ILLUSTRATIONS

Part I Growth, Manufacture and Distribution

Refined Sugar, showing form of crystals Frontispiece

Sugar Cane, showing eyes or buds To face page 4

Roots of Sugar Cane 6

Jungle-like Vegetation of Cane Field 7

Leaf-Hopper 10

Sugar Cane 11

Experiment Station 12

Plantation Scene in Hawaii—light-colored foliage is sugar cane 13

Steam Plough 14

Planting Cane 15

Irrigation Ditch, showing tunnel 16

Irrigation Ditch 17

Young Sugar Cane 18

Ripe Sugar Cane, showing tassels 19

Cutting Cane 20

Loading Cane 21

Train-Load of Cane ready for the mill 22

A Modern Mill 23

Cane Carrier and Mechanical Unloader 24

Another Type of Cane Unloader 25

Twelve-Roller Mill 26

Modern Crushing Plant; two fifteen-roller mills and crushers, capacity 105 tons per hour 27

Delivering Bagasse to Fire-Room 28

General Interior View of Modern Raw-Sugar Mill 29

Filter Presses 30

Set of Quadruple Evaporators 31

Vacuum Pans 32

Centrifugal Machines 33

Filling, Weighing and Sewing Sacks 34

Train-Load of Raw Sugar leaving mill 35

Steamer Loading Sugar Alongside of Dock 38

Loading Sugar at an Outport in Hawaii 39

Polariscope (in body of text) Page 40

A Modern Refinery, showing water and rail transportation facilities To face page 46

Plan Elevation of a Modern Refinery 47

Steamer Discharging Raw Sugar at Refinery Dock 48

Sugar Stored in Warehouse—25,000 tons shown in this picture 49

Cut-in Station, showing sugar first entering the refining process 50

Centrifugal Machine, motor driven 51

Bag Filters, showing bags in place 56

Filter Presses 57

Making New Bags and Lining the Washed Bags 58

Printing the Empty Raw-Sugar Bags 59

Char Filters 60

Char Filters, showing outlet pipes 61

Top of Char Filters, showing pipe connections 62

Exterior View of Char Drier 63

Interior Arrangement of Char Drier 64

Exterior View of Char Kilns, showing oil-burning apparatus 65

A Refinery Vacuum Pan and Pump 66

Arrangement of Steam Coils in a Vacuum Pan 67

Refinery Centrifugal Machines 68

Exterior View of Sweater 69

Front View of Sweater, showing steam coils for heating the air 70

Interior View of Sweater 71

Separator, closed, ready for operation 72

Separators, one of which is open, showing three screens for separating the sugar grains 73

Filling, Weighing and Sewing 100-pound Sacks 74

Filling, Weighing and Sewing 25-pound Sacks 75

Filling Barrels 76

Method of Handling Barrels 77

Cube Sugar Machine 78

Carton Machine 79

Filling, Weighing and Sewing 2-pound, 5-pound and 10-pound Bags 80

Laboratory 86

Oil-Burning Boiler Plant 87

Inland-Waterway Steamer Loading Sugar at Refinery Dock 92

Car-Float Arriving at Refinery Dock 93

Sugar Beet[1] 100

Another Type of Sugar Beet 101

Ploughing with Caterpillar Engine 102

Planting Beet Seed 103

Thinning 104

Cultivating 105

Field of Ripe Beets 106

Topping Beets 107

Hauling Beets 108

Delivering Beets to the Factory by Wagon 109

Delivering Beets to the Factory by Train 110

General Interior View of Beet-Sugar Factory, showing filter presses in foreground; pans and evaporators in rear 111

Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in circular arrangement 112

Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in straight lines 113

Weighing, Filling and Sewing Bags in a Beet Factory 114

Cattle Feeding on Beet Pulp 115

The First Successful Beet-Sugar Factory in America—Alvarado, California 116

Part II History of the Industry

A Modern Beet-Sugar Factory 117

Christopher Columbus 124

Olivier de Serres 128

Andreas Marggraf 129

Franz Carl Achard 130

First Beet-Sugar Factory in the World—Built at Cunern, Silesia, 1802 131

Napoleon I 132

Building in Salt Lake City, Utah, in which the First Beet-Sugar Machinery Brought to the West was Installed 150

E. H. Dyer, the Father of Beet Sugar in America 151

Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana 178

Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana 179

Sugar Plantation Scene in Porto Rico[2] 182

Sugar-Shipping Port, Porto Rico 183

Ploughing Cane Field with Steam Plough, Porto Rico 184

Unloading Sugar Cane at a Mill, Porto Rico 185

Ploughing Field Before Planting Cane, Philippines 190

Ploughing at La Carlota, Occidental Negros, Philippines 191

Hauling Cane, Philippines 192

Carabao Mill, Philippines 193

Old-Style Sugar Mill, Philippines, showing poor crushing 194

Tinguian Cane Crusher, Lingayen, Philippines 195

Old Water-Driven Mill, Island of Negros, Philippines 196

Mill Driven by Water Power, Occidental Negros, Philippines 197

Native Sugar Factory, Pampanga Province, Philippines 198

Interior of Camarin, Philippines 199

Luzon Sugar Refinery, Malabon, Rizal, Philippines 200

Loading Sugar on Lorchas, Philippines 201

Central Factory, General View, Cuba[3] 202

Cuban Central, General View 203

Cane Field, Cuba 204

Loading Cane on Ox-Carts, Cuba 205

Train-Load of Sugar Cane, Cuba 208

Self-Dumping Cane Car, Cuba 209

Morelands Sugar Mill, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins 216

The Fleet, Morelands, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins 217

Leveling a Cane Field, Peru 250

Leveling Ground by Steam, Peru 251

Planting Cane, Peru 252

Portable Branch Line of Field Railway and Cane Cutters, Peru 253

Hauling Cane-Laden Cars with Ox-Team, Peru 254

Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Factory, Peru 255

Sugar Plantation between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil 260

Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Ingenio La Mendieta, Argentina 270

Unloading a Car of Cane, Tucumán, Argentina 271

Battery of Boilers, Ingenio, La Trinidad, Tucumán, Argentina 272

Home of Superintendent of a Sugar Plantation, Tucumán, Argentina 273

Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina 274

Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina 275

Kohekirin Mill, Formosa 280

Sugar Cane Affected by the Sereh, Java 296

Seedling Canes, Java 297

Cutting Cane, Maroochy River, South Queensland 302

Carting Cane to Mill, Ingham District, North Queensland 303

Isis Central Mill, Childers, South Queensland 304

Cane Unloader, Mulgrave Central Sugar Mill, Cairns District, North Queensland 305

Sugar Mill, Nahan Factory, India 330

Centrifugal Worked by Hand, India 331

Wooden Mill from Gorakhpur, India (in body of text) Page 332

Boiling by Old Method, India To face page 332

Furnace and Pans for Making Rab, India 333

Stone Mill, Agra, India (in body of text) Page 333

Small Locomotive Used to Draw Cane-Cars, 2-foot Gauge, India To face page 334

Loading Cane Carrier, Marhourah Factory, India 335

Water-Driven Centrifugals, Marhourah Factory, India 336

Champaran Sugar Company, Ltd., Barrah Chakia, Champaran, India 337