URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS Complete text as printed (continued 3)

cōnstanter [cōnstāns], adv., firmly, resolutely, steadfastly.

cōnstantia, ae [cōnstāns], f., a typical Roman virtue, strength of character, steadiness of purpose, firmness; courage, faithfulness.

cōnsternō, see sternō.

cōnstituō, see statuō.

cōnstō, see stō.

cōnsuēscō, see suēscō.

cōnsuētūdō, inis [cōnsuētus, part. of cōnsuēscō], f., habit, custom.

cōnsul, ulis, m., a consul, the title given to the two highest officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C. At first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls.

cōnsulāris, e [cōnsul], adj., of consular rank; as noun, an ex-consul.

cōnsulātus, ūs [cōnsul], m., consulship.

cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus, to take counsel, deliberate; to take counsel with, to consult; graviter cōnsulere, to take vigorous measures.

cōnsultō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of cōnsulō], to take counsel, deliberate.

cōnsūmō, see sūmō.

contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus, to despise, scorn.

contemptor, ōris [contemnō], m., one who despises, scorner.

contendō, see tendō.

contentiō, ōnis [contendō], f., straining, effort, energy; dispute, strife.

contentus [orig. part. of contineō], adj., content, satisfied with.

continentia, ae [contineō], f., self-restraint, moderation.

contineō, see teneō.

contingō, see tangō.

continuō [continuus], adv., forthwith, straightway.

continuus [contineō], adj., uninterrupted, continuous, successive, incessant.

cōntiō, ōnis [orig. co(n)ventiō, from conveniō], f., an assembly, meeting.

contrā, prep. with acc., against, contrary to.

contrahō, see trahō.

contrārius [contrā], adj., opposite, contrary.

contubernālis, is [con + taberna, a tent], m., tent-companion, comrade.

contumēlia, ae, f., insult, reproach, abuse.

contundō [con + tundō, to beat, strike], to crush, destroy.

contus, ī, m., a pole, pike.

cōnūbium, ī [con + nūbō], n., marriage, right of intermarriage.

convalēscō, ere, valuī, — [con + valeō], to begin to be well, recover.

conveniēns, entis [conveniō], adj., agreeing or consistent with, befitting.

conveniō, see veniō.

convertō, see vertō.

convincō, see vincō.

convīvium, ī [con + vīvō], n., a feast.

convocō, see vocō.

coorior, see orior.

cophinus, ī, m., a basket.

cōpia, ae [co(n) + ops], f., abundance, supply; opportunity; in pl., resources, forces, troops.

cōpiōsē [cōpiōsus], adv., abundantly; of speech, fluently, eloquently.

cōpiōsus [cōpia], adj., abounding in, well supplied.

coquus, ī, m., a cook.

cōram [co(n) + ōs], adv., before one’s eyes, in person; prep. with abl., before, in the presence of.

corium, ī, n., skin, hide.

Cornēlia, ae, f., Cornelia.

1. A daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the Gracchi.

2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.

Cornēlius, ī, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See Cinna, Cossus, Lentulus, Scīpiō, and Sulla.

cornū, ūs, n., horn; wing (of an army).

corōna, ae, f., a crown, garland. See cīvicus.

corpus, oris, n., a body.

corrigō, see regō.

corripiō, see rapiō.

corrumpō, see rumpō.

corruō, see ruō.

corvus, ī, m., a raven. In XVI. 3 it may be translated grappling-iron, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there by a sharp iron spike in its under side.

cōs, cōtis, f., flint stone, whetstone.

Cossus, ī, m., A. Cornēlius, consul in 343 B.C.

cottīdiānus [cottīdiē, daily], adj., daily; usual, customary; everyday, commonplace.

Crassus, ī, m., M. Licinius, called Dīves because of his enormous wealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60; defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C.

crēber, bra, brum, adj., crowded, numerous, incessant.

crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus, to lend, entrust to; believe in, trust; believe, think.

Cremera, ae, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.

cremō, āre, āvī, ātus, to burn.

Cremōna, ae, f., a town on the river Po.

creō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make, create; to choose, elect.

re—recreō, āre, āvī, ātus, to renew, revive, encourage.

crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus, to grow, increase.

in—incrēscō, ere, crēvī, —, to grow upon; grow, increase.

crīminor, ārī, ātus sum [crīmen, a charge], to complain of, denounce; with infin., to charge.

crīnis, is, m., hair.

cruciātus, ūs [cruciō], m., torture, torment.

cruciō, āre, āvī, ātus [crux], to crucify, torture, torment.

crūdēlis, e, adj., cruel, unfeeling.

crūdēlitās, ātis [crūdēlis], f., cruelty.

cruentus [cf. cruor], adj., blood-stained.

crumēna, ae, f., a purse, money bag.

cruor, ōris, m., running blood, gore.

crūs, crūris, n., a leg.

crux, crucis, f., cross, gallows.

crystallinus [crystallum, crystal], adj., of crystal; as noun, crystallinum, ī (sc. vās), n., a vase of crystal.

cubiculum, ī [cubō], n., a bedchamber.

cubō, āre, uī, itum, to lie down, recline; to lie sick.

re—recubō, āre, —, —, to lie on one’s back, lie, recline.

cūiās, ātis, interr. pron., of what country? whence?

culpa, ae, ī., fault, guilt.

cultellus, ī [dim. of culter], m., a small knife.

culter, trī, m., knife, dagger.

cultus, ūs [colō], m., cultivation; refinement, luxury; mode of living, style.

cum, prep. with abl., with, together with, at the same time with. In composition the forms com, con, and co are used, and denote (1) accompaniment, (2) intensity.

cum, conj.; of time, when, while, whenever; of cause, since; of concession, although; cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not only . . . but also.

*cumbō, an old verb, same root as cubō.

ad—accumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum, to lie or recline (esp. at table).

in—incumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum, to lie or lean upon; devote one’s self.

ob—occumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum, to fall (in death), die.

prō—prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum, to fall forward, fall prostrate.

cunctātiō, ōnis [cunctor], f., delay.

Cunctātor, ōris [cunctor], m., Delayer, a name given to Q. Fabius Maximus.

cunctor, ārī, ātus sum, to delay, linger.

cupidē [cupidus], adv., eagerly.

cupiditās, ātis [cupidus], f., craving, desire, eagerness.

cupīdō, inis [cf. cupidus], f., desire, craving, greed.

cupidus [cupiō], adj., desirous, fond; greedy, covetous.

cupiō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus, to crave, desire, covet.

cūr, adv., why? for what reason?

cūra, ae, f., care, anxiety.

Curēs, īum, f. pl., a Sabine town.

Cūria, ae, f., a curia, ward, one of the ten divisions into which each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; council chamber, esp. the Roman Senate-house, either the Cūria Hostīlia, adjoining the Forum on the north side, or the Cūria Pompēia, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.

Cūriātius, ī, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the Horatii.

Curius, ī, m., gentile name of Mānius Curius Dentātus, a famous Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died in 270 B.C.

cūrō, āre, āvī, ātus [cūra], to care for, attend to; with gerundive and infin., see to it that, take care that.

prō—prōcūrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to care for, attend to; of omens, to avert by sacrifices.

currō, ere, cucurrī, cursum, to run.

ad—accurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum, to run, to, hasten towards.

con—concurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum, to run together; to rush together (in battle), charge, fight.

dē—dēcurrō, ere, (cu)curri, cursum, to run down, hasten down.

dis—discurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum, to run in different directions; wander, roam.

ob—occurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum, to run to meet, meet; withstand, oppose.

sub—succurrō, ere, ī, —, to run to, help, aid.

currus, ūs [currō], m., a chariot.

cursus, ūs [currō], m., running; journey, passage, course; speed.

curūlis, e [currus], adj., of a chariot. Sella curūlis, see sella.

cūstōdia, ae [cūstōs], f., watching; guard-house, prison; pl., pickets, watchmen.

cūstōdiō, īre, īvī, ītus [cūstōs], to watch, guard, defend.

cūstōs, ōdis, m. and f., guardian, protector.

Cȳrus, ī, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian empire.

D

D., abbreviation of the name Decimus.

Dācī, ōrum, m. pl., the Dacians, a people living on the north of the Danube.

damnātiō, ōnis [damnō], f., condemnation.

damnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to judge guilty, condemn; capite damnāre, to condemn to death.

con—condemnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to find guilty, condemn, sentence.

dē, prep, with abl.; of place, from, down from, out of; of time, after, during; of cause, in consequence of, through; of relation, concerning, in respect to. In compounds it generally denotes thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force.

dea, ae, f., a goddess.

deambulō, see ambulō.

dēbeō, see habeō.

dēbilis [dē + habilis], adj., weak, disabled, helpless.

dēcēdō, see cēdō.

decem, indecl. num. adj., ten.

december, bris, bre, adj., tenth; as noun, December (sc. mēnsis), m., December, the tenth month (counting from March, with which the Roman year originally began).

decemvir, ī [decem + vir], m., a member of a commission of ten men, a decemvir.

dēcernō, see cernō.

decet, ēre, uit, impers., it is fitting.

decimus [decem], num. adj., tenth.

Decimus, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

dēcipiō, see capiō.

Decius, ī, m., the gentile name of P. Decius Mūs, consul B.C. 340.

dēclārō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + clārus], to make clear, disclose; show, declare.

decorō, āre, āvī, ātus [decus], to adorn, deck.

dēcurrō, see currō.

decus, oris, n., grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament.

dēcutiō, see quatiō.

dēditīcius, ī [dēditus], m., a captive.

dēditiō, ōnis [dēdō], f., a surrender.

dēditus [orig. part. of dēdō], adj., surrendered; devoted to, addicted to. As noun, dēditus, ī, m., a captive.

dēdō, see dō.

dēdūcō, see dūcō.

dēfatīgātiō, ōnis, f., weariness.

dēfendō, see *fendō.

dēfēnsiō, ōnis [dēfendō], f., a defense.

dēfēnsor, ōris [dēfendō], m., a defender.

dēferō, see ferō.

dēfessus, adj., worn out, weary.

dēficiō, see faciō.

dēfīgō, see fīgō.

deflectō, see flectō.

dēfōrmitās, ātis [dēfōrmis, ugly], f., ugliness, disfigurement.

dēfungor, see fungor.

dēgō, see agō.

dēhonestō, āre, —, — [dē + honestō (cf. honōs), to honor], to disgrace, dishonor.

dēiciō, see iaciō.

dein, see deinde.

deinceps, adv., one after the other, in succession; next; thereafter, in the future.

deinde or dein [dē + inde], adv., subsequently; then, next; thereafter, from that time on.

dēlābor, see lābor.

dēlēctō, āre, āvi, ātus [dē + laciō], to delight, please, entertain.

dēlēctus [orig. part. of (1) dēligō], adj., picked, choice.

dēlēctus, ūs [(1) dēligō], m., a picking out, a levy, draft; dēlēctum agere or habēre, to hold a levy.

dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to blot out, destroy.

dēlīberābundus [dēlīberō], adj., pondering, reflecting.

dēlīberō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + lībra, a balance], to weigh (consider) well, deliberate, ponder.

dēlicātē [dēlicātus], adv., luxuriously, effeminately.

dēlicātus [cf. dēliciae], adj., devoted to pleasure, luxurious, effeminate.

dēliciae, ārum, pl. f., delights, pleasure, luxury.

(1) dēligō, see legō.

(2) dēligō, āre, see ligō.

delīrō, āre, —, — [dē + līra, a furrow], to be crazy.

dēlitēscō, ere, lituī, — [dē + lateō, to hide], lie hid, be concealed.

Delphi, ōrum, pl. m., Delphi, a town of Phocis in Central Greece, renowned for its oracle of Apollo.

dēmissē [dēmissus, modest], adv., modestly, humbly, abjectly.

dēmittō, see mittō.

dēmoror, see moror.

dēmum, adv., at last, finally; tum dēmum, then at last, not till then.

dēnārius, ī, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to 16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.

dēnegō, see negō.

dēnique, adv., thereafter, thereupon; at last, finally; briefly, in short.

dēnūntiō, see nūntiō.

dēnuō [dē + novō], adv., anew, again.

deōsculor, see ōsculor.

dēpellō, see pellō.

dēpereō, see pereō.

dēpōnō, see pōnō.

dēpōscō, see pōscō.

dēprecor, see precor.

dēprehendō, see prehendō.

dērīdeō, see rīdeō.

dēscendō, see scandō.

dēscīscō, see scīscō.

dēscrībō, see scrībō.

dēserō, see serō.

dēsīderium, ī [dēsīderō], n., longing, yearning; regret.

dēsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus, to long for; require, need.

dēsiliō, see saliō.

dēsipiēns, entis [orig. part. of dēsipiō], adj., foolish, silly. As noun, dēsipiēns, entis, m., a fool, madman.

dēsipiō, see sapiō.

dēsistō, see sistō.

dēspērātiō, ōnis [dēspērō], f., despair, desperation.

dēspērō, see spērō.

dēspiciō, see *speciō.

dēspondeō, see spondeō.

dēstinō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make fast, fix; resolve, design, plan.

dēstringō, see stringō.

dēsum, see sum.

dēsuper [dē + super], adv., from above.

dētegō, see tegō.

dēterreō, see terreō.

dētineō, see teneō.

dētrahō, see trahō.

dētrēctō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē neg. + trāctō, to handle, manage], to decline, shirk.

dētrīmentum, ī [dēterō, to rub away], n., loss, damage.

deūrō, see ūrō.

deus, ī, m., a god, divinity.

dēvincō, see vincō.

dēvolō, see (2) volō.

dēvoveō, see voveō.

dexter, era, erum, and tra, trum, adj., right. As noun, dextra (sc. manus), f., the right hand.

diadēma, atis, n., a royal crown, diadem.

Diāna, ae, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.

dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to say, speak; call, name; appoint; causam dīcere, to plead a case; diem dīcere alicuī, to bring a complaint against some one; iūs dīcere, to administer justice, hold court; multam dīcere, to impose a fine.

ad—addīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to be propitious to, assent; with acc., to adjudge, award.

ē—ēdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to make known, proclaim; order, command; diem ēdīcere, to set a day (by public proclamation).

in—indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to proclaim, announce; appoint; impose, inflict.

inter—interdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictum, to forbid, prohibit, exclude.

prae—praedīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to foretell, prophesy; warn, admonish.

dicō, āre, āvī, ātus, to declare; dedicate, consecrate.

ab—abdicō, āre, āvī, ātus, to disown, reject; sē abdicāre, to resign.

in—indicō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make known, reveal.

prae—praedicō, āre, āvī, ātus, to say openly, assert, declare.

dictātor, ōris [dictō, to order], m., a dictator, a magistrate usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was limited to six months.

dictātūra, ae [dictātor], f., dictatorship.

dictitō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of dīcō], to say often, assert, insist.

dictum, ī [dīcō], n., saying, word, remark; command.

dīdūcō, see dūcō.

diēs, ēī, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., a day; in diēs, from day to day.

diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum [dis neg. + fīdō, to trust], to distrust, doubt.

diffluō, see fluō.

dīgnitās, ātis [dīgnus], f., worth, high character; eminence, rank, reputation.

dīgnus, adj., worthy, deserving of.

dīgredior, see gradior.

dīligenter [dīligō], adv., industriously, diligently.

dīligentia, ae [dīligō], f., carefulness, diligence, industry.

dīligō, see legō.

dīlūcēscō, ere, lūxī, — [cf. lūx], to grow light, dawn.

dīmicātiō, ōnis [dīmicō], f., a fight.

dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātum, to fight.

dīmittō, see mittō.

dīrigō, see regō.

dīrimō, see emō.

dīripiō, see rapiō.

dīruō, see ruō.

dīs, dītis, comp. dītior, sup. dītissimus, adj., rich, wealthy.

dis or dī, inseparable prefix, apart, asunder; sometimes negative, not.

discēdō, see cēdō.

discerpō, see carpō.

dīsciplīna, ae [dīscō], f., teaching, training, discipline.

dīscipulus, ī [dīscō], m., a pupil.

dīscō, ere, didicī, —, to learn.

dīscrībō, see scrībō.

discrīmen, inis [discernō, to divide], n., difference; turning-point, decision; peril, crisis.

discurrō, see currō.

disertus [disserō], adj., eloquent.

dispēnsātor, ōris [dispēnsō, to manage], m., manager, steward, treasurer.

dīspiciō, see *speciō.

displiceō, see placeō.

dispōnō, see pōnō.

disputō, see putō.

dissēnsiō, ōnis [dissentiō, to disagree], f., disagreement, strife.

disserō, see serō.

dissimilis, e [dis neg. + similis], adj., unlike.

dissimulō, see simulō.

dissipō, āre, āvī, ātus, to scatter, squander, dissipate.

dissuādeō, see suādeō.

distrahō, see trahō.

distribuō, see tribuō.

dītior, dītissimus, see dīs.

dītō, āre, āvī, ātus [dīs], to enrich.

diū, adv., for a long time, long.

diuturnus [diū], adj., prolonged, long.

dīversus [dīvertō], adj., turned different ways, opposite, contrary; in dīversa, apart, asunder.

dīvertō, see vertō.

dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus, to divide, separate, distribute.

dīvīnitus [dīvīnus], adv., by divine agency, providentially.

dīvīnus [dīvus], adj., godlike, divine.

dīvitiae, ārum [dives, rich], pl. f., wealth.

dīvus, adj., godlike, deified; often applied to the Roman emperors after death.

dō, dare, dedī, datus, to put, place; give, present, entrust; operam dare, to pay attention; poenās dare, to suffer punishment.

ab—abdō, dere, didī, ditus, to put away, hide, conceal.

ad—addō, dere, didī, ditus, to put or join to, add.

circumdō, dere, didī, ditus, to place around, surround, enclose.

con—condō, dere, didī, ditus, to put together, found, build; put away, hide; sheathe (a sword).

dē—dēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give up, surrender.

ex—ēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give out, give; give birth to, bear; publish, announce, reveal; perform; lūdōs ēdere, to celebrate games.

in—indō, dere, didī, ditus, to put in or on, give, confer.

per—perdō, dere, didī, ditus, to lose, destroy, ruin, waste.

prō—prōdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give or put forth, make known; hand down, record; betray.

re—reddō, dere, didī, ditus, to give back, restore, return; deliver (a letter); render.

sub—subdō, dere, didī, ditus, to put under, apply.

trāns—trādō, dere, didī, ditus, to give over, give up, surrender; hand down, report, relate; hand over, entrust.

doceō, ēre, uī, tus, to teach, point out.

ē—ēdoceō, ēre, uī, tus, to teach thoroughly.

doctor, ōris [doceō], m., teacher.

doctrīna, ae [doceō], f., instruction; learning, training.

doctus [orig. part. of doceō], adj., educated, learned, skilled.

dolor, ōris [doleō, to feel pain], m., pain, grief, resentment.

dolōsē [dolus], adv., craftily.

dolus, ī, m., craft, trickery.

domicilium, ī [domus], n., dwelling.

dominātiō, ōnis [dominor], f., rule, supremacy, dominion.

dominātus, ūs [dominor, to rule], m., rule, sway, mastery, command.

dominus, ī, m., master (esp. of slaves), ruler, lord.

domō, āre, uī, itus, to tame, subdue.

domus, ūs, f., a house, home; loc. domī, at home; acc. domum, homewards, home.

dōnātīvum, ī [dōnō], n., a gift.

dōnec, conj., while, until, as long as.

dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus [dōnum], to give, present.

dōnum, ī [dō], n., a gift, present.

dormiō, īre, īvī, —, to sleep.

dorsum, ī, n., back (of an animal); range or ridge (of a mountain).

dōs, dōtis [dō], f., dowry.

dōtālis, e [dōs], adj., of a dowry; dōtālia dōna, wedding presents.

dubitō, āre, āvī, ātum [dubius], to doubt, waver, hesitate.

dubius, adj., doubtful, uncertain; in dubium vocāre, to call in question.

ducentī, ae, a [duo + centum], num. adj., two hundred.

dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead; prolong; consider, reckon; fossam dūcere, to build a ditch; fūnus dūcere, to celebrate a funeral; uxōrem dūcere, to marry.

ab—abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead off or away, drag off, remove.

ad—addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead to, bring; induce, influence.

con—condūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to bring together; contribute to, serve.

dē—dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead (away); attend, escort.

dis—dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or draw apart, separate, open.

ē—ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead forth or out; bring up, rear.

in—indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or bring in, introduce; lead, induce, influence.

intrō—intrōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or bring in, usher in, admit.

per—perdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead, conduct, escort; pursue; spend, pass.

re—redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or escort back, accompany.

sē—sēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead apart or aside.

sub—subdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or draw away (secretly), withdraw, remove; hide.

trāns—trādūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead or carry across, transport; spend, pass (time).

dūdum, adv., a while ago. See iam.

Duīlius, ī, m., C., a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 B.C.

(1) dum, adverbial particle found only in compounds, a while; with negatives, yet.

(2) dum, conj., while, until.

dummodo [dum + modo], conj., provided.

duo, ae, o, num. adj., two.

duodecim [duo + decem], num. adj., twelve.

duodēnī, ae, a, adj., twelve each, twelve.

duplex, icis [duo + plicō, to fold], adj., twofold, double.

duplicō, āre, āvī, ātus [duplex], to double, repeat.

dūrō, āre, āvī, ātus [dūrus], to harden; endure, hold out, last.

dūrus, adj., hard, rough; rude, uncultivated; unfeeling.

dux, ducis [dūcō], m., leader, guide; commander, general.

Dȳrrachium, ī, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.

E

ē, see ex.

ecquid, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, at all? (2) in indir. question, whether.

ēdīcō, see dīcō.

ēdictum, ī [ēdīcō], n., proclamation, edict.

ēditus [orig. part. of ēdō], adj., high.

edō, ere (ēsse), ēsī, ēsus, to eat, consume.

ēdō, see dō.

ēdoceō, see doceō.

ēducātiō, ōnis [ēducō], f., training, education.

ēdūcō, see dūcō.

ēducō, āre, āvī, ātus [ēdūcō], to bring up, rear, train, educate.

effēminātus [orig. part. of effēminō, to make womanish], adj., womanish.

(1) efferō, see ferō.

(2) efferō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + ferus], to render wild or savage; madden.

efficiō, see faciō.

efflāgitō, see flāgitō.

effugiō, see fugiō.

effundō, see fundō.

egeō, ēre, uī, —, to be lacking; to be poor or in need.

Egeria, ae, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations.

ego, meī, pers. pron., I; pl., nōs, we.

ēgredior, see gradior.

ēgregiē [ēgregius], adv., excellently, exceedingly, strikingly.

ēgregius [ē + grex], adj., select, distinguished, excellent.

ēiciō, see iaciō.

ēlābor, see lābor.

ēlabōrō, see labōrō.

ēlanguēscō, ere, ēlanguī, —, to grow faint or feeble; slacken, abate.

ēlātus [orig. part. of (1) efferō], adj., high; elated, exalted, puffed up.

ēleganter [ēlegāns, choice], adv., with good judgment, judiciously.

ēlegantia, ae [ēlegāns, choice], f., taste, refinement, elegance, grace.

elephantus, ī, m., the elephant.

ēliciō, see *laciō.

ēlīdō, see laedō.

ēligō, see legō.

ēloquentia, ae [ēloquor, to speak], f., eloquence.

ēmineō, ēre, uī, —, to stand out, tower up.

ēmittō, see mittō.

emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take; buy, purchase; gain, acquire.

con—cōmō, ere, cōmpsī, cōmptus, to bring together, arrange, dress (the hair), comb.

dis—dīrimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take apart, separate; rēs dīrimere, to adjust matters.

ex—eximo, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take out, remove; free, release.

inter—interimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take from the midst (of men), kill.

re—redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to buy back, ransom; replace.

ēn, interj., lo! behold! see!

enim, conj., always postpositive, namely, in fact, you know; for, because.

ēniteō, see niteō.

ēnītor, see nītor.

ēnsis, is, m., a sword.

(1) eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go or come, walk, march.

ab—abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go away, depart; abīre in, pass into, change into.

ad—adeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go or come to, approach, visit.

ante—anteeō, īre, īvī (iī), —, to go before.

dē + per—dēpereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to die, perish.

ex—exeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go or come forth; retire.

in—ineō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to enter, begin; cōnsilium inīre, to form a plan.

inter—intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to perish, die.

intrō—introeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to enter.

ob—obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go to meet; perform; perish, die.

per—pereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to perish, disappear, die.

praeter—praetereō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go or pass by; omit.

re—redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go or come back, return.

sub—subeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to come or go up to, go under, encounter, face (danger); venēnum subit, the poison spreads.

trāns—transeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to cross (over); pass by.

(2) eō [is], adv., for that reason, therefore; to that place, thither; to that degree, so far.

Ephesius, adj., Ephesian.

Ephesus, ī, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor.

epigramma, atis, n., epigram, poem.

Ēpīrus, ī, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper.

epistula, ae, f., a letter.

epulor, ārī, ātus sum [epulum], to feast.

epulum, ī, n. (pl., epulae, ārum, f.), a feast, banquet.

eques, itis [equus], m., a horseman, cavalryman; knight, or member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term equitēs included not only those who actually served in the army, but also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of Augustus was set at about $15,000.

equester, tris, tre [equus], adj., of the knights, knightly.

equitō, āre, āvī, — [equus], to ride.

ad—adequitō, āre, āvī, —, to ride to, ride up.

equus, ī, m., a horse.

ērēctus [orig. part. of ērigō], adj., upright, erect.

ergā, prep. with acc., towards, to, with respect to.

ergō, adv., expressing an inference, like now, well, then, therefore.

ērigō, see regō.

error, ōris [errō, to wander], m., wandering, error, mistake.

ērubēscō, ere, ērubuī, —, to grow red, blush; feel ashamed.

ērudiō, īre, īvī, ītus [ē + rudis], to polish, educate, train.

ērumpō, see rumpō.

ēruō, see ruō.

ēsca, ae [edō], f., food, bait.

ēscendō, see scandō.

Ēsquilīnus, ī, m. (sc. collis), the Esquiline Hill, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.

et, (1) adv., also, too, even; (2) conj., and, and yet, but; et . . . et, both . . . and.

etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., and also, also, even.

Etrūria, ae, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium.

Etrūscī, ōrum, pl. m., the Etruscans, the people of Etruria.

etsī [et + sī], conj., even if, although.

Eurīpidēs, is, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C.

Eurōpa, ae, f., Europe.

ēvādō, see vādō.

ēvehō, see vehō.

ēventus, ūs [ēveniō, to come out], m., outcome, result; occurrence, event.

ēvertō, see vertō.

ēvocō, see vocō.

ex, before consonants often ē, prep. with abl.; of place, out of (the midst of), from; of cause, in consequence of, because of; according to; in compounds, forth, out; thoroughly; not.

exāctor, ōris [exigō, to exact], m., exactor, enforcer.

exāminō, āre, āvī, ātus [exāmen, means of weighing], to weigh, examine, compare.

exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + anima], to put out of breath, kill.

exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, — [ex + ārdēscō, intens. of ārdeō, to burn, glow], to blaze forth.

exarō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + arō, to plow], to scratch off, compose.

exasperō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + asper], to roughen, irritate, provoke.

exaudiō, see audiō.

excelsus, adj., lofty, high; as noun, excelsum, ī, n., elevated station.

excerpō, see carpō.

excidium, ī, n., downfall, ruin.

excipiō, see capiō.

excitō, see citō.

exclāmō, see clāmō.

exclūdō, see claudō.

excōgitō, see agitō.

excolō, see colō.

excubiae, ārum [ex + cubō], pl. f., a lying out on guard; the watch, watchmen.

excūsātiō, ōnis [excūsō], f., excuse.

excūsō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + causa], to free from trial, excuse.

excutiō, see quatiō.

exemplum, ī [eximō], n., specimen, example, precedent, warning.

exeō, see (1) eō.

exerceō, see arceō.

exercitus, ūs [exerceō], m., an army.

exhauriō, see hauriō.

exhibeō, see habeō.

exhorrēscō, ere, horruī, —, to shudder at, shrink from.

exigō, see agō.

exiguus [exigō, to weigh exactly], adj., scanty, short, brief.

eximius [eximō], adj., choice, distinguished, remarkable, excellent.

eximō, see emō.

exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + aestimō, to value], to value; think, believe.

exitium, ī [exeō], n., destruction, ruin, death.

exitus, ūs [exeō], m., outcome, close; departure; end of life, death.

exorior, see orior.

expediō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [ex + pēs], to set free, extricate; procure, obtain.

expellō, see pellō.

expendō, see pendō.

experīmentum, ī [experior], n., proof, test, trial.

experior, īrī, tus sum, to test, try; find out, learn, experience.

expetō, see petō.

expīlō, āre, āvī, ātus, to plunder, rob.

expiō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + piō, to appease], to make amends for, atone for.

expleō, see *pleō.

explōrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to reconnoiter.

expōnō, see pōnō.

expōscō, see pōscō.

expositiō, ōnis [expōnō], f., exposure.

exprimō, see premō.

expūgnātiō, ōnis [expūgnō], f., a taking by storm, storming, capture.

expūgnō, see pūgnō.

exquīsītus [exquīrō, to seek out], adj., carefully sought out, special.

exsecrō, see sacrō.

exsequiae, ārum [ex + sequor], pl. f., funeral procession, funeral.

exserō, see serō.

exsilium, ī, n., banishment, exile.

exsistō, see sistō.

exspectātiō, ōnis [exspectō], f., expectation, anticipation.

exspectō, see spectō.

exspīrō, see spīrō.

exstinguō, see stinguō.

exstō, see stō.

exstruō, see struō.

exsultō, see saltō.

extemplō [ex + dim. of tempus], adv., on the instant, at once, forthwith.

exter or exterus, tera, terum, adj., outer, foreign; comp. exterior; sup. extrēmus, outermost, extreme; last, furthermost; last part of.

extimēscō, ere, timuī, — [ex + *timēscō, inceptive of timeō], to fear or dread greatly.

extrā [exter], (1) adv., on the outside, without; (2) prep, with acc., outside of, beyond.

extrahō, see trahō.

extraōrdinārius [extrā + ōrdō], adj., out of the common run, uncommon.

extrēmus, see exter.

exuō, ere, ī, ūtus, to draw or pull off, lay aside; strip, despoil.

exūrō, see ūrō.

F

faber, fabrī, m., a workman (in hard materials), smith, carpenter.

Fabius, ī, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Māximus.

fabricō, āre, āvī, ātus [cf. faber], to make, build, construct.

fābula, ae [for, to speak], f., story, play.

facētē [facētus, witty], adv., wittily.

facile [facilis], adv., easily; readily, willingly.

facilis, e [faciō], adj., easy.

facinus, oris [faciō], n., a deed; crime.

faciō, facere, fēcī, factus, to make, do, perform; choose, appoint; stīpendia facere, to serve a campaign; sūmptum facere, to spend; verba facere, to speak; vim facere, to use violence; pass., fīō, fierī, factus sum, to be done, occur, take place, happen.

ad—adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do something to, affect; treat, visit with.

con—cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do thoroughly; complete, prepare; accomplish, make; exhaust, kill.

dē—dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectum, withdraw, revolt; fail, disappear, give out.

ex—efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to work out, bring to pass, accomplish; make, render, cause, effect.

in—īnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to stain, dye; pollute, taint.

inter—interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to kill; murder.

per—perficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do thoroughly, execute, accomplish.

sub—sufficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to put under, or in place of, appoint as successor, substitute; intrans., suffice, be sufficient.

factiō, ōnis [faciō], f., party, faction.

factum, ī [faciō], n., a deed, act.

facultās, ātis [facilis], f., means, opportunity; ability, skill.

fācundia, ae [fācundus, eloquent], f., eloquence, oratory.

Falernus, adj., Falernian; ager Falernus, a famous wine-growing district in Campania.

fāma, ae [for, to speak], f., talk, report, rumor; tradition; fame, reputation.

famēs, is, f., hunger.

familia, ae [famulus, a slave], f., the slaves in a household; family, house, race.

familiāris, e [familia], adj., belonging to a household, private, intimate, friendly; well-known; rēs familiāris, private property. As noun, m., an intimate friend.

familiāritās, ātis [familiāris], f., friendship, intimacy.

fāmōsus [fāma], adj., famous; notorious; scurrilous, slanderous.

famula, ae, f., a slave-woman.

fānum, ī, n., a shrine, temple.

fascis, is, m., a bundle; pl., the fasces, a bundle of rods carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the magistrate’s power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death penalty. See līctor.

fāstī, ōrum [fāstus], pl. m., a register, esp. of business days, also of officers, triumphs, etc.; the calendar.

fāstus [fās, right], adj., not forbidden, legal; diēs fāstus, a day on which it was legal to hold court, a business day.

fātālis, e [fātum, fate], adj., fateful, fatal.

fateor, ērī, fassus sum, to confess.

con—cōnfiteor, ērī, fessus sum, to confess freely, acknowledge, avow.

prō—profiteor, ērī, fessus sum, to declare publicly, avow; nōmen profitērī, to avow one’s self a candidate.

faucēs, ium, pl. f., throat.

Faustulus, ī, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus.

Faustus, ī [faveō], m., the Lucky, a name given by Sulla to his son.

Fausta, ae [faveō], f., the Lucky, a name given by Sulla to his daughter.

faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, to favor, support.

favor, ōris [faveō], m., favor, good will.

fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.

fēlīcitās, ātis [fēlīx], f., good fortune, luck, happiness.

fēlīx, īcis, adj., lucky, fortunate, happy. As noun, m., cognomen of Sulla.

fēmina, ae, f., a woman, female.

femur, femoris, n., the thigh.

*fendō, ere, to strike.

dē—dēfendō, ere, ī, fēnsus, to ward off, repel; defend, protect.

ob—offendō, ere, ī, fēnsus, to strike against, displease, vex.

ferē, adv., almost, about (esp. with numbers).

feriō, īre, percussī, percussus, to strike.

fermē [for ferimē, sup. of ferē], adv., almost, about (esp. with numbers).

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear, carry, take; bear, endure, suffer; say, report, tell; pass., to be borne, rush; aegrē, indīgnē or molestē ferre, to take amiss; lēgem ferre, to propose a law.

ab—auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus, to take or carry away, remove; steal.

ad—adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus, to bring to, offer, give; announce, report.

con—cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring together, collect; devote, apply; bestow; sē cōnferre, betake one’s self, go.

dē—dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring or carry down or to, carry off, remove; give, offer; report; rem dēferre ad populum, to submit a matter to the people.

ex—efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus, to carry out, take away; lift up, puff up, elate, exalt.

in—īnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring in, upon, or against; bellum īnferre, to wage (offensive) war; sīgna īnferre, to advance against; sē īnferre, to betake one’s self.

ob—offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus, to bring before, offer, present; expose.

per—perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear or carry through, carry; retain.

prae—praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry or put before; set before, prefer, rate higher.

prō—prōferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry or bring forth, produce; cite, quote; make known, mention.

re—referō, ferre, rettulī, relātus, to bear or bring back; give back, return, repay; lift, raise; count, reckon; sē referre, to betake one’s self.

trāns—trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear or take over or across, transport; transfer, shift.

ferōx, ōcis [ferus], adj., bold, confident; high-strung, warlike; fierce, cruel.

ferreus [ferrum], adj., of iron, iron.

ferrum, ī, n., iron; an iron tool, as a sword, axe, dagger.

ferus, adj., wild, barbarous, cruel.

fessus, adj., tired, weary; weak, feeble.

fēstīnō, āre, āvī, ātum, to hasten, hurry.

Fētiālis, is (sc. sacerdōs), m., an ambassador, treaty priest, who negotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.

Fētiālis, e, adj., pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial (see preceding word).

fīdēliter [fīdēlis, faithful], adv., faithfully.

Fīdēnātēs, ium, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the Tiber, five miles north of Rome.

fidēs, fideī, f., good faith, integrity; trust, belief, credence; pledge.

fīdūcia, ae [fīdus, faithful], f., trust, confidence, reliance; courage.

fīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus, to fix, fasten.

dē—dēfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus, to fasten, esp. to fasten (to the ground) with amazement, astonish.

sub—suffīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus, to fasten beneath or on; crucī suffīgere, to crucify.

trāns—trānsfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus, to pierce through, transfix, stab.

fīlia, ae, f., daughter.

fīlius, ī, m., son.

fingō, ere, finxī, fīctus, to form, invent; feign, pretend.

fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus [fīnis], to limit, bound; finish, end, settle.

fīnis, is, m., boundary, limit, end; pl. m., territory.

fīnitimus [fīnis], adj., neighboring; as noun, fīnitimī, ōrum, pl. m., neighbors.

fīō, fierī, factus sum, see faciō.

fīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [fīrmus], to make firm, strengthen.

ad—adfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus, to strengthen; assert, declare.

con—cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus, to strengthen, ratify, confirm; assert.

fīrmus, adj., strong, powerful; trusty.

flāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to demand.

ex—efflāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to demand vigorously or earnestly.

flāmen, inis, m., a Flamen, a priest devoted to the service of a particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god.

flamma, ae, f., flame, fire.

flēbiliter [flēbilis, mournful], adv., mournfully, tearfully.

flectō, ere, flexī, flexus, to bend, turn.

dē—dēflectō, ere, flexī, flexus, to bend or turn aside or away, turn.

in—īnflectō, ere, flexī, flexus, to bend, curb, relax.

fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus, to weep; bewail.

*flīgō, ere, to strike.

ad—adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to dash against or down; afflict, ruin.

con—cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to dash together, contend, fight.

prō—prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to dash down, overcome (in battle).

flō, flāre, flāvī, —, to blow.

ad—adflō, flāre, flāvī, —, to blow towards, blow.

con—cōnflō, āre, āvī, ātus, to blow up, kindle, cause; aes aliēnum cōnflāre, to contract debt.

in—īnflō, āre, āvī, ātus, to blow up, inflate.

flōrēns, entis [flōreō], adj., blooming, flourishing; flōrēns iuventa, youthful beauty.

flōreō, ēre, uī, — [flōs, a flower], to bloom, flourish, prosper.

fluctus, ūs [fluō], m., wave, billow, flood.

flūmen, inis [fluō], n., stream, river.

fluō, ere, fluxī, —, to flow.

con—cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, —, to flow or stream together, assemble.

dis—diffluō, ere, fluxī, —, to flow in different directions, melt away, disappear; ōtiō et lūxū diffluere, to abandon one’s self to ease and luxury.

fluvius, ī [fluō], m., a stream, river.

foculus, ī [dim. of focus], m., a fire-pan, brazier.

focus, ī, m., fireplace, hearth.

fodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus, to dig.

con—cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus, to stab, pierce.

sub—suffodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus, to dig beneath, undermine, tunnel; stab beneath.

trāns—trānsfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus, to pierce, stab, slash.

foedē [foedus, foul], adv., foully, basely.

foederātus [foedus], adj., leagued or allied with.

foedus, eris, n., a treaty, alliance.

fōns, fontis, m., a spring, fountain.

forās [*fora, a door; cf. foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out.

fore, fut. infin. of sum.

forēnsis, e [forum], adj., of or in the forum, forensic.

foris, is, f., a door; usually in pl.

fōrma, ae, f., form, figure, beauty.

formīdolōsus [formīdō, dread], adj., dreadful, terrible.

fors, fortis (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., chance, accident, good fortune.

fortāsse [fors], adv., perhaps, possibly.

forte [abl. of fors], adv., by chance.

fortis, e, adj., strong, brave.

fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely.

fortitūdō, inis [fortis], f., bravery, resolution.

fortūna, ae [fors], f., luck, fortune (whether good or ill); personified, the goddess of fortune.

Forum, ī [cf. forīs, out of doors], n., an out-of-door place, market, Forum; esp. the Forum Rōmānum between the Capitoline and Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and business life of Rome.

fossa, ae [fodiō], f., a ditch.

foveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus, to warm, cherish, favor.

re—refoveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus, to restore, refresh, revive.

frāgmentum, ī [frangō], n., fragment, bit.

fragor, ōris [frangō], m., noise, esp. thunder peal.

frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break in pieces, break; subdue, overcome.

re—refringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break up or open.

frāter, tris, m., brother.

frāternus [frāter], adj., brother’s, brotherly.

fraudō, āre, āvī, ātus [fraus], to cheat, rob.

fraus, fraudis, f., foul play, treachery.

frendō, ere, —, —, to gnash the teeth.

frēnum, ī, n., bridle, curb, rein.

frequēns, entis, adj., crowded, frequent; in great numbers.

frequenter [frequēns], adv., often.

frequentia, ae [frequēns], f., crowd, throng.

frīgidus [frīgeō, to be cold], adj., cold.

frūgālitās, ātis [frūgālis, thrifty], f., thrift, economy, frugality.

frūmentārius [frūmentum], adj., concerning corn; rēs frūmentāria, the corn supply.

frūmentum, ī [fruor], n., grain, corn.

fruor, fruī, frūctus sum, to use, enjoy.

per—perfruor, fruī, frūctus sum, to enjoy thoroughly.

frūstrā, adv., in vain, fruitlessly.

Fūfetius, ī, m., Mettius Fūfetius, leader of the Albans against Tullius Hostilius.

Fūfidius, ī, m., a follower of Sulla.

fuga, ae, f., flight.

fugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, flee from.

ab—aufugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee from, run away, escape.

con—cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee for refuge; resort to.

ex—effugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to escape.

prō—profugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, escape.

re—refugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee back, escape.

trāns—trānsfugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee to the other side, go over to the enemy, desert.

fugō, āre, āvī, ātus [fugiō], to put to flight, rout.

fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, —, to flash, gleam.

fulmen, inis [fulgeō], n., lightning flash, thunderbolt.

Fulvius, ī, m., A. Fulvius, who put his son to death because he joined Catiline’s conspiracy.

fūnāle, is [fūnis, a cord], n., a torch.

fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour, pour out, shed; rout, scatter.

circum—circumfundo, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour about; pass., to surround.

ex—effundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour out; scatter, squander, lavish.

prō—profundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour forth or out, squander, waste.

fundus, ī, m., farm, estate.

fungor, ī, fūnctus sum, to perform, discharge, serve through (an office).

dē—dēfungor, ī, fūnctus sum, to perform, finish; to die (sc. vītā).

fūnus, eris, n., burial, funeral rites.

furēns, entis [orig. part, of furō, to rave], adj., furious, raging.

Fūrius, ī, m., P. Fūrius Philus, who revealed the plan of certain nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.

furor, ōris [furō, to rave], m., rage, madness, fury.

fūrtō [abl. of fūrtum, theft], adv., stealthily, secretly.

futūrus [orig. fut. part, of sum], adj., coming, future.

G

Gabiī, ōrum, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.

Gabīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.

Gadēs, ium, pl. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain (modern Cadiz).

Gaetulī, ōrum, pl. m., the Gaetuli, a tribe of northern Africa.

Gāius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

Gallia, ae, f., Gaul, which included modern France, Belgium and Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine.

Gallus, ī, m., a Gaul.

gaudium, ī, n., joy, gladness.

Gaurus, ī, m., a mountain of Campania.

gaza, ae, f., treasure, riches.

geminātus, adj., doubled, twofold; consecutive.

geminus, adj., twin, twofold. As noun, geminī, ōrum, pl. m., twins.

gemō, ere, uī, —, to sigh, groan.

gener, generī, m., a son-in-law.

genitus, see gīgnō.

gēns, gentis, f., a gens or clan, consisting of a number of families claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites in common; tribe, people, nation.

genū, ūs, n., knee.

genus, eris, n., race, family, stock, birth; kind, class, sort.

Germānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Germans.

Germānia, ae, f., Germany.

gerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bear, carry; wear; carry on, wage, manage; perform, do; sē gerere, to conduct one’s self, behave; rem pūblicam gerere, to administer the state; rēs gestae, exploits, history.

con—congerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bring or heap together, collect.

gestō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of gerō], to bear, carry, wear.

gestus, ūs [gerō], m., bearing; gesture.

gīgnō, ere, genuī, genitus, to produce, beget; genitus, born of.

gladius, ī, m., a sword.

glōria, ae, f., glory, fame, renown.

glōrior, ārī, ātus sum, to boast, brag, pride one’s self.

glōriōsē [glōria], adv., gloriously.

Gnaeus, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

Gracchus, ī, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.

1. Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus, tribune of the people in 133 B.C.

2. C. Semprōnius Gracchus, brother of (1), and tribune in 123 B.C.; killed in 121.

gradior, gradī, gressus sum, to walk, step.

ad—aggredior, ī, gressus sum, to approach, attack, assail.

con—congredior, ī, gressus sum, to meet; join battle, fight.

dis—dīgredior, ī, gressus sum, to go apart or away, depart.

ex—ēgredior, ī, gressus sum, to go or march out or away; disembark. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with ex, or the acc.).

in—ingredior, ī, gressus sum, to enter, advance, proceed.

prō—prōgredior, ī, gressus sum, to go forth or on, advance.

re—regredior, ī, gressus sum, to go back, return, retreat.

trāns—trānsgredior, ī, gressus sum, to step over or across, cross.

gradus, ūs, m., a step; stage, period, degree; pl., steps, stairs.

Graecia, ae, f., Greece.

Graeculus, ī [dim. of Graecus], m., a poor or paltry Greek.

Graecus, adj., Greek, Grecian. As noun, Graecus, ī, m., a Greek.

grānum, ī, n., a grain, seed.

graphium, ī, n., stylus (of metal) for writing, pen.

grātia, ae [grātus], f., favor, regard, credit; influence; return, thanks, gratitude; grātiam habēre, to feel thankful; grātiās agere, to show gratitude, thank; grātiam referre, to repay a favor; grātiā, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose, for the sake of.

grātulor, ārī, ātus sum [grātus], to show joy, congratulate.

grātus, adj., pleasing, dear, acceptable.

gravis, e, adj., heavy, severe, difficult; weighty, important.

gravitās, ātis [gravis], f., weight; dignity, influence, importance.

graviter [gravis], adv., weightily; vigorously, seriously, with dignity.

gravor, ārī, ātus sum [gravis], to be burdened; take amiss, grudge.

grex, gregis, f., herd, common herd; band, company.

gubernātor, ōris [gubernō, to steer], m., helmsman, pilot.

H

habeō, ēre, uī, itus, to have, hold, keep; consider, regard, treat, use; render (honor, etc.); ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver a speech; lūdibriō habēre, to mock.

ad—adhibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold to or toward, apply, employ; employ as counsel, consult; summon, invite.

dē—dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus, to withhold, owe; dēbet, dēbuit + inf., ought, must, should.

ex—exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold forth, show, display, exhibit.

in—inhibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold or draw in, restrain.

post—posthabeō, ēre, uī, itus, to place after (i.e. lower than), rate lower, esteem less.

prae—praebeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold forth, offer, grant, supply, furnish; aurēs praebēre, to listen.

prō—prohibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to check, keep off; hinder, prevent.

habilis, e [habeō], adj., handy, easily wielded.

habitātiō, ōnis [habitō], f., dwelling-place.

habitō, āre, āvī, ātum [freq. of habeō], to inhabit; dwell, live.

habitus, ūs [habeō], m., state, condition; habit, dress, attire.

hālitus, ūs, m., breath.

Hamilcar, aris, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of Hannibal (2).

Hannibal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name.

1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 B.C.

2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and died in 183.

Hannō, ōnis, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus.

haruspex, icis, m., a soothsayer.

Hasdrubal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name.

1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C.

2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and Africa.

hasta, ae, f., a spear.

haud, adv., by no means, not, not at all.

hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to drink, swallow.

ex—exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to empty, exhaust; ruin, impoverish.

Herculēs, is, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.

hērēs, ēdis, m., an heir.

hīc, haec, hōc, dem. pron., this, the following, the latter; he, she, it.

hīc [hīc], adv., here, hereupon, at this point.

hiems, hiemis, f., winter, storm.

Hierosolyma, ōrum, pl. n., Jerusalem.

hilarē [hilarus, merry], adv., merrily, cheerfully, gaily.

hilaritās, ātis [hilaris, merry], f., merriment, gaiety.

hinc [hīc], adv., from this place or time, hence; hinc—hinc, on this side . . . on that, on the one side . . . on the other.

hirundō, inis, f., a swallow.

Hispānia, ae, f., Spain (including Portugal). It was divided into two provinces, Hispānia Citerior and Hispānia Ūlterior.

Hispāniēnsis, e, adj., Spanish, in Spain.

Hispānus, adj., Spanish. As noun, Hispānus, ī, m., a Spaniard.

hodiē [hō(c) + diē], adv., to-day.

homō, inis, m. and f., a human being, man; hominēs, mankind, the world.

honestē [honestus], adv., honorably.

honestus [honōs], adj., honored, respected; honorable, right, virtuous.

honōrātē [honōrātus, honored], adv., honorably, with respect.

honōrificus [honōs + faciō], adj., that does honor, complimentary.

honorō, āre, āvī, ātus [honōs], to honor, do honor to.

honōs or honor, ōris, m., honor, respect, esteem; public office; personified, Honor (a deity).

hōra, ae, f., hour, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) or night.

Horātius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.

horreō, ēre, uī, —, to stand on end, bristle; shudder at, shrink from.

horror, ōris [horreō], m., dread, terror, horror.

hortātiō, ōnis [hortor], f., encouragement, exhortation.

hortor, ārī, ātus sum, to exhort, urge.

hortus, ī, m., a garden.

hospes, itis, m., entertainer, host; guest, friend; stranger.

hospita, ae [hospes], f., a stranger; guest.

hospitium, ī [hospes], n., entertainment, hospitality; lodgings, inn.

hostia, ae, f., an animal for sacrifice, victim.

hostīlis, e [hostis], adj., of or from the enemy, hostile.

hostīliter [hostīlis], adv., in hostile manner.

Hostīlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.

1. Hostus Hostīlius, a general of the time of Romulus.

2. Tullus Hostīlius, third king of Rome.

hostis, is, m., an enemy.

hūc [hīc], adv., to this place, hither; hūc . . . illūc, hither . . . thither.

hūiuscemodī [hīc + modus], adv., of this (i.e. the following) kind.

hūmānitās, ātis [hūmānus], f., humanity, kindliness; refinement, culture.

hūmānus [homō], adj., human, of man; kind, refined, cultured.

humilis, e [humus, the ground], adj., low; lowly, humble, common.

I

iaceō, ēre, uī, —, to lie, lie prostrate or dead.

iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus, to throw, cast, hurl.

ab—abiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus, to throw down, away, or aside, lay aside.

ad—adiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw to, add or join to, add (in speech).

con—coniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus, to throw together, unite; hurl, throw.

dē—dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or hurl down, bring down; lay low, dislodge, destroy.

ex—ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to cast or drive out, expel.

in—iniciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw in; put in or on, lay; inspire, suggest.

inter—intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or place between, interpose; intervene (in pass.).

ob—obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw before, put in the way; put in the hands of, turn over.

prō—prōiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw forth, fling out, throw.

re—rēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw back, repel.

sub—subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or place under; hand up; present, submit; subdue.

super—superiaciō, ere, iēcī, iectus, to throw across, let down.

trāns—trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or carry across, transport; pierce, penetrate, transfix; go or pass over, cross.

iactātiō, ōnis [iactō], f., tossing, motion.

iactitō, āre, —, — [freq. of iactō], to boast, brag.

iactō, āre, āvī, ātus, to push or toss about; boast of, take pride in.

iam, adv., already, by this time, now; soon, presently; iam iam, already, at that very moment; iam dūdum or iam prīdem, long ago, long since.

iam dūdum, see iam.

Iāniculum, ī, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.

iānua, ae, f., a door, entrance.

Iānus, ī, m., Janus, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all beginnings; commonly represented with two faces.

Iarbās, ae, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco).

ibi, adv., there, on that side; then, thereupon.

ibīdem [ibi], adv., in the same place, on the spot.

īcō, ere, īcī, īctus, to strike; foedus īcere, to strike (conclude) a treaty.

īctus, ūs [īcō], m., blow, stroke, wound.

īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same; often best rendered by adv., also, too, besides.

ideō, adv., for that reason, therefore; with this (that) purpose.

Īdūs, uum, pl. f., the Ides, or middle of the month; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months.

igitur, adv., then, therefore, accordingly.

īgnāvia, ae [īgnāvus, idle], f., idleness, sloth; worthlessness.

īgnis, is, m., fire.

īgnōminia, ae [in neg. + (g)nōmen], f., dishonor, disgrace, degradation.

īgnōrō, āre, āvī, ātus, not to know; to be ignorant of, be unacquainted with.

īgnōscō, see nōscō.

īgnōtus [in neg. + (g)nōtus], adj., unknown, unfamiliar, strange.

īlicō [in + locō], adv., on the spot, at once, immediately.

ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that, yonder; he, she, it; the famous, the.

illīc [ille], adv., there, yonder.

illūc [ille], adv., to that place, thither.

imāgō, inis, f., likeness, semblance, image; statue.

imbellis, e [in neg. + bellum], adj., unfit for war, unwarlike, cowardly.

imber, bris, m., rain, shower.

imbuō, ere, ī, būtus, to wet, moisten; inspire, imbue.

imitor, ārī, ātus sum, to imitate, copy.

immātūrus [in neg. + mātūrus, ripe], adj., unripe; untimely, premature.

immēnsus [in neg. + mētior, to measure], adj., immeasurable, vast, immense.

immineō, ēre, uī, —, to overhang, threaten.

immittō, see mittō.

immō, adv., by no means, nay.

immolō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + mola, meal], to sprinkle (a victim) with sacrificial meal, sacrifice.

immortālis, e [in neg. + mortālis], adj., immortal.

immōtus [in neg. + mōtus, part of moveō], adj., unmoved, motionless.

impār, paris [in neg. + pār], adj., unequal.

impatiēns, entis [in neg. + patiēns], adj., impatient, intolerant.

impendium, ī [impendō, to expend], n., outlay, cost, expense.

impēnsa, ae [impendō, to expend], f., outlay, cost, expense.

imperātor, ōris [imperō], m., commander-in-chief, general; emperor.

imperātōrius [imperātor], adj., of a general.

imperfectus [in neg. + perfectus, part. of perficiō], adj., unfinished.

imperium, ī [imperō], n., a command, order; military authority; sovereignty, supremacy; the state.

imperō, āre, āvī, ātum, to command, order; rule, govern; levy, demand.

impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to gain by asking, obtain, procure.

impetus, ūs [in + petō], m., an attack, onset; impulse, excitement; violence, energy, fury.

impietās, ātis [impius], f., irreverence, impiety.

impiger, gra, grum [in neg. + piger, lazy], adj., active, energetic.

impius [in + pius], adj., irreverent, wicked, undutiful.

impleō, see *pleō.

implicō, āre, āvī or uī, ātus or itus [in + plicō, to fold], to fold in, envelop; involve, attack.

implōrō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + plōrō, to wail, lament], to beg, beseech, implore.

impōnō, see pōnō.

imprīmīs [= in prīmīs], adv., especially.

imprōvīsus [in neg. + prōvideō], adj., unforeseen, unexpected.

impūbēs, eris [in neg. + pūbēs, full grown], adj., youthful.

impūgnō, see pūgnō.

impūnītus [in neg. + pūniō], adj., unpunished.

in, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, into, to, on, upon, towards, against; of purpose, for, with a view to; of other relations, respecting, according to; in diēs, day by day; (2) with abl.; of place, in, on, upon, in the midst of, among; of time, in, in the course of, during; of other relations, in the case of, respecting, according to.

in, not, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles, negatives or reverses their meaning.

inaestimābilis, e [in neg. + aestimō, to reckon], inestimable.

inambulō, see ambulō.

inānis, e, adj., empty; vain, idle.

inaudītus [in neg. + audītus, part. of audiō], adj., unheard of, strange.

incautus [in neg. + cautus, wary], adj., unsuspecting, off one’s guard.

incēdō, see cēdō.

incendium, ī [incendō], n., fire, conflagration.

incendō, see candeō·

inceptum, ī [incipiō], n., beginning, attempt; undertaking, purpose.

incertus [in neg. + certus], adj., uncertain, doubtful.

incēssō, ere, —, — [freq. of incēdō], to assail, attack; rail at.

incidō, see cadō.

incipiō, see capiō.

incitō, see citō.

inclāmō, see clāmō.

inclīnō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + *clīnō, to lean], (1) trans., to cause to lean, bend, turn; (2) intrans., lean, incline; yield, give way.

inclitus, adj., famous.

inclūdō, see claudō.

incōgnitus [in neg. + cōgnitus, part. of cōgnōscō], adj., unknown.

incola, ae [incolō], m., inhabitant.

incolō, see colō.

incolumis, e, adj., safe, unharmed.

incōnstantia, ae [in neg. + cōnstantia], f., changeableness, fickleness.

incrēdibilis, e [in neg. + crēdō], adj., beyond belief, incredible.

increpō, āre, uī, itus, to sound, resound; scold, upbraid; exclaim.

incrēscō, see crēscō.

incumbō, see *cumbō.

incūriōsus [in neg. + cūriōsus, careful], adj., careless, negligent.

incursiō, ōnis [incurrō, to attack], f., onset, attack, raid.

inde, adv., from that place or time, thence; thereupon; from that circumstance, therefore.

index, icis [indicō], m., mark, sign.

indicium, ī [indicō], n., sign, indication, evidence.

indīcō see dīcō.

indicō, see dicō.

indictus [in neg. + dictus, part of dīcō], adj., unsaid; unplead.

indīgnātiō, ōnis [indīgnor, to be angry], f., displeasure, anger.

indīgnē [indīgnus], adv., unworthily; angrily; indīgnē ferre to take (it) amiss.

indīgnor, ārī, ātus sum [indīgnus], to think unworthy; be angry.

indīgnus [in neg. + dīgnus], adj., unworthy of, unfit for (with abl.).

indō, see dō.

indolēs, is, f., inborn quality, natural gifts; character, nature, spirit.

indūcō, see dūcō.

indūstria, ae [indūstrius, active], f., diligence, activity, industry.

ineō, see (1) eō.

inermis, e [in neg. + arma], adj., unarmed, defenseless.

īnfacētē [in neg. + facētē], adv., without wit.

īnfāns, antis [in neg. + fāns, part. of fārī, to speak], adj., not speaking, speechless; as noun, m. and f., an infant.

īnfēlīx, īcis [in neg. + fēlīx], adj., unfortunate, disastrous.

īnferior, ōris [comp. of īnferus, low], adj., lower, inferior.

īnferō, see ferō.

īnfēstō, āre, āvī, ātus [īnfēstus], to annoy, disturb.

īnfēstus, adj., hostile, threatening.

īnficiō, see faciō.

īnflammō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + flamma], to kindle, arouse, excite.

īnflātus [īnflō], adj., blown up, inflated.

īnflectō, see flectō.

īnflō, see flō.

īnfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + fōrma], to shape, mould, fashion; train, instruct.

īnfrā, adv. and prep. with acc., below, beneath.

ingemīscō, ere, gemuī, — [in + gemīscō, incep. of gemō], to groan over, groan.

ingenium, ī [in + gīgnō], n., natural gifts, nature; ability, intellect, wit; character, disposition.

ingēns, entis, adj., large, huge, great.

ingenuus, adj., free-born; noble, liberal.

ingrātus [in neg. + grātus], adj., unpleasant, thankless, ungrateful.

ingredior, see gradior.

inhibeō, see habeō.

iniciō, see iaciō.

inimīcitia, ae [inimīcus], f., enmity.

inimīcus [in neg. + amīcus], adj., unfriendly, hostile; as noun, a personal enemy, foe, as distinguished from hostis, a public enemy.

inīquē [inīquus, unjust], adv., unjustly.

initium, ī [ineō], n., beginning; initiō, abl. as adv., at the outset, at first.

iniūria, ae [in neg. + iūs], f., wrong, injustice; insult, injury.

(iniussus, ūs) [in neg. + iubeō], m., found in abl. only, without orders.

inlīdō, see laedō.

inlūstris, e, adj., bright, clear; famous, renowned (cf. clārus).

innītor, see nītor.

innocentia, ae [in neg. + noceō], f., harmlessness, innocence, integrity.

innōtēscō, ere, nōtuī, — [in + nōtēscō, to become known], to become known.

innoxius [in neg. + noxius, harmful], adj., harmless, blameless, innocent.

innumerābilis, e [in neg. + numerō, to count], adj., beyond number, countless.

innumerus [in neg. + numerus], adj., countless.

innuō, see *nuō.

inopia, ae [inops], f., want, scarcity, need, poverty.

inopīnātus [in neg. + opīnor, to think], adj., unexpected.

inops, opis [in neg. + ops], adj., without resources, helpless, poor, needy.

inquam, def. verb, I say. See 297, II, 2: 144, b: 175, 2.

inquiētus [in neg. + quiētus], adj., restless.

inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus, to stain, defile.

inrīdeō, see rīdeō.

inrīsus, ūs [inrīdeō], m., derision, mockery.

inruō, see ruō.

īnscientia, ae [īnsciēns, ignorant], adj., ignorance.

īnscius [in neg. + sciō], adj., ignorant, unaware.

īnscrībō, see scrībō.

īnsequor, see sequor.

īnsideō, see sedeō.

īnsidiae, ārum [īnsideō], pl. f., ambush; trap; artifice, plot.

īnsidior, ārī, ātus sum [īnsidiae], to lie in wait for, plot against.

īnsīgne, is [īnsīgnis], n., a mark, badge.

īnsīgnis, e [in + sīgnum], adj., marked, conspicuous, noted, famous.

īnsiliō, see saliō.

īnsinuō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + sinus, fold, coil], to push or thrust in.

īnsitus [inserō, to implant], adj., inborn, innate, ingrafted.

īnsolēns, entis [in neg. + solēns, part. of soleō], adj., unusual, haughty, insolent.

īnsolenter [īnsolēns], adv., haughtily.

īnsolentia, ae [īnsolēns], f., unusual or extravagant conduct, insolence.

īnspērābilis, e [in neg. + spērō], adj., unhoped for, unexpected.

īnspiciō, see *speciō.

īnstituō, see statuō.

īnstitūtum, ī [īnstituō], n., institution; habit, custom.

īnstrūmentum, ī [īnstruō], n., tool; collectively, stock of tools, plant.

īnstruō, see struō.

īnsusurrō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + susurrus, a whisper], to whisper to, suggest.

īnsum, see sum.

intāctus [in neg. + tāctus, part. of tangō], adj., untouched, uninjured.

integer, gra, grum [in neg. + root tag in tangō], adj., untouched, uninjured; integer, ā, free from, untouched by.

intellegō, see legō.

intempestus, adj., stormy.

intendō, see tendō.

intentus [orig. part. of intendō], adj., attentive, intent.

inter, prep. with acc.; of place, between, among; of time, during.

intercalārius [intercalō], adj., intercalary, inserted in the calendar.

intercalō, āre, āvī, ātus, to intercalate, insert in the calendar.

intercipiō, see capiō.

interdīcō, see dīcō.

interdiū [inter + diū], adv., by day.

interdum [inter + (1) dum], adv., between whiles, now and then, sometimes.

intereā [inter + is], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile.

intereō, see (1) eō.

interfector, ōris [interficiō], m., slayer, assassin, murderer.

interficiō, see faciō.

intericiō, see iaciō.

interim, adv., meanwhile.

interimō, see emō.

interitus, ūs [intereō], m., overthrow, death, destruction.

internūntius, ī [inter + nūntius], m., go-between, messenger.

interpretor, ārī, ātus sum, to explain, interpret; maintain.

interrogō, see rogō.

intersum, see sum.

intervāllum, ī [inter + vāllum], n., interval (of time or space), distance.

intervertō, see vertō.

intimus, adj., inmost, deepest; close, intimate.

intolerābilis, e [in neg. + tolerō, to bear], adj., unendurable.

intrā, adv. and prep. with acc., inside of, within, during.

intrō, āre, āvī, ātus [intrō, adv., within], to enter.

intrōdūcō, see dūcō.

introeō, see (1) eō.

intueor, see tueor.

intumēscō, ere, tumuī, — [in + tumēscō, incep. of tumeō, to be swollen], to swell, rise.

inundō, āre, āvī, ātus [in + undō, to rise in waves], to deluge, flood.

inūsitātus [in neg. + ūsitātus, usual], adj., unusual, unfamiliar, novel.

invādō, see vādō.

invalidus [in neg. + validus], adj., weak, feeble.

invehō, see vehō.

inveniō, see veniō.

invicem, in vicem, see vicis.

invictus [in neg. + victus, part. of vincō], adj., unconquerable.

invideō, see videō.

invidia, ae [invideō], f., envy; ill-will, odium, unpopularity.

invidiōsus [invidia], adj., envious; exciting envy, unpopular, hateful.

inviolātus [in neg. + violō], adj., unhurt.

invīsus [orig. part. of invideō], adj., hated, hateful.

invītō, āre, āvī, ātus, to invite, ask, summon; feast, entertain.

invītus, adj., unwilling, on compulsion.

iocus, ī (pl. also ioca), m., a jest, joke.

ipse, a, um, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often best rendered by very, mere, in person, even, actually.

īra, ae, f., anger, passion.

īrāscor, ī, īrātus sum [īra], to be or become angry.

īrātus [orig. part. of īrāscor], adj., angered, enraged; in anger, angrily.

is, ea, id, dem. pron., this or that; he, she, it; such (esp. before ut with subj.).

iste, a, ud, gen. istīus, dat. istī, that of yours, your; that, this.

ita [is], adv., in this way, so, thus, as follows.

Ītalia, ae, f., Italy. The name did not include the basin of the Po (Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.

Ītalicus, ī, m., an Italian.

itaque [ita + que], adv. and conj., and so, therefore, as a consequence, accordingly.

item, adv., besides, likewise, also.

iter, itineris [eō, īre], n., a journey, march; road, highway.

iterum, adv., a second time, again.

Iuba, ae, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46.

iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus, to order, command.

iūcundē [iūcundus], adv., agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully.

iūcundus, adj., pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful.

Iudaea, ae, f., Judaea.

Iudaeus, ī, m., a Jew.

iūdex, icis [iūs + dīcō], m., a judge, juror.

iūdicium, ī [iūdex], n., judgment, decision.

iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus [iūdex], to examine judicially, judge, adjudge; think, consider; declare, resolve.

iūgerum, ī, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre; an acre.

iugulum, ī [dim. of iugum], n., throat, neck.

iugum, ī [iungō], n., a yoke, collar; mountain summit, range of mountains; a military yoke, formed by fixing two spears upright in the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath such a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors.

Iugurtha, ae, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111 to 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius.

Iugurthīnus, adj., of or with Jugurtha, Jugurthine.

Iūlia, ae, f., Julia.

1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.

2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus.

Iūlius, ī, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Caesar.

iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to join together, unite, bind, fasten, yoke.

ad—adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to join or add to, attach.

con—coniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to fasten together, join, unite.

iūnior, see iuvenis.

Iūnius, ī, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Brūtus.

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig. a personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain, and storms.

iūre, see iūs.

iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus [iūs], to take an oath, swear; swear to.

con—cōniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to take an oath together, conspire, plot.

iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, law; court of justice, trial in court; abl. iūre as adv., rightly, justly; in iūs vocāre, to summon into court, bring to trial.

iūsiūrandum, ī [iūs + iūrō], n., an oath.

(iussus, ūs) [iubeō], m., order, command (found only in abl. sing.).

iūstitia, ae [iūs], f., justice, uprightness.

iuvenis, is, comp. iūnior, sup. minimus nātū, adj., young. As noun, iuvenis, is, m., young person, youth (between 17 and 45); iuvenēs or iūniōrēs, the fighting men.

iuventa, ae [iuvenis], f., youth.

iuventūs, ūtis [iuvenis], f., youth; collectively, young people, esp. fighting men. Cf. iuvenis.

K

Kalendae, ārum, pl. f., the Kalends, or the first day of the month.

L

labor, ōris, m., labor, toil; hardship, distress.

lābor, ī, lāpsus sum, to slip.

dē—dēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum, to glide down; slip or fall down, fall.

ex—ēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum, to slip away, glide off, escape.

prō—prōlābor, ī, lāpsus sum, to fall down; slip, stumble.

re—relābor, ī, lāpsus sum, to slip or sink back; flow back, subside.

labōriōsē [labōriōsus, toilsome], adv., laboriously, carefully.

labōrō, āre, āvī, ātum, to labor, toil; be hard pressed, suffer, be afflicted.

ex—ēlabōrō, āre, āvī, ātum, to labor, toil, endeavor.

Lacedaemonius, ī, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia, a district of Southern Greece.

lacerō, āre, āvī, ātus, to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound.

*laciō, ere, to entice.

ad—adliciō, ere, lexī, lectus, to entice, win over, attract.

ex—ēliciō, ere, uī, itus, to draw forth, call down.

per—perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus, to entice, allure, win over.

lacrima, ae, f., a tear.

lacrimābundus [lacrimō, to weep], adj., weeping.

laedō, ere, laesī, laesus, to hurt, injure.

ex—ēlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus, to dash out; shatter, crush.

in—inlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus, to dash against.

Laelius, ī, m., gentile name of C. Laelius, a friend of Scipio Africanus.

laetitia, ae [laetus], f., joy, exultation.

laetus, adj., joyful, glad, cheerful.

laevus, adj., left.

lambō, ere, —, —, to lick, lap.

lāmenta, ōrum, pl. n., lamentations.

lāmina, ae, f., a thin plate.

lāna, ae, f., wool.

lancea, ae, f., a spear, lance, dart.

lānificium, ī [lānā + faciō], n., spinning, weaving.

lanius, ī, m., a butcher.

lapideus [lapis], adj., of stone, stone.

lapis, idis, m., a stone; milestone.

laqueus, ī, m., noose, halter.

Lārentia, ae, f., see Acca.

largītiō, ōnis [largior, to bribe], f., liberality; bribery.

latebra, ae, [lateō, to lie hid], f., hiding place (usually only in pl.).

laterīcius [later, a brick], adj., made of brick, brick.

Latīnus, adj., pertaining to Latium, Latin; as noun, Latīnus, ī, m., an inhabitant of Latium, a Latin.

lātrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bark at.

latrō, ōnis, m., robber, brigand.

latus, eris, n., side; flank.

laudābilis, e [laudō], adj., praiseworthy, commendable.

laudandus [gerundive of laudō], adj., praiseworthy, commendable.

laudō, āre, āvī, ātus, to praise, extol.

con—conlaudō, āre, āvī, ātus, to praise very highly, extol.

laurea, ae (sc. corōna), f., a laurel wreath or crown.

laus, laudis, f., praise, fame, glory; ability (as that which excites praise). laudibus ferre, to extol.

lautus [part. of lavō, to wash], adj., well-washed, neat; elegant, splendid.

laxitās, ātis [laxus, roomy], f., spaciousness, roominess, size.

lectīca, ae [lectus], f., a litter, sedan chair, palanquin.

lectulus, ī [dim. of lectus], m., a small couch, bed.

lectus, ī, m., a couch, bed.

lēgātiō, ōnis [lēgō, to commission], f., embassy, legation.

lēgātus, ī [lēgō, to commission], m., one specially commissioned, ambassador, envoy; a deputy, lieutenant, an officer next in command to the imperātor, who selected him subject to the approval of the senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as his counsellors, and commanding in his absence.

legiō, ōnis [legō], f., a legion, containing from four to six thousand men; legiōnēs, the infantry, as distinct from the cavalry.

lēgitimus [lēx], adj., fixed by law, legal.

legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to gather, collect; select, appoint, choose; read.

con—conligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to collect, gather.

dē—dēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to choose, select; levy.

dis—dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus, to single out, esteem, love, prize.

ex—ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to pick out, choose, select.

inter—intellegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus, learn; perceive, understand.

lēniter [lēnis, soft, gentle], adv., softly, mildly, lightly.

lēnōcinium, ī, n., excessive finery or nicety in dress.

Lentulus, ī, m., P. Cornēlius Lentulus Dolābella, a son-in-law of Cicero.

lentus, adj., pliant, tough; slow, sluggish.

Lepidus, ī, m., M. Aemilius, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; a member, with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate.

lētālis, e [lētum, death], adj., deadly, fatal.

levis, e, adj., light, slight, trivial.

leviter [levis], adv., lightly, slightly.

lēx, lēgis, f., law, decree; term, condition.

libēns, entis [libet, it pleases], adj., willing; with good will or pleasure, gladly.

libenter [libēns], adv., gladly, willingly.

līber, lībera, līberum, adj., free; generous; outspoken, frank.

liber, librī, m., a book.

līberālitās, ātis [līberālis, generous], f., generosity, kindness; a gift.

līberāliter [līberālis, generous], adv., kindly, generously, graciously.

līberī, ōrum [līber], pl. m., children; properly the free persons of the family as distinct from the slaves.

līberō, āre, āvī, ātus [līber], to set free, free; acquit, absolve.

lībertās, ātis [līber], f., freedom, independence.

lībertus, ī [līber], m., a freedman.

libīdō, inis [libet, it pleases], f., pleasure; lust, wantonness, passion.

lībrō, āre, āvī, ātus [lībra, a balance], to balance, poise, brandish.

licentia, ae [licet], f., freedom, license.

licet, ēre, uit or itum est, impers., it is allowed or permitted.

līctor, ōris, m., a lictor, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig. attendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls, and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the fasces, and executed criminal sentences.

līgneus [līgnum, wood], adj., wooden.

ligō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bind.

ad—adligō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bind to, bind fast, bind.

dē—dēligō, āre, āvī, ātus, to bind to, tie, fasten.

re—religō, āre, avī, ātus, to bind, fasten.

līmen, inis, n., threshold, doorstep.

līneāmentum, ī [līnea, a line], n., a line; feature, lineament.

lingua, ae, f., tongue; language.

liquefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus [liqueō, to be liquid + faciō], to melt, dissolve.

Līternīnus, adj., at Literum, a town of Campania. As noun, Līternīnum, ī (sc. praedium, an estate), n., an estate of Scipio Africanus Maior at Liternum.

lītigātor, ōris [līs, lawsuit + agō], m., a party to a lawsuit, litigant.

littera, ae, f., a letter (of the alphabet); in pl., a letter, epistle; literature.

litterātus [littera], adj., lettered, educated, learned.

lītus, oris, n., (sea)shore, beach, strand.

Līvius, ī, m., gentile name of M. Līvius Salīnātor, who commanded the garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.

locō, āre, āvī, ātus [locus], to place, put; contract for, let, lease.

con—conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus, to place, arrange, station, establish.

locuplēs, ētis [locus + plēnus], adj., rich in lands, rich.

locus, ī, m. (pl., locī and loca), a place, spot; locality, region; position, station, post; room, opportunity.

longē [longus], adv., a long way or distance, at a distance; far, by far.

longinquus [longus], adj., remote, distant.

longus, adj., long; distant.

loquor, ī, locūtus sum, to speak, talk, say.

ad—adloquor, ī, locūtus sum, to speak to, address.

con—conloquor, ī, locūtus sum, to talk with, converse, confer.

lōrīca, ae [lōrum], f., a corselet of leather, coat of mail; squāmārum lōrīca, armor-like covering of scales.

lōrum, ī, n., a leather thong or strap.

Lūcius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen.

Lucrētia, ae, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron of the olden time.

luctor, ārī, ātus sum, to wrestle, struggle.

lūctus, ūs [lūgeō], m., grief, sorrow, mourning.

Lūcullus, ī, m., L. Licinius, born about 110 B.C., consul 74; conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or 56.

lūcus, ī, m., a sacred grove, grove.

lūdibrium, ī [lūdus], n., laughing-stock, jest; mockery, derision.

lūdicer, cra, crum [lūdus], adj., playful, sportive.

lūdus, ī, m., play, sport; a game, esp. (in pl.) the public games, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and theatrical performances.

lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus, to grieve; grieve for, mourn, lament.

lūgubris, e [lūgeō], adj., mournful.

lūmen, inis [cf. lux], n., light.

lūna, ae [cf. lūx], f., the moon.

lupa, ae, f., a she-wolf.

lūstrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to purify, cleanse; to review, inspect.

lūx, lūcis, f., light, daylight, day; prīmā lūce, at dawn.

lūxuria, ae [lūxus], f., luxury, excess.

lūxus, ūs, m., excess, luxury, self-indulgence.

M

Macedō, onis, m., a Macedonian.

Macedonia, ae, f., Macedonia, an extensive country north of Greece. Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world.

māchina, ae, f., machine or engine of war; a contrivance, trick.

mactō, āre, āvī, ātus, to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter.

mactus, adj., worshiped, glorified.

Maecēnās, ātis, m., C. Cilnius, the close friend of Augustus and his chief adviser in civil affairs.

maestus, adj., sad, gloomy, mournful.

magis, comp., adv., in a greater degree; more, rather; sup. māximē [māximus], in the highest degree, particularly; exceedingly, very.

magister, trī, m., master, chief; teacher; magister equitum, Master of the Horse, an officer appointed by a dictator as his lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of the cavalry.

magistrātus, ūs [magister], m., civil office, magistracy.

māgnificē [māgnificus], adv., in good sense, grandly; in bad sense, in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly.

māgnificentia, ae [māgnificus], f., splendor, grandeur.

māgnificus [māgnus + faciō], adj., splendid, magnificent.

māgnitūdō, inis [māgnus], f., greatness, size.

māgnus, comp. māior, sup. māximus, adj., great, large; māior or māximus (sc. nātū), elder, eldest. As noun, Māgnus, ī, m., the Great, cognomen of Pompey; māiōrēs (sc. nātū), pl. m., ancestors.

Maharbal, alis, m., a Carthaginian general.

māiestās, ātis [cf. māior], f., greatness, dignity.

māior, māius, gen. māiōris, see māgnus.

male [malus], comp. pēius, sup. pessimē, adv., badly, ill, unsuccessfully; feebly, barely, scarcely.

maledictum, ī [male + dīcō], n., a curse.