APPENDIX.

MAPS AND TABLES ILLUSTRATING THE CRIMINAL STATISTICS OF EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1851.

PAGE

Map showing the Density of the Population451

Table of ditto452

Map showing the Intensity of Criminality455

Table of ditto456

Map showing the Intensity of Ignorance459

Table of ditto460

Table of Ignorance among Criminals462

Table of Relative Degrees of Criminality464

Comparative Educational Tables465

Map showing the Number of Illegitimate Children467

Table of ditto468

Map showing the Number of Early Marriages471

Table of ditto472

Map showing the Number of Females475

Table of ditto476

Map showing Committals for Rape477

Table of ditto479

Map showing Committals for Carnally abusing Girls481

Table of ditto482

Map showing Committals for Disorderly Houses485

Table of ditto486

Map showing Concealment of Births489

Table of ditto490

Map showing Attempts at Miscarriage493

Table of ditto494

Map showing Assaults with Intent497

Table of ditto498

Map showing Committals for Bigamy499

Table of ditto500

Map showing Committals for Abduction501

Table of ditto502

Map showing the Criminality of Females503

Table of ditto504

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EVERY 100 ACRES; OR THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES in 1851

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the Population is above the average density.

The counties left white are those in which the Population is below the average density.

The average has been calculated from the last returns of the Registrar-General.

TABLE SHOWING THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1851.

COUNTIES.Dimensions.Houses.

Square Miles.Statute Acres.Number of Inhabited Houses.Number of Uninhabited Houses.Number of Houses Building.Total Number of Houses, 1851.Total Number of Houses, 1841.Increase of Houses per cent., 1841-51.

Bedford465297,63225,69467612626,49622,87715.8

Berks741473,92039,4621,56321141,23639,6604.0

Bucks725463,88029,2171,1038930,40928,8605.4

Cambridge838536,31338,7731,77720440,75435,79913.8

Chester1014649,05079,8494,24875684,85375,10313.0

Cornwall1336854,77068,2144,52835373,09571,9131.6

Cumberland1515969,49036,7711,53123838,54037,1603.7

Derby1036663,18052,4822,41142355,31649,4771.2

Devon25571,636,45099,1046,016765105,885102,4243.4

Dorset980627,22034,7711,55421836,54335,4003.2

Durham1062679,53068,9893,03059572,61461,94017.2

Essex1530979,00068,3833,35336472,10065,57010.0

Gloucester1235790,47078,3854,96139383,73979,9534.7

Hereford850543,80020,4539836921,50521,1191.8

Hertford626400,35033,9541,18921435,35732,6878.2

Hunts379242,25012,4726416213,17511,67612.8

Kent1519972,240108,3865,5161290115,192101,71713.3

Lancaster17461,117,260356,43617,4533470377,359322,14817.1

Leicester799511,34049,9681,59919851,76549,4704.6

Lincoln26001,663,85079,6673,39457983,64074,13812.8

Middlesex280179,590242,79812,2133276258,287222,44316.1

Monmouth507324,31032,9011,47318334,55730,0994.8

Norfolk20191,292,30091,1433,31244994,90488,3787.4

Northampton1011646,81043,9451,47823845,66142,3587.8

Northumberland18211,165,43047,5092,06038449,95355,33710.8[95]

Nottingham822525,80059,4271,48126761,17557,6116.2

Oxford730467,23034,9221,32310536,35034,1516.4

Rutland15297,5004,961153185,1324,8994.8

Salop1351864,36048,8422,18411251,13850,1312.0

Somerset16061,028,09087,7765,09039693,25290,9472.6

Southampton15911,018,55074,5883,47161778,67669,80712.7

Stafford1150736,290120,5014,526962125,989107,94116.7

Suffolk1436918,76069,4793,09842473,00167,0508.9

Surrey741474,480109,4535,7171663116,838101,12115.6

Sussex1419907,92059,3082,22060962,13758,5066·2

Warwick887567,93098,3234,609977103,90990,86814·4

Westmorland759485,99011,2475309411,87111,7830·8

Wilts13568,06049,0612,22317151,45549,9183·1

Worcester7189,71052,0552,75336255,17049,37111·8

York57333,669,510358,69416,4693244378,417341,14710·9

Travelling

North Wales31942,044,16083,0913,72052287,33385,8478·5

South Wales42312,707,840119,5075,269844125,620115,8221·7

Total for England and Wales57,06736,522,6153,280,961152,89826,5343,460,3933,144,62610·0

Population, 1851.Density.

Males.Females.Total Population, 1851.Total Population, 1841.Increase of Population per cent., 1841-51.No. of Persons to each 100 acres.No. of acres to each Person.No. of acres to each House.No. of Persons to each Inhabited House.

62,42067,369129,789112,3781643.52.311.25.1

99,22799,927199,154189,227541.72.411.55.0

70,78472,886143,670138,248431.33.215.24.9

95,50596,351191,856169,6381335.82.813.14.9

206,715216,723423,438368,1151565.21.57.65.3

171,979184,683356,662343,265441.72.411.65.2

96,10699,381195,487177,8071020.05.025.15.3

129,379131,328260,707239,791940.02.511.95.0

271,579300,628572,207534,883634.52.915.45.7

85,81691,781177,597167,689628.63.517.15.1

206,666204,866411,532325,8542662.51.69.35.9

172,161171,755343,916320,605734.52.913.55.0

198,122221,353419,475395,533653.01.99.45.3

49,69449,41899,11296,515318.25.525.34.8

86,33187,632173,963162,394743.52.311.35.1

29,98430,33660,32055,565925.04.018.34.8

308,115311,092619,207540,2751463.61.68.45.7

1,005,6271,058,2862,063,9131,696,37722200.0.52.95.8

115,295119,643234,938220,263745.42.29.94.7

201,027199,239400,266356,2261223.84.219.95.0

885,6141,010,0961,895,7101,582,538201059.0.09.77.9

92,09585,070177,165150,5441755.51.89.35.4

210,360223,443433,803404,971733.33.013.64.8

106,533107,251213,784198,518733.33.014.14.9

149,158154,377303,535265,6361325.63.923.36.3

144,428150,010294,438270,535955.51.88.65.0

85,44984,837170,286163,216437.02.712.84.9

12,27012,00224,27223,151525.04.019.04.9

122,022122,997245,019241,685128.63.516.95.0

216,716239,521456,237448,793243.52.311.05.2

199,834202,199402,033348,2981338.42.612.95.3

320,394310,112630,506528,8672083.31.25.85.2

165,267170,724335,991314,467737.02.712.54.8

325,155359,650684,805586,81617144.0.74.06.3

166,828172,600339,428302,0811237·02·714·65·7

235,263244,716479,979408,8141883·31·2·544·9

29,06429,31658,38056,609312·08·340·95·2

118,839122,164241,003242,7720·727·73·616·84·9

126,739132,023258,762230,3871355·51·88·55·0

886,845901,9221,788,7671,582,9771348·72·59·74·9

5,016

200,538203,622404,160388,106419·5·123·24·9

300,645306,851607,496528,8491422·24·521·55·1

8,762,5889,160,18017,922,76815,804,2941349·72·010·55·5

COUNTIES.Dimensions.Houses.Population, 1851.Density.

Square Miles.Statute Acres.Number of Inhabited Houses.Number of Uninhabited Houses.Number of Houses Building.Total Number of Houses, 1851.Total Number of Houses, 1841.Increase of Houses per cent., 1841-51.Males.Females.Total Population, 1851.Total Population, 1841.Increase of Population per cent., 1841-51.No. of Persons to each 100 acres.No. of acres to each Person.No. of acres to each House.No. of Persons to each Inhabited House.

Bedford465297,63225,69467612626,49622,87715.862,42067,369129,789112,3781643.52.311.25.1

Berks741473,92039,4621,56321141,23639,6604.099,22799,927199,154189,227541.72.411.55.0

Bucks725463,88029,2171,1038930,40928,8605.470,78472,886143,670138,248431.33.215.24.9

Cambridge838536,31338,7731,77720440,75435,79913.895,50596,351191,856169,6381335.82.813.14.9

Chester1014649,05079,8494,24875684,85375,10313.0206,715216,723423,438368,1151565.21.57.65.3

Cornwall1336854,77068,2144,52835373,09571,9131.6171,979184,683356,662343,265441.72.411.65.2

Cumberland1515969,49036,7711,53123838,54037,1603.796,10699,381195,487177,8071020.05.025.15.3

Derby1036663,18052,4822,41142355,31649,4771.2129,379131,328260,707239,791940.02.511.95.0

Devon25571,636,45099,1046,016765105,885102,4243.4271,579300,628572,207534,883634.52.915.45.7

Dorset980627,22034,7711,55421836,54335,4003.285,81691,781177,597167,689628.63.517.15.1

Durham1062679,53068,9893,03059572,61461,94017.2206,666204,866411,532325,8542662.51.69.35.9

Essex1530979,00068,3833,35336472,10065,57010.0172,161171,755343,916320,605734.52.913.55.0

Gloucester1235790,47078,3854,96139383,73979,9534.7198,122221,353419,475395,533653.01.99.45.3

Hereford850543,80020,4539836921,50521,1191.849,69449,41899,11296,515318.25.525.34.8

Hertford626400,35033,9541,18921435,35732,6878.286,33187,632173,963162,394743.52.311.35.1

Hunts379242,25012,4726416213,17511,67612.829,98430,33660,32055,565925.04.018.34.8

Kent1519972,240108,3865,5161290115,192101,71713.3308,115311,092619,207540,2751463.61.68.45.7

Lancaster17461,117,260356,43617,4533470377,359322,14817.11,005,6271,058,2862,063,9131,696,37722200.0.52.95.8

Leicester799511,34049,9681,59919851,76549,4704.6115,295119,643234,938220,263745.42.29.94.7

Lincoln26001,663,85079,6673,39457983,64074,13812.8201,027199,239400,266356,2261223.84.219.95.0

Middlesex280179,590242,79812,2133276258,287222,44316.1885,6141,010,0961,895,7101,582,538201059.0.09.77.9

Monmouth507324,31032,9011,47318334,55730,0994.892,09585,070177,165150,5441755.51.89.35.4

Norfolk20191,292,30091,1433,31244994,90488,3787.4210,360223,443433,803404,971733.33.013.64.8

Northampton1011646,81043,9451,47823845,66142,3587.8106,533107,251213,784198,518733.33.014.14.9

Northumberland18211,165,43047,5092,06038449,95355,33710.8[95]149,158154,377303,535265,6361325.63.923.36.3

Nottingham822525,80059,4271,48126761,17557,6116.2144,428150,010294,438270,535955.51.88.65.0

Oxford730467,23034,9221,32310536,35034,1516.485,44984,837170,286163,216437.02.712.84.9

Rutland15297,5004,961153185,1324,8994.812,27012,00224,27223,151525.04.019.04.9

Salop1351864,36048,8422,18411251,13850,1312.0122,022122,997245,019241,685128.63.516.95.0

Somerset16061,028,09087,7765,09039693,25290,9472.6216,716239,521456,237448,793243.52.311.05.2

Southampton15911,018,55074,5883,47161778,67669,80712.7199,834202,199402,033348,2981338.42.612.95.3

Stafford1150736,290120,5014,526962125,989107,94116.7320,394310,112630,506528,8672083.31.25.85.2

Suffolk1436918,76069,4793,09842473,00167,0508.9165,267170,724335,991314,467737.02.712.54.8

Surrey741474,480109,4535,7171663116,838101,12115.6325,155359,650684,805586,81617144.0.74.06.3

Sussex1419907,92059,3082,22060962,13758,5066·2166,828172,600339,428302,0811237·02·714·65·7

Warwick887567,93098,3234,609977103,90990,86814·4235,263244,716479,979408,8141883·31·2·544·9

Westmorland759485,99011,2475309411,87111,7830·829,06429,31658,38056,609312·08·340·95·2

Wilts13568,06049,0612,22317151,45549,9183·1118,839122,164241,003242,7720·727·73·616·84·9

Worcester7189,71052,0552,75336255,17049,37111·8126,739132,023258,762230,3871355·51·88·55·0

York57333,669,510358,69416,4693244378,417341,14710·9886,845901,9221,788,7671,582,9771348·72·59·74·9

Travelling5,016

North Wales31942,044,16083,0913,72052287,33385,8478·5200,538203,622404,160388,106419·5·123·24·9

South Wales42312,707,840119,5075,269844125,620115,8221·7300,645306,851607,496528,8491422·24·521·55·1

Total for England and Wales57,06736,522,6153,280,961152,89826,5343,460,3933,144,62610·08,762,5889,160,18017,922,76815,804,2941349·72·010·55·5

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE DENSITY OF THEIR POPULATION, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EVERY 100 ACRES.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex1059·0

Lancaster200·0

Surrey144·0

Stafford83·3

York, West Riding83·3

Chester65·2

Kent63·6

Durham62·5

Worcester55·5

Warwick83·3

Nottingham55·5

Monmouth55·5

Gloucester53·0

Average for England and Wales49·7

Counties below the Average.

Leicester45·4

Bedford43·5

Hertford43·5

Somerset43·5

Berks41·7

Cornwall41·7

Derby40·0

Southampton38·4

Oxford37·0

Suffolk37·0

Sussex37·0

Cambridge35·8

Devon34·5

Essex34·5

Norfolk33·3

Northampton33·3

York, East Riding33·3

Bucks31·3

Dorset28·6

Shropshire28·6

Wilts27·7

Northumberland25·6

Huntingdon25·0

Rutland25·0

Lincoln23·8

South Wales22·2

Cumberland20·0

North Wales19·6

Hereford18·2

York, North Riding15·2

Westmorland12·0

COMPARISON OF THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN 1841 and 1851.

1841.1851.1841.1851.

Agricultural Counties.Mining Counties.

Lincoln21·723·8Durham47·662·5

Rutland22·725·0Cornwall41·641·7

Huntingdon25·025·0

Cambridge30·335·8

Essex35·734·5Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counties.

Sussex32·237·0Derby41·640·0

Hereford20·818·2Stafford71·483·3

Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing Counties.Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.

Westmorland11·612·0Shropshire28·528·6

Norfolk32·233·3North Wales19·319·6

Suffolk33·337·0South Wales19·022·2

Hertford40·043·5

Bedford37·043·5

Buckingham33·331·3Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.

Northampton31·233·3Northumberland21·225·6

Oxford34·437·0Cumberland18·520·0

Berks34·441·7Monmouth43·055·5

Hants47·638·4

Wilts30·327·7Metropolitan County.

Dorset27·728·6Middlesex1000·01059·0

Somerset41·643·5

Devon32·234·5

Sub-Metropolitan Counties.

Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing County.Surrey125·0144·0

Gloucester55·526·1Kent55·563·6

Manufacturing Counties.Note.—An Agricultural county has more than 10 per cent., and a Sub-Agricultural county less than 10 per cent. of its population employed in agriculture.

Lancaster166·6200·0

Yorkshire42·648·7A Manufacturing county has more than 15 per cent., and a Sub-Manufacturing county less than 15 per cent. of its population employed in manufacture.

Chester58·865·2

Nottingham47·655·5A Mining county has more than 5 per cent., and a Sub-Mining county less than 5 per cent. of its population employed in mining.

Leicester43·045·4

Warwick71·483·3

Worcester52·655·5

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENDERS TO EVERY 10,000 OF THE POPULATION; OR THE INTENSITY OF THE CRIMINALITY IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of Criminals is above the average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of Criminals is below the average.

The average has been calculated from the returns for the last ten years.

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number of Persons committed for Trial or Bailed.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.

Bedford121,083191229202188155185178204

Berks194,763306333328287260250335360

Bucks140,959287277313280286283315310

Cambridge180,747240241257297239276255244

Chester395,919943108610187776887678711070

Cornwall349,991295282301269272280341272

Cumberland186,762151115109138118147120130

Derby250,249277322322279186277214264

Devon554,738687716740715720721949924

Dorset172,736284241252203218225307287

Durham368,787215266300376203249279334

Essex332,363647758710596554602603689

Gloucester407,504123612521186107192988410921042

Hereford97,813245259238230226158212270

Hertford168,178319338265271244243291348

Hunts57,94262686879888189104

Kent585,24996211559779118318158891020

Lancaster1,881,26139874497367728932852307234563778

Leicester227,621466492509481328358335346

Lincoln378,246349507563542389419506504

Middlesex1,740,81435864094426040274440464151754856

Monmouth164,093364264261278196217282298

Norfolk419,463666808782788642720751689

Northampton206,496342346270294302270243307

Northumberland284,777226245290294189169189201

Nottingham282,584329374353348267286343364

Oxford166,751323334328296309228299296

Rutland23,7111448392328264152

Salop243,352416470534449308227267305

Somerset452,51599111489671039873701774888

Southampton377,040677702676517619608737728

Stafford579,68610591485117588571785110281120

Suffolk325,336482527585630407471505495

Surrey635,917923101786794194295813151296

Sussex320,944539550493409409468522546

Warwick444,5581046100310458947697999981257

Westmoreland57,4943339442446743347

Wilts241,887506548464432379436502465

Worcester244,574566609679603563535620681

York1,686,46118952598230416911417156017942036

North Wales396,161251279294283269220307332

South Wales568,430377387546514426350471590

Total for England and Wales16,918,45827,76031,30929,59126,54224,30325,10728,83330,349

Total for 10 years.Average per Year.Proportion to the Population.Number of Criminals to every 10,000 of Population.

1849.1850.

1621611,8551851 in 65415·2

3583183,135313„ 62216·0

2872422,880288„ 48920·4

3093022,660266„ 67914·7

8619008,981898„ 44022·6

2772262,815281„ 12458·0

1591461,333133„ 14047·1

2452552,641264„ 94710·5

8938077,872787„ 70414·1

3261902,533253„ 68214·6

3213582,901290„ 12717·8

5876316,377638„ 52019·1

106392010,6751067„ 38126·1

2422522,332233„ 41923·8

3183152,952295„ 57017·5

939082282„ 70614·1

9809589,598960„ 60916·4

3290334034,8423484„ 53918·5

2993003,914391„ 58217·1

5295284,836484„ 78112·8

3861373242,6724267„ 40724·5

3704332,963296„ 55418·0

6337057,184718„ 58417·1

3272482,949295„ 69914·2

2612832,347235„ 12118·2

3413253,330333„ 84811·8

3032522,968297„ 59117·8

352733333„ 71813·9

3473073,630363„ 67014·9

8857549,020902„ 50119·9

7516866,701670„ 56217·7

1009105310,3821038„ 55817·9

5374725,111511„ 63615·7

1109103010,3981040„ 61116·3

5024804918492„ 65215·3

9108809601960„ 46321·6

577046747„ 12238·1

4523864570457„ 52918·9

6536076116612„ 39925·0

2022191519,2321923„ 87611·4

3383162889289„ 13707·2

5146134788479„ 11868·4

27,81626,813278,42327,842„ 60716·4

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number of Persons committed for Trial or Bailed.Total for 10 years.Average per Year.Proportion to the Population.Number of Criminals to every 10,000 of Population.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,0831912292021881551851782041621611,8551851 in 65415·2

Berks194,7633063333282872602503353603583183,135313„ 62216·0

Bucks140,9592872773132802862833153102872422,880288„ 48920·4

Cambridge180,7472402412572972392762552443093022,660266„ 67914·7

Chester395,9199431086101877768876787110708619008,981898„ 44022·6

Cornwall349,9912952823012692722803412722772262,815281„ 12458·0

Cumberland186,7621511151091381181471201301591461,333133„ 14047·1

Derby250,2492773223222791862772142642452552,641264„ 94710·5

Devon554,7386877167407157207219499248938077,872787„ 70414·1

Dorset172,7362842412522032182253072873261902,533253„ 68214·6

Durham368,7872152663003762032492793343213582,901290„ 12717·8

Essex332,3636477587105965546026036895876316,377638„ 52019·1

Gloucester407,504123612521186107192988410921042106392010,6751067„ 38126·1

Hereford97,8132452592382302261582122702422522,332233„ 41923·8

Hertford168,1783193382652712442432913483183152,952295„ 57017·5

Hunts57,94262686879888189104939082282„ 70614·1

Kent585,249962115597791183181588910209809589,598960„ 60916·4

Lancaster1,881,261398744973677289328523072345637783290334034,8423484„ 53918·5

Leicester227,6214664925094813283583353462993003,914391„ 58217·1

Lincoln378,2463495075635423894195065045295284,836484„ 78112·8

Middlesex1,740,814358640944260402744404641517548563861373242,6724267„ 40724·5

Monmouth164,0933642642612781962172822983704332,963296„ 55418·0

Norfolk419,4636668087827886427207516896337057,184718„ 58417·1

Northampton206,4963423462702943022702433073272482,949295„ 69914·2

Northumberland284,7772262452902941891691892012612832,347235„ 12118·2

Nottingham282,5843293743533482672863433643413253,330333„ 84811·8

Oxford166,7513233343282963092282992963032522,968297„ 59117·8

Rutland23,7111448392328264152352733333„ 71813·9

Salop243,3524164705344493082272673053473073,630363„ 67014·9

Somerset452,515991114896710398737017748888857549,020902„ 50119·9

Southampton377,0406777026765176196087377287516866,701670„ 56217·7

Stafford579,686105914851175885717851102811201009105310,3821038„ 55817·9

Suffolk325,3364825275856304074715054955374725,111511„ 63615·7

Surrey635,9179231017867941942958131512961109103010,3981040„ 61116·3

Sussex320,9445395504934094094685225465024804918492„ 65215·3

Warwick444,55810461003104589476979999812579108809601960„ 46321·6

Westmoreland57,4943339442446743347577046747„ 12238·1

Wilts241,8875065484644323794365024654523864570457„ 52918·9

Worcester244,5745666096796035635356206816536076116612„ 39925·0

York1,686,461189525982304169114171560179420362022191519,2321923„ 87611·4

North Wales396,1612512792942832692203073323383162889289„ 13707·2

South Wales568,4303773875465144263504715905146134788479„ 11868·4

Total for England and Wales16,918,45827,76031,30929,59126,54224,30325,10728,83330,34927,81626,813278,42327,842„ 60716·4

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF CRIMINALS TO EVERY 10,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average in Crime.

Gloucester26·1

Worcester25·0

Middlesex24·5

Hereford23·8

Chester22·6

Warwick21·6

Bucks20·4

Somerset19·9

Essex19·1

Wilts18·9

Lancaster18·5

Monmouth18·0

Stafford17·9

Oxford17·8

Southampton17·7

Hertford17·5

Leicester17·1

Norfolk17·1

Average for all England and Wales16·4

Counties above the Average in Crime.

Kent16·4

Surrey16·3

Berks16·0

Suffolk15·7

Sussex15·3

Bedford15·2

Salop14·9

Cambridge14·7

Dorset14·6

Northampton14·2

Devon14·1

Rutland13·9

Lincoln12·8

Nottingham11·8

York11·4

Derby10·5

South Wales8·4

Northumberland8·2

Westmorland8·1

Cornwall8·0

Durham7·8

North Wales7·2

Cumberland7·1

THE YEARS OF CRIME.

Years.Number of Criminal Offenders.Population.Number of Criminals to every 10,000 people.

18115,33710,150,6155·2

18126,57610,332,4416·3

18137,16410,515,2676·8

18146,39010,689,0935·9

18157,81810,881,9197·3

18169,09111,064,7458·2

181713,93211,247,57111·5

181813,56711,430,39711·8

181914,25411,613,22312·2

182013,71011,796,04911·6

Total for 10 years97,839109,630,320

Average ditto.9,78310,963,0328·9

182113,11511,978,87510·9

182212,24112,170,70610·0

182312,26312,362,5379·9

182413,69812,554,36810·9

182514,43712,746,19911·3

182616,16412,938,03012·5

182717,92413,129,86113·6

182816,56413,321,69212·4

182918,67513,531,52313·8

183018,10713,705,35413·2

Total for 10 years153,188128,421,145

Average ditto15,31812,842,11411·9

183119,64713,897,18714·1

183220,82914,098,14214·7

183320,07214,299,09714·0

183422,45114,500,05215·4

183520,73114,701,00714·1

183620,98414,901,96214·1

183723,61215,102,91715·6

183823,09415,303,87215·1

183924,44315,504,82715·7

184027,18715,705,78217·3

Total in 10 years223,050148,114,825

Average ditto22,30514,811,48215·0

184127,75015,914,14817·4

184231,30916,115,01019·4

184329,59116,315,87218·1

184426,54216,516,73416·0

184524,30316,717,59614·5

184625,10716,918,45814·9

184728,83317,119,32016·8

184830,34917,320,18217·5

184927,81617,521,04415·9

185026,81317,721,90615·1

Total for 10 years278,413168,180,270

Average ditto27,84116,818,02716·5

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN EVERY 100 PERSONS MARRIED; OR THE INTENSITY OF IGNORANCE IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number who signed the Marriage Register with Marks is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number who signed the Marriage Register with Marks is below the Average.

The Average has been calculated for the ten years from 1839 to 1848.

TABLE SHOWING THE IGNORANCE OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES, DEDUCED FROM THE NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Annual No. of Persons married, 1839-48.Number of Males and Females who signed the Marriage Register with Marks.

1839.1840.1841.1842.1843.1844.

Bedford1,8501,1121,1489569211,0281,110

Berks2,5881,0361,1311,0611,0631,1111,079

Bucks1,9209791,008820918882918

Cambridge2,7841,2691,3721,4951,3891,2811,330

Chester5,1602,3432,5102,3502,0962,3662,403

Cornwall4,8942,1502,1482,1282,3122,2842,141

Cumberland2,072470563527539506500

Derby3,6521,5211,4901,3211,0611,3511,455

Devon8,6782,6031,8172,7442,9712,9953,055

Dorset2,358725930785852449945

Durham5,7701,9002,0832,0011,8301,7711,825

Essex4,2281,9642,2152,1032,0622,1102,157

Gloucester6,9182,3292,5412,3472,1972,3932,277

Hereford1,268462463522548609516

Hertford1,9761,1891,0451,0579541,0831,038

Hunts904391465453446439413

Kent8,0942,4312,3822,4762,4882,5562,502

Lancaster34,06816,41115,79316,09614,62617,82019,850

Leicester3,4601,4941,5041,2811,1891,4161,505

Lincoln5,5301,9442,2092,1742,0821,9591,998

Middlesex31,5905,1345,5695,2425,0455,4166,141

Monmouth2,5621,6461,6971,2831,0911,1101,228

Norfolk6,0422,4852,7722,5142,8322,8162,901

Northampton3,1941,3381,4891,3771,2201,4041,441

Northumberland4,0941,1491,2641,1089651,013811

Nottingham4,1681,7151,7241,6451,6421,7421,953

Oxford2,316826961951957929889

Rutland21611592125999769

Salop3,1801,6471,5681,4971,5331,3921,496

Somerset6,2262,3002,6082,7052,6432,6542,643

Southampton5,7681,6141,8012,0491,9591,9101,977

Stafford8,2923,8864,0453,5523,0653,3353,937

Suffolk4,7382,1732,3532,3422,0572,1242,304

Surrey10,3742,1282,2602,1802,1292,2052,185

Sussex4,2681,4521,4801,4001,3641,4431,427

Warwick6,4941,5122,4702,2942,0522,4152,516

Westmorland780195191177185193225

Wilts3,2361,4951,6031,5501,4871,5221,527

Worcester5,5363,2013,0982,9342,5882,5282,974

York26,66411,43911,89910,72610,50311,09912,970

North Wales5,1643,0283,0222,9992,9252,6942,737

South Wales8,1524,3824,5324,3784,0934,1904,617

Total for England and Wales261,340100,616104,33599,63494,996101,235107,985

Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. of Persons who signed with Marks in every 100 married.Per Cent. above and below the Average.

1845.1846.1847.1848.

1,0951,1249571,00310,4541,04556†40·0

1,0701,1371,1181,16410,9701,09742† 5·0

9751,0749069999,47994849†22·5

1,4711,3981,2131,32813,5461,35545†12·5

2,7772,6082,1212,50324,0172,40846†15·0

2,3382,4072,1022,14622,1562,21645†12·5

5816475203505,20352025*37·5

1,6421,5441,3821,37714,1441,41439* 2·5

3,3123,2242,7821,98127,4842,74832*20·0

1,0339059419238,48884936*10·0

2,3752,3782,3762,32720,8662,08736*10·0

2,2462,1631,9771,96320,9602,09650†25·0

2,5782,6982,2152,30423,8792,38835*12·5

5985764244885,20652141† 2·5

1,1531,1029471,01310,5811,05854†35·0

4344664384404,38543949†22·5

2,9442,8552,5692,48125,6842,56832*20·0

22,17720,70916,58818,161178,23117,82352†30·0

1,5181,5791,3291,44114,2561,42641† 2·5

2,2322,1662,1592,43621,3592,13639* 2·5

6,4566,1635,6665,43356,2655,62718*55·0

1,7221,9821,7201,57415,0531,50559†47·5

3,1202,9642,7832,85528,0422,80446†15·0

1,5041,4671,2531,33213,8251,38343† 7·5

1,2141,2441,1901,32811,2861,12928*30·0

2,0001,8341,6351,76017,6501,76542† 5·0

8318808698438,93689439* 2·5

73991521181,03910449†22·5

1,4281,5441,5321,66115,2981,53048†20·0

2,5982,6322,1832,36025,3262,53341† 2·5

2,1812,1852,0191,87519,5701,95734*15·0

5,0914,9206,4235,26343,5174,35252†30·0

2,4362,3892,3252,35422,8572,28648†20·0

2,4732,4512,1342,03922,1842,21821*47·5

1,5941,5341,5121,37114,5771,45834*15·0

2,6702,9582,8702,85524,6122,46138* 5·0

2373212201352,07920827*32·5

1,6851,6421,4811,52815,5201,55248†20·0

3,7444,1921,8711,64328,7732,87752†30·0

13,39512,68811,79711,930118,44611,84544†10·0

2,9163,2192,9041,95128,3952,84055†37·5

4,9785,5654,7034,81146,2494,62557†42·5

118,894117,633104,306105,9371,050,907105,09140

COUNTIES.Average Annual No. of Persons married, 1839-48.Number of Males and Females who signed the Marriage Register with Marks.Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. of Persons who signed with Marks in every 100 married.Per Cent. above and below the Average.

1839.1840.1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.

Bedford1,8501,1121,1489569211,0281,1101,0951,1249571,00310,4541,04556†40·0

Berks2,5881,0361,1311,0611,0631,1111,0791,0701,1371,1181,16410,9701,09742† 5·0

Bucks1,9209791,0088209188829189751,0749069999,47994849†22·5

Cambridge2,7841,2691,3721,4951,3891,2811,3301,4711,3981,2131,32813,5461,35545†12·5

Chester5,1602,3432,5102,3502,0962,3662,4032,7772,6082,1212,50324,0172,40846†15·0

Cornwall4,8942,1502,1482,1282,3122,2842,1412,3382,4072,1022,14622,1562,21645†12·5

Cumberland2,0724705635275395065005816475203505,20352025*37·5

Derby3,6521,5211,4901,3211,0611,3511,4551,6421,5441,3821,37714,1441,41439* 2·5

Devon8,6782,6031,8172,7442,9712,9953,0553,3123,2242,7821,98127,4842,74832*20·0

Dorset2,3587259307858524499451,0339059419238,48884936*10·0

Durham5,7701,9002,0832,0011,8301,7711,8252,3752,3782,3762,32720,8662,08736*10·0

Essex4,2281,9642,2152,1032,0622,1102,1572,2462,1631,9771,96320,9602,09650†25·0

Gloucester6,9182,3292,5412,3472,1972,3932,2772,5782,6982,2152,30423,8792,38835*12·5

Hereford1,2684624635225486095165985764244885,20652141† 2·5

Hertford1,9761,1891,0451,0579541,0831,0381,1531,1029471,01310,5811,05854†35·0

Hunts9043914654534464394134344664384404,38543949†22·5

Kent8,0942,4312,3822,4762,4882,5562,5022,9442,8552,5692,48125,6842,56832*20·0

Lancaster34,06816,41115,79316,09614,62617,82019,85022,17720,70916,58818,161178,23117,82352†30·0

Leicester3,4601,4941,5041,2811,1891,4161,5051,5181,5791,3291,44114,2561,42641† 2·5

Lincoln5,5301,9442,2092,1742,0821,9591,9982,2322,1662,1592,43621,3592,13639* 2·5

Middlesex31,5905,1345,5695,2425,0455,4166,1416,4566,1635,6665,43356,2655,62718*55·0

Monmouth2,5621,6461,6971,2831,0911,1101,2281,7221,9821,7201,57415,0531,50559†47·5

Norfolk6,0422,4852,7722,5142,8322,8162,9013,1202,9642,7832,85528,0422,80446†15·0

Northampton3,1941,3381,4891,3771,2201,4041,4411,5041,4671,2531,33213,8251,38343† 7·5

Northumberland4,0941,1491,2641,1089651,0138111,2141,2441,1901,32811,2861,12928*30·0

Nottingham4,1681,7151,7241,6451,6421,7421,9532,0001,8341,6351,76017,6501,76542† 5·0

Oxford2,3168269619519579298898318808698438,93689439* 2·5

Rutland2161159212599976973991521181,03910449†22·5

Salop3,1801,6471,5681,4971,5331,3921,4961,4281,5441,5321,66115,2981,53048†20·0

Somerset6,2262,3002,6082,7052,6432,6542,6432,5982,6322,1832,36025,3262,53341† 2·5

Southampton5,7681,6141,8012,0491,9591,9101,9772,1812,1852,0191,87519,5701,95734*15·0

Stafford8,2923,8864,0453,5523,0653,3353,9375,0914,9206,4235,26343,5174,35252†30·0

Suffolk4,7382,1732,3532,3422,0572,1242,3042,4362,3892,3252,35422,8572,28648†20·0

Surrey10,3742,1282,2602,1802,1292,2052,1852,4732,4512,1342,03922,1842,21821*47·5

Sussex4,2681,4521,4801,4001,3641,4431,4271,5941,5341,5121,37114,5771,45834*15·0

Warwick6,4941,5122,4702,2942,0522,4152,5162,6702,9582,8702,85524,6122,46138* 5·0

Westmorland7801951911771851932252373212201352,07920827*32·5

Wilts3,2361,4951,6031,5501,4871,5221,5271,6851,6421,4811,52815,5201,55248†20·0

Worcester5,5363,2013,0982,9342,5882,5282,9743,7444,1921,8711,64328,7732,87752†30·0

York26,66411,43911,89910,72610,50311,09912,97013,39512,68811,79711,930118,44611,84544†10·0

North Wales5,1643,0283,0222,9992,9252,6942,7372,9163,2192,9041,95128,3952,84055†37·5

South Wales8,1524,3824,5324,3784,0934,1904,6174,9785,5654,7034,81146,2494,62557†42·5

Total for England and Wales261,340100,616104,33599,63494,996101,235107,985118,894117,633104,306105,9371,050,907105,09140

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR IGNORANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN EVERY 100 PERSONS MARRIED.

Counties above the Average, or most Ignorant.

Monmouth59

South Wales57

Bedford56

North Wales55

Hertford54

Lancaster52

Stafford52

Worcester52

Essex50

Bucks49

Hunts49

Rutland49

Salop48

Suffolk48

Wilts48

Chester46

Norfolk46

Cambridge45

Cornwall45

York44

Northampton43

Berks42

Nottingham42

Hereford41

Leicester41

Somerset41

Counties below the Average, or least Ignorant.

Derby39

Lincoln39

Oxford39

Warwick38

Dorset36

Durham36

Gloucester35

Southampton34

Sussex34

Devon32

Kent32

Northumberland28

Westmorland27

Cumberland25

Surrey21

Middlesex18

Average for England and Wales40

THE CRIME AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

Percentage above and below the Average.

In No. of Criminals.In No. signing Register with Marks.In No. of Criminals unable to read and write.

Counties having great Crime and great Ignorance.

Worcester †52·4 †36·0 † 8·5

Chester †37·8 †15·0 † 9·4

Hereford †45·1 † 2·5 †41·5

Bucks †24·4 †22·5 † 6·9

Somerset †21·3 † 2·5 † 7·2

Essex †16·4 †25·0 †24·2

Lancaster †12·8 †30·0 †22·0

Hertford † 6·7 †35·0 †29·8

Norfolk † 4·2 †15·0 †19·1

Counties having little Crime and little Ignorance.

Cumberland *56·7 *37·5 *15·4

Westmorland *50·6 *32·5 *38·6

Northumberland *50·0 *30·0 *19·1

Derby *36·0 * 2·5 *23·5

Lincoln *22·0 * 2·5 *14·8

Devon *14·0 *20·0 *12·9

Sussex * 6·7 *15·0 * 4·0

Surrey * ·6 *47·5 *13·8

Counties having great Crime, and in which the Ignorance Tests are contradictory.

Warwick †31·7 * 5·0 † 9·7

Wilts †15·2 †20·0 *20·4

Monmouth † 9·7 †47·0 *12·2

Stafford † 9·1 †30·0 * 3·4

Leicester † 4·2 † 2·5 *11·6

Counties having great Crime and little Ignorance.

Gloucester †59·1 *12·5 *11·9

Middlesex †49·4 *55·0 *21·7

Oxford † 8·5 * 2·5 * ·9

Southampton † 7·9 *15·0 *13·5

Counties having little Crime and great Ignorance.

North Wales *56·1 †37·5 †20·4

South Wales *48·7 †42·5 †14·7

Hants *14·0 †22·5 † 1·9

Northampton *13·4 † 7·5 † 1·5

Salop * 9·1 †20·0 †25·8

Bedford * 7·3 †40·0 †28·3

Suffolk * 4·2 †20·0 † 8·1

Counties having little Crime, and in which the Ignorance Tests are contradictory.

Durham *51·8 *10·0 † 1·5

Cornwall *51·2 †12·5 * 6·9

York *30·5 †10·0 * 8·5

Nottingham *28·0 † 5·0 * 5·6

Berks *21·4 † 5·0 * 4·7

Rutland *15·2 †22·5 * 2·5

Cambridge *10·3 †12·5 * 2·5

Dorset *10·0 *10·0 † 4·7

Kent *20·0 † 6·3

TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF IGNORANCE AMONGST THE CRIMINALS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.

1839.1840.1841.1842.1843.1844.

Bedford1813972901108081

Berks313103121971134875

Bucks285891078711211391

Cambridge249796590788077

Chester904285370334333336259

Cornwall294819582808265

Cumberland130393026453741

Derby263744866927761

Devon755143154146144204235

Dorset2588410796759573

Durham2607033568896138

Essex638213297302295290219

Gloucester1067326322370414330211

Hereford22910212012110710783

Hertford28814713314611998111

Hunts77203321222627

Kent942348251353371330301

Lancaster346211431391155619471423992

Leicester419141159135141137135

Lincoln45811711999133131134

Middlesex42309278829808001033933

Monmouth2728394112737967

Norfolk727285266258308284290

Northampton29196921181119290

Northumberland214245745587596

Nottingham33310410891102112115

Oxford3081131341069911784

Rutland294 —111138

Salop367136176182173215164

Somerset935281410352363333360

Southampton664215207188186159126

Stafford1017233271324465313304

Suffolk511187201184188195198

Surrey1026315320274300223233

Sussex498173173176191143111

Warwick959293396403363392267

Westmorland41865563

Wilts462132145146127116100

Worcester594169275244250242204

York1878553572531776621444

North Wales2748411092122116107

South Wales435108136135138174188

Total for England and Wales27,5421969058922010,12891737901

Total for 10 years.Average Number per Year.No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

1845.1846.1847.1848.

646664797457440·8†28·3

79881001279519530·3* 4·7

9589105829709734·0† 6·9

697875817727730·9* 2·5

2302963363713,15031534·8† 9·4

9089125868758729·6* 6·9

214632373543526·9*15·4

536341646426424·3*23·5

2112483072952,08720927·7*12·9

836493848648633·3† 4·7

6678971208428432·3† 1·5

1882422542242,52425239·5†24·2

2102352932762,98729928·0*11·9

96641121151,02710345·0†41·5

90821211481,19511941·3†29·8

321421362522532·4† 1·9

3012673053683,19531933·8† 6·3

102310971283138913,444134438·8†22·0

879666821,17911828·1*11·6

1121251361371,24312427·1*14·8

123011771280132210,564105624·9*21·7

344581957637627·9*12·2

2542712932472,75627637·9†19·1

1078656939419432·3† 1·5

444549575505525·7*19·1

7988951061,00010030·0* 5·6

936490739739731·5* ·9

128151789931·0* 2·5

104891121191,47014740·0†25·8

2982242663133,20032034·1† 7·2

1531932131941,83418327·5*13·5

2122633543873,12631330·7* 3·4

1131591591791,76317634·4† 8·1

2232183483402,82428227·4*13·8

971511361681,51915230·5* 4·0

2372343244403,34933534·9† 9·7

11205978819·5*38·6

851011181041,17411725·3*20·4

2101952292322,25022534·5† 8·5

3784535286195,47554729·1* 8·5

81791261361,05310538·3†20·4

1831081872401,59315936·5†14·7

743876989050969187,553875531·8

COUNTIES.Average Annual Number of Criminals from 1839-1848.Number of Criminals who could neither read nor write.Total for 10 years.Average Number per Year.No. of Criminals who can neither read nor write in every 100.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

1839.1840.1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.

Bedford1813972901108081646664797457440·8†28·3

Berks31310312197113487579881001279519530·3* 4·7

Bucks2858910787112113919589105829709734·0† 6·9

Cambridge249796590788077697875817727730·9* 2·5

Chester9042853703343333362592302963363713,15031534·8† 9·4

Cornwall2948195828082659089125868758729·6* 6·9

Cumberland130393026453741214632373543526·9*15·4

Derby263744866927761536341646426424·3*23·5

Devon7551431541461442042352112483072952,08720927·7*12·9

Dorset2588410796759573836493848648633·3† 4·7

Durham26070335688961386678971208428432·3† 1·5

Essex6382132973022952902191882422542242,52425239·5†24·2

Gloucester10673263223704143302112102352932762,98729928·0*11·9

Hereford2291021201211071078396641121151,02710345·0†41·5

Hertford2881471331461199811190821211481,19511941·3†29·8

Hunts77203321222627321421362522532·4† 1·9

Kent9423482513533713303013012673053683,19531933·8† 6·3

Lancaster346211431391155619471423992102310971283138913,444134438·8†22·0

Leicester419141159135141137135879666821,17911828·1*11·6

Lincoln458117119991331311341121251361371,24312427·1*14·8

Middlesex42309278829808001033933123011771280132210,564105624·9*21·7

Monmouth2728394112737967344581957637627·9*12·2

Norfolk7272852662583082842902542712932472,75627637·9†19·1

Northampton291969211811192901078656939419432·3† 1·5

Northumberland214245745587596444549575505525·7*19·1

Nottingham333104108911021121157988951061,00010030·0* 5·6

Oxford3081131341069911784936490739739731·5* ·9

Rutland294 —111138128151789931·0* 2·5

Salop367136176182173215164104891121191,47014740·0†25·8

Somerset9352814103523633333602982242663133,20032034·1† 7·2

Southampton6642152071881861591261531932131941,83418327·5*13·5

Stafford10172332713244653133042122633543873,12631330·7* 3·4

Suffolk5111872011841881951981131591591791,76317634·4† 8·1

Surrey10263153202743002232332232183483402,82428227·4*13·8

Sussex498173173176191143111971511361681,51915230·5* 4·0

Warwick9592933964033633922672372343244403,34933534·9† 9·7

Westmorland4186556311205978819·5*38·6

Wilts462132145146127116100851011181041,17411725·3*20·4

Worcester5941692752442502422042101952292322,25022534·5† 8·5

York18785535725317766214443784535286195,47554729·1* 8·5

North Wales274841109212211610781791261361,05310538·3†20·4

South Wales4351081361351381741881831081872401,59315936·5†14·7

Total for England and Wales27,54281969058922010,12891737901743876989050969187,553875531·8

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE IGNORANCE AMONGST THEIR CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.

Counties above the Average.

Hereford45·0

Hertford41·3

Bedford40·8

Salop40·0

Essex39·5

Lancaster38·8

North Wales38·3

Norfolk37·9

South Wales36·5

Warwick34·9

Chester34·8

Worcester34·5

Suffolk34·4

Somerset34·1

Bucks34·0

Kent33·8

Dorset33·3

Hunts32·4

Durham32·3

Northampton32·3

Average for England and Wales31·8

Counties below the Average.

Oxford31·5

Rutland31·0

Cambridge30·9

Stafford30·7

Sussex30·5

Berks30·3

Nottingham30·0

Cornwall29·6

York29·1

Leicester28·1

Gloucester28·0

Monmouth27·9

Devon27·7

Southampton27·5

Surrey27·4

Lincoln27·1

Cumberland26·9

Northumberland25·7

Wilts25·3

Middlesex24·9

Derby24·3

Westmorland19·5

THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (to show the local association of crime).

Division I.—Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties.

No. of Criminals in 10,000.

Cumberland7·1

Durham7·8

Westmorland8·1

Northumberland8·2

North Wales7·2

South Wales8·4

Cornwall8·0

Division II.—York and N. Midland Counties.

York11·4

Derby10·5

Nottingham11·8

Lincoln12·8

Rutland13·9

Division III.—S. Midland & Eastern Counties.

Hunts14·1

Northampton14·2

Cambridge14·7

Bedford15·2

Suffolk15·7

Norfolk17·1

Essex19·1

Oxford17·8

Herts17·5

Bucks20·4

Division IV.—South Eastern and South Western.

Berks12·9

Devon14·1

Dorset14·8

Sussex15·3

Surrey16·3

Kent16·4

Hants17·7

Wilts18·9

Somerset19·9

Monmouth18·0

Division V.—Western and North Western.

Shropshire14·9

Leicestershire17·1

Stafford17·9

Lancaster18·5

Chester22·6

Warwick21·6

Hereford23·8

Worcester25·0

Gloucester26·1

Division VI.—Metropolitan.

Middlesex24·5

The Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties range in criminality from 7·1 to 8·4 in 10,000.

York and the N. Midland Counties, from 11·4 to 13·9.

The S. Midland and Eastern Counties, from 14·1 to 20·4.

The S. Eastern and S. Western, from 12·9 to 19·9.

The Western and N. Western, from 14·9 to 26·1.

The Metropolitan, 24·5.

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE CRIMINALITY AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPATION OF THEIR INHABITANTS.

No. of Criminals in every 10,000 of Pop.No. of Persons who signed with Marks in every 100 married.

Agricultural Counties.

Lincoln1239

Rutland1349

Huntingdon1449

Cambridge1445

Essex1950

Sussex1534

Hereford2341

Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing Counties.

Westmorland827

Norfolk1746

Suffolk1548

Hertford1754

Bedford1556

Buckingham2049

Northampton1443

Oxford1739

Berks1242

Hants1734

Wilts1848

Dorset1436

Somerset1941

Sub-Agricul. and Sub-Manufact. County.

Gloucester2635

Manufacturing Counties.

Lancaster1852

Yorkshire1144

Chester2246

Nottingham1142

Leicester1741

Warwick2138

Worcester2552

Mining Counties.

Durham736

Cornwall845

Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counties.

Derby1039

Stafford1752

Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.

Salop1448

North Wales755

South Wales857

Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.

Northumberland828

Cumberland725

Monmouth1859

Metropolitan County.

Middlesex2418

Sub-Metropolitan Counties.

Surrey1621

Kent1632

For definition of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mining Counties, see Table of Density of Population, No. 37.

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DEGREES OF CRIMINALITY AND IGNORANCE IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES.

The Average taken for Ten Years.

The thin line represents Ignorance. The thick line represents Crime.

EDUCATION OF CRIMINALS (ENGLAND AND WALES).

TABLE SHOWING THE DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

Years.Unable to read or write.Able to read and write imperfectly.Able to read and write well.Superior Instruction.Instruction could not be ascertained.Total.

18398,19613,07124627863624,443

18409,05815,109225310166627,187

18419,22015,73220532662927,760

184210,12818,26021216973131,309

18439,17317,045237114086229,591

18447,90115,735216511163926,542

18457,43814,17920378956024,303

18467,69814,94219368544625,107

18479,05016,98022458247628,833

18489,69117,11129848148230,349

TABLE SHOWING THE CENTESIMAL DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

Years.Unable to read or write.Able to read and write imperfectly.Able to read and write well.Superior Instruction.Instruction could not be ascertained.

183933·5353·4810·070·322·60

184033·3255·578·290·372·45

184133·2156·677·400·452·27

184232·3558·326·770·222·34

184331·0057·608·020·472·91

184429·7759·288·420·422·41

184530·6158·348·380·372·30

184630·6659·517·710·341·78

184731·3958·897·790·281·65

184831·9356·389·830·271·59

⁂ “The instruction of the offenders,” say the Criminal Returns of 1848, “has been without much variation, exhibiting, on a comparison of the last ten years, a decreased proportion of those entirely uninstructed;” and it may be added a corresponding increase of those who are able to read and write imperfectly.

THE STATE OF EDUCATION AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

Counties having great Ignorance and great density of Population.Percentage above and below the Average.Counties having little Ignorance and great density of Population.Percentage above and below the Average.

In No. signing register with Marks.In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.In No. signing register with Marks.In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.

Monmouth†47† 9Middlesex*55†2030

Lancaster†30†270Surrey*47† 189

Stafford†30† 72Kent*20† 28

Worcester†30† 13Gloucester*12† 6

Chester†15† 31Durham*10† 21

Nottingham†5† 12Warwick* 5† 70

Counties having little Ignorance and little density of Population.Counties having great Ignorance and little density of Population.

Cumberland*37*59South Wales†42*55

Westmorland*32*75Bedford†40*12

Northumb*30*48North Wales†37*60

Devon*20*30Hertford†35*12

Sussex*15*25Essex†25*29

Southampton*15*20Bucks†22*37

Dorset*10*43Hunts†22*49

Oxford* 2*26Rutland†22*49

Lincoln* 2*51Salop†20*42

Derby* 2*20Suffolk†20*26

Wilts†20*44

Norfolk†15*32

Cambridge†12*28

Cornwall†12*16

York†10* 2

Northampton† 7*33

Berks† 5*15

Hereford† 2*63

Leicester† 2* 7

Somerset† 2*10

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the most ignorant in which the population is the least dense.

THE CRIME AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

Counties having great Crime and great density of Population.Percentage above and below the Average.Counties having great Crime and little density of Population.Percentage above and below the Average.

In Number of Criminals.In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.In Number of Criminals.In No. of Persons to 100 Acres.

Gloucester†59·1† 6·4Hereford†45·1*63·4

Worcester†52·4† 13·3Bucks†24·4*37·0

Middlesex†49·4†2030·8Somerset†21·3*10·9

Chester†37·8† 31·2Essex†16·4*29·6

Warwick†31·7† 70·0Wilts†15·2*44·1

Lancaster†12·8† 270·6Oxford† 8·5*26·8

Monmouth† 9·7† 9·9Southampton† 7·9*20·7

Stafford† 9·1† 72·2Hertford† 6·7*12·5

Leicester† 4·2* 7·4

Norfolk† 4·2*32·6

Counties having little Crime and little density of Population.Counties having little Crime and great density of Population.

Cumberland*56·7*59·6Durham*51·8† 21·9

North Wales*56·1*60.4Nottingham*28·0† 12·7

Cornwall*51·2*16·3Surrey* ·6†189·7

Westmorland*50·6*75·9Kent† 28·0

Northumb*50·0*48·1

South Wales*48·7*55·1

Derby*36·0*20·9

York*30·5* 2·0

Lincoln*22·0*51·7

Berks*21·4*15·5

Hunts*14·0*49·9

Devon*14·0*30·0

Rutland*15·2*49·9

Northampton*13·4*33·4

Cambridge*10·3*28·2

Dorset*10·0*43·1

Salop* 9·1*42·9

Bedford* 7·3*12·3

Sussex* 6·7*25·0

Suffolk* 4·2*26·6

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the least criminal in which the population is the least dense.

N.B. The † prefixed to a number denotes that it is above, the * that it is below the average by the percentage which it expresses.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN EVERY 1000 BIRTHS, IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of Illegitimate Births is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of Illegitimate Births is below the Average.

The Average is taken for four years (as long as the returns will allow).

The Average for all England and Wales is 67 in every 1000.

A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The average is calculated for as long a series of years as the returns of the Registrar General will permit.

COUNTIES.Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.Average per Year.Number of Illegitimate Births

1845.1846.1847.1848.

Bedford17,3844,346355349302338

Berks23,1955,799463472438470

Bucks17,9844,496328329296306

Cambridge25,5466,386441407442404

Chester51,39612,5991188119010641072

Cornwall45,01711,254576537515508

Cumberland23,5415,885647641629638

Derby32,2958,074672670674610

Devon64,80216,200789889758837

Dorset20,5295,132364331309366

Durham54,91613,729804821812859

Essex41,35610,339588673590634

Gloucester49,44412,361811855720767

Hereford10,9842,746273305254263

Hertford21,5905,397402414368367

Hunts8,1792,0451161008098

Kent73,83618,45910151008976995

Lancaster293,02373,2565929589754775384

Leicester29,5127,378640624531536

Lincoln49,54612,386843845773821

Middlesex217,52354,3812048225422012298

Monmouth21,9955,499247266253309

Norfolk52,38713,0971424144012951336

Northampton27,6746,918440420395411

Northumberland37,5239,381668678715679

Nottingham35,2448,811895827775736

Oxford20,8865,221368468386361

Rutland2,82570652343045

Salop25,8996,475676658593632

Somerset53,50913,377903860796830

Southampton46,72611,681704711688709

Stafford77,97219,4931240128314091433

Suffolk42,05510,514937950849846

Surrey81,96820,492855911930915

Sussex38,4549,613657669695626

Warwick58,93814,734779835830879

Westmorland7,0731,793179147149149

Wilts29,0087,252521549485469

Worcester40,56110,140768885512553

York231,44457,8614266431740304106

North Wales43,26810,817872854830832

South Wales72,18818,0471407125612711300

Total for England and Wales2,219,170554,79238,24138,25936,12536,747

Total for 4 Years.Average per Year.Proportion to all Births, 1 in everyNumber of Illegitimate in every 1000 Births.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below

1,34433612·977†14·9

1,84346112·579†17·9

1,25931514·270†4·4

1,69442315·066*1·5

4,514112811·389†32·8

2,13653421·047*29·8

2,5556399·2108†61·2

2,62665612·281†20·9

3,27381819·750*25·3

1,37034214·966*1·5

3,29682416·360*10·4

2,48562116·660*10·4

3,15378815·664*4·5

1,09527410·0100†49·2

1,55138813·972†7·4

3949820·748*28·3

3,99499814·854*19·4

22,687567212·977†14·9

2,33158312·679†17·9

3,28282015·066*1·5

8,801220024·740*40·3

1,07526920·449*26·8

5,49513749·5105†56·7

1,66641616·660*10·4

2,74068513·673†8·9

3,23380810·991†35·8

1,58339613·176†13·4

1614017·556*16·4

2,55964010·199†47·7

3,38984715·763*6·0

2,81270316·660*10·4

5,365134114·569†3·0

3,58289511·785†26·8

3,61190322·644*34·3

2,64766214·568†1·5

3,32383117·756*16·4

62415611·387†29·8

2,02450614·369†3·0

2,71867914·966*1·5

16,619415513·971†6·0

3,38884712·778†16·4

5,234130813·772†7·4

149,64237,41014·867

COUNTIES.Total Number of Birth for 1845-48.Average per Year.Number of Illegitimate BirthsTotal for 4 Years.Average per Year.Proportion to all Births, 1 in everyNumber of Illegitimate in every 1000 Births.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below

1845.1846.1847.1848.

Bedford17,3844,3463553493023381,34433612·977†14·9

Berks23,1955,7994634724384701,84346112·579†17·9

Bucks17,9844,4963283292963061,25931514·270†4·4

Cambridge25,5466,3864414074424041,69442315·066*1·5

Chester51,39612,59911881190106410724,514112811·389†32·8

Cornwall45,01711,2545765375155082,13653421·047*29·8

Cumberland23,5415,8856476416296382,5556399·2108†61·2

Derby32,2958,0746726706746102,62665612·281†20·9

Devon64,80216,2007898897588373,27381819·750*25·3

Dorset20,5295,1323643313093661,37034214·966*1·5

Durham54,91613,7298048218128593,29682416·360*10·4

Essex41,35610,3395886735906342,48562116·660*10·4

Gloucester49,44412,3618118557207673,15378815·664*4·5

Hereford10,9842,7462733052542631,09527410·0100†49·2

Hertford21,5905,3974024143683671,55138813·972†7·4

Hunts8,1792,04511610080983949820·748*28·3

Kent73,83618,459101510089769953,99499814·854*19·4

Lancaster293,02373,256592958975477538422,687567212·977†14·9

Leicester29,5127,3786406245315362,33158312·679†17·9

Lincoln49,54612,3868438457738213,28282015·066*1·5

Middlesex217,52354,38120482254220122988,801220024·740*40·3

Monmouth21,9955,4992472662533091,07526920·449*26·8

Norfolk52,38713,09714241440129513365,49513749·5105†56·7

Northampton27,6746,9184404203954111,66641616·660*10·4

Northumberland37,5239,3816686787156792,74068513·673†8·9

Nottingham35,2448,8118958277757363,23380810·991†35·8

Oxford20,8865,2213684683863611,58339613·176†13·4

Rutland2,825706523430451614017·556*16·4

Salop25,8996,4756766585936322,55964010·199†47·7

Somerset53,50913,3779038607968303,38984715·763*6·0

Southampton46,72611,6817047116887092,81270316·660*10·4

Stafford77,97219,49312401283140914335,365134114·569†3·0

Suffolk42,05510,5149379508498463,58289511·785†26·8

Surrey81,96820,4928559119309153,61190322·644*34·3

Sussex38,4549,6136576696956262,64766214·568†1·5

Warwick58,93814,7347798358308793,32383117·756*16·4

Westmorland7,0731,79317914714914962415611·387†29·8

Wilts29,0087,2525215494854692,02450614·369†3·0

Worcester40,56110,1407688855125532,71867914·966*1·5

York231,44457,861426643174030410616,619415513·971†6·0

North Wales43,26810,8178728548308323,38884712·778†16·4

South Wales72,18818,04714071256127113005,234130813·772†7·4

Total for England and Wales2,219,170554,79238,24138,25936,12536,747149,64237,41014·867

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATES IN EVERY 1000 CHILDREN BORN.

Counties above the Average.

Cumberland108

Norfolk105

Hereford100

Salop99

Nottingham91

Chester89

Westmorland87

Suffolk85

Derby81

Berks79

Leicester79

North Wales78

Lancaster77

Bedford77

Oxford76

Northumberland73

Hertford72

South Wales72

York71

Bucks70

Wilts69

Stafford69

Sussex68

Counties below the Average.

Cambridge66

Dorset66

Lincoln66

Worcester66

Gloucester64

Somerset63

Southampton60

Northampton60

Essex60

Durham60

Warwick56

Rutland56

Kent54

Devon50

Monmouth49

Hunts48

Cornwall47

Surrey44

Middlesex40

Average for England and Wales67

THE EARLY MARRIAGES AND THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN EACH COUNTY COMPARED.

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the number of Early Marriages are both above the Average.Rate of Increase of the Population from 1841 to 1851 per cent.Annual No. of Early Marriages in every 1000 Marriages, from 1844-48.

Among Males.Among Females.

Lancaster2250139

Stafford2062176

Bedford16109235

Chester1554151

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the number of Early Marriages are both below the Average.

Northumberland1339124

Southampton1325118

Cumberland1033105

Gloucester642104

Devon62282

Rutland536128

Cornwall432131

North Wales42777

Hereford31779

Westmorland332128

Salop12995

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the Early Marriages among Females are above the Average and those among Males below it.

Durham2635142

Kent1446140

County in which the Increase of the Population and Early Marriages among Females are below the Average, and those among Males above it.

Warwick1846131

Counties in which the Increase of the Population is below the Average, and the number of Early Marriages is above it.

Cambridge1373227

Worcester1356151

York1357187

Hunts999336

Nottingham960158

Derby946138

Essex757204

Hertford775210

Norfolk750148

Suffolk7521623

Northampton771190

Leicester779179

Berks5148143

Bucks494743

Oxford446151

Wilts0·768164

Counties in which the Increase of Population is above the Average, and the number of Early Marriages is below it.

Middlesex201885

Surrey171691

Monmouth1728105

South Wales143082

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the Early Marriages among Males are below the Average and those among Females above it.

Lincoln1239153

Sussex1238160

Counties in which the Increase of the Population and Early Marriages among Females is below the Average and those among Males above it.

Somerset247112

Dorset647125

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES AMONGST MALES IN EVERY 1000 MARRIAGES, IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of Improvident Marriages is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of Improvident Marriages is below the Average.

The Average is taken for five years (as long as the returns will allow).

The Average for all England and Wales is 43 in 1,000.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The returns of the Registrar do not admit of the average being calculated from a longer series of years.

COUNTIES.Annual Average Number of Marriages from 1844-48.Number of Early Marriages.

1844.1845.1846.

MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales

Bedford960102237103216108238

Berks1,322521866118262201

Bucks974661816617587196

Cambridge1,42811532489308112349

Chester2,764153393175427154455

Cornwall2,510863128434880334

Cumberland1,06031885414528133

Derby1,9548627676243104289

Devon4,5748432495352104367

Dorset1,209621556416146130

Durham3,13782353110468118463

Essex2,154125454133436116415

Gloucester3,568133350162378180414

Hereford648154710611160

Hertford1,009862187722983227

Hunts45577370419129110

Kent4,33998584112614128659

Lancaster18,78583123101040272910052784

Leicester1,827160330168359150321

Lincoln2,86211239311543082453

Middlesex16,859249126236014773291606

Monmouth1,395281193814943147

Norfolk3,189164467173448158472

Northampton1,648109317136354112326

Northumberland2,161682197928398310

Nottingham2,204148369133365139365

Oxford1,154531725219056156

Rutland164210516414

Salop1,596361443211862165

Somerset3,159144375159328166385

Southampton3,0857737081414100370

Stafford4,807215634278818285835

Suffolk2,453115367133401139420

Surrey5,5508448590523108532

Sussex2,231833209835595411

Warwick3,650130383158437175482

Westmorland436104411402280

Wilts1,681117265108294134308

Worcester2,796151421201583254604

York14,399828258693428688412774

North Wales2,643752007518665224

South Wales4,337113280118377141417

Total for England & Wales139,146551517,410628719,376631320,001

Number of Early Marriages.Total for 5 years.

1847.1848.

MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales

115221962185241,130

7420470171319944

7617967213362944

963111153285271,620

1323721364467502,093

86313683414041,648

23943897174557

822701092754571,353

974011244305041,874

5716657147286759

1244621154895492,235

1234111214626182,178

1143401633727521,854

144774257257

68193681923821,059

429437102226767

1085671286255743,049

773233011002864474913,017

1252771243477271,634

1104171385095572,202

3221428286143715467,210

4415744165197737

1444441645048032,335

1102871192815861,565

97255772784191,345

1133021303416631,742

5116357196269877

113463328107

5215155177237755

1163191593717441,778

67304703673951,825

391104531990714884,239

1233941284206382,002

86536704624382,538

72345793564271,787

1765022125978512,401

176485068278

992461152825731,395

93272892407882,120

74726497942619414413,496

67207792113611,028

1293451503726511,791

556618,118609119,33629,77294,241

Average per year.Proportion to all Marriages, 1 in everyNumber of early Marriages to every 1000.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below

MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales

1052269·14·2109235†153†74

6418920·66·948143†12†6

7218913·55·174194†72†44

10532413·64·473227†70†68

15041918·46·554151†25†12

8133030·97·632131*25*3

3511130·29·533105*23*22

9127121·47·246138†7†2

10137545·212·12282*49*39

5715221·27·947125†9*7

11044728·57·035142*19†5

12443617·34·957202†33†50

15037123·79·642104*2*23

115158·912·71779*60*41

7621213·24·775210†74†56

4515310·12·999336†130†149

11561037·77·126140*40†4

950260319·77·250139†16†3

14532712·65·579179†84†33

11144025·76·539153*9†13

309144254·511·61885*58*37

3914735·79·428105*35*22

16146719·86·850146†16†81

11731314·05·271190†65†41

8426924·58·039124*9*81

13334816·56·360158†40†17

5417521·36·546151†7†12

62127·37·836128*16*5

4715133·910·52995*33*30

14935621·28·847112†9*17

7936539·08·425118*42*13

29884816·15·662176†44†30

12840019·16·152163†21†21

8850863·010·91691*63*25

8535726·26·238160*12†19

17048021·47·646131†7*3

145631·17·732128*25*5

11527914·66·068164†58†21

15842417·66·556151†30†12

829269917·35·357187†33†39

7220636·712·82777*37*43

13035833·312·13082*30*39

595418,84823·37·343135

COUNTIES.Annual Average Number of Marriages from 1844-48.Number of Early Marriages.Total for 5 years.Average per year.Proportion to all Marriages, 1 in everyNumber of early Marriages to every 1000.Per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above * „ below

1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.

MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales

Bedford960102237103216108238115221962185241,1301052269·14·2109235†153†74

Berks1,32252186611826220174204701713199446418920·66·948143†12†6

Bucks97466181661758719676179672133629447218913·55·174194†72†44

Cambridge1,42811532489308112349963111153285271,62010532413·64·473227†70†68

Chester2,7641533931754271544551323721364467502,09315041918·46·554151†25†12

Cornwall2,51086312843488033486313683414041,6488133030·97·632131*25*3

Cumberland1,06031885414528133239438971745573511130·29·533105*23*22

Derby1,9548627676243104289822701092754571,3539127121·47·246138†7†2

Devon4,5748432495352104367974011244305041,87410137545·212·12282*49*39

Dorset1,20962155641614613057166571472867595715221·27·947125†9*7

Durham3,137823531104681184631244621154895492,23511044728·57·035142*19†5

Essex2,1541254541334361164151234111214626182,17812443617·34·957202†33†50

Gloucester3,5681333501623781804141143401633727521,85415037123·79·642104*2*23

Hereford648154710611160144774257257115158·912·71779*60*41

Hertford1,00986218772298322768193681923821,0597621213·24·775210†74†56

Hunts455773704191291104294371022267674515310·12·999336†130†149

Kent4,339985841126141286591085671286255743,04911561037·77·126140*40†4

Lancaster18,78583123101040272910052784773233011002864474913,017950260319·77·250139†16†3

Leicester1,8271603301683591503211252771243477271,63414532712·65·579179†84†33

Lincoln2,862112393115430824531104171385095572,20211144025·76·539153*9†13

Middlesex16,8592491262360147732916063221428286143715467,210309144254·511·61885*58*37

Monmouth1,39528119381494314744157441651977373914735·79·428105*35*22

Norfolk3,1891644671734481584721444441645048032,33516146719·86·850146†16†81

Northampton1,6481093171363541123261102871192815861,56511731314·05·271190†65†41

Northumberland2,16168219792839831097255772784191,3458426924·58·039124*9*81

Nottingham2,2041483691333651393651133021303416631,74213334816·56·360158†40†17

Oxford1,15453172521905615651163571962698775417521·36·546151†7†12

Rutland16421051641411346332810762127·37·836128*16*5

Salop1,59636144321186216552151551772377554715133·910·52995*33*30

Somerset3,1591443751593281663851163191593717441,77814935621·28·847112†9*17

Southampton3,085773708141410037067304703673951,8257936539·08·425118*42*13

Stafford4,807215634278818285835391104531990714884,23929884816·15·662176†44†30

Suffolk2,4531153671334011394201233941284206382,00212840019·16·152163†21†21

Surrey5,550844859052310853286536704624382,5388850863·010·91691*63*25

Sussex2,23183320983559541172345793564271,7878535726·26·238160*12†19

Warwick3,6501303831584371754821765022125978512,40117048021·47·646131†7*3

Westmorland436104411402280176485068278145631·17·732128*25*5

Wilts1,681117265108294134308992461152825731,39511527914·66·068164†58†21

Worcester2,79615142120158325460493272892407882,12015842417·66·556151†30†12

York14,39982825869342868841277474726497942619414413,496829269917·35·357187†33†39

North Wales2,64375200751866522467207792113611,0287220636·712·82777*37*43

South Wales4,3371132801183771414171293451503726511,79113035833·312·13082*30*39

Total for England & Wales139,146551517,410628719,376631320,001556618,118609119,33629,77294,241595418,84823·37·343135

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR EARLY MARRIAGES, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF MARRIAGES, UNDER TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE, IN EVERY 1000 MARRIAGES.

Amongst Males.

Counties above the Average.Counties below the Average.

Bedford109Gloucester42

Hunts99Lincoln39

Leicester79Northumb.39

Hertford75Sussex38

Bucks74Rutland36

Cambridge73Durham35

Northamp.71Cumberland33

Wilts68Cornwall32

Stafford62Westmor.32

Nottingham60S. Wales30

Essex57Salop29

York57Monmouth28

Worcester56N. Wales27

Chester54Kent26

Suffolk52Southamp.25

Lancaster50Devon22

Norfolk50Middlesex18

Berks48Hereford17

Dorset47Surrey16

Somerset47

Derby46Average for England and Wales43

Oxford46

Warwick46

Amongst Females.

Counties above the Average.Counties below the Average.

Huntingdon336Warwick131

Bedford235Cornwall131

Cambridge227Westmor.128

Hertford210Rutland128

Essex204Dorset125

Bucks194Northumb.124

Northamp.190Southamp.118

York187Somerset112

Leicester179Monmouth105

Stafford176Cumberland105

Wilts164Gloucester104

Suffolk162Shropshire95

Sussex160Surrey91

Nottingham158Middlesex85

Lincoln153Devon82

Oxford151S. Wales82

Chester151Hereford79

Worcester151N. Wales77

Norfolk148

Berks143Average for England and Wales135

Durham142

Kent140

Lancaster139

Derby138

⁂ The rule is, that where the greatest number of males marry at an early age, the greatest number of females do so likewise—the exceptions being Dorset, Somerset, and Warwick, among the males, and Sussex, Lincoln, Durham, and Kent among the females.

††† There are, on an average, rather more than 3 females married at an early age to every male.

THE ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS AND EARLY MARRIAGES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

(† denotes plus.) (* denotes minus.)

Counties in which the Illegitimate Births and the Early Marriages are both above the Average.Percent. above & below the Aver.

In No. of Illegitimate Births.In No. of Early Marriages.

Among Males.Among Females.

Norfolk†56† 16†81

Nottingham†35† 40†17

Suffolk†26† 21†17

Suffolk†26† 21†17

Suffolk†26† 21†21

Derby†20† 7† 2

Chester†32† 25†12

Leicester†17† 84†33

Berks†17† 12† 6

Lancaster†14† 16† 3

Bedford†14†153†74

Oxford†13† 7†12

Hertford† 7† 74†56

York† 6† 33†39

Bucks† 4† 72†44

Stafford† 3† 44†30

Wilts† 3† 58†21

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and Early Marriages are both below the Average.

Middlesex*40*58*37

Surrey*34*63*25

Cornwall*29*25* 3

Monmouth*26*35*22

Devon*25*49*39

Rutland*16*16* 5

Southampton*10*42*13

Gloucester* 4* 2*23

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and Early Marriages among Males are both below the Average, and those among Females above it.

Kent*19*40† 4

Durham*10*19† 5

Lincoln* 1* 9†13

Exceptional County.

Sussex† 1*12†19

Counties in which the Illegitimate Births are above the Average and the Early Marriages below it.

Cumberland†61*23*22

Hereford†49*60*41

Salop†47*33*30

Westmorland†29*25* 5

North Wales†16*37*43

Northumberland† 8* 9*81

South Wales† 7*30*39

⁂ In the majority of these counties some peculiar form of courtship (as “night courtship” and “bundling”) prevails.

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children are below the Average, and the Early Marriages above it.

Hunts*28†130†149

Northampton*10† 65† 41

Essex*10† 33† 50

Worcester* 1† 30† 12

Cambridge* 1† 70† 68

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and the Early Marriages among Females are both below the Average, and those among Males above it.

Warwick*16†7* 3

Somerset* 6†9*17

Dorset* 1†9* 7

⁂ The rule appears to be, that in those counties in which there are the greatest number of Early Marriages, there are (generally) the greatest number of Illegitimate Children, and vice versâ.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO EVERY 100 MALES IN EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND & WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the proportion of Females to Males is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the proportion of Females to Males is below the Average.

The Average for all England and Wales is 105 Females to every 100 Males.

TABLE SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF FEMALES TO MALES IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

COUNTIES.1851.Number of Females to every 100 Males.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Average. † denotes above. * below.

Male Population.Female Population.

Bedford62,42067,369108†2·9

Berks99,22799,927101*3·8

Bucks70,78472,886103*1·9

Cambridge95,50596,351101*3·8

Chester206,715216,723105

Cornwall171,979184,683107†1·9

Cumberland96,10699,381103*1·9

Derby129,379131,328101*3·8

Devon271,579300,628111†5·7

Dorset85,81691,781107†1·9

Durham206,666204,86699*5·7

Essex172,161171,755100*4·8

Gloucester198,122221,353112†6·7

Hereford49,69449,41899*5·7

Hertford86,33187,632102*2·9

Hunts29,98430,336101*3·8

Kent308,115311,092101*3·8

Lancaster1,005,6271,058,286105

Leicester115,295119,643104*1·0

Lincoln201,027199,23999*5·7

Middlesex885,6141,010,096114†8·6

Monmouth92,09585,07092*12·4

Norfolk210,360223,443106†1·0

Northampton106,533107,251101*3·8

Northumberland149,158154,377103*1·9

Nottingham144,428150,010104*1·0

Oxford85,44984,83799*5·7

Rutland12,27012,00298*6·7

Salop122,022122,997101*3·8

Somerset216,716239,521111†5·7

Southampton199,834202,199101*3·8

Stafford320,394310,11297*7·6

Suffolk165,267170,724103*1·9

Surrey325,155359,650111†5·7

Sussex166,828172,600103*1·9

Warwick235,263244,716104*1·0

Westmorland29,06429,316101*3·8

Wilts113,839122,164103*1·9

Worcester126,739132,023104*1·0

York886,845901,922102*2·9

North Wales200,538203,622102*2·9

South Wales300,645306,851102*2·9

Total for England and Wales8,762,5889,160,180105

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR PROPORTION OF FEMALE TO MALE POPULATION, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO EVERY 100 MALES.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex 114

Gloucester 112

Devon 111

Somerset 111

Surrey 111

Bedford 108

Cornwall 107

Dorset 107

Norfolk 106

Average for England & Wales 105

Counties below the Average.

Chester105

Lancaster105

Leicester104

Nottingham104

Warwick104

Worcester104

Bucks103

Cumberland103

Northumb.103

Suffolk103

Sussex103

Wilts103

Hertford102

York102

North Wales102

South Wales102

Berks101

Cambridge101

Derby101

Hunts101

Kent101

Northampton101

Salop101

Southampton101

Westmorland101

Essex100

Durham99

Hereford99

Lincoln99

Oxford99

Rutland98

Stafford97

Monmouth92

THE EXCESS OF FEMALES AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

Counties in which the Number of Females and Illegitimate Births are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above and * below.Counties in which the Number of Females is above and of the Illegitimate Births is below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above and * below.

In No. of Females to Males.In No. of Illegitimate Births.In No. of Females to Males.In No. of Illegitimate Births.

Bedford† 3†14Middlesex† 8*40

Norfolk† 1†56Gloucester† 6* 4

Devon† 5*25

Surrey† 5*34

Somerset† 5* 6

Cornwall† 2*29

Dorset† 1* 1

Counties in which the Number of Females and Illegitimate Births are both below the Average.Counties in which the Number of Females is below the Average and the Illegitimate Births above it.

Monmouth*12*26Stafford* 7† 3

Rutland* 6*16Oxford* 5†13

Lincoln* 5* 1Hereford* 5†49

Durham* 5*10Westmorland* 3†29

Essex* 4*10Salop* 3†47

Hunts* 3*28Derby* 3†20

Northampton* 3*10Berks* 3†17

Kent* 3*19York* 2† 6

Cambridge* 3* 1Hertford* 2† 7

Southampton* 3*10South Wales* 2† 7

Warwick* 1*16North Wales* 2† 6

Worcester* 1* 1Northumb.* 1† 8

Cumberland* 1†61

Wilts* 1† 3

Suffolk* 1†26

Bucks* 1† 4

Nottingham* 1†35

Leicester* 1†17

Sussex* 1† 1

Lancaster..†14

Chester..†32

⁂ The rule appears to be, that in those counties in which the number of females, in proportion to the males, is the smallest, the number of illegitimate births is the greatest, and where it is the greatest, the illegitimate births are the smallest.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR RAPE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION, IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number committed for Rape is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number committed for Rape is below the Average.

The Average has been calculated for the ten years from 1841 to 1850.

The Average for all England and Wales is 68 in every 10,000,000 People.

Monmouth (the highest)171„„

Nottingham (the lowest)28„„

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO RAPE.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total Number Committed for Rape.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,08322....1....111

Berks194,7631113......312

Bucks140,95911272..2..52

Cambridge180,7471......122112

Chester395,9191976..711126

Cornwall349,991711213..522

Cumberland186,762......3..2....2..

Derby250,249....52..21..11

Devon554,73811511544..5

Dorset172,736..13..2..11..1

Durham368,7872285197454

Essex332,363210212142422

Gloucester407,504..127222147

Hereford97,813........112..1..

Hertford168,178..6..5231421

Hunts57,9421..............11

Kent585,24911078111123

Lancaster1,881,261881112108121249

Leicester227,6211322..21..41

Lincoln378,246..121....34..2

Middlesex1,740,81491311812121515119

Monmouth164,0933225461..15

Norfolk419,4632143272459

Northampton206,4963..123....124

Northumberland284,7771..63..12..3..

Nottingham282,584..121..1..111

Oxford166,7511..21231311

Rutland23,711....1........1....

Salop243,352..222112....5

Somerset452,5152..36..43323

Southampton377,0404144213451

Stafford579,6866484510861713

Suffolk325,336132..232232

Surrey635,917..161734544

Sussex320,944542..32....1..

Warwick444,558..514....1233

Westmorland57,494..........4........

Wilts241,8873622121213

Worcester244,5741142181..33

York1,686,4615123212177141515

North Wales396,16132....2..12..2

South Wales568,430..331131332

Total for England and Wales16,918,458781181271278613997124121137

Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually for Rape in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

8·866*2·9

121·262*8·8

222·2156†129·4

101·055*19·1

505·0126†85·3

242·468

7·737*45·6

121·248*29·4

272·749*27·9

9·952*23·5

474·7127†86·8

424·2126†85·3

282·869†1·5

5·551*25·0

242·4143†110·3

3·352*23·5

353·560*11·8

949·450*26·5

161·670†2·9

131·334*50·0

11511·566*2·9

292·9177†145·6

393·993†36·8

151·573†7·4

161·656*17·6

8·828*58·8

151·590†32·4

2·284†23·5

151·562*8·8

262·657*16·2

292·977†13·2

818·1140†105·9

202·061*10·3

353·555*19·1

171·753*22·1

191·943*36·8

4·470†2·9

232·395†39·7

242·49†44·1

10210·260*11·8

121·230*55·9

202·035*48·5

1154115·468

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total Number Committed for Rape.Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually for Rape in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,08322....1....1118·866*2·9

Berks194,7631113......312121·262*8·8

Bucks140,95911272..2..52222·2156†129·4

Cambridge180,7471......122112101·055*19·1

Chester395,9191976..711126505·0126†85·3

Cornwall349,991711213..522242·468

Cumberland186,762......3..2....2..7·737*45·6

Derby250,249....52..21..11121·248*29·4

Devon554,73811511544..5272·749*27·9

Dorset172,736..13..2..11..19·952*23·5

Durham368,7872285197454474·7127†86·8

Essex332,363210212142422424·2126†85·3

Gloucester407,504..127222147282·869†1·5

Hereford97,813........112..1..5·551*25·0

Hertford168,178..6..5231421242·4143†110·3

Hunts57,9421..............113·352*23·5

Kent585,24911078111123353·560*11·8

Lancaster1,881,261881112108121249949·450*26·5

Leicester227,6211322..21..41161·670†2·9

Lincoln378,246..121....34..2131·334*50·0

Middlesex1,740,8149131181212151511911511·566*2·9

Monmouth164,0933225461..15292·9177†145·6

Norfolk419,4632143272459393·993†36·8

Northampton206,4963..123....124151·573†7·4

Northumberland284,7771..63..12..3..161·656*17·6

Nottingham282,584..121..1..1118·828*58·8

Oxford166,7511..21231311151·590†32·4

Rutland23,711....1........1....2·284†23·5

Salop243,352..222112....5151·562*8·8

Somerset452,5152..36..43323262·657*16·2

Southampton377,0404144213451292·977†13·2

Stafford579,6866484510861713818·1140†105·9

Suffolk325,336132..232232202·061*10·3

Surrey635,917..161734544353·555*19·1

Sussex320,944542..32....1..171·753*22·1

Warwick444,558..514....1233191·943*36·8

Westmorland57,494..........4........4·470†2·9

Wilts241,8873622121213232·395†39·7

Worcester244,5741142181..33242·49†44·1

York1,686,461512321217714151510210·260*11·8

North Wales396,16132....2..12..2121·230*55·9

South Wales568,430..331131332202·035*48·5

Total for England and Wales16,918,4587811812712786139971241211371154115·468

⁂ The proportionate number of persons perpetrating this crime has been calculated with reference to the entire population, instead of the male part of it only, as at the first glance might seem necessary, males only being capable of committing the above offence. But it was found, on examination, that the intensity of the criminality in the several counties in this respect was influenced by the relative number of females. Monmouth contains the greatest number of males in proportion to females; so that, were the male population alone considered, the criminality of that county in the above respect would be considerably decreased. But the fact of there being more rapes in Monmouth than elsewhere would appear to be owing to the very excess of males over females in that county; the average, therefore, has been calculated from the entire population.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO RAPE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Monmouth177

Bucks156

Hertford143

Stafford140

Durham127

Chester126

Essex126

Worcester98

Wilts95

Norfolk93

Oxford90

Rutland84

Southamp.77

Northamp.73

Leicester70

Westmor.70

Gloucester69

Average for England and Wales68

Counties below the Average.

Cornwall68

Bedford66

Middlesex66

Berks62

Salop62

Suffolk61

Kent60

York60

Somerset57

Northumb.56

Cambridge55

Surrey55

Sussex53

Dorset52

Hunts52

Hereford51

Lancaster50

Devon49

Derby48

Warwick43

Cumberland37

S. Wales35

Lincoln34

N. Wales30

Nottingham28

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN EACH COUNTY

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Illegitimate Births are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.Counties in which the Number of Rapes is above and the Number of Illegitimate Births below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

In Number of Rapes.In No. of Illegitimate Births.In Number of Rapes.In No. of Illegitimate Births.

Bucks†129·4† 4·4Monmouth†145·6*26·8

Hertford†110·3† 7·4Durham† 86·8*10·4

Stafford†105·9† 3·0Essex† 85·3*10·4

Chester† 85·3†32·8Worcester† 44·1* 1·5

Wilts† 39·7† 3·0Rutland† 23·5*16·4

Norfolk† 36·8†56·7Southampton† 13·2*10·4

Oxford† 32·4†13·4Northampton† 7·4*10·4

Leicester† 2·9†17·9Gloucester† 1·5* 4·5

Westmorland† 2·9†29·8

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Illegitimate Births are both below the Average.Counties in which the Number of Rapes is below and the Number of Illegitimate Births above the Average.

Lincoln*50·0* 1·5Nottingham*58·8†35·8

Warwick*36·8*16·4North Wales*55·9†16·4

Devon*27·9*25·3South Wales*48·5† 7·4

Hunts*23·5*28·3Cumberland*45·6†61·2

Dorset*23·5* 1·5Derby*29·4†20·9

Surrey*19·1*34·3Lancaster*26·5†14·9

Cambridge*19·1* 1·5Hereford*25·0†49·2

Somerset*16·2* 6·0Sussex*22·1† 1·5

Kent*11·8*19·4Northumb.*17·6† 8·9

Middlesex* 2·9*40·3York*11·8† 6·0

Cornwall**29·8Suffolk*10·3†26·8

Salop* 8·8†47·7

Berks* 8·8†17·9

Bedford* 2·9†14·9

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the crime of Rape is (in the majority of cases) the least where the number of Illegitimate Children is the greatest.

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THE RELATIVE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO MALES IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Females are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.Counties in which the Number of Rapes is above and the Number of Females below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

In Number of Rapes.In No. of Females to Males.In Number of Rapes.In No. of Females to Males.

Norfolk†36·8†1·0Monmouth†145·6*12·4

Gloucester† 1·5†6·7Bucks†129·4* 1·9

Hertford†110·3* 2·9

Stafford†105·9* 7·6

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Females are both below the Average.Durham† 86·8* 5·7

Nottingham*58·8*1·0Chester† 85·3*

North Wales*55·9*2·9Essex† 85·3* 4·8

Lincoln*50·0*5·7Worcester† 44·1* 1·0

South Wales*48·5*2·9Wilts† 39·7* 1·9

Cumberland*45·6*1·9Oxford† 32·4* 5·7

Warwick*36·8*1·0Rutland† 23·5* 6·7

Derby*29·4*3·3Southampton† 13·2* 3·8

Lancaster*26·5*Northampton† 7·4* 3·8

Hereford*25·0*5·7Leicester† 2·9* 1·0

Hunts*23·5*3·8Westmorland† 2·9* 3·8

Sussex*22·1*1·9

Cambridge*19·1*3·8

Northumb.*17·6*1·9Counties in which the Number of Rapes is below and the Number of Females above the Average.

York*11·8*2·9Devon*27·9† 5·7

Kent*11·8*3·8Dorset*23·5† 1·9

Suffolk*10·3*1·9Surrey*19·1† 5·7

Salop* 8·8*3·8Somerset*16·2† 5·7

Berks* 8·8*3·8Middlesex* 2·9† 8·6

Bedford* 2·9† 2·9

Cornwall*† 1·9

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the number of Rapes is the greatest in those counties where the number of Females is the least.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF TEN AND TWELVE YEARS IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION, IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number committed for this offence is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number committed for the same offence is below the Average.

The Average has been calculated for the ten years from 1841 to 1850.

The Average for all England and Wales is 3 in every 10,000,000 People.

Westmoreland (the highest)17„„

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number committed for carnally abusing girls between the age of 10 and 12 years.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.

Bedford121,083..............

Berks194,763....1........

Bucks140,959............2

Cambridge180,747....1........

Chester395,919......2..1..

Cornwall349,991........1....

Cumberland186,762..............

Derby250,249..............

Devon554,738..............

Dorset172,736..............

Durham368,787..............

Essex332,363..........1..

Gloucester407,5041............

Hereford97,813..............

Hertford168,178......1......

Hunts57,942..............

Kent585,249....211..1

Lancaster1,881,261..........1..

Leicester227,621..............

Lincoln378,246..............

Middlesex1,740,814..121412

Monmouth164,093..............

Norfolk419,463..............

Northampton206,496..............

Northumberland284,777..............

Nottingham282,584..............

Oxford166,751..............

Rutland23,711..............

Salop243,352..............

Somerset452,5151....1......

Southampton377,040..............

Stafford579,686..............

Suffolk325,336..............

Surrey635,917..1..........

Sussex320,944..............

Warwick444,558..............

Westmorland57,4941............

Wilts241,887......1......

Worcester244,574......1..1..

York1,686,4611..1........

North Wales396,161..............

South Wales568,430..............

Total for England and Wales16,918,4584278655

Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

1848.1849.1850.

............†100·0

......1·15†66·7

......2·214†366·7

......1·16†100·0

......3·38†166·7

......1·13

............†100·0

............†100·0

............*100·0

............*100·0

............*100·0

......1·13

....12·25†66·7

............*100·0

......1·16†100·0

............*100·0

3....8·814†366·7

12..4·42*33·3

....11·14†33·3

..1..1·13

12..141·48†166·7

............*100·0

............*100·0

1....1·15†66·7

............*100·0

............*100·0

............*100·0

............*100·0

............*100·0

..1..3·37†133·3

..1..1·13

............*100·0

............*100·0

11..3·35†66·7

............*100·0

............*100·0

......1·117†466·7

......1·14†33·3

2....4·416†433·3

......2·21*66·7

............*100·0

............*100·0

982565·63

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number committed for carnally abusing girls between the age of 10 and 12 years.Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,083..........................†100·0

Berks194,763....1..............1·15†66·7

Bucks140,959............2......2·214†366·7

Cambridge180,747....1..............1·16†100·0

Chester395,919......2..1........3·38†166·7

Cornwall349,991........1..........1·13

Cumberland186,762..........................†100·0

Derby250,249..........................†100·0

Devon554,738..........................*100·0

Dorset172,736..........................*100·0

Durham368,787..........................*100·0

Essex332,363..........1........1·13

Gloucester407,5041................12·25†66·7

Hereford97,813..........................*100·0

Hertford168,178......1............1·16†100·0

Hunts57,942..........................*100·0

Kent585,249....211..13....8·814†366·7

Lancaster1,881,261..........1..12..4·42*33·3

Leicester227,621..................11·14†33·3

Lincoln378,246................1..1·13

Middlesex1,740,814..12141212..141·48†166·7

Monmouth164,093..........................*100·0

Norfolk419,463..........................*100·0

Northampton206,496..............1....1·15†66·7

Northumberland284,777..........................*100·0

Nottingham282,584..........................*100·0

Oxford166,751..........................*100·0

Rutland23,711..........................*100·0

Salop243,352..........................*100·0

Somerset452,5151....1........1..3·37†133·3

Southampton377,040................1..1·13

Stafford579,686..........................*100·0

Suffolk325,336..........................*100·0

Surrey635,917..1..........11..3·35†66·7

Sussex320,944..........................*100·0

Warwick444,558..........................*100·0

Westmorland57,4941..................1·117†466·7

Wilts241,887......1............1·14†33·3

Worcester244,574......1..1..2....4·416†433·3

York1,686,4611..1..............2·21*66·7

North Wales396,161..........................*100·0

South Wales568,430..........................*100·0

Total for England and Wales16,918,4584278655982565·63

⁂ The proportionate number of persons perpetrating the above crime has been calculated with reference to the entire population, instead of the male part of it only, as at the first glance might seem necessary, males only being capable of committing the above offence. But it was found, on examination, that the intensity of the criminality in the several counties in this respect was influenced by the relative number of females (see comparative table below); the average, therefore, has been calculated from the entire population.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Westmor.17

Worcester16

Kent14

Bucks14

Middlesex8

Chester8

Somerset7

Cambridge6

Hertford6

Surrey5

Gloucester5

Berks5

Northamp.5

Leicester4

Wilts4

Average for England and Wales3

Counties below the Average.

Cornwall3

Essex3

Lincoln3

Southamp.3

Lancaster2

York1

Bedford

Cumberland

Derby

Devon

Dorset

Durham

Hereford

Hunts

Monmouth

Norfolk

Northumb.

Nottingham

Oxford

Rutland

Salop

Stafford

Suffolk

Sussex

Warwick

N. Wales

S. Wales

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THAT OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Cases of Carnal Abuse are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.Counties in which the Number of Rapes is above and the Number of Cases of Carnal Abuse is below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

In Number of Rapes.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In Number of Rapes.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.

Bucks†129·4†366·7Monmouth†145·6*100·0

Hertford†110·3†100·0Stafford†105·9*100·0

Chester† 85·3†166·7Durham† 86·8*100·0

Worcester† 44·1†433·3Essex† 85·3*

Wilts† 39·7† 33·3Norfolk† 36·8*100·0

Northampton† 7·4† 66·7Oxford† 32·4*100·0

Leicester† 2·9† 33·3Rutland† 23·5*100·0

Westmorland† 2·9†466·6Southampton† 13·2*

Gloucester† 1·5† 66·7

Counties in which the No. of Rapes and the No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse are both below the Aver.Counties in which the No. of Rapes is below and the No. of Cases of Carnal Abuses above the Aver.

Nottingham*58·8*100·0Surrey*19·1† 66·7

North Wales*55·9*100·0Cambridge*19·1†100·0

Lincoln*50·0*Somerset*16·2†133·3

South Wales*48·5*100·0Kent*11·8†355·7

Cumberland*45·6*100·0Berks* 8·8† 66·7

Warwick*36·8*100·0Middlesex* 2·9†166·7

Derby*29·4*100·0

Devon*27·9*100·0

Lancaster*26·5* 33·3

Hereford*25·0*100·0⁂ The rule appears to be, that where the Number of Rapes is the greatest, the Number of Cases of Carnally Abusing Children is (generally speaking) the greatest also; and vice versâ, where the Rapes are the least, the carnal abuse of Children is the least likewise.

Hunts*23·5*100·0

Dorset*23·5*100·0

Sussex*22·1*100·0

Northumb.*17·6*100·0

York*11·8* 66·7

Suffolk*10·3*100·0

Salop* 8·8*100·0

Bedford* 2·9*100·0

Cornwall**

THE CRIME OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO MALES IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children and the Number of Females to Males are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children is above, and the Number of Females to Males below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In No. of Females to Males.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In No. of Females to Males.

Middlesex†166·7†8·6Westmorland†466·6*3·8

Somerset†133·3†5·7Worcester†433·3*1·0

Gloucester† 66·7†6·7Bucks†366·7*1·9

Surrey† 66·7†5·7Kent†366·7*3·8

Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children and the No. of Females to Males are both below the Average.Cambridge†100·0*3·8

Chester†166·7*

Hertford†100·0*2·9

Berks† 66·7*3·8

South Wales*100·0* 2·9Northampton† 66·7*3·8

North Wales*100·0* 2·9Leicester† 33·3*1·0

Warwick*100·0* 1·0Wilts† 33·3*1·9

Sussex*100·0* 1·9Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children is below and the No. of Females to Males above the Average.

Suffolk*100·0* 1·9

Stafford*100·0* 7·6

Salop*100·0* 3·8

Rutland*100·0* 6·7Norfolk*100·0†1·0

Oxford*100·0* 5·7Dorset*100·0†1·9

Nottingham*100·0* 1·0Devon*100·0†5·7

Northumb.*100·0* 1·9Bedford*100·0†2·9

Monmouth*100·0*12·4Cornwall*†1·9

Hunts*100·0* 3·8

Hereford*100·0* 5·7

Durham*100·0* 5·7

Derby*100·0* 3·8

Cumberland*100·0* 1·9⁂ The rule appears to be, that the crime of Carnally Abusing is (generally speaking) the greatest in those Counties where the number of Females is the least.

York* 66·7* 2·9

Lancaster* 33·3*

Southampton** 3·8

Lincoln** 5·7

Essex** 4·8

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION, IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of persons committed for keeping disorderly houses is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of persons committed for keeping disorderly houses is below the Average.

The Average is calculated for 10 years.

The counties having no number affixed to them are those in which there have been no committals for the above offence during the last 10 years.

The Average for England and Wales is 79 in every 10,000,000 of the Population.

„Middlesex (the highest) is296„„

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Number Committed for keeping Disorderly Houses.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,083....................

Berks194,76344..1............

Bucks140,959....................

Cambridge180,747..........4........

Chester395,91941234211123

Cornwall349,9914371265442

Cumberland186,762711......2......

Derby250,249......2............

Devon554,738231......4411

Dorset172,7363............1..1

Durham368,787..3........2....14

Essex332,363..2................

Gloucester407,50459152..1......

Hereford97,8133..22....12....

Hertford168,178........4..........

Hunts57,942......2........11

Kent585,249..1......2........

Lancaster1,881,2618555452724161432424

Leicester227,621..........2....1..

Lincoln378,2461322..7173..

Middlesex1,740,814366731114373151427927

Monmouth164,093......2112......

Norfolk419,463......2........11

Northampton206,496852........111

Northumberland284,777..........11....13

Nottingham282,584....................

Oxford166,751..1......1........

Rutland23,711....................

Salop243,3522111............

Somerset452,5157..1521....11

Southampton377,040......12..1....8

Stafford579,68612....2..1452

Suffolk325,336..................1

Surrey635,917..115323........

Sussex320,9442..1..............

Warwick444,55826..1..24......

Westmorland57,494..............2....

Wilts241,887..1......1..1..5

Worcester244,5741311....24122

York1,686,4612132111534746

North Wales396,161......11..........

South Wales568,430....................

Total for England and Wales16,918,45819818614518786849919014893

Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 of the Population.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

......*100·0

..·946*41·8

9....*100·0

4·422*72·2

333·383†5·1

383·8109†38·0

111·159*25·3

2·28*89·9

161·629*63·3

5·529*63·3

191·952*34·2

2·26*92·4

242·459*25·3

101·0102†29·1

4·424*69·6

4·470*11·4

3·35*93·7

34434·4183†131·6

3·313*83·5

262·669*12·7

51551·5296†274·7

6·637*53·2

4·410*87·3

181·887†10·1

151·553*32·9

......*100·0

2·212*84·8

......*100·0

5·521*73·4

181·840*49·4

121·232*59·5

171·729*63·3

1·13*96·2

242·438*51·9

3·39*88·6

151·534*57·0

2·235*55·7

8·833*58·2

262·6106†34·2

858·550*36·7

2·25*93·7

......*100·0

1335133·579

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Number Committed for keeping Disorderly Houses.Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 of the Population.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford121,083..........................*100·0

Berks194,76344..1..............·946*41·8

Bucks140,959....................9....*100·0

Cambridge180,747..........4........4·422*72·2

Chester395,91941234211123333·383†5·1

Cornwall349,9914371265442383·8109†38·0

Cumberland186,762711......2......111·159*25·3

Derby250,249......2............2·28*89·9

Devon554,738231......4411161·629*63·3

Dorset172,7363............1..15·529*63·3

Durham368,787..3........2....14191·952*34·2

Essex332,363..2................2·26*92·4

Gloucester407,50459152..1......242·459*25·3

Hereford97,8133..22....12....101·0102†29·1

Hertford168,178........4..........4·424*69·6

Hunts57,942......2........114·470*11·4

Kent585,249..1......2........3·35*93·7

Lancaster1,881,261855545272416143242434434·4183†131·6

Leicester227,621..........2....1..3·313*83·5

Lincoln378,2461322..7173..262·669*12·7

Middlesex1,740,81436673111437315142792751551·5296†274·7

Monmouth164,093......2112......6·637*53·2

Norfolk419,463......2........114·410*87·3

Northampton206,496852........111181·887†10·1

Northumberland284,777..........11....13151·553*32·9

Nottingham282,584..........................*100·0

Oxford166,751..1......1........2·212*84·8

Rutland23,711..........................*100·0

Salop243,3522111............5·521*73·4

Somerset452,5157..1521....11181·840*49·4

Southampton377,040......12..1....8121·232*59·5

Stafford579,68612....2..1452171·729*63·3

Suffolk325,336..................11·13*96·2

Surrey635,917..115323........242·438*51·9

Sussex320,9442..1..............3·39*88·6

Warwick444,55826..1..24......151·534*57·0

Westmorland57,494..............2....2·235*55·7

Wilts241,887..1......1..1..58·833*58·2

Worcester244,5741311....24122262·6106†34·2

York1,686,4612132111534746858·550*36·7

North Wales396,161......11..........2·25*93·7

South Wales568,430..........................*100·0

Total for England and Wales16,918,458198186145187868499190148931335133·579

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR BROTHELS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex296

Lancaster183

Cornwall109

Worcester106

Hereford102

Northampton87

Chester83

Average for England and Wales79

Counties below the Average.

Hunts70

Lincoln69

Gloucester59

Cumberland59

Northumberland53

Durham52

York50

Berks46

Somerset40

Surrey38

Monmouth37

Westmorland35

Warwick34

Wilts33

Southampton32

Devon29

Dorset29

Stafford29

Hertford24

Cambridge22

Salop21

Leicester13

Oxford12

Norfolk10

Sussex9

Derby8

Essex6

Kent5

North Wales5

Suffolk3

Bedford0

Bucks0

Nottingham0

Rutland0

South Wales0

THE NUMBER OF DISORDERLY HOUSES COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EACH COUNTY.

Percentage above and below the Average. † denotes above. * „ below.

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses and the Number of Illegitimate Children are both above the Average.In No. of Disorderly Houses.In No. of Illegitimate Children.

Lancaster†131·†14

Hereford† 29·†49

Chester† 5·†32

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses and the Number of Illegitimate Children are both below the Average.

Rutland*100·*16

Kent* 93·*19

Essex* 92·*10

Cambridge* 72·* 1

Dorset* 63·* 1

Devon* 63·*25

Southampton* 59·*10

Warwick* 57·*16

Monmouth* 53·*26

Surrey* 51·*34

Somerset* 49·* 6

Durham* 34·*10

Gloucester* 25·* 4

Lincoln* 12·* 1

Hunts* 11·*28

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is above and the Number of Illegitimate Children below the Average.

Lancaster†131·†14

Middlesex†274·*40

Cornwall† 38·*29

Worcester† 34·* 1

Northampton† 10·*10

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is below and the Number of Illegitimate Children above the Average.

South Wales*100·† 7

Nottingham*100·†35

Bucks*100·† 4

Bedford*100·†14

Suffolk* 96·†26

North Wales* 93·† 6

Derby* 89·†20

Sussex* 88·† 1

Norfolk* 87·†56

Oxford* 84·†13

Leicester* 83·†17

Salop* 73·†47

Hertford* 69·† 7

Stafford* 63·† 3

Wilts* 58·† 3

Westmorland* 55·†29

Berks* 41·†17

York* 36·† 6

Northumberland* 32·† 8

Cumberland* 25·†61

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the number of Disorderly Houses is the least in those Counties where the number of Illegitimate Births is the greatest, and, vice versâ, the greatest where the Illegitimates are the least.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF CASES OF CONCEALING THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, IN EACH COUNTY OF ENGLAND & WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of cases is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of cases is below the Average.

The Average is taken for the last ten years.

The Average for all England and Wales is17 in every 10,000 illegitimate births.

„„Surrey (the highest)39„„

„„Huntingdon and Rutland (the lowest)0„„

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS.

COUNTIES.Average Yearly No. of Illegitimate Births.1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.

Bedford336.........1............1...

Berks461.........22......132

Bucks315......1.........1......1

Cambridge423.........21......13...

Chester1128322......1...3...5

Cornwall534232211......41

Cumberland639.........11...11...1

Derby656...2...............114

Devon818218...232113

Dorset34211......122111

Durham824...1272412......

Essex621111521......41

Gloucester7881214...45...32

Hereford2741.........1122......

Hertford3882............11...1...

Hunts98..............................

Kent9982...24315...32

Lancaster56724445776553

Leicester583212...1......221

Lincoln820141721...214

Middlesex22002467587564

Monmouth2691...2...2.........3...

Norfolk1374...21316323...

Northampton416......12231.........

Northumberland6851......2.........11...

Nottingham808...1..................12

Oxford396...............1............

Rutland40..............................

Salop6403222...21412

Somerset847321112...312

Southampton70311533542...2

Stafford13412216122232

Suffolk8953...25123112

Surrey9034635142433

Sussex662221215111...

Warwick8311...111...14...2

Westmorland156......1...............21

Wilts506......1122112...

Worcester6791131...31223

York415533534410575

North Wales847......22...1...121

South Wales13082121222...34

Total for England and Wales37,41051496687537865607566

Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed for concealments in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver. † denotes above. * „ below.

2·26*64·7

101·022†29·5

3·310*41·2

7·717.....

161·654*17·6

161·630†76·9

5·58*52·9

8·812*29·4

232·328†64·8

101·029†70·6

191·923†35·3

161·626†53·0

222·228†64·8

7·726†53·0

5·513*23·5

.........*100·0

222·222†29·5

505·09*47·1

111·119†11·8

232·328†64·8

545·425†47·1

8·830†76·9

212·115*11·8

9·922†29·5

5·57*58·8

4·45*70·6

1·13*82·4

.........*100·0

191·914*17·6

161·619†11·8

262·637†117·7

232·317.....