, xii, 173.

—, — report of H. D. Rogers, noticed, xxxii, 192; xxxiv, 188; xxxvii, 380; xli, 385.

—, internal improvements in, xxv, 84; xxvi, 108.

—, iron furnace at Mauch Chunk, xii, 61.

—, iron ores of Center and Huntingdon Cos., xii, 73;

–mode of manufacturing, 74.

—, — — of Belmont coal mines, xii, 302.

—, — —, analysis of, W. R. Johnson, xxxviii, 383; xxxix, 142.

—, Lackawanna region and coal, J. Pierce, xii, 67.

—, — ibid, Belmont, T. Ritter, xii, 301.

—, Laurel Mountains, xxi, 346.

—, Lehigh coal and navigation company, xxiv, 173.

—, Lehigh coal, analysis of, xl, 373.

—, Lehigh river, character of, J. Pierce, xii, 59.

—, Mauch Chunk and vicinity, xii, 56, 60.

—, — —, B. Silliman, xix, 7;

–canal, 7, 8;

scenery, 8;

railroad, 9, 16;

cost of main railway, 11;

mines, &c., 11;

public house, 16.

—, mineral resources of, J. Pierce, xii, 54.

—, Monongahela valley, rocks and coal, xxix, 58, 60^f, 63.^f

—, Fort Pitt remains, W. B. Weed, xxi, 197.

—, Pittsburgh coal strata, xxix, 68.^f

—, —, amount of coal consumed at, xxix, 79.

—, —, manufactures of, xxix, 79.

—, Pottsville or Mount Carbon, J. Pierce, xii, 63, 65.

—, —, descent from, to Philadelphia, xii, 64.

—, —, Carbondale, xviii, 313, 319, 324.

—, salt wells of Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, xxix, 72, 74.

—, — — —, coal consumed in the manufacture, xxix, 79.

—, — springs of Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, and manufacture, xii, 70.

—, — — near Pittsburgh, xii, 72.

—, — — in Mercer Co., xii, 72.

—, scenery from Harrisburg, westward, W. B. Weed, xxi, 197.

—, Schuylkill, passage of, and of canal, through the Blue Ridge, J. Pierce, xii, 64;

navigation of, 65.

—, soil of the counties near Ohio, xii, 73.

—, trap dikes in, H. D. Rogers, xli, 173.

—, Westmoreland Co., footprints in, A. T. King, xlviii, 217, 343^f; xlix, 216.^f

—, Wyoming region and coal beds, iv, 1^f; vii, 260.

—, — — —, J. Pierce, xii, 66.

—, — — —, B. Silliman, xviii, 309^f;

–disputed title, 315;

scenery and surface, 316;

people, forts, battle ground, 317.

Pentremites, see Zoology, Radiata.

Pepper, analysis of, iv, 390.

Pepys, W. H., electro-magnetic apparatus, vii, 195.

Perca nobilis, dissection of the eye of, xxvii, 216.^f

Perchloric ether, xlii, 63.

Percival, J. G., minerals of Berlin, v, 42.^f

—, analysis of Ad. Brongniart on fossil vegetation, vii, 178.

—, on the geology and mineralogy of Sicily, viii, 201.

—, on the zoological characters of formations, viii, 213.

—, curious effect of solar light, xii, 169, 180.

—, Report on the Geology of Connecticut, notice of, xliv, 187.

—, crescent form of dikes first observed by, xlvi, 205.

Percussion powder, xviii, 156.

Perdicaris, G. A., on the revival of letters in Greece, xxxvi, 192.

Perkins, G. R., interesting properties of numbers, xl, 112.

—, solution of a functional equation, xlii, 69.

—, new method of computing interest, xlvii, 51.

Perkins, H. C., notices of fossil bones from Oregon, xlii, 136.^f

Perkins, J., compressibility of water, iii, 347.^f

—, engraving on steel, iii, 353.

—, new steam engine, vii, 111.^f

—, mode of applying his method of generating steam to the boilers of ordinary steam engines, vii, 116, 332.^f

—, on steam engines, xiii, 40.

—, on the cutting of steel by soft iron, vii, 390.

Perkins, T., salting of ship timber, ii, 117.

Perkins's Algebra, noticed, xliii, 380.

Peron, on the temperature of the ocean, xvii, 295.

Perrine, H., on the Agave and other plants used for cordage, xxv, 330.

Perry, T. H., magnetic dip in different regions, xlvii, 84.

—, method of adjusting the dipping needle, xxxvii, 277.

—, on some of the probable effects of a resisting medium, xxxviii, 246.

Persoon, obituary notice of, xxxii, 215.

Peru, Andes of, xviii, 182.

—, —, highest elevations of, xviii, 184.

—, —, highest habitations of men in, xviii, 183.

—, —, trachytes of, xviii, 183.

—, —, the mining regions of, xvii, 43.

—, mines of, xvii, 43^f; xxiv, 232.

—, physical features, xvii, 47.

—, antiquities of, xvii, 116.^f

—, ancient and modern races of, S. G. Morton, xxxviii, 360^f, 365.^f

—, ancient race of men in the Andes, xxix, 358.

—, Atacama, nitrate of soda of, xii, 385.

—, province of Tarapaca, J. H. Blake, xxxix, 375; xliv, 1.^f

Peruvian bark, on, G. W. Carpenter, ix, 363; xvi, 28.

— —, on a new variety of, G. W. Carpenter, xx, 52.

— —, adulterations in, xix, 81.

Pestalozzi, H., death of, xiii, 183.

Pestalozzian system, ix, 163; x, 145.

Pestum, stone of the temples at, xxxvii, 366.

Petalite in Canada, viii, 69.

Petersburg, St., Russia, libraries of, v, 177.

—, Botanic Garden, xx, 175.

Petrified, see Fossil.

Petrifying springs in New York, xxxvi, 11.

Petroleum in the salt springs of the Ohio valley, xxiv, 63.

— in the valley of the little Kenawha, xxix, 86.

— in the Kenawha valley, xxix, 121.

— in the valley of the Sandy river, Virginia, xxix, 129.

— or oil spring of Allegany Co., N. Y., xxiii, 97.

—, well of, near Burksville, Ky., xxxix, 195.

Pettengill, A., on floating islands, xii, 122.

—, stellarota of, xvi, 363.

Pettenkoffer, M., test for bile, xlix, 206.

Peucedanum ternatum, xxviii, 165.

Pfaff, theory of voltaic electricity, xix, 178.

Phacelia, species of, xlv, 171, 172.

Phalæna devastator, i, 154.

Phalangium esculentum, iv, 60.

Pharmaceutical preparations, ii, 373.

Phascolatherium, xxxvii, 230.

Phenacite, xxx, 177.

—, supposed locality at Goshen, Mass., C. U. Shepard, xxxiv, 329.

—, not at Goshen, Mass., xliii, 366.

Phi Beta Kappa Society of New York, xxvii, 388.

Philadelphia water works, vi, 375; viii, 193.

—, population of, xxi, 194.

— College of Pharmacy, Journal of, xxi, 173.

— Academy of Science, see Academy.

Phillips, J., on the principles of geology, from the geology of Yorkshire, xxi, 2.

Phillips, R., on certain chemical equivalents, xxxvii, 368.

—, on the state of iron in soils, xlix, 394.

Phillips, W. and W. D. Conybeare's Outlines of Geology, &c., noticed, vii, 203.

— — Geological arrangement, viii, 261.

—, mineralogical collection of, xvi, 379; xlviii, 219.

—, mineralogy of, F. Alger's edition, noticed, xlvi, 203; xlvii, 333 (reviewed).

—, obituary of, xv, 160.

Phillips, W., essay on the Georgia gold mines, xxiv, 1.^f

Philology, origin of the languages of Europe, iv, 379.

—, F. Adelung's conclusion as to the number of languages on the earth, iii, 376; x, 383.

Philosophers, morality of the Greek and Roman, ix, 365.

Philosophical instruments, Gambey's, vii, 374.

— apparatus, xxiv, 175.

— —, American, xxvii, 292.

Philosophy of the human voice, J. Rush on, xxv, 425.

Phloridzin, discovery of, announced, xxviii, 383.

—, notice of, xxx, 377.

Phlox, species of, xi, 169, 170; xlv, 177.

Phormium tenax, used for cordage, xxi, 37.

Phosphates of alkalies, action of, on carbonate of lime, &c., J. L. Smith, xlviii, 97.

Phosphate of lime in the teeth of infusoria, xxviii, 386.

— —, eupyrchroite identical with, xlvi, 32.

— —, see Apatite.

— of soda, impurities in, xix, 82.

Phosphorescence of the ocean, v, 133; xvii, 209; xviii, 166, 187.

— —, observations on, in the Bonite, xxxvi, 208.

— —, Ehrenberg, xxxv, 372.

— of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, xviii, 187.

— of fluor spar, ii, 142.

— of several sub-resins, x, 189.

— communicated by means of electricity, xxi, 378.

Phosphorescent plants, xv, 170.

Phosphori, solar, xvii, 170.

Phosphoric acid in plants, and all vegetable extracts, ii, 358.

— —, use of, in jaundice, iv, 162.

— —, precipitation of albumen by, xvi, 396.

— —, J. Pelouze, xxviii, 129.

Phosphorus, fuels connected with the history of, xlix, 197.

—, preparation of, xix, 382.

—, impurities of, xlix, 197.

—, density of vapor of, xxiii, 383; xxxv, 298.

— in kelp, xiii, 187.

—, combustion of, in nitrous oxide, R. Hare, xxxii, 290.^f

—, in vacuo, xviii, 147.

—, inflammation of, in a rarefied medium, xxiv, 390.

—, explosion of, with nitric acid, xvi, 366.

—, mode of powdering, xx, 194.

—, hydrate of, H. Rose, xxviii, 140.

—, oxide of, Berzelius, xlix, 193.

—, isomeric acids of, xlvi, 64.

Phosphurets, apparatus for deflagrating, in vacuo, xxxix, 366.

Phosphuret of lime, on the preparation of, xvii, 349.

— —, xlix, 193.

— of nitrogen, xxviii, 140.

Phosphuretted hydrogen, on the formation of, L. C. Beck, xii, 294.

— —, a new, P. Thenard, xlviii, 184.

— —, effect of, on metallic decompositions, xviii, 403.

Photogenic power of light from burning coke, xxxvii, 368.

Photography, Daguerre's process in, xxxvii, 374; xxxviii, 97.

— and photogenic drawings, by Daguerre and Talbot, xxxvii, 169.

—, processes in, A. Fyfe, xxxvii, 175.

—, perfection of the art of, J. Robison, xxxvii, 183.

—, daguerrotype and its applications, W. H. Goode, xl, 137.

—, improvement in the daguerrotype process of, F. A. P. Barnard, xli, 352.

—, daguerrotype experiment by galvanic light, B. Silliman, Jr. and W. H. Goode, xliii, 185.

—, daguerrotype pictures, mode of fixing, engraving and painting from, Berres, xxxix, 385.

—, copies of engravings by, xlii, 164.

Photographic delineation of nebulæ; at Rome, P. F. de Vico, xliv, 375.

— impression of the solar spectrum, J. W. Draper, xliv, 204.

— impressions obtained on silver, &c., without previous preparation, xliv, 159.

— preparation made with ferro-cyanate of potash, R. Hunt, xlii, 317.

— paper, mode of preparing, xxxvii, 171, 175, 361.

— —, action of the different rays of the spectrum on, producing colors, J. F. W. Herschel, xxxviii, 111.

— —, intensity of light in diffuse daylight measured by, A. Ure, xxxviii, 107.

— process, observations on, W. F. Channing, xliii, 73.

— — called Chromatype, R. Hunt, xlvi, 396.

— —, by which dormant pictures are made, which the breath or moisture will develop, xlvi, 393.

Photometer, X. de Maistre, xxiv, 378.^f

—, new, C. Daubeny, xxxviii, 96.

Phrenology, notice of Gall's and Spurzheim's views, xxiii, 357.

—, G. Combe's lectures on, in New Haven, xxxviii, 391.

—, remarks on, xxxix, 65.

Phthisis in Paris in 1828, xix, 193.

Phyllites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Phyllite in Massachusetts, xvi, 207.

Physa, see Zoology, Mollusca.

Physalis pubescens, xi, 170.

Physick, P. S., notice of, xxxviii, 155.

Physics, N. Arnott's Elements of, noticed, xx, 155.

Physical Geography, effects of, on the boundaries of empires, J. Finch, xiv, 18.

Physiology, some of the principles of, A. Fourcault, xix, 391.

—, animal, xxiv, 382.

—, vegetable, xix, 393; xxiii, 138; xxxiii, 290.

Pickering, C., description of the Caligus americanus, xxxiv, 225.^f

Pickering, J., notice of life of N. Bowditch, xxxv, 386.

Pickeringite, analysis of, A. A. Hayes, xlvi, 360.

Picropharmacolite of Rügelsdorf, vii, 368.

Pictet, M. A., death of, x, 179.

Pictured rocks of Lake Superior, composition of, v, 220.

Pictures, transparent, ii, 348.

Pierce, E., on meteoric iron from Otsego Co., N. Y., xlvi, 402.

Pierce, J., native carbonate of magnesia on Staten Island, i, 142.

—, geology, mineralogy, scenery, &c. of the secondary region of a part of New York, New Jersey, and the adjacent regions, ii, 181.

—, on mineral waters, &c., iii, 235, 236.

—, on the geology, mineralogy, &c. of the Highlands of New York and New Jersey, v, 26.

—, geology, scenery, &c. of the Catskill Mountains, vi, 86.

—, notice of the alluvial district of New Jersey, with remarks on the marl, vi, 237.

—, an excursion among the White Mountains and up Mount Washington, viii, 172.

—, agriculture, geology, &c. of the Floridas, ix, 119.

—, topography, resources, &c. of Michigan, x, 304.

—, Virginia, shell marl and coal regions of, xi, 54.

—, mineral resources of Pennsylvania, xii, 54.

Pierce, L., notice of a halo, x, 369.^f

Pierpont, J., meteorological notes in 1692, xlii, 399.

Pig, anecdote of, xlvi, 243.

Pigeons, flight of, in Ohio, S. P. Hildreth, xxiv, 134, 136; xl, 348.

—, roosts of, in Ohio, xl, 348.

—, mode of decoying, xvi, 373.

Pigment for the pallet, xvi, 174.

Pilatus, Mount, slide of, iii, 368.

Pimelite in Vermont, viii, 234.

Pine timber, strength of, xix, 228.^f

Pinguite, new mineral species, xx, 197.

Pinite in Massachusetts, ix, 48.

— (chlorophyllite) in Connecticut, vi, 219; xli, 354.

— not at Bellows Falls, Vt., xi, 384.

Pink dye, from the flower of the sweet balm, xxv, 413.

Pipa, xi, 271.

Piperine, use of, G. W. Carpenter, xiii, 326.

—, notice of, T. G. Clemson, xviii, 352.

Piper leptostachyum, v, 287.

Pipes, iron conduit, vi, 173.

Pipestone, red, of the Côteau des Prairies, xxxvii, 393; xxxviii, 138.

Pirira, on salicine, xlix, 392.

Pisa, notice of, iv, 383.

Pisolite in Massachusetts, ii, 238.

Pisolitic balls, xliv, 283.^f

Piston, Cooper's rotative, xvi, 313.^f

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, account of, S. P. Hildreth, xxix, 68, 79.

Pixii, rotating magnetic machine, xxiv, 144, 146^f, 196.

Plague in Constantinople, remarks on, xxxiv, 32.

Planes, inclined, in the construction of rail roads, J. Thomson, xxiii, 107.

Planera, or Siberian elm, notice of, xx, 377.

Planet, supposed new, beyond Herschel, Cacciatore, xxxi, 158.

— Jupiter and his satellites, Struve, xiii, 173.

— Saturn, xiii, 172; xvii, 162; xxv, 191; xxxvii, 373; xliv, 383.

— —, sixth satellite of, xxxiv, 207.

— Venus, P. F. de Vico, xliv, 377, 383.

— —, rotation of, xxiv, 204.

Planets moving in a resisting medium, examination of the theory of, R. W. Haskins, xxxiii, 1.

—, ibid, remarks on, xvii, 389.

—, sizes of, xxxiii, 17.

—, motion of, represented, xii, 103.

—, comparative oblateness of, xxxi, 222.

Planetarium, Russell's, xlii, 400.

Planetary spaces, temperature of, xxxii, 1; xxxiv, 57.

Planorbis, see Zoology, Mollusca.

Plants, number of known species, xlix, 172.

— of New York, number of indigenous, J. Torrey, xl, 77.

—, classification of, according to a natural system, Robert Brown, i, 435.

—, grand division, into exogens, endogens and acrogens, xxxii, 295.

—, other subdivisions, xxxii, 296, 299.

—, soul or spiritual life of, C. F. P. von Martius, xl, 170.

—, ammonia disengaged by growing, x, 190.

—, carbonic acid disengaged by the roots of, xlv, 227.

—, non-decomposition of carbonic acid by, xxxiv, 44.

—, circulation in, E. Emmons, xxvi, 99.

—, — of sap in, xix, 393.

—, chemistry of, J. Liebig, xl, 177.

—, chemical constitution of cellular and woody tissue in, xl, 176.

—, cultivation of, in moss, xiii, 189.

—, crystalline substances from the juice of, xi, 391.

—, crystals in, Turpin, xix, 177; xx, 382.

—, crystals of oxalate of lime in, xx, 383; xxi, 372.

—, crystals in the tissues of, J. W. Bailey, xlv, 149; xlviii, 17.^f

—, effect of light on the color and movements of, D. P. Gardner, xlvi, 1.^f

—, effect of light on the germination of the seeds of, xliv, 352.

—, — — on the growth of, xliv, 352; xlvi, 397; xlvii, 194.

—, experiments on inorganic elements of, xlvii, 194.

—, effect of climate on geography of, xlvii, 221.

—, effect of frost of the winter of 1837-8 in England, upon, J. Lindley, xxxix, 18.

—, — of chemical solutions on, xvii, 388.

—, excrementitious matter from, J. Buel, xxviii, 267.

—, experiments on garden, J. T. Plummer, xl, 197.

—, growth of, in closely glazed cases, xliii, 383.

—, growing under glass, C. Daubeny, xxxiv, 11.

—, — ibid, N. B. Ward, xxxiv, 11.

—, — ibid, J. Yates, xxxiv, 13.

—, growing on animals, S. L. Mitchill, xii, 21.

—, on the development of the external organs of, xxxvii, 187.

—, on the leafing of, xliv, 419.

—, indicators of seasons, ii, 255.

—, phosphorescent, xv, 170.

—, phosphoric acid in, ii, 358.

—, poisoning of, xv, 169.

—, respiration in, xxii, 363.

—, sleep of, xxii, 375.

—, used for cordage, xxi, 27; xxv, 330; xxviii, 371; xli, 200.^f

— and mosses, iodine in, xlv, 227.

—, fossil, accompanying anthracite coal, ix, 165.

—, —, at Mariner's Mill, Ohio, xxxi, 28.^f

—, —, in coal strata of England, iii, 389; xxxiii, 87, 270.

—, —, of the coal formations, A. Brongniart, iv, 266.^f

—, —, analysis of Ad. Brongniart's work on, vii, 178.

—, see farther under Botany and Vegetable.

Plaster, on the setting of, xvii, 371.

— of Paris, see Gypsum.

Plastic clay of the southeast of England, xxxiii, 92.

— — and sand formation of New Jersey, Massachusetts coast, and elsewhere, vii, 34, 214, 244.

Plate electrical machine, R. Hare, vii, 108^f; xxxii, 272.^f

— — —, viii, 378.

Platinum, size of grains of, xvi, 389.

—, price of, (1833,) xxvi, 210.

—, imitation of, xxii, 383.

—, on the fusion of, R. Hare, ii, 295; xxxiii, 195; xxxv, 328; xxxviii, 155, 163.

—, test for, vi, 376.

—, amalgam of, xxvii, 363.

—, action of, on combustible gases mixed with oxygen, xii, 181.

— mines, found in the Ural, Russia, xii, 384; xiv, 204; xviii, 190; xxviii, 395.

— of Russia, large masses, xvi, 389; xlvi, 212.

—, large mass of, from Peru, iv, 28; xvi, 389.

—, analysis of the Russian, J. J. Berzelius, xviii, 162.

—, in France, xxvi, 389.

— boilers, at Paris, xvii, 179.

— lamp, xx, 385.

— wire, ignited, i, 309.

— —, action of heated, on combustible gases, W. Henry, xii, 181.

—, spongy, combustion with, discovered by J. W. Döbereiner, vii, 387.

—, —, J. W. Döbereiner's researches on, xviii, 151.

—, —, J. Liebig, xviii, 398.

—, —, action of, prevented by certain gases, xxxi, 348.

—, —, —, Kuhlmann, xxxvii, 198.

—, on the dark precipitate of, J. Liebig, xviii, 398.

—, new compounds of, J. W. Döbereiner, xxviii, 130.

—, a bichloride of, combined with deutoxide of nitrogen, H. D. Rogers, xxxviii, 186; xxxix, 369.

—, a property of asbestus imbued with chloride of, xx, 160.

—, chloriodide of, W. W. Mather, xxvii, 258.

— and hydrogen, no combination of, J. W. Döbereiner, xxxiv, 207.

— and soda, a double sulphite of the protoxide of, A. Litton and Schnederman, xliv, 274.

—, iodide of potassium and, W. W. Mather, xxvii, 257.

Plesiosaurus, from north of Whitby, England, xxix, 364.

—, notice of, xvii, 289.

Plessy, on the hydrosulphite of soda, xlix, 200.

Pleurodon, R. Owen, xliv, 342.

Pliny, on the influence of the ash on reptiles, xxx, 268.

Plough, American, compared with French, vii, 190.

Plumbagine, a new vegetable substance, xvii, 385.

Plumbago formed by pressure, xlix, 227.

—, see Graphite.

Plumbago floridana, v, 290.

Plumbocalcite, new mineral species, xxvi, 386.

Plummer, J. T., miscellaneous observations on insects, xl, 146.

—, motion of particles of melted spermaceti of a burning candle, xl, 148.

—, suburban geology, (Indiana) xliv, 281.^f

—, fucoids in Indiana, xliv, 290.^f

—, scraps in natural history, xlvi, 236; xlviii, 93.

—, horticultural experiments, xl, 197.

—, on the dry-rot, xlii, 197.

—, combustibility of wood ashes, xlii, 167.^f

—, on a dangerous property of wood ashes, xliii, 80.

Plumose mica, ii, 141.

Pluranium, announced as a new metal, from the Ural, xvi, 384.

Pluviometrical observations, see under Rain and Meteorological.

Pneumatic cistern of R. Hare, xiv, 200^f; xxxiii, 246.^f

— paradox, on the true theory of, J. H. Abbot, xxxix, 296^f; xl, 144.^f

Poa modesta, xlv, 45.

Poacites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Poem, geological, v, 272.

Poison of the Argas persicus, xxxiii, 271.

—, Senecio obovatus poison to sheep, xv, 358.

— of the common toad, xiv, 373.

Poisons, animal, ii, 168.

—, —, antidotes for, ii, 358.

—, —, salt a remedy for, xxi, 158.

— —, ammonia an antidote against, xvi, 182.

—, —, the Uvularia perfoliata a remedy for, B. H. Coates, xxxv, 270.

—, action of, on vegetables, xii, 196; xv, 169.

Poisonous confectionary, xviii, 157.

Poisson, S. D., on the temperature of the earth, atmosphere and of space, xxxiv, 57.

—, death of, xl, 220.

Poland, a history of, published by N. Rosenfield, vi, 390.

Polanisia, i, 378.

Polar, north, fogs of, xiv, 378.

—, —, account of explorations, i, 101; xvi, 124.

Polariscope, for polarized light, xv, 369.^f

—, natural, of tourmaline in mica, B. Silliman, Jr., xlvii, 418.

Polarity, new kind of, in light, D. Brewster, xxxv, 292.

— of molecules in crystallization, J. D. Dana, xxx, 275.^f

—, electric, see under Electricity.

Polarization of heat, xxviii, 366, 397.

— —, remarks on, J. D. Forbes, xl, 317.

— of light by reflection, D. Brewster, xxii, 277.^f

— by refraction, laws of, D. Brewster, xxiii, 28^f, 227.^f

—, use of mica in, J. D. Forbes, xxxviii, 101.

—, elliptical, of reflected light, B. Powell, xliv, 171; xlvi, 390.

—, auroral light without, J. Henry, xxxix, 366.

Polarized rings produced in specimens of decomposed glass, D. Brewster, xl, 325.

— light, exhibited by means of oxy-hydrogen microscope, xxxviii, 102.

Polarizing rocks, xx, 198.

Pole, north, attempts to discover, i, 101.

Polishing of granite, iv, 246; viii, 185.

Pollen, analysis of, M. Prinsep, xviii, 402.

—, yellow showers of, xxxix, 399; xlii, 195.

—, — —, examined by J. W. Bailey, xlii, 196.^f

Polycrase, a new mineral species, xlix, 394.

Polygons, on the measure of, G. C. Whitlock, xlvii, 380.^f

Polyhydrite, xlii, 386.

Polynesian Islands, new work on, xxix, 290.

Polynomials, involution of, W. J. Lewis, xlii, 239.

Polyps, a group of, v, 46.

Polytechnic Institute of Vienna, x, 379.

— Society of Paris, xxiv, 191.

Polythalamia, American, xli, 400.^f

—, fossil, in the United States, J. W. Bailey, xlviii, 102, 340.^f

—, —, from Petersburg, Va., J. W. Bailey, xlv, 313.

—, —, from the Upper Mississippi, J. W. Bailey, xli, 400.^f

Pomeroy, S. W., remarks on the coal formation of Pennsylvania, xxi, 343.

Pompeii, how covered, iii, 374.

—, excavation of, iv, 384.

Pompton Mountains, N. J., rocks of, v, 241.

Pond, a fermenting, v, 199.

Ponton, M., on paper for photography, xxxvii, 361.

Poor, education of, iii, 379.

Popocatepetl, ascent of, xxviii, 220.

Population of France, xv, 397.

— of Glasgow, proportion of males to females, xxviii, 80.

— of Great Britain, xxiv, 211.

— of Manchester, England, xxviii, 80.

— of Prussia, ix, 184.

— of Russia, iv, 389.

— and religion of Russia, xv, 397.

— of Sweden, in 1816, 17, 18, ii, 347.

— of the United States at the earliest census, xxxiii, 278.

— —, rate of increase since first census, xxxiii, 278, 279.

— of New York city, in 1826, x, 398.

Populine, xix, 380.

Porcelain and porcelain clays, i, 57.

— and earthenware, on the art, xxvi, 233^f;

–history of, 233;

Egyptian, 234;

Roman, 234;

Phenicia, 235;

Indian mounds, 237;

Chinese, 237;

European, 238;

Wedgewood ware, 242;

kinds of, 259;

materials used for, 245;

processes, 249;

mode of glazing, 254.

—, mode of coloring, iii, 217; xxvi, 256.

—, enamel for, v, 189.

—, manufactory at Philadelphia, xiv, 198; xviii, 384.

—, difference between the English, and that of the continent, xxxiii, 407.

— clay, from Granby, Ct., xviii, 199.

— —, of Pennsylvania and Delaware, xviii, 384.

— —, in Maryland, xxvii, 19.

Porosity of glass and siliceous bodies, vii, 192.

Porphyry of the Chinese frontier, xvii, 32.

— in Nova Scotia, xv, 203, 213.

— of Peru, xvii, 57.

Portable gas, xv, 189.

— — lamp, iii, 371.

Porter, A. L., edition of Gray's Operative Chemist, by, noticed, xix, 362.

Porter, J., floral calendar of Plainfield, Mass., 1818, i, 254.

—, — —, ibid, for 1819; iii, 273.

—, on snow crystals, ii, 339.

—, minerals of Plainfield, v, 270.

—, catalogue of minerals, vi, 246; vii, 58, 252; viii, 233; x, 18.

—, notice of a rocking stone, ix, 27.^f

—, on the American Antiquarian Society, xviii, 136.

—, on the garden of Fromont, xx, 83.

—, Roxbury rocking stone, vii, 59.^f

Porter, R. K., travels in Persia, xxxvii, 347.

Porter, T. D., contributions to the Geological Society, ii, 143.

—, geological notice of some parts of North and South Carolina, iii, 227.

—, reply to T. Cooper on tests of arsenic, iv, 160.

—, mineral localities on the Connecticut, ix, 177.^f

—, specimens of Zircon, iii, 229; v, 271.

Porter, W. S., sketches of Alabama, xiii, 77.

Portugal, public instruction in, vii, 198.

Post office department, progress of the American, xv, 373.

Post offices in France, income of, for 1824, x, 174.

Postage of printed sheets in England, xlix, 228.

Pot and pearl ashes, method of manufacturing, by G. A. Rogers, viii, 304.

Potamogeton Claytoni, xlv, 38.

— pulcher, xlv, 38.

Potassa in sea-water, iii, 371.

—, caustic, of commerce, xxxv, 299.

—, commercial, of New York, researches on, L. C. Beck, xxix, 260.

—, —, adulteration of, xxix, 261.

—, —, manufacture of, xxix, 261.

—, mode of obtaining from feldspar, Fuchs, xxi, 157.

—, detection of, by the oxide of nickel, xvi, 387.

—, mode of separating from soda, xxix, 273.

—, Davy's original mode of decomposing, xxi, 367.^f

—, action of, on organic matters, xvii, 382; xxiv, 372.

—, action of, on cholesterine, xliv, 60.

— and soda, mixture of pure carbonates of, xlix, 195.

—, carbonate of, mode of preparing, free from silica, xlix, 195.

—, chlorate of, mode of obtaining, ix, 201.

—, pure chromate of, xx, 409.

—, to test the chromate of, S. Zuber, xxiv, 372.

—, chromate of, means of determining the purity of, xvi, 392.

—, —, a test for distinguishing strontia and baryta, xxxvi, 183.

—, bichromate of, ulcers produced by the use of, xvi, 384.

—, manganesiate of, F. Wöhler, xxviii, 137.

— and copper, sulphate of, xx, 195.

— and silica, new compound of, xvi, 397.

Potassium, atomic weight of, xlvii, 189.

—, preparation of, viii, 372.

—, best method of preparing and preserving, xix, 205.^f

—, new apparatus for obtaining, L. D. Gale, xxi, 60.^f

—, improvement in Brunner's process for, R. Hare, xxiv, 312.

—, an improved mode of obtaining, R. Hare, xxxviii, 338; xl, 27.

—, properties of, xvii, 182.

—, price of, in 1825, ix, 387.

—, experiments on, by J. T. Ducatel, xxv, 90.

—, ammoniacal nitruret of, xxv, 205.

—, iodide of platinum and, W. W. Mather, xxvii, 257.

—, preparation of iodide of, ix, 188.

—, ferridcyanide, deoxidation of, C. F. Schönbein, xlix, 203.

— and naphtha, explosive compound produced from, xxiv, 315.

—, mode of filling tubes with, xxiv, 316.

Potatoe, found wild in South America, iv, 195.

—, fruitfulness of, iii, 381.

—, culture of, in France, xxvii, 176.

—, on the growth of, xii, 170.

—, precaution in planting, xxi, 159.

—, nutrition from, E. Ives on, i, 297.

—, mode of preserving, vi, 200; xvii, 188.

—, how to boil, xxiii, 201.

—, used in steam engine boilers, vii, 193.

—, oil from spirits of wine of, xxviii, 386.

—, essential oil of, A. Cahours, xxxii, 382.

— cheese, xviii, 395; xxiii, 202.

— flour for bread, xvi, 391.

— —, detection of, in wheat, xvii, 173.

—, molasses from, S. Guthrie, xxi, 93.

— starch, sugar from, S. Guthrie, xxi, 284.

—, Sweet, sugar in, xv, 285.

— fly, cantharidin in, ii, 137.

Potentilla supina, xiv, 114.

Pot-holes, made by means of running water, in the Green Mountains, vi, 252.

—, near the Franconia Notch, xxxiv, 122.

Potosi silver mines, xxiv, 233.

Potstone, Middlefield, Mass., viii, 51.

— of Greenland, xvii, 14.

Potter, C. E., notice of a rocking stone, xxiv, 185.^f

Pottery, analysis of, xv, 183.

—, notice of A. Brongniart on, xxxi, 134.

—, ancient American, xxvii, 175.

Powder of Cassius, purple, see Cassius.

— of Balda, viii, 204.

— mills, inflamed by the stroke of copper, xiii, 161.

Powders, fulminating, see Fulminating.

Powell, B., on the interference of light, xxxviii, 107.

—, on refractive indices, xxxviii, 107.

—, on the wave theory, xxxviii, 108.

—, on radiant heat, xl, 313.

—, on certain cases of elliptically polarized light, xliv, 171.

—, on the elliptic polarization of light, reflected from various substances, xlvi, 390.

Power of horses, xxi, 167.

Pozzuolana, iv, 373.

Practical Tourist, review of, xxiii, 213.

Prague, statistics of, ix, 184.

Prairies, origin of, R. W. Wells, i, 331.

—, — and extension of, R. Nutt, xxiii, 40.

— of the West, C. Atwater, i, 116.

— and barrens of the West, A. Bourne, ii, 30.

— of Alabama, W. W. McGuire, xxiv, 187; xxvi, 93.

— formation of Opelousas an Attakapas, W. M. Carpenter, xxxv, 344.

—, observations on, G. Jones, xxxiii, 226;

–dry prairies, 226;

comparison with Holland, 228.

— of Ohio, xxxiii, 230.

— of Texas, J. L. Riddell, xxxvii, 212.

—, Hog-wallow, of Texas, notice of, xxxix, 211.

Prase in Massachusetts, i, 344.

— in Rhode Island, viii, 226, 230.

— in Pennsylvania, viii, 238.

Precession of the equinoxes, remarks on, vii, 323^f; viii, 132, 139.^f

— —, constant of, O. Struve, xlvii, 91.

Precipitate, purple, of silver and gold, xxii, 198.

Prehnite, L. P. Walmstedt on, ix, 378.

—, datholite, &c. at Kewenaw Point, Lake Superior, C. T. Jackson, xlix, 87.

—, in Connecticut, i, 50, 135; ii, 232; vi, 223.

—, in Massachusetts, i, 114; iii, 364.

—, in New Jersey, ii, 183, 191, 195, 197; v, 239; xl, 69; xliv, 58.

—, in Pennsylvania, x, 220.

Premiums by the French Academy of Sciences, for 1827, xiv, 380, 389.

— — —, for 1831, xxii, 194.

— offered by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry, France, 1821, 1822, iv, 192.

— — —, for 1832-34, xxii, 359.

—, for Mechanical Arts, iv, 192.

—, for Chemical Arts, iv, 192.

—, for fabrication of Russian leather, iv, 193.

—, for Economical Arts, iv, 193.

—, for useful inventions in agriculture, xviii, 382.

—, for chemical and medical discoveries, xxii, 194.

—, scientific, xxiv, 210.

—, see farther under Medals and Prizes.

Prenanthes aphylla, v, 299.

Preservation of objects in Natural History, iv, 198.

— of specimens of animals, directions for, xii, 271; xix, 52.

— — ibid, with arsenical soap, xix, 53.

— of zoological collections from insects, T. S. Trail, xv, 167.

— of animal and vegetable substances from insects, J. Macartney, xxxi, 367.

— of specimens, new mode of, J. L. Riddell, xxxv, 338.

— of eggs, Scotch method, xxvi, 188.

— — for cabinets, xxi, 161.

— of insects, T. Roger, xix, 213.

— —, xix, 56; xxi, 162.

—, of freshwater shells, xlii, 391.

— of Echini with the spines, xxix, 353.

— of skins, xxvi, 188.

— of fish skins for museums, xxxvi, 196.

— of anatomical preparations, vi, 384.

— of skeletons, xix, 57.

— of animal bodies, new mode of, by petrifaction, G. Segato, xxix, 359.

— of animal preparations, by Gannal's new process, xl, 194.

— of animal substances, salt for, xxx, 183.

— of crystalline lenses, xxvi, 216.

— of dead bodies, i, 307.

— of meats, &c. by Appert's process, xiii, 163.

— of fruits without sugar, method of, xv, 381.

— of substances by alkalies, xxiii, 383.

— of cordage, &c. from moisture, xxiii, 199.

— of firemen against fire and flame, xviii, 177; xx, 96.^f

— of grain from mice, vii, 378.

— of timber by pyrolignite of iron, Boucherie, xl, 213.

— of the Royal George, xl, 213.

— from rust, a mode of, by means of caoutchouc, vi, 398.

— of iron from rust, xix, 203; xxi, 150; xxii, 382; xxiii, 199, 383.

Presl, notice of the Genera Fileacearum of, xxxix, 174.

Press, botanical, J. Locke, xxx, 54.^f

—, printing, see Printing.

Pressure in the ocean at great depths, see Ocean.

—, atmospheric, see Barometrical.

— on the human body, variations of, and apparatus for withdrawing, xxxiv, 30.

—, effect of instantaneous, as compared with accumulative, C. Bonnycastle, xl, 32.

Price of labor and subsistence in some parts of Europe, xxxvi, 176.

Priestley, J. philosophical character of, W. Henry, xxiv, 28.

—, discoveries by, xxiv, 30.

Primula farinosa, iv, 59.

Prince, James, on the sea-serpent, ii, 154.

Prince, John, memoir of, xxxi, 201.^f

Prince, W., a fruit, between the Spanish chesnut and the Maryland chinquapin, iii, 77.

Prince Regent's Inlet, geology of, xvii, 10.

Princeton, battle of, painted by J. Trumbull, xxxix, 231.

Principia of Newton, new edition of, vi, 379.

— —, review of, xi, 238; xii, 28, 330; xiii, 311.

Prinos coriaceus, v, 293.

Printing on zinc, x, 388.

—, a mode of stereotyping by Senefelder, xi, 386.

—, invention of stereotyping, xvii, 161.

—, stereotype, original papers by C. Colden and B. Franklin on, xxiv, 319.

— designs, new mode of, vii, 191.

—, anastatic, xlix, 401.

— press, improvements in, by J. I. Wells, iii, 311.^f

— —, inking machine, Wood's, xxiii, 103.^f

— — for the blind, v, 385.

Prisons, Society for the Amelioration of, iii, 374.

Prizes offered by the Royal Society of London, xxv, 412.

Prize given by the Royal Society to J. F. W. Herschel, for a paper on double stars, xxv, 412.

— respecting the ammoniacal azoturet of potassium, offered by the St. Petersburg Academy, xxv, 205.

—, the Montyon, presented, xxv, 189.

—, the De Lalande, given to E. Sabine, xii, 194.

—, —, xxv, 190.

— of the Academy of Sciences, xiv, 380, 389; xxii, 194.

Problems, diophantine, xxxi, 156.

—, dynamical, new solutions of, xxxviii, 106.

Producta, see Zoology, Mollusca.

Profile mountain, New Hampshire, M. Field, xiv, 64^f; xxxiv, 122.

Pronouns, nature of, explained, xxxiv, 337.

Proportions, definite, in Chemistry, D. Olmsted, xii, 1.

Prospect Hill, East Haven, Ct., scenery of, vii, 3.

Proteus of the North American Lakes, S. L. Mitchill, iv, 181; vii, 68.^f

—, D. H. Barnes, xi, 285.

Protococcus kermesinus, analogous to red particles in blood, xxxvi, 206.

Prout, W., analysis of starch sugar, xxxv, 299.

Providence Franklin Society, xviii, 195.

— tornado, R. Hare, xliii, 137.

— —, W. C. Redfield, xliii, 263.^f

Prunnerite, new mineral species, xx, 197.

Prussia, population of, ix, 184.

—, universities of, xx, 388.

Prussian travellers, vii, 195.

Prussiate of potash, red, deoxidation of, C. F. Schönbein, xlix, 203.

— —, manufacture of, at Glasgow, T. Thomson, xli, 49.

Prussian blue, new mode of preparing, viii, 380.

— —, researches into the manufacture of, xv, 178.

— —, formation and nature of, xviii, 332.

— —, manufacture of, at Glasgow, xli, 50.

Prussic acid, F. Magendie on, ii, 81.

— —, memoir on, B. L. Oliver, iii, 182.

— —, —, Orfila, xviii, 157.

— —, effect of muriatic and sulphuric acids on, xviii, 146.

— —, extraordinary production of, A. A. Hayes, xviii, 201.

— —, preservation of, xvi, 260.

— —, apparatus for the evolution of, R. Hare, xxix, 244.^f

— —, impurities of, xix, 70.

— —, cases in which administered, iii, 187.

— —, efficacy in asthma, vi, 366.

— —, action of, on a horse, xii, 385.

— —, effects on vegetation, x, 190.

— —, chlorine an antidote for, xvii, 174; xxi, 157.

Pseudomorphine, a new vegetable extract, xxx, 179.

Pseudomorphism, observations on, J. D. Dana, xlviii, 81, 397.

Pseudomorphous minerals, account of, in a review of J. R. Blum's treatise, xlviii, 66.

— (crystallized) steatite, in Massachusetts, C. Dewey, iv, 274; v, 249; vi, 333; viii, 51.

— steatite, having the form of quartz, scapolite and spinel, xxi, 320.

— steatitic hornblende, analysis of, L. C. Beck, xlvi, 35.

— quartz, at Southampton lead mine, vi, 214; ix, 249.

— —, in Pennsylvania, x, 223.

— granite, vii, 22.^f

Pseudomorphs, siliceous, in Hampshire Co., Mass., xii, 256.

Pseudo-volcanoes of the Upper Missouri, xlv, 154.

Psora, use of chloride of lime in, xvi, 395.

Pudding stone of Mount Toby, Mass., vi, 8, 69.

Pulkova Observatory, xlvii, 88.

Pulmonary consumption, work on, S. G. Morton, noticed, xxv, 424.

Pultowa, monument of, iii, 379.

Pumice, floating, xx, 161.

— at the Azores, iv, 259.

— of the Mississippi, iii, 247.

— of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, due to pseudo-volcanoes, J. N. Nicollet, xlv, 154.

Pump, by steam, xvi, 181.

—, air, see Air pump.

Purple of Cassius, ii, 350; xx, 192; xxviii, 145; xlviii, 192.

Pursh, F., notice of the herbarium of, xl, 11.

—, botanical excursions of, xlii, 10.

—, notice of, ix, 269.

Putnam's rock, v, 37.

Putnam Hill, section of, xxix, 30.^f

Putrefaction, animal, xviii, 397.

— of stagnant water, prevented by animal charcoal, x, 189.

Puvis, essay on lime as a manure, xxx, 138.

Pyrargillite, analysis and description of, Nordenskiöld, xxvi, 387.

Pyrenees, geological notice of, ix, 23.

—, botany of, remarks on, xiv, 377.

Pyrites, arsenical, in New Jersey, v, 244.

—, copper, see under Copper.

—, iron, origin of, in fossils, xxviii, 293.

—, —, occurrence of, in fossiliferous rocks, xxxi, 74.

—, —, investing quartz, vegetable stalks, &c., L. Lyon, xii, 162.

—, —, in a peat field, J. T. Plummer, xliv, 312.^f

—, —, specific gravity of, xix, 388.

—, —, cause of decomposition of, xix, 387.

—, —, of Rossie, complex crystal of, xlvi, 36.^f

—, —, in Connecticut, i, 316; v, 44; vii, 56; x, 13; xxxiii, 160.

—, —, in Georgia, xxiv, 9.

—, —, in Kentucky, iii, 233.

—, —, in Massachusetts, viii, 54; x, 13, 18; xxii, 51.

—, —, in Missouri, iii, 67.

—, —, in New Hampshire, xviii, 129, 131.

—, —, in New Jersey, v, 28.

—, —, in New York, v, 12; xix, 224; xxv, 350; xxviii, 172.

—, —, in North and South Carolina, iii, 3; v, 262; xli, 183.

—, —, in Ohio, xvi, 156, 157.

—, —, in Pennsylvania, iv, 4; viii, 239; x, 222; xiv, 5, 6, 8, 13.

—, —, in Vermont, i, 115; iii, 76, 326; vi, 245.

Pyrochlore, analysis of, F. Wöhler, xviii, 392; xliii, 35.

— of Chesterfield, Mass., J. E. Teschemacher, xlviii, 395.

—, identical with microlite, J. E. Teschemacher and A. A. Hayes, xliii, 33.

— and microlite, not identical, C. U. Shepard, xliii, 116; xlviii, 177.

—, analysis of, xlvi, 163.

Pyro-citric acid, new, vii, 187.

Pyro-gallic acid, J. Pelouze, xxviii, 126.

Pyrogenic acid, new, xxxiv, 206.

Pyroligneous acid, ii, 340; v, 188; ix, 201.

— —, purified by animal charcoal, xiii, 175.

— —, medical use of, ix, 201.

Pyrometer, steam, W. R. Johnson, xxii, 96.^f

Pyromorphite, or phosphate of lead, C. Kersten, xxii, 307.

Pyrope at Brimfield, Mass., vi, 222.

Pyrophorus, explosion of, x, 366.

—, new, from tartrate of lead, ix, 207.

—, remarks on, Gay Lussac, xvii, 176.

—, new, R. Hare, xix, 173.

Pyrophyllite, xviii, 392.

Pyrophysalite, ix, 21.

Pyrotechny, history of, vii, 137.

—, J. Cutbush on, ix, 173.

Pyroxene, see Augite.

Pyrrhite, xlvii, 340, 418.

Q.

Quackery, medical, iv, 390.

Quadrant, T. Godfrey, the inventor of, xxxv, 389.

Quadrupeds about Richmond, Indiana, xlvi, 244.

—, habits and anecdotes of, xlvi, 237, 243.

—, see farther under Zoology.

Quantity of matter, effect of, on affinity, xvi, 234.

Quarantine, high temperatures disinfecting and affording a substitute for, W. Henry, xxi, 392.

Quartz, on certain cavities in, W. L. Atlee, xxxv, 139.^f

—, from Elba, containing water, iv, 27.

—, American, containing liquids, ii, 14; ix, 246; (and coal) xl, 83.

—, naphtha in, C. Dewey, i, 345.

—, soft crystal of, v, 394.

—, gelatinous, Guillemin, xiv, 391.

— crystals, distorted, xlvi, 365^f, 366.^f

— —, in Canada, viii, 63.

— —, in Connecticut, i, 135; v, 41, 45;–(rose) i, 238; iv, 54; vi, 213, 251.

— —, in Maine, (smoky) xiii, 374; (rose) xviii, 297.

— —, in Massachusetts, i, 112, 113, 136; (rose) i, 116; vi, 247.

— —, in Missouri, iii, 67.

— —, in New Hampshire, (rose) xvii, 355; (smoky) xxxiv, 114.

— —, in New Jersey, ii, 197.

— —, in New York, i, 241; ii, 13; iii, 233; iv, 44; vi, 247; ix, 44.

— —, in North or South Carolina, iii, 5.

— —, in Pennsylvania, i, 237; ix, 45; x, 222; xiv, 5.

— —, in Rhode Island, viii, 230; ix, 46; xl, 185.

— —, in Vermont, vi, 249.

— —, near Lake Superior, smoky and amethyst, vii, 48.

—, pseudomorphous, in Massachusetts, at Southampton, vi, 214; ix, 249; xii, 256.

— —, in Pennsylvania, x, 223.

—, imitated by steatite, in Massachusetts, v, 249; vi, 333; viii, 51.

—, — —, in New Jersey, xxi, 320.

— rock of western Massachusetts, viii, 16.

— veins, origin of, G. Bischof, xlix, 396.

Quebec, cement of the Castle Rock, F. H. Baddely, xxviii, 367.

—, Literary and Historical Society, transactions of, xvii, 412; xxv, 211.

Queries, geological, proposed by the geologists of the New York State survey, xxxiii, 124.

— relative to mineral veins, xxxiii, 135.

Quicksilver mines of Spain, xxviii, 17.

— — of Idria, xxix, 219.

Quinby, A. B., investigations relative to the blowing machinery of blast furnace, xii, 128.

—, examination of the maximum and minimum effects of machines, xii, 346.

—, on crank motion, vii, 316^f; ix, 317; x, 203; xi, 335;xi, 338^f; xii, 344^f; xiii, 73, 356.

—, on pitchback and breast wheels, xi, 333.

—, on high and low pressure boilers, ix, 313.^f

—, on the spiral of Archimedes, ix, 316.^f

—, new demonstrations on the theory of the overshot water-wheel, ix, 304^f; x, 203; xi, 335.

Quinine, preparation of, xlvii, 196.

—, remarks upon, xx, 52.

—, sulphate of, frauds in, x, 386.

—, —, mode of detecting its adulteration with sugar, xiii, 400.

—, manufactures of, in France, xiv, 390.

Quinoline, xlvii, 196.

R.

Races of men, enumeration and characters of, S. G. Morton, xxxviii, 342^f; xlvii, 206.

— —, stature of, xxii, 357.

—, Indian, of America, characteristics of, S. G. Morton, xxxviii, 345, 347, 360^f; xlvii, 408.

— of the Andes, ancient, xxix, 358.

—, Peruvian, characteristics of ancient and modern, S. G. Morton, xxxviii, 361^f, 365.^f

Radiant heat, transmission of, M. Melloni, xxvii, 228.

— —, B. Powell, xl, 313.

Radiation of heat, A. D. Bache, xxx, 16; xxxiv, 39.

— —, apparatus for illustrating, xxviii, 320.^f

Radius of the earth, xxxi, 234.

Rae, J., balloon raised by solar heat, xxxiii, 196.

Rafinesque, C. S., progress of vegetation near Philadelphia, i, 77.

—, on atmospherical dust, i, 397.

—, on the genus Flœrkea, i, 373.

—, new species of grass, Diplocea barbata, i, 252.

—, Cylactis, Nemopanthus and Polanisia, three genera of New York plants, i, 377.

—, description of the Xanthium maculatum, i, 151.

—, new genus (Exoglossum) of freshwater fish, i, 155.

—, Mustela vulpina, new species, i, 82.

—, Scytalus cupreus, or copper headed snake, i, 84.

—, sponges on Long Island shores, i, 149.

—, notice of the works of, xxix, 393, 394.

—, — of zoological writings of, S. S. Haldeman, xlii, 280.

—, — of the Botanical writings of, xl, 221.

Railroads in Austria, xx, 174.

— in the United States, extent of, J. Henry, xxxiii, 296.

—, Hudson and Mohawk, account of, S. D. Bloodgood, xxi, 141.

—, graduation of Mohawk and Hudson, xxi, 385.^f

—, Baltimore, method of clearing the snow from, xx, 166.^f

— curves, T. Gorton, xxvii, 131.^f

—, elevation of, required for rails, over roads of a certain curvature, J. Thomson, xxii, 346.^f

—, inclined planes in the construction of, J. Thomson, xxiii, 107.

—, turnouts in, with flexible moveable rails, T. Gorton, xxviii, 248.

— cars, rapidity consistent with safety, xxxv, 197.

—, improved method of constructing, xxxv, 318.

—, cast iron sleepers for, xxxv, 318.

—, resistance of air to trains of, xxxviii, 136.

—, atmospheric, xlix, 228.

— tunnel, in Pennsylvania, xxix, 73.

Railways, vibration of, Denham, xxx, 382.

Railway iron, remarks on, D. Mushet, xxxiv, 15.

Rain, amount of, at different heights in the atmosphere, xxix, 354.

—, —, in S. W. of Ireland, T. Knox, xlvi, 394.

—, —, in the Ghâts of Western India, xxxviii, 103.

—, mean annual amount of, at Perth, Scotland, xl, 342.

—, excessive at Genoa and elsewhere, J. D. Forbes, xl, 326.

— at Paris, in 1823, ix, 194.

—, register of, at Hudson, Ohio, E. Loomis, xli, 328; xlix, 282.

—, —, at Montreal, 1836-1840, J. S. McCord, xli, 331.

— at Westchester, Penn., amount for several years, W. Darlington, vi, 326.

— —, register for ten years, xiv, 29.

—, at New Fane, Vt., 1823, '24, M. Field, viii, 306.

—, tropical, iv, 375.

—, season of, in Columbia, South America, R. Wright, xxxvii, 2.

— from a clear sky, instances of, xxxvi, 178.

—, Rowall's theory of, xli, 40.

—, remarks on, W. C. Redfield, xxxiii, 54.

—, red, i, 309.

—, —, in Tennessee, G. Troost, xli, 403.

—, —, —, a hoax, xliv, 216.

— of mollusca, xxx, 187.

— of fish, xli, 40.

— of grain, xli, 40.

— water, contents of, xv, 181, 185.

—, see farther under Meteorology.

Rain-gauge, improved, G. Chilton, vii, 326.^f

—, conical, S. De Witt, xxii, 321.^f

—, used in New York state, xxv, 267.^f

—, globular, of Robinson, xlii, 159.

—, A. D. Bache, on the effect of deflected currents of air on the results with, xxxv, 287.

Rain-marks in sandstone, W. Buckland, xxxv, 308.

—, at Storeton Hill, Cunningham, xxxvii, 371.

— in the new red sandstone of New Jersey, W. C. Redfield, xliii, 172; xliv, 136; xlv, 315.

— in the rocks of the Connecticut valley, C. Lyell, xlv, 394.

— in the Connecticut valley sandstone, J. Deane, xlix, 213.

— in the Potsdam sandstone, E. Emmons, xlv, 316.

Rainbow, different brilliancy of the primary and secondary, xxi, 379.

—, supernumerary, A. C. Twining, xxxii, 227.

—, accompanied with five supplementary bows, D. Brewster, xl, 344.

—, an acoustic, xxi, 381.

Rainey, P., on the dry-rot, xxxiv, 169.

Raining trees, notice of, xv, 170.

Rains, G. W., on the generation of statical electricity by the electrical machine, xlix, 93.^f

Raleigh's tyfoon of 1835, xxxv, 210; xxxvi, 59.

Ram, hydraulic, iii, 381.

Rambles of a naturalist, xxv, 425.

Ramond, on the vegetation of the Pyrenees, xiv, 377.

Rana, species of, x, 52; xi, 273.

Raphael tapestries, effect of light and air in restoring the colors of, xxxvii, 214.

Rapids, navigation of, vii, 175.

Rask, notice of, iv, 383.

Rat, pouched, of Canada, iv, 183.

—, mode of destroying, xxiv, 205.

Rational expression for sines, tangents and secants, D. Gould, xxii, 392.

Rats, habits of, xlvi, 242.

Rattlesnakes, ii, 229.

—, curious facts respecting the bones of, J. Green, iii, 85.

—, disarmed by the leaves of the white ash, S. Woodruff, xxiii, 337.

—, — ibid, remarks on, xxx, 208.

—, cure for bite, iv, 61, 189.

—, Turman's snake root in North Carolina considered an antidote for the bite of, xlii, 43.

—, oil cure for the bite of, xliv, 95.

—, Crotalus durissus, xxiv, 176.

—, habits of, xlvi, 44.

Rawson, on fires in London, xxxv, 316.

Ray, solar, see Light.

Ray, John, some notice of, C. Fox, xxxvi, 223.

Razors, paste for, iv, 199.

—, method of sharpening, xxi, 165.

—, effect of cold on, xxvi, 189.

Record of General Science, R. D. Thomson's, noticed, xxviii, 365; xxxii, 212.

Rectification of the ellipse, xviii, 38.^f

Red color in agates, xxxvi, 207.

— — of marshes in the Mediterranean, xli, 193.

— globules of blood related to Protococcus, xxxvi, 206.

— rain, i, 309.

— — in Tennessee, xli, 403.

— — —, a hoax, xliv, 216.

— snow, x, 192.

— —, an animal production, L. Agassiz, xli, 64.

— sulphur spring, Va., xxix, 96.

Redfield, W. C., on the storms of the Atlantic coast of the United States, xx, 17;

–storm of September 3, 1821, 20;

exhibited in the form of a great whirlwind, 21;

tornadoes, generally, revolve on an axis of rotation and move with the main currents, 22;

a consequent retrograde motion on one side of the axis and progressive on the other side, 23.

—, storm of August, 1830, xx, 34;

second storm of August, 1830, 39;

storm of October 1, 1830, 41;

fall in the barometer due to the gyration of storms, 45.

—, on the hurricane of August, 1831, illustrating the position that storms and hurricanes are gyratory in action, and move with the general current of the region in which they occur, xxi, 191.

—, on the hurricanes and storms of the West Indies and the coast of the United States, xxv, 114;

–uniformity of general character of; originate in tropical latitudes; greatest energy towards their interior; drifted by the prevailing atmospheric current; velocity of progression, 114;

length of route; local duration; direction of the winds not the direction of progress, 115;

local directions and change of wind, 115, 116;

rotative motion from right to left in the northern hemisphere; effect on the barometer, 117;

oscillation of the axis of rotation, 118;

Barbadoes hurricane of August, 1831, 119;

practical deductions for navigators, 119, 120;

storms of the China Sea similar to those of the West Indies, 121;

gyration in the southern hemisphere opposite to that in the northern, 121.

—, facts in meteorology, xxv, 122;

–general view of the atmosphere and its currents, 123;

classification of storm-winds, 126;

whirlwinds and water-spouts identical, 127;

transport of volcanic ashes by upper currents, 128, 129;

barometer, 129, 130;

circuit currents of the Atlantic and Pacific, 130, 131;

cold polar currents flowing beneath the tropical, and carrying icebergs into the Gulf Stream, 131.

—, irregularities in the tides at Tahiti and elsewhere suggest a movement of the tide-wave from west to east in the higher latitudes and the reverse in the lower, xxv, 132;

climate, as connected with atmospheric and oceanic currents, 133;

deserts due to the fact that aerial currents of the region are passing from colder to warmer latitudes, 134.

—, synopsis of Meteorological Journal in New York city, for 1833, '34, xxviii, 154;

–observed winds and cloud currents, 155;

cold of southwest winds in winter, 157;

barometric results, 157.

—, reply to J. P. Espy's "Notes," xxviii, 310;

–tides at Tahiti, 311;

course of tide-wave in N. Atlantic, 313;

southwest wind of the Andes, 314;

correction of a barometrical inaccuracy, 315;

general atmospheric currents due to the earth's rotation and orbital progression, as affecting the gravitation, 316;

greatest influence of heat shown in land and sea breezes, 317.

—, gales and hurricanes of the Western Atlantic, with a chart, xxxi, 115;

–character of, and causes, 115-119^f;

hurricane of October, 1780, at Jamaica, showing the northwardly progression of, 120;

hurricane of Barbadoes, October 10, 1780, 121;

Barbadoes, Sept. 3, 1835, 122;

rotatory scudding in hurricanes, 122;

routes of various hurricanes, 125-127;

Pacific systems of storms same as in the Atlantic, 128, 129.

—, relation of Gulf Stream to an opposite current on the N. American coast, xxxii, 349;

–icebergs carried into the Gulf Stream by the deeper polar current, 351, 352;

(boulders of Labradorite at Cocksackie, 351;)

lower temperature on shoals and shores, due to the submarine current, 353.

—, meteorological sketches; on the atmosphere, currents, winds, clouds, fogs, rain, hail, storms, water-spouts, whirlwinds, trade winds, circuit winds, and land and sea breezes, xxxiii, 50;

–deserts, variations of the barometer, 261.

—, meteorological journal at New York, for 1837, with average results for the preceding five years, including surface winds and cloud currents, and barometrical observations, xxxiv, 373.

—, on the courses of hurricanes, xxxv, 201;

–tornado of 1835, 206;

tyfoons of the China Sea, 209;

Raleigh's tyfoon, 210^f;

Canton tyfoon of August, 1832, 217;

ibid of September, 1831, 218;

hurricanes of Asiatic Seas, 220;

law of atmospheric circulation, 222.

—, on columnar whirlwinds excited by fires, xxxvi, 50.

—, Raleigh's Tyfoon, xxxvi, 59.

—, meteorological register at New York city, for 1838 and 1839, with the mean results for the last seven years, xxxviii, 323.

—, meteorological observations at St. John's, Newfoundland, and at Canton, China, xxxviii, 265.

—, on the tornado of New Brunswick, and its whirling action, xli, 69.^f

—, on the storm of Dec. 15, 1839, and general deductions on the nature of storms, xlii, 112.^f

—, on the Providence tornado, with the evidence of its whirling action, xliii, 263.^f

—, reply to R. Hare's objections to the whirlwind theory of storms, xlii, 299; xliii, 250.

—, reply to R. Hare's strictures on H. W. Dové's essay on storms, xliv, 384.

—, on tides, and the prevailing currents of the ocean and atmosphere, xlv, 293.

—, on ancient polar currents, xliii, 152.

—, on drift deposits about New York, xliii, 152.

—, Scoresby and Buchan's observations on the temperature of the ocean at different depths showing warmer waters below, xlv, 139.

—, healed waters at the bottom of an ocean not immediately diffused by upward currents, xlv, 138.

—, on the effects of polar currents, xlv, 326.

—, on the drift period, the condition of the earth at the time and attendant phenomena, xlvii, 120.

—, on the drift ice, and currents of the North Atlantic, with an illustrative map, xlviii, 373.

—, visit to Essex Co. mountains, N. Y., and barometric measurements, with a sketch of the northern sources of the Hudson, xxxiii, 301^f;

–see farther under New York.

—, on some American fossil fishes of the Connecticut valley and New Jersey, xli, 24, 164; xliii, 172.

—, fossil fishes of New Jersey and Connecticut identical, xxxvi, 186.

—, fossil fish and footprints in the red sandstone of New Jersey, xliv, 134.^f

—, on fossil fishes in New Jersey, xlv, 314.

—, fossil fish in Virginia, xxxiv, 201.

—, fossil footprints of Middletown, Ct., xxxiii, 201.

—, — — of Portland, Ct., xliii, 172.

—, — — in New Jersey, xliv, 134; xlv, 315.

—, — rain-marks in New Jersey, xliii, 172; xliv, 136; xlv, 315.

—, fossil shells of the Miocene, xli, 161.

—, notices of American steamboats, xxiii, 311.

—, on steamboat explosions, xxi, 190.

Refining, instructions on, xvii, 177.

Reflecting goniometer, xx, 158.

Refraction in the higher regions of the atmosphere, suggestions on, xii, 299.

—, curious lunar, x, 187.

—, extraordinary, in the diamond, xxxiv, 38.^f

—, double, its relation to the crystalline forms of minerals, D. Brewster, vii, 363.

—, —, produced by pressure, D. Brewster, xxi, 296.

—, —, cause of, in crystals, D. Brewster, xxi, 296.

— of heat, xxviii, 366.

Refractive indices, theoretical computation of, B. Powell, xlii, 160.

— —, B. Powell on, xxxviii, 107.

— power of minute bodies, and its application to mineralogy, A. Bryson, xli, 54.

Refrigerating compound, see Cold.

Regents of the University of New York, Report of, xxii, 415; xxv, 258^f; xxvii, 177; xxx, 389; xlix, 176.

Regnault, V., analysis of lithia mica, xxxvii, 356.

—, researches on the dilatation of gases, notice of, xliv, 63.

Règne Animal of Cuvier, American translation of, xxi, 388.

Reid, W., on the laws of storms, xxxv, 276.

—, work by, on storms, noticed, xxxv, 182.

Reizet, on determining the nitrogen in organic compounds, xlv, 267.