Part 3 — SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION

TABULA ET STILUS

Discipulī. Salvē, magister.

Magister. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. 1Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs?

D. Portāvimus.

M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī2 discēmus. Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite. Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā3 Aesōpī volūmen.4 Iam audīte omnēs: Vulpēs et Ūva.

Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam 5nihil moror.”

Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī?

D. Omnia, magister.

LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION

Iamque Pūblius, 1quīndecim annōs nātus, 2prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. Et facillimē patrī3 suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque 4omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī5 ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. Tum per loca6 plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. Nōlae7 duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat. Tum rēctā viā8 circiter vīgintī mīlia9 passuum9 Capuam,9 ad īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Eō10 multā nocte dēfessī pervēnērunt. 11Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et 13viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās13 properāvērunt, ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs benignē excēpit. Hinc 14itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent. Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque 15equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt.

LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS

BULLA

Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur1 multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi2 amīcōs parāverat. Eī3 omnēs favēbant; 4dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat 5ut aliīs clārum exemplum praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā6; quae rēs effēcit 7ut summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi 8sēdecim annōs natus est, bullam9 auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. 10Dēpōnere togam praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.

11Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit:

12“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. Ante lucem surrēxī13 et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius remōvī. Hāc Laribus14 cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant 15quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna16 de eō praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus17 est et magnum ingenium habet. 18Cūrā ut valeās.”

LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL

Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū1 armōrum sē2 dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant 3quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum 4ita multum trahēbat. 5Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur 6ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem veritus est ut7 castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum 8tribūnum mīlītum creāvit.

IMPEDIMENTA

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs circumdatus est. 1Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant 2ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs3 prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta4 tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. 5Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs 6quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra7 in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum 8in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam 9quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. 10Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS

CENTURIO

Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,1 fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte2 cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō3 factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, 4cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs5 vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec6 cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima 7vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō8 sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis9 morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.

Tum vēro 10eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cōnfestim 11ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed īnstāns cupidius12 īnfēlīx, 13pede sē fallente, concidit.

Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam iūdicāre potuit.

LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED

Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset1 ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent1, atque hostēs ācrius instārent,1 et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,1 Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,2 et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.2 3Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs4 ut spatium pīla coniciendī5 nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs 6comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer 7multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. 8Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus9 auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs10 et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.

LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,1 et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre1 obsidēsque 2inter sē dare,1 atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.1 Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī,3 ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere.3 4Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque5 rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium 6cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur7; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.7

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, 8cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur 9ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille10 dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est 11huius Germāniae 12quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum13 cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum14 articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō15 cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.16 Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.17”

LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY

Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus1 in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs2 eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs3 bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs4 altō. Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum5 latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, 6cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs 7ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

VINEA

Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.8 Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint9; vīneae10 fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī11 parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta12 administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde 13agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,14 signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.

LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED

BALLISTA

Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium 1oppidī expugnandī ineant.2 Tum ūnus3 ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit4 facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus5 et turrim prōmoveāmus5 atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.5” 6Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā7 tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs8 cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, 9dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī10 praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem11 mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.

TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA

Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, 12captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium13 addūcuntur. Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:14 Vōs quī estis15?

Interpres. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.

Captīvī. Fīliī rēgis sumus.

Interpres. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.

Imperātor. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?

Interpres. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.

Captīvī. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.

Interpres. 16Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. 17Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.

Imperātor. 18Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā?

Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.

LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA

Nē cōnfectō1 quidem bellō Gallicō, 2bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem3 iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne4 initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē 5rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium6 pervēnit, inde 7paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum8 in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs9 10ante proelium commissum Labiēnus11 lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “12Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs13 neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in 14citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec15 cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. 16Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

Item Caesar, animō17 ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus 18praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod19 ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,20 quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum21 dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

SIGNIFER

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et 1extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. 2Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit 3ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. 4Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, 5quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus 6sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus 7togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs8 laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,9 dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs10 bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul11 captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem,12 interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre13 iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

15Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

APPENDIX I

DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

NOUNS

460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.

First Declension—Ā-stems, Gen. Sing. -ae

Second Declension—O-stems, Gen. Sing. -ī

Third Declension—Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is

Fourth Declension—U-stems, Gen. Sing. -ūs

Fifth Declension—Ē-stems, Gen. Sing. -ē̆ī

461. FIRST DECLENSION. Ā-STEMS

domina, lady Stem dominā- Base domin-

Singular Plural

TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS

Nom. domina -a dominae -ae

Gen. dominae -ae dominārum -ārum

Dat. dominae -ae dominīs -īs

Acc. dominam -am dominās -ās

Abl. dominā -ā dominīs -īs

a. Dea and fīlia have the termination -ābus in the dative and ablative plural.

462. SECOND DECLENSION. O-STEMS

a. Masculines in -us

dominus, master Stem domino- Base domin-

Singular Plural

TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS

Nom. dominus -us dominī -ī

Gen. dominī -ī dominōrum -ōrum

Dat. dominō -ō dominīs -īs

Acc. dominum -um dominōs -ōs

Abl. dominō -ō dominīs -īs

1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e´ in the vocative singular, as domine.

2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in -ī in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergi´lī, fīlī.

b. Neuters in -um

pīlum, spear Stem pīlo- Base pīl-

Singular Plural

TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS

Nom. pīlum -um pīla -a

Gen. pīlī -ī pīlōrum -ōrum

Dat. pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs

Acc. pīlum -um pīla -a

Abl. pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs

1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -ī in the genitive singular, not in -iī, and the accent rests on the penult.

c. Masculines in -er AND -ir

puer, boy ager, field vir, man

Stems puero- agro- viro-

Bases puer- agr- vir-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. puer ager vir —

Gen. puerī agrī virī -ī

Dat. puerō agrō virō -ō

Acc. puerum agrum virum -um

Abl. puerō agrō virō -ō

Plural

Nom. puerī agrī virī -ī

Gen. puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum

Dat. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs

Acc. puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs

Abl. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs

463. THIRD DECLENSION.

CLASSIFICATION I. Consonant Stems 1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only. 2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: a. masculines and feminines; b. neuters.

II. I-Stems. Masculines, feminines, and neuters.

464. I. CONSONANT STEMS

1. Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only

prīnceps, m., chief mīles, m., soldier lapis, m., stone

Bases or Stems prīncip- mīlit- lapid-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. prīnceps mīles lapis -s

Gen. prīn´cipis mīlitis lapidis -is

Dat. prīn´cipī mīlitī lapidī -ī

Acc. prīn´cipem mīlitem lapidem -em

Abl. prīn´cipe mīlite lapide -e

Plural

Nom. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs

Gen. prīn´cipum mīlitum lapidum -um

Dat. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus

Acc. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs

Abl. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus

rēx, m., king iūdex, m., judge virtūs, f., manliness

Bases or Stems rēg- iūdic- virtūt-

Nom. rēx iūdex virtūs -s

Gen. rēgis iūdicis virtū´tis -is

Dat. rēgī iūdicī virtū´tī -ī

Acc. rēgem iūdicem virtū´tem -em

Abl. rēge iūdice virtū´te -e

Plural

Nom. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs

Gen. rēgum iūdicum virtū´tum -um

Dat. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus

Acc. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs

Abl. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus

Note. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 233. 3.

2. Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular

a. Masculines and Feminines

cōnsul, m., consul legiō, f., legion ōrdō, m., row pater, m., father

Bases or Stems cōnsul- legiōn- ōrdin- patr-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater —

Gen. cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is

Dat. cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī

Acc. cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em

Abl. cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e

Plural

Nom. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs

Gen. cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um

Dat. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus

Acc. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs

Abl. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 236. 1-3.

b. Neuters

flūmen, n., river tempus, n., time opus, n., work caput, n., head

Bases or Stems flūmin- tempor- oper- capit-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. flūmen tempus opus caput —

Gen. flūminis temporis operis capitis -is -is

Dat. flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī

Acc. flūmen tempus opus caput —

Abl. flūmine tempore opere capite -e

Plural

Nom. flūmina tempora opera capita -a

Gen. flūminum temporum operum capitum -um

Dat. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

Acc. flūmina tempora opera capita -a

Abl. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 238. 2, 3.

465. II. I-STEMS

a. Masculines and Feminines

caedēs, f., slaughter hostis, m., enemy urbs, f., city cliēns, m., retainer

Stems caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti-

Bases caed- host- urb- client-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. caedēs hostis urbs cliēns -s, -is, or -ēs

Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is

Dat. caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī

Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)

Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)

Plural

Nom. caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs

Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium

Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus

Acc. caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs

Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus

1. Avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis, have the abl. sing. in -ī or -e.

2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre.

b. Neuters

īnsigne, n., decoration animal, n., animal calcar, n., spur

Stems īnsigni- animāli- calcāri-

Bases īnsign- animāl- calcār-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. īnsigne animal calcar -e or —

Gen. īnsignis animālis calcāris -is

Dat. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī

Acc. īnsigne animal calcar -e or —

Abl. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī

Plural

Nom. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia

Gen. īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium

Dat. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus

Acc. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia

Abl. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus

466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. U-STEMS

adventus, m., arrival cornū, n., horn

Stems adventu- cornu-

Bases advent- corn-

Singular TERMINATIONS

MASC. NEUT.

Nom. adventus cornū -us -ū

Gen. adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs

Dat. adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū

Acc. adventum cornū -um -ū

Abl. adventū cornū -ū -ū

Plural

Nom. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua

Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum

Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus

Acc. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua

Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus

467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. Ē-STEMS

diēs, m., day rēs, f. thing

Stems diē- rē-

Bases di- r-

Singular TERMINATIONS

Nom. diēs rēs -ēs

Gen. diēī reī -ē̆ī

Dat. diēī reī -ē̆ī

Acc. diem rem -em

Abl. diē rē -ē

Plural

Nom. diēs rēs -ēs

Gen. diērum rērum -ērum

Dat. diēbus rēbus -ēbus

Acc. diēs rēs -ēs

Abl. diēbus rēbus -ēbus

468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS

deus, m., god domus, f., house vīs, f., strength iter, n., way

Stems deo- domu- vī- and vīri- iter- and itiner-

Bases de- dom- v- and vīr- iter- and itiner-

Singular

Nom. deus domus vīs iter

Gen. deī domūs vīs (rare) itineris

Dat. deō domuī, -ō vī (rare) itinerī

Acc. deum domum vim iter

Abl. deō domō, -ū vī itinere

Plural

Nom. deī, dī domūs vīrēs itinera

Gen. deōrum, deum domuum, -ōrum vīrium itinerum

Dat. deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus

Acc. deōs domōs, -ūs vīrīs, -ēs itinera

Abl. deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus

a. The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative.

b. The locative of domus is domī.

ADJECTIVES

469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. O- AND Ā-STEMS

a. Adjectives in -us

bonus, good Stems bono- m. and n., bona- f. Base bon-

Singular

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. bonus bona bonum

Gen. bonī bonae bonī

Dat. bonō bonae bonō

Acc. bonum bonam bonum

Abl. bonō bonā bonō

Plural

Nom. bonī bonae bona

Gen. bonōrum bonārum bonōrum

Dat. bonīs bonīs bonīs

Acc. bonōs bonās bona

Abl. bonīs bonīs bonīs

b. Adjectives in -er

līber, free Stems lībero- m. and n., līberā- f. Base līber-

Singular

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. līber lībera līberum

Gen. līberī līberae līberī

Dat. līberō līberae līberō

Acc. līberum līberam līberum

Abl. līberō līberā līberō

Plural

Nom. līberī līberae lībera

Gen. līberōrum līberārum līberōrum

Dat. līberīs līberīs līberīs

Acc. līberōs līberās lībera

Abl. līberīs līberīs līberīs

pulcher, pretty Stems pulchro- m. and n., pulchrā- f. Base pulchr-

Singular

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. pulcher pulchra pulchrum

Gen. pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī

Dat. pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō

Acc. pulchrum pulchram pulchrum

Abl. pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō

Plural

Nom. pulchrī pulchrae pulchra

Gen. pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum

Dat. pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs

Acc. pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra

Abl. pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs

470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

alius, another Stems alio- m. and n., aliā- f. Base ali-

Singular Plural

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. alius alia aliud aliī aliae alia

Gen. alīus alīus alīus aliōrum aliārum aliōrum

Dat. aliī aliī aliī aliīs aliīs aliīs

Acc. alium aliam aliud aliōs aliās alia

Abl. aliō aliā aliō aliīs aliīs aliīs

ūnus, one, only Stems ūno- m. and n., ūnā- f. Base ūn-

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. ūnus ūna ūnum ūnī ūnae ūna

Gen. ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus ūnōrum ūnārum ūnōrum

Dat. ūnī ūnī ūnī ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs

Acc. ūnum ūnam ūnum ūnōs ūnās ūna

Abl. ūnō ūnā ūnō ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs

a. For the complete list see § 108.

471. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS

I. THREE ENDINGS

ācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager Stem ācri- Base ācr-

Singular Plural

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria

Gen. ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium

Dat. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus

Acc. ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria

Abl. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus

II. TWO ENDINGS

omnis, omne, every, all Stem omni- Base omn-

Singular Plural

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

Nom. omnis omne omnēs omnia

Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium

Dat. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus

Acc. omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia

Abl. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus

III. ONE ENDING

pār, equal Stem pari- Base par-

Singular Plural

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

Nom. pār pār parēs paria

Gen. paris paris parium parium

Dat. parī parī paribus paribus

Acc. parem pār parīs, -ēs paria

Abl. parī parī paribus paribus

1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular.

This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.

472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

amāns, loving Stem amanti- Base amant-

Singular Plural

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia

Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium

Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus

Acc. amantem amāns amantīs, -ēs amantia

Abl. amante, -ī amante, -ī amantibus amantibus

iēns, going Stem ienti-, eunti- Base ient-, eunt-

Nom. iēns iēns euntēs euntia

Gen. euntis euntis euntium euntium

Dat. euntī euntī euntibus euntibus

Acc. euntem iēns euntīs, -ēs euntia

Abl. eunte, -ī eunte, -ī euntibus euntibus

473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive Comparative Superlative

MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um

līber (lībero-) līberior līberius līberrimus -a -um

pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um

audāx (audāci-) audācior audācius audācissimus -a -um

brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um

ācer (ācri-) ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um

474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

altior, higher

Singular Plural

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

Nom. altior altius altiōrēs altiōra

Gen. altiōris altiōris altiōrum altiōrum

Dat. altiōrī altiōrī altiōribus altiōribus

Acc. altiōrem altius altiōrēs altiōra

Abl. altiōre altiōre altiōribus altiōribus

plūs, more

Nom. —— plūs plūrēs plūra

Gen. —— plūris plūrium plūrium

Dat. —— —— plūribus plūribus

Acc. —— plūs plūrīs (-ēs) plūra

Abl. —— plūre plūribus plūribus

475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive Comparative Superlative

bonus, -a, -um, good melior, melius, better optimus, -a, -um, best

malus, -a, -um, bad peior, peius, worse pessimus, -a, -um, worst

magnus, -a, -um, great maior, maius, greater maximus, -a, -um, greatest

multus, -a, -um, much ——, plūs, more plūrimus, -a, -um, most

parvus, -a, -um, small minor, minus, smaller minimus, -a, -um, smallest

senex, senis, old senior maximus nātū

iuvenis, -e, young iūnior minimus nātū

vetus, veteris, old vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um

facilis, -e, easy facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um

difficilis, -e, difficult difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um

similis, -e, similar similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um

dissimilis, -e, dissimilar dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um

humilis, -e, low humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um

gracilis, -e, slender gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um

exterus, outward exterior, outer, exterior extrēmus extimus outermost, last

īnferus, below īnferior, lower īnfimus īmus lowest

posterus, following posterior, later postrēmus postumus last

superus, above superior, higher suprēmus summus highest

[cis, citrā, on this side] citerior, hither citimus, hithermost

[in, intrā, in, within] interior, inner intimus, inmost

[prae, prō, before] prior, former prīmus, first

[prope, near] propior, nearer proximus, next

[ultrā, beyond] ulterior, further ultimus, furthest

476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive Comparative Superlative

cārē (cārus), dearly cārius cārissimē

miserē (miser), wretchedly miserius miserrimē

ācriter (ācer), sharply ācrius ācerrimē

facile (facilis), easily facilius facillimē

477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive Comparative Superlative

diū, long, a long time diūtius diūtissimē

bene (bonus), well melius, better optimē, best

male (malus), ill peius, worse pessimē, worst

magnopere, greatly magis, more maximē, most

multum (multus), much plūs, more plūrimum, most

parum, little minus, less minimē, least

saepe, often saepīus saepissimē

478. NUMERALS

The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um.

Cardinals Ordinals

(How many) (In what order)

1, ūnus, -a, -um, one prīmus, -a, -um first

2, duo, duae, duo two secundus (or alter) second

3, trēs, tria three, tertius third,

4, quattuor etc. quārtus etc.

5, quīnque quīntus

6, sex sextus

7, septem septimus

8, octō octāvus

9, novem nōnus

10, decem decimus

11, ūndecim ūndecimus

12, duodecim duodecimus

13, tredecim (decem (et) trēs) tertius decimus

14, quattuordecim quārtus decimus

15, quīndecim quīntus decimus

16, sēdecim sextus decimus

17, septendecim septimus decimus

18, duodēvīgintī (octōdecim) duodēvīcēnsimus

19, ūndēvīgintī (novendecim) ūndēvīcēnsimus

20, vīgintī vīcēnsimus

21, vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī, etc. vīcēnsimus prīmus or ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.

30, trīgintā trīcēnsimus

40, quadrāgintā quadrāgēnsimus

50, quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēnsimus

60, sexāgintā sexāgēnsimus

70, septuāgintā septuāgēnsimus

80, octōgintā octōgēnsimus

90, nōnāgintā nōnāgēnsimus

100, centum centum

101, centum (et) ūnus, etc. centum (et) ūnus, etc.

120, centum (et) vīgintī centum (et) vīgintī

121, centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc. centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.

200, ducentī, -ae, -a ducentī, -ae, -a

300, trecentī trecentī

400, quadringentī quadringentī

500, quīngentī quīngentī

600, sescentī sescentī

700, septingentī septingentī

800, octingentī octingentī

900, nōngentī nōngentī

1000, mīlle mīlle

479. Declension of duo, two, trēs, three, and mīlle, a thousand.

Masc. Fem. Neut. M. and F. Neut. Sing. Plur.

N. duo duae duo trēs trīa mīlle mīlia

G. duōrum duārum duōrum trium trium mīlle mīlium

D. duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus

A. duōs or duo duās duo trīs or trēs tria mīlle mīlia

A. duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus

Note. Mīlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of ūnus cf. § 470.

PRONOUNS

480. PERSONAL

ego, I tū, you suī, of himself, etc.

Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.

Nom. ego nōs tū vōs —— ——

Gen. meī nostrum, -trī tuī vestrum, -trī suī suī

Dat. mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs sibi sibi

Acc. mē nōs tē vōs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē

Abl. mē nōbīs tē vōbīs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē

Note that suī is always reflexive.

481. DEMONSTRATIVE

Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings -ī̆us and -ī in the gen. and dat. sing.

ipse, self

Singular Plural

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa

Gen. ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum

Dat. ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa

Abl. ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

hic, this (here), he

Nom. hic haec hoc hī hae haec

Gen. huius huius huius hōrum hārum hōrum

Dat. huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs

Acc. hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec

Abl. hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs

iste, this, that (of yours), he

Nom. iste ista istud istī istae ista

Gen. istī´us istī´us istī´us istōrum istārum istōrum

Dat. istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs

Acc. istum istam istud istōs istās ista

Abl. istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs

ille, that (yonder), he

Nom. ille illa illud illī illae illa

Gen. illī´us illī´us illī´us illōrum illārum illōrum

Dat. illī illī illī illīs illīs illīs

Acc. illum illam illud illōs illās illa

Abl. illō illā illō illīs illīs illīs

is, this, that, he

Nom. is ea id iī, eī eae ea

Gen. eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum

Dat. eī eī eī iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs

Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea

Abl. eō eā eō iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs

īdem, the same

Nom. īdem e´adem idem iī´dem eī´dem eae´dem e´adem

Gen. eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem

Dat. eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem

Acc. eun´dem ean´dem idem eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem

Abl. eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem

Note. In the plural of is and īdem the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.

482. RELATIVE

quī, who, which, that

Singular Plural

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quī quae quod quī quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum

Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod quōs quās quae

Abl. quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

483. INTERROGATIVE

quis, substantive, who, what

Singular Plural

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quis quid qui quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum

Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quid quōs quās quae

Abl. quō quō quibus quibus quibus

The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod, is declined like the relative.

484. INDEFINITES

quis and quī, as declined above,1 are used also as indefinites (some, any). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and quī.

quisque, each

Substantive Adjective

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque

Gen. cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que

Dat. cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique

Acc. quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque

Abl. quōque quōque quōque quāque quōque

485. quīdam, a certain one, a certain

Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam.

Singular

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quīdam quaedam quoddam quiddam (subst.)

Gen. cuius´dam cuius´dam cuius´dam

Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam

Acc. quendam quandam quoddam quiddam (subst.)

Abl. quōdam quādam quōdam

Plural

Nom. quīdam quaedam quaedam

Gen. quōrun´dam quārun´dam quōrun´dam

Dat. quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam

Acc. quōsdam quāsdam quaedam

Abl. quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam

486. quisquam, substantive, any one (at all)

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quisquam quicquam (quidquam)

Gen. cuius´quam cuius´quam

Dat. cuiquam cuiquam

Acc. quemquam quicquam (quidquam)

Abl. quōquam quōquam

487. aliquis, substantive, some one. aliquī, adjective, some

Singular

Substantive Adjective

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. aliquis aliquid aliquī aliqua aliquod

Gen. alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius

Dat. alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui

Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod

Abl. aliquō aliquō aliquō aliquā aliquō

Plural for both Substantive and Adjective

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. aliquī aliquae aliqua

Gen. aliquō´rum aliquā´rum aliquō´rum

Dat. ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus

Acc. aliquōs aliquās aliqua

Abl. ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus

a. quis (quī), any one, any, is the least definite (§ 297. b). aliquis (aliquī), some one, some, is more definite than quis. quisquam, any one (at all), and its adjective ūllus, any, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.

REGULAR VERBS

488. FIRST CONJUGATION. Ā-VERBS. AMŌ

Principal Parts amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

Pres. Stem amā- Perf. Stem amāv- Part. Stem amāt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

I love, am loving, do love, etc. I am loved, etc.

amō amāmus amor amāmur

amās amātis amāris, -re amāminī

amat amant amātur amantur

IMPERFECT

I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I was loved, etc.

amābam amābāmus amābar amābāmur

amābās amābātis amābāris, -re amābāminī

amābat amābant amābātur amābantur

FUTURE

I shall love, etc. I shall be loved, etc.

amābō amābimus amābor amābimur

amābis amābitis amāberis, -re amābiminī

amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur

PERFECT

I have loved, loved, did love, etc. I have been (was) loved, etc.

amāvi amāvimus amātus, -a, -um sum amātī, -ae, -a sumus

amāvistī amāvistis es estis

amāvit amāvērunt, -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT

I had loved, etc. I had been loved, etc.

amāveram amāverāmus amātus, -a, -um eram amātī, -ae, -a erāmus

amāverās amāverātis erās erātis

amāverat amāverant erat erant

FUTURE PERFECT

I shall have loved, etc. I shall have been loved, etc.

amāverō amāverimus amātus, -a, -um erō amātī, -ae, -a erimus

amāveris amāveritis eris eritis

amāverit amāverint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

amem amēmus amer amēmur

amēs amētis amēris, -re amēminī

amet ament amētur amentur

IMPERFECT

amārem amāremus amārer amārēmur

amārēs amārētis amārēris, -re amārēminī

amāret amārent amārētur amārentur

PERFECT

amāverim amāverimus amātus, -a, -um sim amātī, -ae, -a sīmus

amāveris amāveritis sīs sītis

amāverit amāverint sit sint

PLUPERFECT

amāvissem amāvissēmus amātus, -a, -um essem amātī, -ae, -a essēmus

amāvissēs amāvissētis essēs essētis

amāvisset amāvissent esset essent

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

amā, love thou amāre, be thou loved

amāte, love ye amāminī, be ye loved

FUTURE

amātō, thou shalt love amātor, thou shalt be loved

amātō, he shall love amātor, he shall be loved

amātōte, you shall love ——

amantō, they shall love amantor, they shall be loved

INFINITIVE

Pres. amāre, to love amārī, to be loved

Perf. amāvisse, to have loved amātus, -a, -um esse, to have been loved

Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to love [amātum īrī], to be about to be loved

PARTICIPLES

Pres. amāns, -antis, loving Pres. ——

Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um, about to love Gerundive1 amandus, -a, -um, to be loved

Perf. —— Perf. amātus, -a, -um, having been loved, loved

GERUND

Nom. —— SUPINE (Active Voice)

Gen. amandī, of loving Acc. [amātum], to love

Dat. amandō, for loving Abl. [amātū], to love, in the loving

Acc. amandum, loving

Abl. amandō, by loving

489. SECOND CONJUGATION. Ē-VERBS. MONEŌ

Principal Parts moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus

Pres. Stem monē- Perf. Stem monu- Part. Stem monit-

ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

I advise, etc., I am advised, etc.

moneō monēmus moneor monēmur

monēs monētis monēris, -re monēminī

monet monent monētur monentur

IMPERFECT

I was advising, etc., I was advised, etc.

monēbam monēbāmus monēbar monēbāmur

monēbās monēbātis monēbāris, -re monēbāminī

monēbat monēbant monēbātur monēbāntur

FUTURE

I shall advise, etc., I shall be advised, etc.

monēbō monēbimus monēbor monēbimur

monēbis monēbitis monēberis, -re monēbiminī

monēbit monēbunt monēbitur monēbuntur

PERFECT

I have advised, I advised, etc. I have been (was) advised, etc.

monuī monuimus monitus, -a, -um sum monitī, -ae, -a sumus

monuistī monuistis es estis

monuit monuērunt, -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT

I had advised, etc., I had been advised, etc.

monueram monuerāmus monitus, -a, -um eram monitī, -ae, -a erāmus

monuerās monuerātis eras eratis

monuerat monuerant erat erant

FUTURE PERFECT

I shall have advised, etc. I shall have been advised, etc.

monuerō monuerimus monitus, -a, -um erō monitī, -ae, -a erimus

monueris monuerītis eris eritis

monuerit monuerīnt erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

moneam moneāmus monear moneāmur

moneās moneātis moneāris, -re moneāminī

moneat moneant moneātur moneantur

IMPERFECT

monērem monērēmus monērer monērēmur

monērēs monērētis monērēris, -re monērēminī

monēret monērent monērētur monērentur

PERFECT

monuerim monuerimus monitus, -a, -um sim monitī, -ae, -a sīmus

monueris monueritis sīs sītis

monuerit monuerint sit sint

PLUPERFECT

monuissem monuissēmus monitus, -a, -um essem monitī, -ae, -a essēmus

monuissēs monuissētis essēs essētis

monuisset monuissent esset essent

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

monē, advise thou monēre, be thou advised

monēte, advise ye monēminī, be ye advised

FUTURE

monētō, thou shall advise monētor, thou shalt be advised

monētō, he shall advise monētor, he shall be advised

monētōte, you shall advise ——

monentō, they shall advise monentor, they shall be advised

INFINITIVE

Pres. monēre, to advise monērī, to be advised

Perf. monuisse, to have advised monitus, -a, -um esse, to have been advised

Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to advise [monitum īrī], to be about to be advised

PARTICIPLES

Pres. monēns, -entis, advising Pres. ——

Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um, about to advise Ger. monendus, -a, -um, to be advised

Perf. —— Perf. monitus, -a, -um, having been advised, advised

GERUND

Nom. —— SUPINE (Active Voice)

Gen. monendī, of advising Acc. [monitum], to advise

Dat. monendō, for advising Abl. [monitū], to advise, in the advising

Acc. monendum, advising

Abl. monendō, by advising

490. THIRD CONJUGATION. Ĕ-VERBS. REGŌ

Principal Parts regō, regere, rexī, rēctus

Pres. Stem rege- Perf. Stem rēx- Part. Stem rēct-

ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

I rule, etc. I am ruled, etc.

regō regimus re´gor re´gimur

regis regitis re´geris, -re regi´minī

regit regunt re´gitur regun´tur

IMPERFECT

I was ruling, etc. I was ruled, etc.

regēbam regēbāmus regē´bar regēbā´mur

regēbās regēbātis regēbā´ris, -re regēbā´minī

regēbat regēbant regēbā´tur regēban´tur

FUTURE

I shall rule, etc. I shall be ruled, etc.

regam regēmus re´gar regē´mur

regēs regētis regē´ris, -re regē´minī

reget regent regē´tur regen´tur

PERFECT

I have ruled, etc. I have been ruled, etc.

rēxī rēximus rēctus, -a, -um sum rēctī, -ae, -a sumus

rēxistī rēxistis es estis

rēxit rēxērunt, -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT

I had ruled, etc. I had been ruled, etc.

rēxeram rēxerāmus rēctus, -a, -um eram rēctī, -ae, -a erāmus

rēxerās rēxerātis erās erātis

rēxerat rēxerant erat erant

FUTURE PERFECT

I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc.

rēxerō rēxerimus rēctus, -a, -um erō rēctī, -ae, -a erimus

rēxeris rēxeritis eris eritis

rēxerit rēxerint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

regam regāmus regar regāmur

regās regātis regāris, -re regāminī

regat regant regātur regantur

IMPERFECT

regerem regerēmus regerer regerēmur

regerēs regerētis regerēris, -re regerēminī

regeret regerent regerētur regerentur

PERFECT

rēxerim rēxerimus rēctus, -a, -um sim rēctī, -ae, -a sīmus

rēxeris rēxeritis sīs sītis

rēxerit rēxerint sit sint

PLUPERFECT

rēxissem rēxissēmus rēctus, -a, -um essem rēctī, -ae, -a essēmus

rēxissēs rēxissētis essēs essētis

rēxisset rēxissent esset essent

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

rege, rule thou regere, be thou ruled

regite, rule ye regiminī, be ye ruled

FUTURE

regitō, thou shalt rule regitor, thou shalt be ruled

regitō he shall rule regitor, he shall be ruled

regitōte, ye shall rule ——

reguntō, they shall rule reguntor, they shall be ruled

INFINITIVE

Pres. regere, to rule regī, to be ruled

Perf. rēxisse, to have ruled rēctus, -a, -um esse, to have been ruled

Fut.rēctūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to rule [rēctum īrī], to be about to be ruled

PARTICIPLES

Pres. regēns, -entis, ruling Pres. ——

Fut. rēctūrus, -a, -um, about to rule Ger. regendus, -a, -um, to be ruled

Perf. —— Perf. rēctus, -a, -um, having been ruled, ruled

GERUND

Nom. —— SUPINE (Active Voice)

Gen. regendī, of ruling Acc [rēctum], to rule

Dat. regendō, for ruling Abl. [rēctū], to rule, in the ruling

Acc. regendum, ruling

Abl. regendō, by ruling

491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. Ī-VERBS. AUDIŌ

Principal Parts audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus

Pres. Stem audī- Perf. Stem audīv- Part. Stem audīt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

I hear, etc. I am heard, etc.

audiō audīmus au´dior audī´mur

audīs audītis audī´ris, -re audī´minī

audit audiunt audī´tur audiun´tur

IMPERFECT

I was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc.

audiēbam audiēbāmus audiē´bar audiēbā´mur

audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbā´ris, -re audiēbā´minī

audiēbat audiēbant audiēbā´tur audiēban´tur

FUTURE

I shall hear, etc. I shall be heard, etc.

audiam audiēmus au´diar audiē´mur

audiēs audiētis audiē´ris, -re audiē´minī

audiet audient audiē´tur audien´tur

PERFECT

I have heard, etc. I have been heard, etc.

audīvī audīvimus audītus, -a, -um sum audītī, -ae, -a sumus

audīvistī audīvistis es estis

audīvit audīvērunt, -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT

I had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc.

audīveram audīverāmus audītus, -a, -um eram audītī, -ae, -a erāmus

audīverās audīverātis erās erātis

audīverat audīverant erat erant

FUTURE PERFECT

I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc.

audīverō audīverimus audītus, -a, -um erō audītī, -ae, -a erimus

audīveris audīveritis eris eritis

audīverit audīverint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

audiam audiāmus audiar audiāmur

audiās audiātis audiāris, -re audiāminī

audiat audiant audiātur audiantur

IMPERFECT

audīrem audīrēmus audīrer audīrēmur

audīrēs audīrētis audīrēris, -re audīrēminī

audīret audīrent audīrētur audīrentur

PERFECT

audīverim audiverimus audītus, -a, -um sim audītī, -ae, -a sīmus

audīveris audiveritis sīs sītis

audīverit audīverint sit sint

PLUPERFECT

audīvissem audīvissēmus audītus, -a, -um essem audītī, -ae, -a essēmus

audīvissēs audīvissētis essēs essētis

audīvisset audīvissent esset essent

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

audī, hear thou audīre, be thou heard

audīte, hear ye audīminī, be ye heard

FUTURE

audītō, thou shalt hear audītor, thou shalt be heard

audītō, he shall hear audītor, he shall be heard

audītōte, ye shall hear ——

audiuntō, they shall hear audiuntor, they shall be heard

INFINITIVE

Pres. audīre, to hear audīrī, to be heard

audīvisse, to have heard audītus, -a, -um esse, to have been heard

audītūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to hear [audītum īrī, to be about to be heard

PARTICIPLES

Pres. audiēns, -entis, hearing Pres. ——

Fut. audītūrus, -a, -um, about to hear Ger. audiendus, -a, -um to be heard

Perf. —— Perf. audītus, -a, -um, having been heard, heard

GERUND

Nom. —— SUPINE (Active Voice)

Gen. audiendī, of hearing Acc. [audītum], to hear

Dat. audiendō, for hearing Abl. [audītu], to hear, in the hearing

Acc. audiendum, hearing

Abl. audiendō, by hearing

492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN -IŌ. CAPIŌ

Principal Parts capiō, capere, cēpī, captus

Pres. Stem cape- Perf. Stem cēp- Part. Stem capt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT

capiō capimus ca´pior ca´pimur

capis capitis ca´peris, -re capi´minī

capit capiunt ca´pitur capiun´tur

IMPERFECT

capiēbam capiebamus capiē´bar capiēbā´mur

capiēbas capiēbātis capiēba´ris, -re capiēbā´minī

capiēbat capiēbant capiēbā´tur capieban´tur

FUTURE

capiam capiēmus ca´piar capiē´mur

capiēs capiētis capiē´ris, -re capiē´minī

capiet capient capiē´tur capien´tur

PERFECT

cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.

PLUPERFECT

cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, etc. captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.

FUTURE PERFECT

cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, etc. captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

capiam, capiās, capiat, etc. capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.

IMPERFECT

caperem, caperēs, caperet, etc. caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.

PERFECT

cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, etc. captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.

PLUPERFECT

cēpissem, cēpissēs, cēpisset, etc. captus,-a, -um essem, essēs, esset, etc.

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT

2d Pers. cape capite capere capiminī

FUTURE

2d Pers. capitō capitōte capitor ——

3rd Pers. capitō capiuntō capitor capiuntor

INFINITIVE

Pres. capere capī

Perf. cēpisse captus, -a, -um esse

Fut. captūrus, -a, -um esse [captum īrī]

PARTICIPLES

Pres. capiēns, -ientis Pres. ——

Fut. captūrus, -a, -um Ger. capiendus, -a, -um

Perf. —— Perf. captus, -a, -um

GERUND SUPINE (Active Voice)

Gen. capiendī Acc. [captum]

etc. Abl. [captū]

493. DEPONENT VERBS

Principal Parts I. hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, urge

II. vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear

III. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow

IV. partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Note. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.

Indicative

Pres. hortor vereor sequor partior

hortāris, -re verēris, -re sequeris, -re partīris, -re

hortātur verētur sequitur partītur

hortāmur verēmur sequimur partīmur

hortāminī verēminī sequiminī partīminī

hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur

Impf. hortābar verēbar sequēbar partiēbar

Fut. hortābor verēbor sequar partiar

Perf. hortātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum partītus sum

Plup. hortātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram partītus eram

F. P. hortātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō partītus erō

Subjunctive

Pres. horter verear sequar partiar

Impf. hortārer verērer sequerer partīrer

Perf. hortātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim partītus sim

Plup. hortātus essem veritus essem secūtus essem partītus essem

Imperative

Pres. hortāre verēre sequere partīre

Fut. hortātor verētor sequitor partītor

Infinitive

Pres. hortārī verērī sequī partīrī

Perf. hortātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse partītus esse

Fut. *hortātūrus esse *veritūrus esse *secūtūrus esse *partītūrus esse

Participles

Pres. *hortāns *verēns *sequēns *partiēns

Fut. *hortāturus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus

Perf. hortātus veritus secūtus partītus

Ger. hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus

Gerund

*hortandī, etc. *verendī, etc. *sequendī, etc. *partiendī, etc.

Supine

*[hortātus, -tū] *[veritum, -tū] *[secūtum, -tū] *[partītum, -tū]

IRREGULAR VERBS

494. sum, am, be

Principal Parts sum, esse, fuī, futūrus

Pres. Stem es- Perf. Stem fu- Part. Stem fut-

Indicative

Present

SINGULAR PLURAL

sum, I am sumus, we are

es, thou art estis, you are

est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are

Imperfect

eram, I was erāmus, we were

erās, thou wast erātis, you were

erat, he was erant, they were

Future

erō, I shall be erimus, we shall be

eris, thou wilt be eritis, you will be

erit, he will be erunt, they will be

Perfect

fuī, I have been, was fuimus, we have been, were

fuistī, thou hast been, wast fuistis, you have been, were

fuit, he has been, was fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, were

Pluperfect

fueram, I had been fuerāmus, we had been

fuerās, thou hadst been fuerātis, you had been

fuerat, he had been fuerant, they had been

Future Perfect

fuerō, I shall have been fuerimus, we shall have been

fueris, thou wilt have been fueritis, you will have been

fuerit, he will have been fuerint, they will have been

Subjunctive

Present Imperfect

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

sim sīmus essem essēmus

sīs sītis essēs essētis

sit sint esset essent

Perfect Pluperfect

fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus

fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis

fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent

Imperative

PRESENT FUTURE

2d Pers. Sing. es, be thou 2d Pers. Sing. estō, thou shalt be

2d Pers. Plur. este, be ye 3d Pers. Sing. estō, he shall be

2d Pers. Plur. estōte, ye shall be 3d Pers. Plur. suntō, they shall be

Infinitive Participle

Pres. esse, to be

Perf. fuisse, to have been

Fut. futūrus, -a, -um esse or fore, to be about to be futūrus, -a, -um, about to be

495. possum, be able, can

Principal Parts possum, posse, potuī, ——

Indicative Subjunctive

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

Pres. possum pos´sumus possim possī´mus

potes potes´tis possīs possī´tis

potest possunt possit possint

Impf. poteram poterāmus possem possē´mus

Fut. poterō poterimus —— ——

Perf. potuī potuimus potuerim potuerimus

Plup. potueram potuerāmus potuissem potuissēmus

F. P. potuerō potuerimus —— ——

Infinitive

Pres. posse Perf. potuisse

Participle

Pres. potens, gen. -entis, (adjective) powerful

496. prōsum, benefit

Principal Parts prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus

Pres. Stem prōdes- Perf. Stem prōfu- Part. Stem prōfut-

Indicative Subjunctive

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

Pres. prōsum prō´sumus prōsim prōsī´mus

prōdes prōdes´tis prōsīs prōsī´tis

prōdest prōsunt prōsit prōsint

Impf. prōderam prōderāmus prōdessem prodessē´mus

Fut. prōderō prōderimus —— ——

Perf. prōfuī prōfuimus prōfuerim prōfuerimus

Plup. prōfueram prōfuerāmus prōfuissem prōfuissēmus

F. P. prōfuerō prōfuerimus —— ——

Imperative

Pres. 2d Pers. prōdes, prōdeste Fut. 2d Pers. prōdestō, prōdestōte

Infinitive

Pres. prōdesse Perf. prōfuisse Fut. prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse

Future Participle prōfutūrus, -a, -um

497.

Principal Parts volō, velle, voluī, ——, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ——, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ——, be more willing, prefer

Nōlō and mālō are compounds of volō. Nōlō is for ne (not) + volō, and mālō for mā (from magis, more) + volō. The second person vīs is from a different root.

Indicative

SINGULAR

Pres. volō nōlō mālō

vīs nōn vis māvīs

vult nōn vult māvult

PLURAL

volumus nōlumus mālumus

vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis

volunt nōlunt mālunt

Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam

Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.

Perf. voluī nōluī māluī

Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram

F. P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō

Subjunctive

SINGULAR

Pres. velim nōlim mālim

velīs nōlīs mālīs

velit nōlit mālit

PLURAL

velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus

velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis

velint nōlint mālint

Impf. vellem nōllem māllem

Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim

Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem

Imperative

Pres. —— nōlī nōlīte ——

Fut. —— nōlītō, etc. ——

Infinitive

Pres. velle nōlle mālle

Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse

Participle

Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ——

498. ferō, bear, carry, endure

Principal Parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus

Pres. Stem fer- Perf. Stem tul- Part. Stem lāt-

Indicative

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Pres. ferō ferimus feror ferimur

fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī

fert ferunt fertur feruntur

Impf. ferēbam ferēbar

Fut. feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.

Perf. tulī lātus, -a, -um sum

Plup. tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram

F. P. tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō

Subjunctive

Pres. feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.

Impf. ferrem ferrer

Perf. tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim

Plup. tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem

Imperative

Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre feriminī

Fut. 2d Pers. fertō fertōte fertor

3d Pers. fertō ferunto fertor feruntor

Infinitive

Pres. ferre ferrī

Perf. tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse

Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um esse ——

Participles

Pres. ferēns, -entis Pres. ——

Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um

Perf. —— Perf. lātus, -a, -um

Gerund Supine (Active Voice)

Gen. ferendī Acc. ferendum Acc. [lātum]

Dat. ferendō Abl. ferendō Abl. [lātū]

499. eō, go

Principal Parts eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.)

Pres. Stem ī- Perf. Stem ī- or īv- Part. Stem it-

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

SING. PLUR.

Pres. eō īs it īmus ītis eunt eam 2d Pers. ī īte

Impf. ībam īrem

Fut. ībō —— 2d Pers. ītō 3d Pers. ītō ītōte euntō

Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)

Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)

F. P. ierō (īverō)

Infinitive Participles

Pres. īre Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§ 472)

Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um

Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse Ger. eundum

Gerund Supine

Gen. eundī Acc. [itum]

Dat. eundō Abl. [itū]

Acc. eundum

Abl. eundō

a. The verb eō is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as ītur, itum est, etc.

b. In the perfect system the forms with v are very rare.

500. fīō, passive of faciō; be made, become, happen

Principal Parts fīō, fierī, factus sum

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

Pres. fīō fīs fit —— —— fīunt fīam 2d Pers. fī fīte

Impf. fīēbam fierem

Fut. fīam ——

Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim

Plup. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem

F. P. factus, -a, -um erō

Infinitive Participles

Pres. fierī Perf. factus, -a, -um

Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um

Fut. [factum īrī]

CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR

APPENDIX II

501. RULES OF SYNTAX

Note. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.

Nominative Case

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? § 36.

Agreement

2. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. § 28.

3. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. § 76.

4. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. § 81.

5. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. § 65.

6. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. § 215. a.

7. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. § 224.

Prepositions

8. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. § 52.

Genitive Case

9. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? § 38.

10. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the predicate genitive. § 409.

11. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive. § 331.

12. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. § 443.

Dative Case

13. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. § 45.

14. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō, faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō, resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning. § 154.

15. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. § 426.

16. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. § 143.

17. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which; often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. § 437.

Accusative Case

18. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? § 37.

19. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. § 214.

20. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 263, 266.

21. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. § 336.

22. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. § 392.

Ablative Case

23. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? § 102.

24. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? § 103.

25. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom? § 104.

26. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? § 105.

27. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference. § 317.

28. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the ablative absolute. § 381.

29. 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 444.

2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 445.

30. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. § 398.

31. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 264, 266.

32. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the ablative of separation. § 180.

33. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab. This is called the ablative of the personal agent. § 181.

34. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. § 309.

35. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. § 275.

36. 1. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 265, 266.

2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word domus express the place in which by the locative. § 268.

Gerund and Gerundive

37. 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. § 406. 1.

2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. § 406. 2.

38. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with causā, is used to express purpose. § 407.

Moods and Tenses of Verbs

39. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. § 358.

40. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause. § 349.

41. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. § 366.

42. Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or nē (that or lest). § 372.

43. Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nōn, and have the verb in the subjunctive. § 385.

44. Object clauses of result with ut or ut nōn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. § 386.

45. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. § 390.

46. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. § 396.

47. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. § 416.

48. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. § 419.

49. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. § 418.

50. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. § 432.

DOMINA

APPENDIX III

REVIEWS1

I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII

Lesson IX

502. Give the English of the following words:1

Nouns

agricola ancilla aqua casa causa cēna corōna dea domina fābula fera fīlia fortūna fuga gallīna iniūria īnsula lūna nauta pecūnia puella pugna sagitta silva terra tuba via victōria

Adjectives

alta bona clāra grāta lāta longa magna mala nova parva pulchra sōla

Verbs

amat dat est habitat labōrat laudat nārrat necat nūntiat parat portat pugnat sunt vocat

Prepositions Pronouns Adverbs Conjunctions Interrogative Particle

ā or ab ad cum dē ē or ex in mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid cūr deinde nōn ubi et quia quod -ne

503. Give the Latin of the following words:1

Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.

flight story new lives (verb) away from who why forest wreath deep, high dinner famous cottage battle (noun) trumpet lady, mistress whom island wide tells money calls with your then, in the next place daughter to whom fortune out from labors (verb) gives small in and sailor farmer goddess wild beast praises (verb) alone pleasing prepares are to because arrow my kills girl fights (verb) carries chicken victory land what way bad loves pretty water great is announces injury, wrong where not good maid down from long cause whose

504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?

505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension:

The First or Ā-Declension 1. Ending in the nominative singular

2. Rule for gender

3. Case terminations a. Singular b. Plural

4. Irregular nouns

Go on to Lesson IX

II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII

Lesson XVIII

506. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension

agrī cultūra cōnstantia cōpia dīligentia fāma fēmina galea inopia lacrima lōrīca patria praeda

Nouns of the Second Declension

ager amīcus arma (plural) auxilium bellum carrus castrum cibus cōnsilium domicilium dominus equus fīlius fluvius frūmentum gladius lēgātus līberī magister mūrus numerus oppidānus oppidum pīlum populus praemium proelium puer scūtum servus studium tēlum vīcus vir

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons

aeger, aegra, aegrum alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum armātus, -a, -um crēber, crēbra, crēbrum dūrus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um īnfīrmus, -a, -um legiōnārius, -a, -um līber, lībera, līberum mātūrus, -a, -um meus, -a, -um miser, misera, miserum multus, -a, -um neuter, neutra, neutrum noster, nostra, nostrum alter, altera, alterum pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum sōlus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um ūllus, -a, -um ūnus, -a, -um uter, utra, utrum validus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum

Verbs Demonstrative Pronoun Adverbs

arat cūrat dēsīderat mātūrat properat is, ea, id Conjunctions an -que sed iam quō saepe Preposition apud

507. Give the Latin of the following words:

sword corselet man your (plural) hasten but among tear (noun) village strong long for and (enclitic) often want (noun) which (of two) care for or (in a question) whither wagon townsman wretched ripe war number my free (adj.) children wall grain weapon one plow (verb) this or that already helmet river zeal any he son slave your (singular) she woman horse shield (noun) whole it aid (noun) legionary weak arms master (of school) friend neighboring sick lieutenant field report, rumor abode boy his own alone prize (noun) master (owner) carefulness plenty troops plan (noun) people beautiful no (adj.) our battle spear food steadiness fatherland town fort camp neither (of two) much agriculture other the other (of two) hard booty frequent armed

508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? Decline bonus, līber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like līber or like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nūllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?

509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension:

The Second or O-Declension 1. Endings in the nominative

2. Rule for gender

3. Case terminations of nouns in -us a. Singular b. Plural

a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us

4. Case terminations of nouns in -um a. Singular b. Plural

5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir

6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium

Go on to Lesson XVIII

III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI

Lesson XXVII

510. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension

disciplīna fōrma poena potentia rēgīna superbia trīstitia

Nouns of the Second Declension

lūdus ōrnāmentum sacrum socius verbum

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions

amīcus antīquus fīnitimus grātus idōneus inimīcus interfectus īrātus laetus molestus perpetuus proximus septem superbus

Adverbs Conjunctions Personal Pronoun

hodiē ibi maximē mox nunc nūper etiam nōn sōlum ... sed etiam ego

Verbs

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV

volō, -āre IRREGULAR VERB sum, esse dēleō, -ēre doceō, -ēre faveō, -ēre habeō, -ēre iubeō, -ēre moneō, -ēre moveō, -ēre noceō, -ēre pāreō, -ēre persuādeō, -ēre sedeō, -ēre studeō, -ēre videō, -ēre agō, -ere capiō, -ere crēdō, -ere dīcō, -ere dūcō, -ere faciō, -ere fugiō, -ere iaciō, -ere mittō, -ere rapiō, -ere regō, -ere resistō, -ere audiō, -īre mūniō, -īre reperiō, -īre veniō, -īre

511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.

ancient come resist see be fly I proud word sadness find rule (verb) be eager for not only ... but also seven ally, companion pride fortify send sit also school hear hurl persuade only nearest sacred rite queen flee obey lately constant ornament power make, do injure now annoying lead move soon glad punishment believe advise especially, most of all angry beauty say command (verb) there slain training take have to-day unfriendly drive favor (verb) suitable pleasing teach neighboring destroy friendly seize

512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.

Go on to Lesson XXVII

IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI

Lesson XXXVII

513. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension

āla cūra mora porta prōvincia vīta

Nouns of the Second Declension

animus aurum bracchium deus locus mōnstrum nāvigium ōrāculum perīculum ventus vīnum

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions

adversus attentus cārus commōtus dēfessus dexter dubius maximus perfidus plēnus saevus sinister

Adverbs

anteā celeriter dēnique diū frūstrā graviter ita longē semper subitō tamen tum

Conjunctions

autem sī ubi

Prepositions

dē per prō sine

Verbs

CONJ. I CONJ. II

adpropinquō nāvigō occupō postulō recūsō reportō servō stō superō temptō vāstō vulnerō contineō egeō prohibeō respondeō teneō

CONJ. III IRREGULAR VERB

discēdō gerō interficiō absum

514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.

be away wind through if savage wound (verb) wine delay faithless right seize quickly before, in behalf of battle down from or concerning moreover greatest oracle danger lay waste gate doubtful opposite, adverse demand finally attentive then, at that time weary overcome, conquer boat, ship sail (verb) life save full refuse heavily monster approach nevertheless place be without, lack moved gold restrain, keep from without hold suddenly dear always god hold in, keep afar thus, so, as follows arm (noun) when in vain stand bring back, win before, previously depart, go away province care, trouble kill reply (verb) wing mind, heart left (adj.) bear, carry on try for a long time

515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:

sum dō teneō iubeō agō mittō mūniō moveō crēdō rapiō reperiō dēleō resistō audiō moneō capiō doceō regō faveō noceō dīcō pāreō dūcō faciō persuādeō sedeō studeō fugiō veniō iaciō videō absum egeō gerō stō

516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§ 494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no? What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?

Go on to Lesson XXXVII

V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV

Lesson XLV

517. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns

FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION

rīpa barbarī captīvus castellum impedīmentum

THIRD DECLENSION

animal arbor avis caedēs calamitās calcar caput cīvis cliēns collis cōnsul dēns dux eques fīnis flūmen fōns frāter homō hostīs ignis imperātor īnsigne iter iūdex labor lapis legiō mare māter mēnsis mīles mōns nāvis opus ōrātor ōrdō pater pedes pēs pōns prīnceps rēx salūs sanguis soror tempus terror turris urbs victor virtūs vīs

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions

barbarus dexter sinister summus

Prepositions Adverbs Conjunctions

in with the abl. in with the acc. trāns cotīdiē numquam nec, neque nec ... nec, or neque ... neque

Verbs

CONJ. I CONJ. III

cessō confirmō oppugnō vetō accipiō incipiō petō ponō vincō vivō

518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:

forbid rank, row brother force across savages horseman never mountain manliness, courage leader put, place time savage, barbarous sister seek captive hindrance, baggage man-of-war judge defeat, disaster fire tree foot soldier receive general highest fountain orator neither ... nor and not left tooth soldier month city victor daily live (verb) conquer consul mother retainer citizen head safety assail, storm begin march decoration bridge bird cease man river work (noun) and ship bank redoubt, fort sea tower drill (verb) legion terror into, to right (adj.) in stone blood labor (noun) king spur chief slaughter strengthen foot enemy animal father