URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS Complete text as printed (continued 4)

parō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make ready, prepare; resolve, plan; get, acquire.

con—comparō, āre, āvī, ātus, to prepare, make ready; obtain, procure.

parricīdium, ī [pater + caedō], n., murder of a father, parricide.

pars, partis, f., a part, portion; direction; a side, faction, political party (both sing. and pl.); a character, role (esp. in pl.).

Parthī, ōrum, pl. m., the Parthians, a people in Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful archers, and successfully resisted the Roman power.

partim [pars], adv., partly.

partior, īrī, ītus sum [pars], to distribute, divide.

partus, ūs [pariō], m., a bringing forth, delivery, birth.

parum, adv., too little, not enough; comp. minus, less, by no means, not; sup. minimē, least of all, by no means, not at all. As noun, parum, indecl. n., too little, not enough.

parvulus [dim. of parvus], adj., very small, tiny. As noun, parvulus, ī, m., a small child, infant.

parvus, adj., little, small; comp. minor, smaller, less; younger (sc. nātū); sup. minimus, smallest, least.

pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus, to feed; of animals, to graze, browse (esp. in pass. and supine).

passim [passus, part. of pandō], adv., in every direction, everywhere.

pāstor, ōris [pāscō], m., herdsman, shepherd.

patefaciō [pateō + faciō], to lay open, disclose, bring to light.

pateō, ēre, uī, —, to be open.

pater, patris, m., father; pl., patrēs or patrēs cōnscrīptī, the senators. See cōnscrīptus.

paternus [pater], adj., of a father, fatherly, father’s.

patiēns, entis [patior], adj., able to endure, long suffering, patient.

patior, ī, passus sum, to suffer, bear, endure; experience; allow, permit.

patria, ae [pater], f., fatherland, native land.

patricius [pater], adj., of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble. As noun, patriciī, ōrum, pl. m., the nobles, patricians, the descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome.

patrimōnium, ī [pater], n., inheritance, patrimony, property.

patrius [pater], adj., of a father, father’s.

patrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to carry out, perform, execute.

patrōnus, ī [pater], m., defender, patron; pleader, advocate, lawyer.

paucus, adj., few, little (chiefly in pl.).

paulātim [paulum], adv., little by little, by degrees, gradually.

paulō and paulum [paulus, little], adv., by a little, somewhat.

Paulus, ī, m., L. Aemilius, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216 B.C. In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a national hero.

pauper, eris, adj., poor; scanty, small.

pauperculus [dim. of pauper], adj., quite poor.

pavidus [paveō, to be afraid], adj., trembling, fearful, frightened.

pavor, ōris [paveō, to be afraid], m., terror, fear, dread.

pāx, pācis, f., peace; treaty.

peccātum, ī [peccō], n., an error, fault, sin.

peccō, āre, āvī, ātum, to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin.

pectus, oris, n., breast, bosom, heart.

pecūnia, ae [pecus], f., money, property.

pecus, oris, n., cattle, flock, herd.

pedes, itis [pēs], m., a foot-soldier; collectively, foot-soldiers, infantry.

pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus, to drive out or away, expel; defeat, rout.

ad—(1) appellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive towards, steer for, direct.

ad—(2) appellō, āre, āvī, ātus, to call (by name), address; appeal to, call upon; name, term, mention.

con—(1) compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive together; force, compel.

con—(2) compellō, āre, āvī, ātus, to address.

dē—dēpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive out or away, expel, dislodge.

ex—expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive out, expel, banish.

per—perpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive, force, induce.

prō—prōpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive forward or away; incite.

re—repellō, ere, reppulī, repulsus, to drive back, shake off, repulse, reject.

pendeō, ēre, pependī, —, to hang, be suspended; hang one’s self.

pendō, ere, pependī, pēnsus, to weigh, pay.

ex—expendō, ere, ī, pēnsus, to weigh or pay out.

re—rependō, ere, ī, pēnsus, to pay for, purchase; used esp. of buying a thing with its weight in money.

penitus, adv., inwardly, within; deeply, completely.

per, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, through, across, over, throughout; (2) of time, through, during; (3) of means or agency, by means of, by the agency of, through; (4) often in adv. phrases, per iocum, jokingly, per ōtium, quietly, per intervālla, at intervals; in composition, thoroughly, very.

peragō, see agō.

peragrō, āre, āvī, ātus [per + ager], to wander through, roam over, traverse, scour.

peramoenus [per + amoenus, lovely], adj., very lovely, charming.

percellō, ere, culī, culsus, to smite, strike; overturn, upset; dishearten, discourage.

percieō, ciēre, cīvī, citus [per + cieō, to stir up], to arouse thoroughly, excite.

percitus, see percieō.

percontor, ārī, ātus sum, to ask, question.

percussor, ōris [percutiō], m., murderer, assassin.

percutiō, see quatiō.

perdō, see dō.

perdūcō, see dūcō.

peregrīnus [per + ager], adj., from foreign parts, foreign.

perendiē, adv., on the day after tomorrow.

perennis, e [per + annus], adj., perennial; perpetual, never-failing.

pereō, see (1) eō.

perferō, see ferō.

perficiō, see faciō.

perfidia, ae [perfidus], f., treachery.

perfidus, adj., faithless, treacherous.

perforō, āre, āvī, ātus [per + forō, to bore], to bore through, pierce.

perfruor, see fruor.

perfuga, ae [perfugiō], m., a fugitive, deserter, refugee.

perfugiō, see fugiō.

pergō, see regō.

perīclitor, āri, ātus sum [perīculum], to try, test; intrans., to be in danger, incur risk.

perīculōsus [perīculum], adj., perilous, dangerous.

perīculum, ī, n., trial; danger, peril.

perītus, adj., experienced, skilled, expert. As noun, perītus, ī, m., an expert.

perliciō, see *laciō.

permittō, see mittō.

permoveō, see moveō.

permultus [per + multus], adj., very much, very many. As noun, permultum, ī, n., a great deal; permultī, ōrum, pl. m., very many (persons).

permūtō, see mūtō.

perniciēs, ēī, f., destruction, ruin, overthrow.

perniciōsus [perniciēs], adj., dangerous, destructive.

perōrō, see ōrō.

perpellō, see pellō.

perpetuō [abl. of perpetuus], adv., continually, forever.

perpetuus, adj., continuous, uninterrupted; in perpetuum, forever.

perrumpō, see rumpō.

persaepe [per + saepe], adv., very often.

perscrībō, see scrībō.

persequor, see sequor.

perstringō, see stringō.

persuādeō, see suādeō.

pertaesus [orig. part. of pertaedet, it wearies, disgusts], adj., disgusted with, sick of.

pertināciter [pertināx, persistent], adv., persistently, stubbornly.

pertineō, see teneō.

pertrahō, see trahō.

perturbō, āre, āvī, ātus [per + turbō, to disturb], to confuse, disturb, upset.

perveniō, see veniō.

pēs, pedis, m., the foot; a foot (in measurements).

pessimus, see malus.

pēstifer, fera, ferum [pēstis + ferō], adj., baneful, destructive.

pēstilēns, entis [pēstis], adj., baneful.

pēstilentia, ae [pēstilēns], f., pest, plague, disease.

pēstis, is, f., plague, pest; curse, bane.

petītiō, ōnis [petō], f., candidacy.

petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus, to strive for, seek; beg, ask, request; assail, attack; intrans., to be a candidate.

ex—expetō, ere, īvī, ītus, to seek, desire, crave.

re—repetō, ere, īvī, ītus, to seek again, try to get back, demand back.

phalerae, ārum, pl. f., a metal breastplate (esp. for horses), trappings.

Pharnacēs, is, m., a son of Mithridates.

Pharsālicus, adj., of or at Pharsalus.

Pharsālus, ī, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C.

Philippī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C. 42.

philosophia, ae, f., philosophy.

philosophus, ī, m., a philosopher.

Philus, ī, m., see Fūrius.

pietās, ātis [pius, dutiful], f., conscientiousness, dutiful conduct, devotion, piety; filial affection, loyalty.

piget, ēre, uit and itum est, impers., it pains, grieves, disgusts.

pīgnus, oris, n., pledge, security; assurance, proof.

pilleus, ī, m., a (close-fitting) cap.

pinguis, e, adj., fat, sleek.

pīrāta, ae, m., a sea-robber, pirate.

pīrāticus [pīrāta], adj., of or with (against) the pirates.

piscīna, ae [piscis], f., a fish-pond.

piscis, is, m., a fish.

Pīsō, ōnis, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.

1. Cn. (Calpurnius) Pīsō, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of excessive rigor and severity.

2. L. Calpurnius Pīsō Frūgī, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of C. Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called Annālēs.

Placentia, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.

placeō, ēre, uī, —, to please, be agreeable to; seem best to; impers., placet, uit or placitum est, with dat., to be resolved by.

dis—displiceō, ēre, uī, —, to displease.

placidē [placidus, calm], adv., calmly, quietly.

plācō, āre, āvī, ātus, to soothe, appease; conciliate, reconcile.

plāga, ae, f., a stroke, blow.

Plancus, ī, m., C. Plōtius Plancus, proscribed by the Second Triumvirate.

plaustrum, ī, n., a wagon, cart.

plausus, ūs [plaudō, to clap the hands] m., applause, acclamations.

plēbēius [plēbs], adj., plebeian. As noun, plēbēī, ōrum, pl. m., the plebeians. See plēbs.

plēbs, plēbis, f., the common people, rabble; the plebeians, or the population that grew up round the patricians (see patricius) from such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation of slaves.

plectō, ere, —, —, to beat, punish (usually in pass.).

plēnus [cf. *pleō], adj., full, full of.

*pleō, plēre, plēvī, plētus, to fill.

com—compleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to fill (to the brim): complete.

ex—expleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to fill up, fill.

in—impleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to fill up.

ob—oppleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to fill; cover.

re—repleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to fill again, refill, fill up.

plērīque, aeque, aque, adj., very many, most.

Plīnius, ī, m., C. Plīnius Secundus, commonly known as Pliny the Elder, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called Historia Nātūrālis.

Plōtius, ī, m., see Plancus.

plumbeus [plumbum], adj., leaden.

plumbum, ī, n., lead.

plūrimus, see multus.

plūs, plūris, adj., see multus.

poena, ae, f., compensation, punishment, penalty.

Poenī, ōrum, pl. m., the Phoenicians, Carthaginians (see Carthāgō).

poēta, ae, m., a poet.

Pōlliō, ōnis, m., Vedius Pōlliō, punished by Augustus for cruelty to a slave.

Pompēiānus, adj., Pompey’s, Pompeian.

Pompēius, ī, m., Cn. Pompēius, surnamed Māgnus; born B.C. 106, he was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus in Thessaly, and soon after murdered.

Pompilius, ī, m., Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome.

Pompōnius, ī, m., M. Pompōnius, tribune of the people in 362 B.C.

Pomptīnus, adj., Pomptine; palūdēs Pomptīnae, the Pomptine Marshes in Latium, southeast of Rome.

pondus, eris [pendō,], n., weight.

pōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put down, place, set, deposit; serve (at meals); spend; set up, build; castra pōnere, to pitch a camp; rudīmentum pōnere, to lay aside (i.e. get through) the first steps, to learn.

ad—appōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to set before, serve (at table).

con—compōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to arrange, settle; conclude, finish.

dē—dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to lay down or aside, put down; stop; arrange, establish.

dis—dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to arrange, array, dispose.

ex—expōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to set or put forth; land, disembark; expose, abandon; relate, explain.

in—impōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to place or put upon or in; lēgēs impōnere, to dictate terms.

ob—oppōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put in the way, set against, oppose.

prae—praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to set over, put in charge of.

prō—prōpōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put or set forth; expose to view, submit; propose, offer; resolve, determine.

re—repōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put back, replace, restore.

pōns, pontis, m., a bridge.

ponticulus, ī [dim. of pōns], m., a little bridge.

Ponticus, adj., pertaining to Pontus, Pontic.

Pontus, ī, m., Pontus, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea.

populāris, is [populus], m., a fellow-countryman.

populor, ārī, ātus sum, to lay waste, ravage, plunder.

populus, ī, m., a people, nation; collectively, the people, the citizens.

Porcia, ae, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see Catō), and wife of M. Brutus.

porrigō, see regō.

Porsena, ae, m., Porsena, a king of Clusium in Etruria.

porta, ae, f., a city gate, gate.

portendō, see tendō.

porticus, ūs [porta], f., a colonnade, arcade, portico.

portō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bear, carry, bring.

re—reportō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bring back; carry off or away.

portōrium, ī [portus], n., a tax, duty, tariff.

portus, ūs, m., a harbor, haven.

pōscō, ere, popōscī, —, to ask, demand.

dē—dēpōscō, ere, popōscī, —, to demand urgently, claim.

ex—expōscō, ere, popōscī, —, to demand, claim.

re—repōscō, ere, —, —, to demand (back), claim.

Posīdōnius, ī, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and Pompey.

possum, posse, potuī, — [potis, able + sum], to be able, can; have influence, be strong.

post, (1) adv., after, later, afterwards; (2) prep, with acc., after, behind.

posteā [post + is], adv., afterwards.

posterus [post], adj., following, next; comp. posterior, us, gen. ōris, later; sup. postrēmus, last, lowest; in posterum, for the future; ad postrēmum, finally; postrēmō, at last, finally. As noun, posterī, ōrum, pl. m., descendants, posterity.

posthabeō, see habeō.

posthāc [post + hīc], adv., hereafter, thereafter, in the future.

postīcum, ī [postīcus, in the rear], n., a back door.

postis, is, m., a door-post, post.

postquam or post . . . quam [post + quam], conj., after, when.

postrēmō, see posterus.

postrēmus, see posterus.

postrīdiē [posterus + diēs], adv., on the following day, next day.

pōstulātum, ī [pōstulō], n., a demand, request.

pōstulō, āre, āvī, ātus, to request, demand.

potēns, entis [orig. part. of possum], adj., able, mighty, influential.

potentātus, ūs [potēns], m., power, authority, dominion.

potentia, ae [potēns], f., power, might.

potestās, ātis [potis, able], f., might, power (esp. that of a magistrate); dominion, rule; opportunity.

potior, īrī, ītus sum, to become master of, obtain, acquire, get.

prae, prep, with abl., before, in front of; in comparison with; in composition, before, very.

praeacūtus [prae + acūtus, sharp], adj., sharp at the end, pointed.

praebeō, see habeō.

praecēdō, see cēdō.

praeceptor, ōris [praecipiō], m., teacher.

praeceptum, ī [praecipiō], n., teaching, maxim, rule; command, order.

praecīdō, see caedō.

praecinō, see canō.

praecipiō, see capiō.

praecipuē [praecipuus, special], adv., chiefly, principally, especially.

praeclārē [praeclārus], adv., gloriously, excellently.

praeclārus [prae + clārus], adj., very bright or brilliant, excellent, distinguished.

praecō, ōnis, m., a crier, herald.

praeda, ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder.

praedicātiō, ōnis [praedicō], f., a public proclamation, statement.

praedicō, see dicō.

praedīcō, see dīcō.

praedō, ōnis [praeda], m., one that makes (gains) booty, robber.

praefectus, ī [praeficiō, to place in command], m., a leader, commander.

praeferō, see ferō.

praeferōx, ōcis [prae + ferōx], adj., insolent, full of confidence.

praefor, fārī, fātus sum [prae + for, to speak], to say by way of preface.

praelūceō, ēre, lūxī, — [prae + lūceō, to shine], to shine before, light the way before.

praemium, ī [prae + emō], n., reward, prize.

praepōnō, see pōnō.

praeripiō, see rapiō.

praesēns, entis [orig. part. of praesum], adj., present, at hand; face to face.

praesidium, ī [praesideō, to defend], n., help, aid, defense; defensive force, garrison; fort, post, station.

praestō, see stō.

praesum, see sum.

praeter, prep, with acc., past, beyond; contrary to, against; besides, except; in composition, past, beyond.

praetereā [praeter + is], adv., in addition to this, besides, moreover.

praetereō, see (1) eō.

praeteritus [orig. part. of praetereō], adj., past.

praetextus [orig. part. of praetexō, to edge, border], adj., bordered, edged. As noun, praetexta, ae (sc. toga), f., the toga praetexta, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they became of age and assumed the toga virīlis, which was wholly white.

praetor, ōris [orig. praeitor, from prae + (1) eō], m., a leader, commander; among the Romans, a praetor or magistrate, whose especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla’s time eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of prōpraetor.

praetōrius [praetor], adj., of or belonging to the general, the general’s; praetorian. As noun, praetōrius, ī, m., a man of praetorian rank, an ex-praetor.

praeveniō, see veniō.

prandium, ī, n., lunch.

prātum, ī, n., a field, meadow.

prāvus, adj., crooked, wrong; perverse, wicked.

precor, ārī, ātus sum [prex], to ask, beg, beseech.

dē—dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum, to plead against, plead, avert by prayer; decline.

prehendō, ere, ī, prehēnsus, to grasp, seize, catch.

ad—apprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to lay hold of, seize, grasp.

con—comprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to seize, catch, arrest; understand.

dē—dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to seize, catch; surprise, detect, discover.

re—reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to hold back, check; blame, criticise, reprove.

premō, ere, pressī, pressus, to press; press hard, crush.

con—comprimō, ere, pressī, pressus, to restrain, check, crush.

ex—exprimō, ere, pressī, pressus, to press or force out; utter, express.

ob—opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus, to crush utterly, overpower, overwhelm, master.

re—reprimō, ere, pressī, pressus, to press or keep back, check, restrain.

pretiōsus [pretium], adj., of great value, costly, precious.

pretium, ī, n., money value, price; money; recompense, reward; operae pretium est, it is worth while.

prex, precis, f., a prayer, entreaty (chiefly in pl.).

prīdem, adv., long since, long ago.

prīdiē [pri(or) + diē], adv., the day before.

prīmō, see prior.

prīmōrēs, um [prīmus], pl. m., first men, chiefs, nobles.

prīmum, see prior.

prīmus, see prior.

prīnceps, ipis [prīmus + capiō], adj., first, foremost. As noun, m., leading man, chief, leader.

prīncipium, ī [prīnceps], n., beginning.

prior, us, gen. priōris, comp. adj., foremost, first, prior; sup. prīmus, first, foremost; prīmō, prīmum, at first, first.

Prīscus, ī, m., cognomen of Tarquinius Prīscus, the fifth king of Rome.

prius [neuter of prior], adv., before, sooner, previously, first of all.

priusquam or prius . . . quam [prius + quam], conj., earlier than, before.

prīvātim [prīvātus], adv., individually; by one’s self, privately.

prīvātus [prīvō], adj., personal, private, individual. As noun, prīvātus, ī, m., a man in private life, a private citizen.

prīvō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bereave, deprive, rob.

prō, prep. with abl., in front of, before; in behalf of, for; instead of; in comparison with, in accordance with; in composition, forth, for.

prō, interj., O! ah! alas! Heavens!

proavus, ī [prō + avus], m., great-grandfather.

probō, āre, āvī, ātus [probus, good], to test (and find good), approve, commend; show, prove.

ad—approbō, āre, āvī, ātus, to approve fully, favor; show, demonstrate.

con—comprobō, āre, āvī, ātus, to approve, sanction; confirm.

Proca, ae, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius.

prōcēdō, see cēdō.

procella, ae, f., a strong wind; storm.

prōcēritās, ātis [prōcērus, tall], f., height, tallness.

prōclāmō, see clāmō.

prōcōnsul, is [prō, in place of + cōnsul], m., a proconsul, governor of a province. See cōnsul (end).

procul, adv., in the distance, afar; with abl., far from.

Proculus, ī, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to him after his death.

prōcumbō, see *cumbō.

prōcūrō, see cūrō.

prōdigium, ī, n., an omen, portent; strange being, prodigy, monster.

prōditiō, ōnis [prōdō], f., treason.

prōditor, ōris [prōdō], m., a traitor.

prōdō, see dō.

proelior, ārī, ātus sum [proelium], to fight, wage war.

proelium, ī, n., a battle, combat.

profectō [prō + factum], adv., indeed, in truth, certainly, to be sure.

prōferō, see ferō.

proficīscor, ī, profectus sum, to set out, proceed; depart.

profiteor, see fateor.

prōflīgō, see *flīgō.

profugiō, see fugiō.

profugus, ī [profugiō], m., a fugitive, exile.

profundō, see fundō.

profūsus [orig. part. of profundō], adj., lavish, extravagant, profuse.

prōgredior, see gradior.

prohibeō, see habeō.

prōiciō, see iaciō.

proinde [prō + inde], adv., hence, therefore.

prōlābor, see lābor.

prōmineō, ēre, uī, —, to project, extend, lean out.

prōmissus [orig. part. of prōmittō], adj., hanging down, long, flowing.

prōmissum, ī [prōmittō], n., a promise.

prōmittō, see mittō.

prōmoveō, see moveō.

prōmptē [prōmptus], adv., quickly, readily.

prōmptus [prōmō, to put forth], adj., visible, at hand; ready, alert, prompt.

pronepōs, ōtis [prō + nepōs], m., great-grandson.

prōnūntiō, see nūntiō.

propāgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to propagate, increase, prolong.

prope, adv., near by; nearly, almost (esp. with numbers): comp. propius; sup. proximē, nearest, next.

prōpellō, see pellō.

properō, āre, āvī, ātum [properus, quick], to speed, hasten.

propinquus [prope], adj., neighboring, near; as noun, a relative.

propior [prope], comp. adj., nearer; sup. proximus, nearest, next; latest, last; next, following; in proximō, near by. As noun, proximī, ōrum, pl. m., bystanders.

prōpōnō, see pōnō.

prōpositum, ī [prōpōnō], n., plan, purpose.

propriē [proprius], adv., peculiarly, especially.

proprius, adj., own, one’s own; with gen. or dat., peculiar to, characteristic of.

propter, prep. with acc., on account of.

prōripiō, see rapiō.

prōrogō, see rogō.

prōscrībō, see scrībō.

prōscrīptiō, ōnis [prōscrībō], f., a notice of sale; proscription, confiscation.

prōsequor, see sequor.

prōsiliō, see saliō.

prōspectus, ūs [prōspiciō, to look forward], m., view, prospect.

prōsperē [prōsperus], adv., propitiously, successfully.

prōsperus [prō + spēs], adj., according to one’s hopes, favorable.

prōsternō, see sternō.

prōsum, see sum.

prōtendō, see tendō.

prōtinus, adv., right on, continuously; at once, immediately.

prōvehō, see vehō.

prōvincia, ae, f., a province (i.e. a territory outside of Italy under Roman government); sphere of operations.

prōvocō, see vocō.

proximē, see prope.

proximus, see propior.

prūdēns, entis [orig. prōvidēns, part. of prōvideō, to see ahead], adj., fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent.

prūdentia, ae [prūdēns], f., foresight, practical wisdom, good sense.

psittacus, ī, m., a parrot.

Ptolemaeus, ī, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great.

pūblicē [pūblicus], adv., in the name of (by order of) the state, publicly, officially.

pūblicō, āre, āvī, ātus [pūblicus], to open to the public, make public.

pūblicus [orig. populicus: cf. populus], adj., belonging to the people (state), public; official. As noun, pūblicum, ī, n., the state treasury.

Pūblius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

pudor, ōris, m., modesty, shame, hesitancy.

puella, ae [dim. of puer], f., a girl.

puer, puerī, m., a child; boy; slave.

puerīlis, e [puer], adj., boyish, youthful.

pueritia, ae [puer], f., childhood; boyhood, youth (extending usually to the 17th year).

pugiō, ōnis, m., a dagger, dirk.

pūgna, ae, f., a combat, fight, battle.

pūgnāx, ācis [pūgna], adj., fond of fighting, combative.

pūgnō, āre, āvī, ātum, to fight; oppose, resist.

ex—expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to take by storm, capture; overpower, prevail upon.

in—impūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to fight against, oppose, attack.

ob—oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to fight against, assault, besiege.

re—repūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to fight back, oppose, resist.

pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beautiful; excellent, illustrious.

Pulcher, chrī, m., P. Claudius, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul 249 B.C.

pullārius, ī [pullus], m., keeper of the sacred chickens.

pullus, ī, m., a young animal; chicken.

pulvis, eris, m., dust.

pungō, ere, pupugī, punctus, to strike, prick, puncture; sting, torment.

Pūnicus, adj., Phoenician, Punic; Carthaginian (see Carthāgō).

pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus [poena], to punish.

pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus [pūrus, clean + agō], to make clean; clear away, excuse.

putō, āre, āvī, ātus, to cleanse (vines by cutting); consider, think, suppose.

am—amputō, āre, āvī, ātus, to cut all round, cut away, lop off.

con—computō, āre, āvī, ātus, to sum up, reckon, compute.

dis—disputō, āre, āvī, ātus, to weigh, examine; discuss; argue.

re—reputō, āre, āvī, ātus, to think over, reflect on, reflect.

Pȳrēnaeus, ī (sc. mōns), m., the Pyrenees.

Pyrrhus, ī, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum, and invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C.

Q

Q., abbreviation of the name Quīntus.

quadrāgēsimus [quadrāgintā], num. adj., fortieth.

quadrāgintā, indecl. num. adj., forty.

quadrīgae, ārum, pl. f., a four-horse team.

quadringentī, ae, a [quattuor + centum], num. adj., four hundred.

quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, to seek; ask; get, gain.

ad—adquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus, to acquire, get, gain.

con—conquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus, to seek or search fo; hunt up.

re—requīrō, ere, quīsīvī (iī), quīsītus, to seek or search for.

quaesō, ere, īvī, —, to seek; beg, pray.

quaestor, ōris [orig. quaesītor; cf. quaerō, quaesō], m., quaestor, quartermaster, a name given to certain magistrates who had the care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces.

quaestūra, ae [quaestor], f., the quaestorship.

quālis, e, adj., (1) interrog., of what kind? what sort of? (2) rel., of such a kind, such as, as.

quāliscumque, quālecumque, adj., of whatsoever kind, of any kind.

quam [(1) quis], adv., how, how much; after a comp., than; with a sup., as possible; quam prīmum, as soon as possible; quamdiū, as long as; tam . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also.

quamquam, conj., although, even if.

quamvīs [quam + vīs, from volō], adv. and conj., howevermuch, although.

quandōquidem [quandō, since + quidem], conj., since indeed.

quantus [quam], adj., (1) interr., how great? how much? (2) rel., correl. to tantus, as great as, as.

quantum, adv., how much? how far?

quāpropter [(1) quis + propter], adv.; (1) interr., why? wherefore? (2) rel., for which reason, wherefore.

quāre [quā + rē], adv., (1) interr., why? (2) rel., for which reason, wherefore, therefore.

quārtāna, ae [quārtus], f. (sc. febris, fever), a fever or ague recurring every fourth day.

quārtus [quattuor], num. adj., fourth.

quasī, adv. and conj., as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly; on the ground that.

quater, adv., four times.

quatiō, ere, —, quassus, to shake, strike.

dē—dēcutiō, ere, cussī, cussus, to shake off or down, strike off.

ex—excutiō, ere, cussī, cussus, to shake off, fling off.

per—percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus, to strike through, pierce; smite, strike; kill, slay; overwhelm, shock.

quattuor, indecl. num. adj., four.

que, conj., enclitic, and, and yet, but.

queror, ī, questus sum, to complain.

con—conqueror, ī, questus sum, to complain bitterly, lament, deplore.

questus, ūs [queror], m., complaint, lament.

(1) quī, quae, quod, interr. pron., used adjectively, which? what? what kind of? See (1) quis.

(2) quī, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, what, that; whoever, whatever.

(3) quī, quae, or qua, quod, indef. pron., used adjectively, any, some.

(4) quī [old abl. of (1) quī], adv., how?

quia, conj., because, since.

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever, whichever, whatever.

quīdam, quaedam, quiddam, and as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a certain one, somebody; a certain.

quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, to be sure; nē . . . quidem, not even, not at all.

quiēs, ētis, f., rest, sleep, quiet, respite.

quiētus [orig. part, of quiēscō, to be at rest], quiet, peaceful.

quīn [(4) quī + nē], conj., how not? why not; that, that not, but that; quīn et or etiam, nay more.

Quīntilius, ī, m., gentile name of P. Quīntilius Vārus, an officer of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans, B.C. 9.

Quīntīlis, is [Quīntus], m. (sc. mēnsis), July, the fifth month (counting from March. See December).

quīndecemvir, ī [quīndecem, fifteen + vir], m., a member of a board of fifteen men.

quīngentī, ae, a [quīnque + centum], num. adj., five hundred.

quīnquāgintā, indecl. num. adj., fifty.

quīnque, indecl. num. adj., five.

quīnquennium, ī [quīnque + annus], n., a period of five years.

quīnquiēs [quīnque], adv., five times.

quīntus [quīnque], num. adj., fifth.

Quīntus, ī, m., a praenomen.

quīppe, adv., indeed, as you see, surely.

Quirīnālis, is (sc. collis), m., the Quirinal, one of the hills of Rome.

Quirīnus, ī, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and deification.

Quirītēs, ium [Curēs], pl. m., orig. the people of Cures; later, the name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence: citizens, Romans. See Rōmānī.

(1) quis, quid, interr. pron. used substantively, who? which? what? See (1) quī.

(2) quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used substantively, some one, any one; something, anything. See (3) quī.

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam [(1) quis + nam], interr. pron., who or what in the world? who? which? what?

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam and quidpiam, indef. pron., some, any, some one.

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron., adj. or noun, any one, anything, any.

quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. pron., noun or adj., each, every, each one, every one.

quisquis, quicquid, indef. pron., whoever, whatever, every one who, everything which.

quō [quī], adv. and conj. As adv., (1) interr., whither? (2) rel., whither; as conj., in order that, that, that thereby.

quōcumque, adv., whithersoever.

quod, conj., because, that, in that; as to the fact that, so far as; quod sī, but if.

quōmodo [(1) quī + modus], adv., (1) interr., how? (2) rel., in the manner that, as.

quondam, adv., once, formerly.

quoniam [quom (= cum, since) + iam], conj., since, because, seeing that.

quoque, conj., also, too (placed after the word it emphasizes).

quōrsum or quōrsus [orig. quōversus; quō + vertō], adv., whither?

quotannīs [quot + annus], adv., each year, yearly.

quoūsque [quō + ūsque, until], adv., (1) interr., until what time? (2) rel., until.

R

radius, ī, m., a staff, rod; beam, ray.

radīx, īcis, f., a root; foot, base.

rapīna, ae [rapiō], f., robbery, pillage.

rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus, to seize and carry off, drag off; plunder, destroy; hasten, hurry.

ab—abripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to take away forcibly, drag off.

ad—adripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to snatch quickly, seize.

con—corripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to seize, catch up; morbō corripī, to fall sick.

dis—dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to tear apart; ravage, plunder.

prae—praeripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to snatch away, carry off or away.

prō—prōripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to fling forth; with sē, rush.

rārō [rārus], adv., seldom, rarely.

rārus, adj., thin; scattered, rare.

ratiō, ōnis [reor], f., reckoning, calculation, account; method, plan.

ratis, is, f., a raft, boat, vessel.

re or red, insep. prefix, again, back.

rebellō, see bellō.

recēdō, see cēdō.

receptus, ūs [recipiō], m., a retreat.

recessus, ūs [recēdō], m., nook, corner.

recidō, see cadō.

reciperō, āre, āvī, ātus, to regain, recover.

recipiō, see capiō.

reconciliō, see conciliō.

recreō, see creō.

rēctē [rēctus (part. of regō), straight, right], adv., rightly, duly, well.

recubō, see cubō.

recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + causa], to decline, refuse.

reddō, see dō.

redeō, see (1) eō.

redigō, see agō.

redimō, see emō.

redintegrō, āre, āvī, ātus [red + integer], to make whole again, renew.

reditus, ūs [redeō], m., a going (or coming) back, return.

redūcō, see dūcō.

refellō, ere, ī, — [re + fallō, to deceive], to prove false, refute, disprove.

referō, see ferō.

refoveō, see foveō.

refringō, see frangō.

refugiō, see fugiō.

rēgālis, e [rēx], adj., kinglike, royal.

rēgia, ae [rēgius], f. (sc. domus), a palace.

rēgīna, ae [rēx], f., a queen.

regiō, ōnis [regō], f., district, region.

rēgius [rēx], adj., kingly, royal, king’s.

rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus [rēgnum], to be king; rule, govern.

rēgnum, ī [rēx], n., kingly government, sovereignty, sway; a kingdom.

regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule.

con—corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to straighten, correct, improve.

dis—dīrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to guide, steer, direct.

ex—ērigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to raise or lift up; stir up, arouse.

per—pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus, to go straight on, proceed, hasten; with acc., pursue with vigor, perform; partēs pergere, to play the rōle.

por (= prō)—porrigō, ere, porrēxī, porrēctus, to spread or stretch out; hold forth, offer, present.

regredior, see gradior.

Rēgulus, ī, m., M. Atīlius, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255.

rēiciō, see iaciō.

relābor, see lābor.

relēgō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + lēgō, to send], to send out of the way, remove.

religiō, ōnis, f., sense of duty; religion, devotion to the gods; scruple.

religiōsus [religiō], adj., careful, scrupulous; sacred, holy.

religō, see ligō.

relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus [re + linquō, to leave], to leave behind, leave; bequeath; appoint by will.

reliquiae, ārum [relinquō], pl. f., remainder, remnant, residue.

reliquus [cf. relinquō], adj., remaining, rest.

remaneō, see maneō.

remedium, ī [re + medeor, to cure], n., a cure, remedy.

remigrō, see migrō.

remittō, see mittō.

remūneror, ārī, ātus sum [re + mūnerō, to reward], to reward, repay.

Remus, ī, m., the brother of Romulus.

renovō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + novus], to renew, restore, revive.

renūntiō, see nūntiō.

renuō, see *nuō.

reor, rērī, ratus sum, to reckon; think, suppose; ratus, thinking.

repellō, see pellō.

rependō, see pendō.

repente [repēns, sudden], adv., suddenly, unexpectedly.

repentīnus [repēns, sudden], adj., sudden, unexpected.

reperiō, see pariō.

repetō, see petō.

repleō, see *pleō.

repōnō, see pōnō.

reportō, see portō.

repōscō, see pōscō.

reprehendō, see prehendō.

reprimō, see premō.

reprōmittō, see mittō.

repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus, to cast off, divorce; reject, scorn.

repūgnō, see pūgnō.

repulsa, ae [repellō], f., rejection, repulse; a defeat at the polls.

reputō, see putō.

requīrō, see quaerō.

rēs, reī, f., thing, matter; affair, deed, exploit, event; circumstance; a story; property, fortune; trouble; rēs familiāris, private property; rēs pūblica, the commonwealth, state; rēs gestae, exploits; rēs repetundae, extortion; rē vērā, in reality, in truth.

resecō, see secō.

reserō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + sērō, to bolt], to unlock, open.

resīdō, see sīdō.

resistō, see sistō.

resolvō, see solvō.

respergō, ere, spersī, spersus [re + spargō, to strew, sprinkle], to besprinkle, bespatter.

respiciō, see *speciō.

respīrō, see spīrō.

respondeō, see spondeō.

respōnsum, ī [respondeō], n., answer, reply, esp. of an oracle; warning.

rēs pūblica, see rēs.

restinguō, see stinguō.

restituō, see statuō.

retineō, see teneō.

retrahō, see trahō.

reus, ī, m., defendant, accused person, prisoner.

revertor, see vertō.

revīvīscō, ere, —, — [re + vīvēscō, inceptive of vīvō], to come to life again.

revocō, see vocō,

rēx, rēgis [cf. regō], m., king, monarch.

Rhēa, ae, f., Rhēa, also called Rhēa Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus.

Rhēnus, ī, m., the river Rhine.

rhētor, oris, m., a teacher of oratory, rhetorician; orator.

Rhodus, ī, f., Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor, famous for its schools of rhetoric (see Apollōnius), its colossal statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.

rīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus, to smile, laugh; laugh at, mock.

dē—dērīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus, to laugh at, mock, deride.

in—inrīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus, to jeer at, mock, ridicule.

rigō, āre, āvī, ātus, to wet, moisten.

rigor, ōris, m., severity, rigor.

rīpa, ae, f., a bank (of a river).

rīsus, ūs [rīdeō], m., laughter.

rītē [cf. rītus], adv., with due ceremonies, duly, fitly, properly.

rītus, ūs, m., religious ceremony, rite.

rixa, ae, f., a quarrel (of blows), brawl.

rōbur, oris, n., hard wood, oak; strength, vigor, power.

rogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to ask, inquire; request, implore.

ab—abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to repeal, annul.

inter—interrogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to ask, question.

prō—prōrogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to prolong, extend.

Rōma, ae, f., Rome.

Rōmānus, adj., Roman; as noun, Rōmānus, ī, m., a Roman; Rōmānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Romans, the name given to the Romans in their military capacity.

Rōmulus, ī, m., Romulus, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea and Mars.

Rōscius, ī, m., Sextus Rōscius, defended by Cicero on a capital charge.

rōstrum, ī [rōdō, to gnaw], n., the beak or ram of a ship; pl., the Rostra, or speaker’s platform in the Forum (adorned with beaks of captured ships).

Rubicō, ōnis, m., the Rubicon, a river in the northeastern part of Italy.

rudīmentum, ī [rudis], n., first attempt, beginning. See pōnō.

rudis, e, adj., uncouth, unpolished; ignorant, rude.

ruīna, ae [ruō], f., downfall, ruin, destruction; pl., a fallen building, ruins.

rūmor, ōris, m., a story, report, rumor.

rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to break, destroy.

con—corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to destroy; seduce, bribe, corrupt.

ex—ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum, to break forth or out, burst forth.

per—perrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to break through, force a way through, get across.

ruō, ere, ī, tus, to fall; rush, hasten; with acc., to cause to fall, overthrow.

con—corruō, ere, ī, —, to fall (in battle).

dis—dīruō, ere, ī, tus, to tear apart, overthrow, destroy.

ex—ēruō, ere, ī, tus, to cast out; dig up, destroy utterly.

in—inruō, ēre, ī, —, to rush in, make an attack.

ob—obruō, ere, ī, tus, to overwhelm, hide, bury.

rūpēs, is [rumpō], f., a rock, cliff.

rūrsus or rūrsum [orig. revorsus; cf. revertō], adv., back; again.

rūs, rūris, n., the country; pl., the fields; rūrī, in the country.

rūsticor, āri, ātus sum [rūs], to live in the country; take a vacation.

rūsticus [rūs], adj., rural, rustic.

S

Sabīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Sabines, a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the north.

sacer, cra, crum, adj., holy, sacred; as noun, sacrum, ī, n., a holy thing, sacred vessel; pl., religious rites, sacrifices.

sacerdōs, ōtis [sacer], m. and f., priest, priestess.

sacrārium, ī [sacer], n., sanctuary, shrine.

sacrificium, ī [sacer + faciō], n., a sacrifice.

sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to set apart; bless; curse.

con—cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to dedicate, consecrate, devote.

ex—exsecror, ārī, ātus sum, to curse, abhor.

saeculum, ī, n., a race; generation, age, time.

saepe, adv., frequently, often.

saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītum [saevus], to be fierce or cruel, rage; saevīre in aliquem, to treat any one cruelly.

saevitia, ae [saevus], f., fury, cruelty.

saevus, adj., raging, fierce, cruel.

sagīnō, āre, āvī, ātus [sagīna, stuffing], to fatten.

sagulum, ī, n., a short military cloak.

Saguntus, ī, f., and Saguntum, ī, n., Saguntum, a town on the east coast of Spain.

Salernitānus, adj., of or near Salernum (modern Salerno), a town in Campania.

Saliī, ōrum [saliō], pl. m., the Salii or Leapers, the dancing priests of Mars.

Salīnātor, ōris, m., see Līvius.

saliō, īre, uī, tus, to leap.

dē—dēsiliō, īre, uī, sultum, to leap down.

in—īnsiliō, īre, uī, —, to leap up or on, mount.

prō—prōsiliō, īre, uī, —, to leap or spring forward.

trāns—trānsiliō, īre, uī, —, to leap across, jump over.

saltem, adv., at least, at all events.

saltō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of saliō], to dance, leap.

ex—exsultō, āre, āvī, —, to leap, dance (esp. with joy), exult, rejoice.

saltus, ūs [saliō], m., a leap, bound; leaping, jumping.

saltus, ūs, m., a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass.

salūbris, e [salūs], adj., health-giving, wholesome, healthy; beneficial.

salūs, ūtis, f., health, vigor; safety.

salūtātiō, ōnis [salūtō], f., greeting, salutation.

salūtātor, ōris [salūtō], m., saluter, visitor.

salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus [salūs], to wish one health, greet, salute, visit.

con—cōnsalūtō, āre, āvī, ātus, to greet or salute warmly.

salveō, ēre, —, — [salvus], to be well; imperative, salvē, salvēte, hail! greetings!

salvus, adj., well, sound, safe.

sambūceus [sambūcus, an elder-tree], adj., of elder, elder.

Samnītēs, ium, pl. m., the Samnites, a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.

sānē [sānus, sound], adv., indeed, truly, by all means; certainly.

sanguinolentus [sanguis], adj., bloody.

sanguis, inis, m., blood.

sapiō, ere, īvī, —, to taste; to have taste or understanding; be wise.

dē—dēsipiō, ere, —, —, to be foolish or crazy.

sapiēns, entis [orig. part. of sapiō], adj., wise, sensible, discreet.

sapientia, ae [sapiēns], f., wisdom.

Sardinia, ae, f., an island between Italy and Spain.

sarmentum, ī [sarpō, to prune], n., a twig; pl., brushwood, fagots.

satis, adv., enough; tolerably, quite; as noun, n., enough, sufficiency.

satisfaciō, ere, fēcī, factum [satis + faciō], to satisfy, make reparation.

saucius, adj., wounded, hurt.

saxum, ī, n., a stone, rock, boulder.

scamnum, ī, n., a bench, stool.

scandō, ere, —, —, to climb, mount.

ad—āscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to climb up, mount, ascend.

con—cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to mount, ascend; go on board.

dē—dēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsum, to climb or come down, descend; dismount.

ex—ēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to mount, ascend.

trāns—trānscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to climb or pass over, cross.

scapha, ae, f., a light boat, skiff.

scelerātus [scelus], adj., wicked, impious, accursed.

scelestē [scelestus, impious], adv., wickedly, impiously.

scelus, eris, n., wicked deed, sin, crime.

schola, ae, f., leisure, leisure for learning; place of learning, school.

scīlicet [scīre + licet], adv., plainly, of course, doubtless.

scindō, ere, scidī, scissus, to cut, tear, rend, split.

ab—abscindō, ere, scidī, scissus, to cut or tear off, hew off.

sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus, to know, understand; with infin., to know how.

Scīpiō, ōnis, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens.

1. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain, in 212.

2. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Māior, son of (1), born B.C. 237; commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202. He died about 183 B.C.

3. L. Cornēlius Scīpiō, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen Asiāticus.

4. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Minor, captured Carthage, B.C. 146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129.

5. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō, see Nāsīca.

6. Q. Metellus Pius Scīpiō, father-in-law of Pompey.

scīscitor, ārī, ātus sum [scīscō], to ask, inquire.

scīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus [sciō], to seek to know; approve, enact, decree.

con—cōnscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus, to approve of, decree; mortem sibi cōnscīscere, to commit suicide.

dē—dēscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītum, to withdraw, desert, revolt.

scrība, ae [scrībō], m., a clerk, secretary.

scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write.

ad—adscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to add, include, enroll.

con—cōnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to enroll, enlist.

dē—dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to copy off, sketch, describe.

dis—dīscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to mark off, divide.

īn—īnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write on, inscribe on.

per—perscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write out (in full).

prō—prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to offer for sale; proscribe, outlaw.

sub—subscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write beneath.

scrīnium, ī, n., a case, box (esp. for books or papers).

scrīptor, ōris [scrībō], m., a writer, author; narrator.

Scultenna, ae, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.

scūtum, ī, n., a shield.

(1) sē, see suī.

(2) sē or sēd, insep. prefix, apart, away from.

sēcēdō, see cēdō.

sēcernō, see cernō.

secō, āre, uī, tus, to cut.

re—resecō, āre, uī, tus, to cut loose or off.

sēcrētus [part. of sēcernō], adj., separate; hidden, concealed; secret; abl. sēcrētō as adv., secretly.

sector, ārī, ātus sum [freq. of sequor], to follow eagerly, pursue, seek the society of.

secundus [sequor], adj., following, second; favorable, fortunate.

secūris, is [secō], f., an axe, hatchet.

secus, comp. sētius, adv., otherwise, differently.

sed, conj., but, on the contrary.

sēdecim [sex + decem], indecl. num. adj., sixteen.

sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessum, to sit.

ad—adsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus, to sit at or beside, besiege.

in—īnsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus, with dat., to sit in, on, or upon; with acc., to settle on, occupy.

ob—obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus, block, besiege, beset.

sēdēs, is [cf. sedeō], f., seat, chair; residence, abode.

sēditiō, ōnis [sēd + itiō, from eō, īre], f., dissension, rebellion, revolt.

sēdūcō, see dūcō.

sēdulitās, ātis [sēdulus, earnest], f., earnestness, persistency.

sēdulō [abl. of sēdulus, earnest], adv., earnestly, busily; purposely, deliberately.

sēgnis, ē, adj., slow, tardy, sluggish.

sēgniter [sēgnis], adv., without spirit or vigor, lazily.

sella, ae [sedeō], f., a seat, chair; sella curūlis, a portable stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles, praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.

semel, adv., once, once for all.

sēmet, see suī.

semper, adv., always, continually.

sempiternus [semper], adj., eternal.

Semprōnius, ī, m., Ti. Semprōnius Longus, defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia B.C. 218.

senātor, ōris [senātus], m., a senator.

senātōrius [senātor], adj., senatorial.

senātus, ūs [cf. senex], m., council of elders, senate, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.

Seneca, ae, m., L. Annaeus Seneca, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of the Emperor Nero.

senecta, ae [senex], f., old age.

senectūs, ūtis [senex], f., old age.

senex, gen. senis, adj., old; comp. senior, elder; sup. māximus (nātū), eldest. As noun, senex, senis, m., an old man; seniōrēs, um, pl. m., the elders (men over 45).

senior, see senex.

senium, ī [senex], n., old age, decay.

sententia, ae [sentiō], f., opinion, thought; wish, inclination.

sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, to discern by sense, feel; see, perceive; bene sentīre dē, to think well of.

con—cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsum, to agree; conspire, plot.

sēparātim [(2) sē + parō], adv., separately, apart.

sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus, to bury, inter.

septem, indecl. num. adj., seven.

septēnī, ae, a [septem], num. adj., seven each, seven apiece.

Septimulēius, ī, m., L. Septimulēius of Anagnia in Latium, a friend of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold.

septimus [septem], num. adj., seventh.

septirēmis, e [septem + rēmus, oar], f. (sc. nāvis), a ship with seven banks or tiers of oars.

septuāgēsimus [septuāgintā, seventy], num. adj., seventieth.

sepultūra, ae [sepeliō], f., burial, funeral.

sequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow; favor.

ad—adsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow up, overtake; gain, attain.

con—cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow, overtake; attain, acquire.

in—īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to pursue, overtake.

ob—obsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to comply with, yield to, submit to.

per—persequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow persistently, pursue, hound.

prō—prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow, accompany, escort.

sub—subsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow after, follow.

Sergius, ī, m., a Roman gentile name.

1. L. Sergius Catilīna, see Catilīna.

2. M. Sergius Catilīna, grandfather of (1).

sēriō [abl. of sērius], adv., in earnest, seriously, in good faith.

sērius, adj., grave, serious, earnest.

sermō, ōnis [serō], m., talk, conversation; speech.

serō, ere, —, tus, to bind together.

con—cōnserō, ere, uī, tus, to join; manūs or pūgnam cōnserere, to join battle, fight.

dē—dēserō, ere, uī, tus, to leave, abandon; forsake, neglect.

dis—disserō, ere, uī, tus, to speak, discourse, harangue.

ex—exserō, ere, uī, tus, to thrust out.

sērō [abl. of sērus, late], adv., late, too late.

Sertōrius, ī, m., Quīntus, an officer in the army of Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of an independent force till his death in 72.

serva, ae [servus], f., a slave woman.

servīlis, e [servus], adj., of a slave; slavish, servile.

servitūs, ūtis [servus], f., slavery.

Servius, ī, m., see Tullius.

servō, āre, āvī, ātus, to save, preserve, watch.

con—cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus, to keep safe, preserve.

servus, ī, m., a slave.

sēse, see suī.

sēstertius, ī [sēmis, half + tertius], m. (sc. nummus), a sesterce, a small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. See ās. In naming large sums of money the Romans speak of ‘so many times a hundred thousand sēstertiī’ (centēna mīlia sēstertium).

sētius, see secus.

seu, see sīve.

sevērē [sevērus], adv., gravely, severely, sternly, strictly.

sevēritās, ātis [sevērus], f., sternness, strictness.

sevērus, adj., stern, strict, severe.

sex, indecl. num. adj., six.

sexāgintā, num. adj., sixty.

Sextīlis, e, adj., of the sixth month. As noun, Sextīlis, is, m. (sc. mēnsis), August. See December.

Sextīlius, ī, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88.

sextus [sex], num. adj., sixth.

Sextus, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

sī, conj., if, whether; quod sī, but if.

sibi, see suī.

sībilus, ī, m., a hissing, whistling.

Sibyllīnus [Sibylla, a Sibyl, prophetess], adj., pertaining to the Sibyls, Sibylline.

sīc, adv., in this way, thus, so.

siccō, āre, āvī, ātus [siccus], to drain.

siccus, adj., dry. As noun, siccum, ī, n., the dry ground.

Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily.

Siculus, adj., Sicilian.

sīdō, sīdere, —, —, to seat one’s self, sit down.

ad—adsīdō, ere, sēdī, —, to seat one’s self, sit down.

con—cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessum, to sit down; settle, encamp; take a position.

re—resīdō, ere, sēdī, —, to settle down, sink, subside; abate, grow calm.

sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus [sīgnum + faciō], to make signs, show; point out, indicate.

sīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus [sīgnum], to set a mark on; sign, seal (a document).

ad—adsīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to allot, award, assign.

sīgnum, ī, n., sign, signal; military standard, ensign; statue, image; sīgna īnferre alicuī, to advance against or attack any one.

Sīlānus, ī, m., D. Iūnius Sīlānus Mānliānus, praetor in Macedonia B.C. 142.

silēns, entis [orig. part. of sileō, to be still], adj., still, quiet, silent.

silentium, ī [silēns], n., stillness, quiet, silence.

silva, ae, f., a wood, forest.

Silvia, ae, f., see Rhēa.

similis, e, adj., like, similar.

similiter [similis], adv., in like manner, similarly.

similitūdō, inis [similis], f., likeness, resemblance, similarity.

simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or āc, as soon as.

simulō, āre, āvī, ātus [similis], to make like, copy; feign, pretend.

dis—dissimulō, āre, āvī, ātus, to disguise, conceal, dissemble.

simultās, ātis [simul], f., enmity, hatred; simultātēs gerere, to carry on a feud.

sine, prep, with abl., without.

singulāris, e [singulī], adj., one by one, single, individual; remarkable, singular, unparalleled.

singulī, ae, a, adj., one at a time, one apiece, single.

sinister, tra, trum, adj., left.

sinō, ere, sīvī, situs, to put, place; permit, let.

sinus, ūs, m., a curve, hollow, fold; fold of the toga (as it crosses the breast), pocket; bosom.

sistō, ere, stitī, status, trans., to cause to stand, place, set; intrans., stand.

ab—absistō, ere, stitī, —, to withdraw, cease, desist.

con—cōnsistō, ere, stitī, —, to stand, take position (of an army); stop, halt; be firm, endure, continue.

dē—dēsistō, ere, stitī, —, to stand off from, cease, desist.

ex—exsistō, ere, stitī, —, to step forth; come to be, become, arise.

ob—obsistō, ere, stitī, —, to stand in the way of, resist, oppose.

re—resistō, ere, stitī, —, to oppose, withstand, resist.

sub—subsistō, ere, stitī, —, to take a stand, remain, tarry.

situs [orig. part. of sinō], adj., placed, situate, lying.

situs, ūs [sinō], m., location, site.

sīve or seu, conj., or, or if, whether; sīve . . . sīve or seu . . . seu, whether . . . or, if . . . or if.

sōbrius, adj., sober, temperate.

socer, socerī, m., a father-in-law.

societās, ātis [socius], f., fellowship, association; alliance.

sociō, āre, āvī, ātus [socius], to join, unite; hold in common, share, divide.

socius, ī, m., fellow, comrade, ally.

sodālis, is, m., companion, associate.

sōl, sōlis, m., the sun.

soleō, ēre, itus sum, to be wont, be accustomed, use.

sōlitārius [sōlus], adj., lonely, isolated.

sōlitūdō, inis [solus], f., loneliness; lonely place, wilderness.

solitus [soleō], adj., wonted, usual, accustomed; as noun, solitum, ī, n., the customary, the usual.

solium, ī, n., chair of state, throne.

sollemnis, e, adj., religiously fixed, holy, sacred.

sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus [sollicitus, troubled], to stir up, arouse, excite.

sōlum [sōlus], adv., only; nōn . . . sōlum . . . sed . . . etiam, not only . . . but also.

sōlus, adj., alone, single-handed, single, only; lonely, solitary.

solvō, ere, ī, solūtus, to loosen, unbind; let down; impair, destroy.

ab—absolvō, ere, ī, solūtus, to set free, release; acquit.

re—resolvō, ere, ī, solūtus, to loosen; dissolve, melt.

somnium, ī [somnus], n., a dream, vision.

somnus, ī, m., sleep.

sonitus, ūs [sonō, to resound], m., sound, crash, noise.

sōpiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [cf. sopor, a deep sleep], to put to sleep; pass., to sleep; sōpītī, buried in slumber.

soror, ōris, f., a sister.

sorōrius [soror], adj., of a sister, sister’s.

sors, sortis, f., lot, fate, destiny; decision by lot.

sortior, īrī, ītus sum [sors], to cast lots; obtain by lot.

spatium, ī, n., space, room; distance; period of time.

speciēs, —, acc. em, abl. ē [*speciō], f., sight, appearance; semblance, pretense.

*speciō, ere, spexī, —, to look.

ad—adspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to look at, examine, inspect.

con—cōnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to catch sight of, spy; see.

dē—dēspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to look down upon, despise.

dīs—dīspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to descry, perceive.

in—īnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to look into, examine, consider.

re—respiciō, ere, spexī, spectus, to look back (at), gaze at, consider; regard, respect.

spectāculum, ī [spectō], n., show, sight, spectacle.

spectātor, ōris [spectō], m., spectator.

spectō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of *speciō], to look at, watch, behold.

ex—exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus, trans., to look out for, await, expect; intrans., wait, wait to see.

speculātor, ōris [speculor], m., a lookout, spy, scout.

speculor, ārī, ātus sum [specula, a watch-tower], to spy out, examine.

speculum, ī [*speciō], n., a looking-glass, mirror (usually of metal).

spernō, ere, sprēvī, sprētus, to set aside, despise, scorn.

ab—āspernor, ārī, ātus sum, to disdain, despise, scorn.

spērō, āre, āvī, ātus [spēs], to hope (for), look for, expect.

dē—dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus, to lose hope, despair, despair of.

spēs, speī, f., hope, expectation; promise.

spīritus, ūs [spīrō], m., breath; disposition, lofty spirit, ambition, pride.

spīrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to breathe.

ex—exspīrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to breathe out; die, expire (sc. animam).

re—respīrō, āre, āvī, ātum, to breathe back or out, breathe (again); intrans., to recover breath, revive.

splendor, ōris [splendeō, to shine], m., brightness, splendor, magnificence.

spoliō, āre, āvī, ātus [spolium], to strip, rob, plunder.

spolium, ī, n., booty, spoil.

spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus, to promise (sacredly), agree.

dē—dēspondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus, to promise in marriage, betroth.

re—respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus, to answer, reply; correspond to, agree with.

spōnsus, ī [spondeō], m., a lover, betrothed man.

sponte [abl. of *spōns, free will], f., voluntarily; with meā, tuā, or suā, of my, your, or his own free will.

Spūrinna, ae, m., Vestritius Spūrinna, an augur of the time of Julius Caesar.

squāma, ae, f., scale (of fish or snake).

statim [cf. stō], adv., instantly, at once.

statiō, ōnis [stō], f., station, post; picket line, guard.

statua, ae [statuō], f., a statue, image.

statuō, ere, ī, ūtus [stō], to cause to stand, set up, place; determine; determine on, appoint, arrange.

con—cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set up, erect; set in order, organize; arrange, appoint; resolve.

in—īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set in place, arrange; found, establish; determine, undertake, begin; train, teach.

re—restituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set up again, replace, restore, reinstate; repair, remedy, save.

sub—substituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to put in place of, substitute; put.

statūra, ae [stō], f., size, height, stature.

status, ūs [stō], m., state, condition, rank.

stercus, oris, n., dung, manure.

Sthenius, ī, m., a Sicilian chief.

sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus, to spread out, scatter; lay low.

con—cōnsternō, āre, āvī, ātus, to terrify, frighten, confound; move deeply, affect powerfully.

prō—prōsternō, ere, strāvī, strātus, to overthrow, destroy.

stimulus, ī, m., goad; sharp point, prick.

stinguō, ere, —, —, to quench.

ex—exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus, to extinguish; destroy, kill.

re—restinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus, to quench, extinguish, destroy.

stīpendium, ī [stips, gift + pendō], n., a payment; salary, pay; campaign; stīpendia facere or merēre, to serve a campaign.

stirps, stirpis, f., stock, race; offspring, progeny.

stō, stāre, stetī, statum, to stand; stand firm, abide; stāre prōmissō, to stand by (lit., on) one’s promise.

circum—circumstō, āre, stitī, —, to stand about, surround.

con—cōnstō, āre, stitī, —, to agree; stand firm, be fixed; consist of; cōnstat, it is agreed, it is well known, it is certain; sibi cōnstāre, to be consistent.

ex—exstō, āre, stitī, —, to be extant, remain, exist.

prae—praestō, āre, stitī, stitus, intrans., to stand before, surpass, excel; trans., to show, make, render.

stolidē [stolidus, stupid], adv., stupidly.

strāgēs, is [sternō], f., overthrow, ruin, defeat; massacre.

strāgulum, ī [sternō], n., coverlet, bedspread.

strēnuus, adj., brisk, active, vigorous.

strepitus, ūs [strepō, to make a noise], m., noise, din, crash; applause.

stringō, ere, strinxī, strictus, to draw or bind tight, press together, graze; draw, unsheathe (a sword or dagger).

dē—dēstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus, to draw, unsheathe.

per—perstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus, to touch, graze; thrill, run through.

struō, ere, strūxī, strūctus, to pile up, arrange; build, erect.

ex—exstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus, to pile or heap up, build.

in—īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus, to build; arrange, draw up or array (troops); make ready, equip, fit out.

studiōsē [studiōsus, eager], adv., eagerly, zealously.

studium, ī [studeō, to be eager], n., zeal, enthusiasm; desire, pursuit, study; good-will, affection.

stultitia, ae [stultus], f., folly.

stultus, adj., foolish, silly.

stupēns, entis [orig. part. of stupeō], adj., dazed, confused, dumbfounded.

stupeō, ēre, uī, —, to be struck senseless, be amazed or astounded.

suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus, to advise, urge, exhort.

dis—dissuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus, to advise against, oppose (by argument).

per—persuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus, to persuade, induce; convince.

sub, prep. with (1) acc., under, towards, until, after; (2) with abl., under, beneath, at the foot of, close to; in the reign of; in composition, under, somewhat; in place of; underhandedly.

subdō, see dō.

subdūcō, see dūcō.

subeō, see (1) eō.

subiciō, see iaciō.

subigō, see agō.

subitus [subeō], adj., sudden, unexpected; abl. subitō as adv., on short notice, suddenly.

sublātus, see tollō.

sublicius [sublica, a pile], adj., consisting of or resting on piles.

sublīmis, e, adj., uplifted, lofty; on high, through the sky.

submittō, see mittō.

submoveō, see moveō.

subolēs, is, f., a sprout, shoot; offspring, issue; race.

subōrnō, see ōrnō.

subscrībō, see scrībō.

subsellium, ī [sub + sella], n., a low bench, seat.

subsequor, see sequor.

subsidium, ī [cf. subsīdō, to lie in wait], n., reserve troops; aid, help.

subsistō, see sistō.

substituō, see statuō.

subtexō, ere, uī, tus [sub + texō, to weave], to weave under, join; subjoin, add (in speech).

succēdō, see cēdō.

succēssor, ōris [succēdō], m., follower, successor.

succēssus, ūs [succēdō], m., favorable outcome, success.

succingō, see cingō.

succlāmō, see clāmō.

succurrō, see currō.

suēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus, to become accustomed to.

ad—adsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus, to accustom one’s self to, be wont.

con—cōnsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus, to become accustomed.

sufficiō, see faciō.

suffīgō, see fīgō.

suffōcō, āre, āvī, ātus [sub + fauces, the throat], to choke, strangle.

suffodiō, see fodiō.

suffrāgātor, ōris [suffrāgor, to vote for], m., supporter, partisan, follower.

suffrāgium, ī, n., a voting tablet, vote, ballot.

suī gen., sibi dat., sē acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron., sing. and pl., himself, herself, itself, themselves; sēse, sēmet, strengthened forms of sē.

Sulla, ae, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.

1. L. Cornēlius Sulla, surnamed Fēlīx, born B.C. 138; consul in 88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year.

2. P. Cornēlius Sulla, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline’s conspiracy.

Sullānus, adj., of or by Sulla, Sullan; as noun, Sullānī, ōrum, pl. m., the followers of Sulla.

Sulpicius, ī, m., Ser. Sulpicius Rūfus, tribune of the people in 88 B.C., and a supporter of Marius.

sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, to be, exist, live; with gen., belong to, be the part of; be true, be so; happen, take place; with dat., have, possess.

ab—absum, esse, āfuī, to be away or absent, be far from; prope abesse, to be at no great distance, be near.

ad—adsum, esse, adfuī, to be present or near; to aid (esp. in court).

dē—dēsum, deesse, dēfuī, to be away or absent; be wanting; fail; to miss, let slip.

in—īnsum, inesse, īnfuī, to be in or on; belong to.

inter—intersum, esse, fuī, to be present at, take part in.

prae—praesum, praeesse, fuī, to be over or before; rule, govern, be in command of.

prō—prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, to benefit, profit, aid.

super—supersum, esse, fuī, to be over and above, remain; survive, outlive.

summa, ae [summus], f., top, summit; chief point or place, supremacy; total, amount, sum.

summus, see superus.

sūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus [sub + emō], to take up, take, choose; enter upon, begin; spend.

ab—absūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to use up, consume; spend.

ad—adsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to take to one’s self, receive.

con—cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to use up, spend.

sūmptuārius [sūmptus], adj., relating to expense, sumptuary.

sūmptus, ūs [sūmō], m., outlay, expense.

supellex, supellectilis, f., household stuff, furniture.

super, prep. (1) with acc., over, above, upon, in addition to; during; (2) with abl., over, upon, beyond, in addition to.

superbē [superbus], adv., haughtily, proudly, arrogantly.

superbia, ae [superbus], f., pride, arrogance.

superbus [super], adj., haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent.

Superbus, ī, m., see Tarquinius.

superiaciō, see iaciō.

superior, see superus.

superō, āre, āvī, ātus [superus], to pass over, cross; overcome, subdue, conquer; excel, surpass.

supersum, see sum.

superus [super], adj., above, upper, higher; comp. superior, higher, superior, earlier; as noun, a superior; sup. suprēmus, highest, topmost, last, or summus, highest, greatest, extreme, most distinguished; often the highest part of, top of; Mare Superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea.

superveniō, see veniō.

supervīvō, see vīvō.

supplex, icis [sub + plicō, to fold, bend], adj., bending the knees in entreaty, begging, suppliant; as noun, a suppliant.

suppliciter [supplex], adv., suppliantly, humbly.

supplicium, ī [supplex], n., a kneeling down (as suppliant, or to receive punishment); punishment, execution.

supplicō, āre, āvī, ātum [supplex], to kneel down; entreat, beseech; pray, worship; thank.

suprā [super], adv., above.

surgō, ere, surrēxī, surrēctum [sub + regō], to stand up, rise, arise.

ad—adsurgō, ere, surrēxī, —, to rise up, arise.

suscipiō, see capiō.

sūspectus [orig. part. of sūspiciō, to suspect], adj., mistrusted, suspected.

suspendium, ī, n., hanging.

sustineō, see teneō.

sūtor, ōris [suō, to sew, stitch], m., a shoemaker, cobbler.

suus [suī], adj., his own, her own, its own, their own; his, her, its, their; as noun, suī, ōrum, pl. m., his (their) friends, followers, soldiers or fellow-citizens.

Syphāx, ācis, m., a prince of Numidia.

Syria, ae, f., Syria, a country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean.

T

T., abbreviation of the name Titus.

tabella, ae [dim. of tabula], f., a small board, writing tablet.

taberna, ae, f., stall, shop (of boards); hut, tent.

tabernāculum, ī [taberna], n., a tent.

tabula, ae, f., a board, plank; picture (sc. picta, painted); writing tablet; record, list.

taceō, ēre, uī, —, to be silent, say nothing.

tacitus [taceō], adj., silent, secret.

taedium, ī [taedet, it wearies], n., weariness, disgust, loathing.

talentum, ī, n., a talent, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100.

tālis, e, adj., such, of such a kind; tālis . . . quālis, such . . . as.

tam, adv., to such a degree, so much, as much, so; tam . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also.

tamdiū, adv., so long.

tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, all the same, however, nevertheless.

tamquam, conj., as if.

Tanaquil, īlis, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.

tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally.

tangō, ere, tetigī tāctus, to touch.

con—contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus, with acc., to touch; with dat., to occur to, fall to lot of, befall; happen.

ob—obtingō, ere, tigī, —, to fall to the lot of, befall; occur.

tantum [tantus], adv., so much (and no more), only, merely.

tantummodō [tantum + modō], adv., only, merely.

tantus, adj., so great, such; as noun, tantum, ī, n., so much.

tardē [tardus, slow], adv., slowly.

tarditās, ātis [tardus, slow], f., slowness, sluggishness.

tardō, āre, āvī, ātus [tardus, slow], to delay, hinder, impede.

Tarentīnus, adj., of Tarentum, Tarentine; as noun, Tarentīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the people of Tarentum.

Tarentum, ī, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy; modern Taranto.

Tarpēia, ae, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.

Tarpēius, adj., of Tarpeia, Tarpeian; rūpēs Tarpēia, the Tarpeian rock, a part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the Forum.

(1) Tarquiniī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Etruria.

(2) Tarquiniī, ōrum, pl. m., the Tarquin family, the Tarquins.

Tarquinius, ī, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria.

1. Tarquinius Prīscus, the fifth king of Rome.

2. Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509.

3. Sextus Tarquinius, son of (2).

4. L. Tarquinius Collātinus, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia.

Tatius, ī, m., Titus Tatius, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with Romulus.

tēctum, ī [tegō], n., a covering, roof; covered structure, house.

tegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus, to cover; hide, conceal; defend, guard.

dē—dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus, to uncover, expose; betray.

tēgula, ae [tego], f., roof tile, tile.

tēlum, ī, n., missile; spear, javelin.

temerārius [temerē], adj., heedless, rash, reckless.

temerē, adv., blindly, rashly, heedlessly.

temeritās, ātis [temerē], f., rashness, heedlessness, temerity.

temperāns, antis [orig. part. of temperō], adj., moderate, temperate, sober.

temperō, āre, āvī, ātus [tempus], to set bounds to, restrain.

tempestās, ātis [tempus], f., point or period of time; storm, tempest.

templum, ī, n., a sacred spot; temple.

tempus, oris, n., time, period, season; opportunity, occasion.

tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus and tēnsus, to spread out, stretch; īnsidiās tendere, to lay a trap for, plot against.

con—contendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch; exert one’s self, strive, insist; hasten, march quickly.

in—intendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch, stretch, towards; aim, direct.

ob(s)—ostendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch out, show; produce, furnish; disclose, make known.

por (= prō)—portendō, ere, ī, tentus, to point out, indicate; foreshadow, portend.

prō—prōtendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch out, extend.

tenebrae, ārum, pl. f., darkness, gloom; a hiding place.

tenebricōsus [tenebrae], adj., dark, gloomy.

teneō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold, keep; possess; maintain, guard, defend; seize.

ab—abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold back or from; keep aloof from; refrain from, abstain.

con—contineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to keep, hold, contain; restrain, rule, curb.

dē—dētineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold back or off; detain, hinder.

ob—obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold, possess; rule, govern.

per—pertineō, ēre, uī, —, to stretch out, extend; reach.

re—retineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to keep or hold (back), retain, detain.

sub(s)—sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold up, support, sustain; bear, endure; hold in check, restrain.

tentō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of tendō], to touch, handle; try, attempt; sound, try to win over.

tentōrium, ī [tendō], n., a tent.

ter, num. adv., thrice, three times.

Terentius, ī, m., a Roman gentile name. See Varrō.

Terentius, ī, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.

tergiversor, ārī, — [tergum + vertō], to twist and turn, shuffle, evade.

tergum, ī, n., back, rear.

ternī, ae, a [cf. trēs], num. adj., three on each side, by threes, three.

terō, ere, trīvī, trītus, to rub, wear away; waste, kill.

terra, ae, f., the earth, ground; land.

terreō, ēre, uī, itus, to frighten, alarm, terrify; deter.

dē—dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus, to frighten off, deter, keep from.

terribilis, e [terreō], adj., frightful, dreadful.

terror, ōris [terreō], m., fear, panic.

tertius [cf. trēs], adj., third; abl. n. tertiō as adv., the third time.

tēstimōnium, ī [tēstis, a witness], n., evidence, testimony, proof.

tēstor, ārī, ātus sum [tēstis, a witness], to bear witness, be a witness.

Teutobochus, ī, m., a chief of the Teutones.

Teutonēs, um, pl. m., the Teutones, a Germanic people which invaded Italy, but was defeated by Marius.

thēsaurus, ī, m., a treasure, hoard.

Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a large district in the northeastern part of Greece.

Ti., abbreviation of the name Tiberius.

Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber.

Tiberius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

Tīcinus, ī, m., the Ticinus, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to the Po.

tigillum, ī [dim. of tīgnum, beam], n., a little beam.

Tigrānēs, is, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates.

timeō, ēre, uī, —, to be afraid, fear.

timidus [timeō], adj., fearful, timid.

tīrōcinium, ī [tīrō, a raw recruit], n., a soldier’s first campaign; military inexperience.

titulus, ī, m., inscription, placard, notice.

Titus, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

toga, ae, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. See also praetextus.

togātus [toga], adj., clad in the toga; in peaceful garb, unarmed.

tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus, to lift, raise, take up; remove, abolish.

tonitrus, ūs [tonō, to thunder], m., thunder, peal of thunder.

tōnsor, ōris [tondeō, to shear], m., a barber.

tōnsōrius [tōnsor], adj., of a barber, barber’s.

Tōranius, ī, m., Titus, who betrayed his father to the second triumvirate.

Torquātus, ī [torquis], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens.

1. T. Mānlius Torquātus, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347, 344, and 340.

2. T. Mānlius Torquātus, son of (1), put to death by his father for disobedience of orders.

torqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus, to turn, twist; torture, torment.

torquis, is [torqueō], m., a twisted collar, necklace.

torvē [torvus, grim], adv., sternly, grimly.

tot, indecl. adj., so many.

totidem [tot], indecl. adj., just as many, the same number of.

totiēns [tot], adv., so many times, so often.

tōtus, gen. tōtīus, dat. tōtī, adj., all, all the, the whole, entire.

trādō, see dō.

trādūcō, see dūcō.

trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw, drag; detain.

ab—abstrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to drag off or away; carry off.

con—contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw together, collect, assemble.

dē—dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw or strip off, remove; drag.

dis—distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to pull asunder, part, separate.

ex—extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw or pull out; prolong, waste.

per—pertrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw along, drag; lead.

re—retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw or drag back.

trāiciō, see iaciō.

trānō, see nō.

trāns, prep. with acc., across, beyond, over.

trānscendō, see scandō.

trānseō, see (1) eō.

transferō, see ferō.

trānsfīgō, see fīgō.

trānsfodiō, see fodiō.

trānsfugiō, see fugiō.

trānsgredior, see gradior.

trānsigō, see agō.

trānsiliō, see saliō.

trānsmittō, see mittō.

trānsversus [trāns + vertō], adj., turned across, crosswise; out of the way.

Trasumēnus, ī, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of Hannibal’s victory over the Romans in B.C. 217.

Trebia, ae, f., the Trebia, a small tributary of the Po, near Placentia.

trecentēsimus [trecentī], num. adj., three hundredth.

trecentī, ae, a [trēs + centum], num. adj., three hundred.

tredecim [trēs + decem], indecl. num. adj., thirteen.

tremō, ere, uī, —, to quake, tremble.

trepidātiō, ōnis [trepidō], f., alarm, confusion.

trepidō, āre, āvī, —, to be in alarm or confusion; tremble, waver.

trēs, tria, num. adj., three.

tribūnal, ālis [tribūnus], n., a judgment seat, tribunal.

tribūnātus, ūs [tribūnus], m., the tribuneship, office of tribune.

tribūnīcius [tribūnus], adj., of a tribune, tribunitial.

tribūnus, ī [tribus], m., chief of a tribe, tribune; tribūnus mīlitum or mīlitāris, military tribune, captain, one of the minor officers of a legion, six in number; tribūnus plēbis, tribune of the people, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C. to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten tribūnī plēbis were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.

tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus [tribus], to assign, grant, give.

dis—distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus, to divide, distribute, apportion.

tribus, ūs [cf. trēs], f., a tribe (orig. a third part of the people).

tribūtum, ī [tribuō], n., tax, tribute.

triennium, ī [trēs + annus], n., the space of three years, three years.

trigeminī, ae, a [trēs + geminus], adj., born three at a birth; as noun, pl. m., triplets.

trīgintā, indecl. num. adj., thirty.

trīstis, e, adj., sad, sorrowful; stern, severe.

triumphālis, e [triumphus], adj., pertaining to a triumph, triumphal.

triumphō, āre, āvī, ātum [triumphus], to celebrate a triumph, triumph.

triumphus, ī, m., a triumph, the splendid procession in which the victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

triumvir, virī [trēs + vir], m., a triumvir, one of a board of three commissioners.

tropaeum, ī, n., a trophy, sign of victory, made usually by fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.

trucīdō, āre, āvī, ātus, to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher.

truncus, ī, m., stem, trunk (of a tree); trunk, body.

tū, tuī, pl. vōs, vestrum or vestrī, pers. pron., thou, you.

tueor, ērī, itus sum, to look at, watch; defend, protect.

in—intueor, ērī, itus sum, to look closely at or upon, gaze at.

Tullius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.

1. Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome.

2. M. Tullius Cicerō, the orator. See Cicerō.

Tullus, ī, m., praenomen of Tullus Hostīlius, third king of Rome.

tum, adv., then, at that time; thereupon.

tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum [tumultus], to make a disturbance, riot.

tumultus, ūs, m., a disturbance, uproar; rebellion, riot.

tumulus, ī [tumeō, to swell], m., a hillock, mound, hill.

tunc, adv., then, at that time; accordingly, thereupon.

turba, ae, f., a hubbub, crowd, throng.

turbulentus [turba], adj., stormy, confused, troubled.

turdus, ī, m., a thrush, fieldfare.

turma, ae, f., a troop or squadron (of cavalry).

turpis, e, adj., ugly; base, dishonorable.

turris, is, m., tower, castle; howdah.

tūs, tūris, n., incense.

tūtēla, ae [tueor], f., protection, guardianship.

(1) tūtor, ōris [tueor], m., protector, guardian.

(2) tūtor, ārī, ātus sum [freq. of tueor], to guard, protect.

tūtus [orig. part. of tueor], adj., safe; tūtō, abl. as adv., safely.

U

ūber, eris, n., teat, dug, udder.

ubi, interr. adv., where? when? As conj. interr. and rel., where, when.

ulcīscor, ī, ultus sum, to punish, avenge.

ūllus, gen. ūllīus, adj., any, any one.

ulterior, ius, gen. ōrīs [ultrā], adj., farther, remoter; sup. ultimus, farthest, last, utmost, greatest; ultima manus, finishing touches; ulterius, adv., beyond, farther, more, longer; ultimum, adv., for the last time.

ultimum, ultimus, see ulterior.

ultiō, ōnis [ulcīscor], f., revenge.

ultrā, adv., and prep. with acc., on the other side, beyond; ultrā fidem, incredibly.

ultrō, adv., of one’s own accord, voluntarily.

umbra, ae, f., shadow, shade.

umerus, ī, m., the shoulder.

umquam, adv., at any time, ever.

unde, adv. (1) interr., whence? from whom, from which? (2) rel., whence, from whom, from which; wherefore.

ūndecim [ūnus + decem], indecl. num. adj., eleven.

undique, adv., from all sides; on all sides, everywhere.

unguis, is, m., a (finger) nail.

ūniversus [ūnus + vertō], adj., all in one, whole, entire.

ūnus, gen. unīus, adj., one, only, sole, alone; ūnus quisque, each one.

urbānus [urbs], adj., of or in the city, esp. in Rome; refined, witty; as noun, urbānī, ōrum, pl. m., city people; town wits.

urbs, urbis, f., a city; The City (Rome).

ūrīnātor, ōris, m., a diver.

ūrna, ae [ūrō], f., a vessel, urn (of baked clay).

ūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus, to burn.

co + amb(i)—combūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus, to burn up, consume.

dē—deūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus, to burn up, consume.

ex—exūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus, to burn up, consume.

ūsquam, adv., anywhere.

ūsque, adv., all the way, right on, continuously, even.

ūsūrpō, āre, āvī, ātus [ūsus + rapiō], to make use of, enjoy.

ūsus, ūs [ūtor], m., use, employment; experience, training; profit, advantage, convenience.

ut, adv., interr., how? in what way? rel., as, just as; since, seeing that; ut . . . ita, just as . . . so.

ut, conj., (1) with indic., when; ut prīmum, as soon as; (2) with subj. of purpose, in order that, that; of result, so that, that.

(1) uter, utris, m., leather bag, skin.

(2) uter, utra, utrum, adj., (1) interr., which of (the) two? (2) rel., whichever one (of the two).

uterque, traque, trumque [uter + que], adj., each (of the two), both.

ūtilis, e [ūtor], adj., useful, helpful; profitable, expedient.

ūtilitās, ātis [ūtilis], f., profit, advantage.

utinam, adv., oh that! would that!

utique, adv., at any rate, surely; especially.

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum, make use of, employ; enjoy, take advantage of; aliquid ūtendum dare, to lend.

utpote, adv., seeing that, inasmuch as, since.

utrimque [uterque], adv., from or on both sides, on either hand.

uxor, ōris, f., a wife.

V

vacō, āre, āvī, —, to be empty, be free (e.g. from labor), have leisure.

vacuus [vacō], adj., empty, unoccupied.

vādō, ere, —, —, to go, rush.

ex—ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus, to go forth or away; get away, escape; get to be, become.

in—invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsum, to enter; attack; seize, take possession of.

vae, interj., oh! alas! woe!

vāgītus, ūs [vāgiō, to cry], m., squalling, crying.

valeō, ēre, uī, itūrus, to be well or strong; have power or influence, prevail.

Valerius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.

1. M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus. See Māximus (1).

2. C. Valerius Catullus. See Catullus.

valētūdō, inis [valeō], f., health (good or bad); good health; sickness.

validus [valeō], adj., strong, stout; powerful.

vallēs, or vallis, is, f., valley, vale.

vāllum, ī, n., stockade, rampart, wall.

vānus, adj., empty, idle; ostentatious, vain.

varius, adj., various, different, diverse.