Part 3 — SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION (continued 2)

LESSON XX, § 136

Nouns

fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty potentia, -ae, f., power (potent) regīna, -ae, f., queen (regal) superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness trīstītīa, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow

Adjectives septem, indeclinable, seven superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb) Conjunctions nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also

LESSON XXI, § 140

Nouns sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite verbum, -ī, n., word (verb) Verbs sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment) volō, -āre, fly (volatile) Adjectives interfectus, -a, -um, slain molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (molest) perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous

ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.

LESSON XXII, § 146

Nouns

disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture, discipline ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman first name Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name

Verb doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine) Adverb maximē, most of all, especially

Adjective antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient (antique)

LESSON XXVII, § 168

Nouns āla, -ae, f., wing deus, -ī, m., god (deity)1 monstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle Verb vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate Adjectives commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum) saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage Adverbs ita, thus, in this way, as follows tum, then, at that time

LESSON XXVIII, § 171

Verbs respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply servō, -āre, save, preserve Adjective cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish) Conjunction autem, but, moreover, now. Usually stands second, never first Noun vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)

LESSON XXIX, § 176

Verb superō, -āre, conquer, overcome (insuperable) Nouns cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum, etc. perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril Adverbs semper, always tamen, yet, nevertheless Prepositions dē, with abl., down from; concerning per, with acc., through Conjunction si, if

LESSON XXX, § 182

Verbs

absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with separative abl. adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach (propinquity), with dative1 contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in, keep (contain) discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave, with separative abl. egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without, with separative abl. interficiō, -ere, kill prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from (prohibit) vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable)

Nouns prōvincia, -ae, f., province vīnum, -ī, n., wine Adjective dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out Adverb longē, far, by far, far away

LESSON XXXI, § 188

Nouns aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole) mora, -ae, f., delay nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n., boat, ship ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate) Verb nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate) Adjectives attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious) perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy) Adverb anteā, before, previously

Preposition sine, with abl., without

LESSON XXXII, § 193

Nouns animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate) bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm porta, -ae, f., gate (portal) Adjectives adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty)

Preposition prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of Adverb diū, for a long time, long

LESSON XXXIV, § 200

Adverbs

celeriter, quickly (celerity) dēnique, finally graviter, heavily, severely (gravity) subitō, suddenly

Verb reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back, restore; win, gain (report)

LESSON XXXVI, § 211

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous) sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus, seize, take possession of (occupy) postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, demand (ex-postulate) recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus, refuse stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus, try, tempt, test; attempt teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ——, keep, hold (tenacious) The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question, has two other uses equally important: 1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt, when they heard the monster, they fled 2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town where Galba lives Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in which.

LESSON XXXVII, § 217

neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and ... not; neque ... neque, neither ... nor castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle) cotīdiē, adv., daily

cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease, with the infin. incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin (incipient), with the infin. oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus, storm, assail petō, petere, petivi or petiī, petītus, aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition) pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch camp possum, posse, potuī, ——, be able, can (potent), with the infin. vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer (in-vincible) vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ——, live, be alive (re-vive)

LESSON XXXIX, § 234

barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous. As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages, barbarians dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman (equestrian) iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary) mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia) pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian) pēs, pedis,1 m., foot (pedal) prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief (principal) rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal) summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit) virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage (virtue)

LESSON XL, § 237

Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner cōnsul, -is, m., consul frāter, frātris, m., brother (fraternity) homō, hominis, m., man, human being impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance (impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander in chief, general (emperor) legiō, legiōnis, f., legion māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal) ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank (order) pater, patris, m., father (paternal) salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary) soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)

LESSON XLI, § 239

calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity) caput, capitis, n., head (capital) flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume) labor, labōris, m., labor, toil opus, operis, n., work, task ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream) tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal) terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear victor, victōris, m., victor

accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive, accept cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish, encourage (confirm)

LESSON XLIII, § 245

animal, animālis (-ium1), n., animal avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation) caedēs, caedīs (-ium), f., slaughter calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen (civic) cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer, dependent (client) fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means a personal enemy ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite) īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n. decoration, badge (ensign) mare, maris (-ium2), n., sea (marine) nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval); nāvis longa, man-of-war turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret) urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum.

LESSON XLIV, § 249

arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor) collis, collis (-ium), m., hill dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist) fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. fountain, spring; source iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route (itinerary) mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. mūrus mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain; summus mōns, top of the mountain numquam, adv., never pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon) sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary) summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit) trāns, prep, with acc., across (transatlantic) vīs (vīs), gen. plur. virium, f. strength, force, violence (vim)

LESSON XLV, § 258

ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager (acrid) brevis, breve, short, brief difficilis, difficile, difficult facilis, facile, facile, easy fortis, forte, brave (fortitude) gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave) omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus) pār, gen. paris, equal (par) paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity) secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite of adversus signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift (velocity)

conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus, arrange, station, place (collocation) dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain (demonstrate) mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus, commit, intrust (mandate)

LESSON XLVI, § 261

adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival (advent) ante, prep, with acc., before (ante-date) cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia); ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry exercitus, -ūs, m., army impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., to make an attack on lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual) portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port) post, prep, with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)

cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus, burn (cremate) exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice, drill, train (exercise)

LESSON XLVII, § 270

Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house, home (dome). Cf. domicilium Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra, n., country (rustic) tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō, behind, in the rear vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)

committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, intrust, commit; proelium committere, join battle convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus, call together, summon (convoke) timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear; be afraid (timid) vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn, change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the backs, hence to retreat

LESSON XLVIII, § 276

aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle aestās, aestātis, f., summer annus, -ī, m., year (annual) diēs, diēī, m., day (diary) fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to come under the protection fluctus, -ūs, m. wave, billow (fluctuate) hiems, hiemis, f., winter hōra, -ae, f., hour lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma lux, daybreak merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian) nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal) prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime) rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real); rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs secundae, prosperity spēs, speī, f., hope

LESSON XLIX, § 283

amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable) itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly littera, -ae, f., a letter of the alphabet; plur., a letter, an epistle metus, metūs, m., fear nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist) nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger. Cf. nūntiō pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify) rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom supplicum, suppli´cī, n., punishment; supplicum sūmere dē, with abl., inflict punishment on; supplicum dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena

placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. § 154 sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up, assume sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, sustain

LESSON L, § 288

corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal) dēnsus, -a, -um, dense īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity) ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even, very mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous (miracle) ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar) vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)

dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, owe, ought (debt) ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus, snatch from

LESSON LI, § 294

hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine); he, she, it ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun that (yonder); he, she, it invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with dative Cf. § 143 iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours); he, she, it lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate) oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist) prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time (pristine) pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic vestīgium, vestī´gī, n., footprint, track; trace, vestige vōx, vōcis, f., voice

LESSON LII, § 298

incolumis, -e, unharmed nē ... quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between nē and quidem nisi, conj., unless, if ... not paene, adv., almost (pen-insula) satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction) tantus, -a, -um, so great vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never first.

dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——, fall down (deciduous) dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, leap down, dismount maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, remain trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus, lead across

LESSON LIII, § 306

aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline) audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold, audacious celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity). Cf. vēlōx explōratōr, -ōris, m., scout, spy (explorer) ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium) mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf. animus opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī virī, men as bold as possible recens, gen. recentis, adj., recent tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb

quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō

LESSON LIV, § 310

alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited (alacrity) celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity) clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient) mulier, muli´eris, f., woman multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude nēmŏ, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night (nocturnal) statim, adv., immediately, at once subitō, adv., suddenly tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire, wish (cupidity)

LESSON LV, § 314

aedificium, aedifi´cī, n., building, dwelling (edifice) imperium, impe´rī, n., command, chief power; empire mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal) reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic) scelus, sceleris, n., crime servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery (servitude) vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley

abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain, struggle; hasten (contend) occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus, cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus, terrify, frighten recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive, recover; sē recipere, betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus, give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)

LESSON LVI, § 318

aditus, -ūs, m., approach, access; entrance cīvitās, cīvitātis, f., citizenship; body of citizens, state (city) inter, prep, with acc., between, among (interstate commerce) nam, conj., for obses, obsidis, m. and f., hostage paulō, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), by a little, somewhat

incolō, incolere, incoluī, ——, transitive, inhabit; intransitive, dwell. Cf. habitō, vīvō relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus, leave, abandon (relinquish) statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus, fix, decide (statute), usually with infin.

LESSON LVII, § 326

aequus, -a, -um, even, level; equal cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run (course) difficultās, -ātis, f., difficulty fossa, -ae, f., ditch (fosse) gēns, gentis (-ium), f., race, tribe, nation (Gentile) negōtium, negōtī, n., business, affair, matter (negotiate) regiō, -ōnis, f., region, district rūmor, rūmōris, m., rumor, report. Cf. fāma simul atque, conj., as soon as

suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus, undertake trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, drag, draw (ex-tract) valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus, be strong; plūrimum valēre, to be most powerful, have great influence (value). Cf. validus

LESSON LVIII, § 332

commeātus, -ūs, m.. provisions lātitūdō, -inis, f., width (latitude) longitūdō, -inis, f., length (longitude) magnitūdō, -inis, f., size, magnitude mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant mūnītiō, -ōnis, f., fortification (munition) spatium, spatī, n., room, space, distance; time

cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn; in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize) cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel (cogent) dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, defend incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, set fire to, burn (incendiary). Cf. cremō obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus, possess, occupy, hold (obtain) perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus, come through, arrive

LESSON LIX, § 337

agmen, agminis, n., line of march, column; prīmum agmen, the van; novissimum agmen, the rear atque, ac, conj., and; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que concilium, conci´lī, n., council, assembly Helvētiī, -ōrum, m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe passus, passūs, m., a pace, five Roman feet; mīlle passuum, a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile quā dē causā, for this reason, for what reason vāllum, -ī, n., earth-works, rampart

cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall (decadence) dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus, surrender, give up; with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one’s self, submit, with the dative of the indirect object premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press hard, harass vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus, annoy, ravage (vex)

LESSON LX, § 341

aut, conj., or; aut ... aut, either ... or causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, because of. Always stands after the gen. which modifies it ferē, adv., nearly, almost opīniō, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition, expectation rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae, f. (lit. the grain affair), grain supply timor, -ōris, m., fear. Cf. timeō undique, adv., from all sides

cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, attempt, try ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, move out, disembark; prōgredior, move forward, advance (egress, progress) moror, morārī, morātus sum, delay orior, orirī, ortus sum, arise, spring; begin; be born (from) (origin) proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, set out revertor, revertī, reversus sum, return (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revertī sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cōnsequor (follow with), overtake; īnsequor (follow against), pursue; subsequor (follow under), follow close after

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings.

The “parentheses” are shown in square brackets [ ], as in the original.

A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V

A

ā or ab, prep. with abl. from, by, off. Translated on in ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā fronte, on the front or in front; ā dextrā, on the right; ā latere, on the side; etc. ab-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, hide, conceal ab-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead off, lead away abs-cīdō, -ere, -cīdī,-cīsus [ab(s), off, + caedō, cut], cut off ab-sum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be absent, be distant, be off; with ā or ab and abl., § 501.32 ac, conj., see atque ac-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ad, to, + capiō, take], receive, accept ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. sharp; figuratively, keen, active, eager (§ 471) acerbus, -a, -um, adj. bitter, sour aciēs, -ēī, f. [ācer, sharp], edge; line of battle ācriter, adv. [ācer, sharp], compared ācrius, ācerrimē, sharply, fiercely ad, prep. with acc. to, towards, near. With the gerund or gerundive, to, for ad-aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make equal, make level with ad-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead to; move, induce ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go to, approach, draw near, visit, with acc. (§ 413) ad-ferō, ad-ferre, at-tulī, ad-lātus, bring, convey; report, announce; render, give (§ 426) ad-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ad, to, + faciō, do], affect, visit adflīctātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of adflīctō, shatter], shattered ad-flīgō, -ere, -flīxī, -flīctus, dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress ad-hibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ad, to, + habeō, hold], apply, employ, use ad-hūc, adv. hitherto, as yet, thus far aditus, -ūs, m. [adeō, approach], approach, access; entrance. Cf. adventus ad-ligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bind to, fasten ad-loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum, dep. verb [ad, to, + loquor, speak], speak to, address, with acc. ad-ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, manage, direct admīrātiō, -ōnis, f. [admīror, wonder at], admiration, astonishment ad-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, move to; apply, employ ad-propinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, come near, approach, with dat. ad-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūres, be present; assist; with dat., § 426 adulēscēns, -entis, m. and f. [part. of adolēscō, grow], a youth, young man, young person adventus, -ūs, m. [ad, to, + veniō, come], approach, arrival (§ 466) adversus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of advertō, turn to], turned towards, facing; contrary, adverse. rēs adversae, adversity aedificium, aedifi´cī, n. [aedificō, build], building, edifice aedificō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [aedēs, house, + faciō, make], build aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. sick, feeble aequālis, -e, adj. equal, like. As a noun, aequālis, -is, m. or f. one of the same age aequus, -a, -um, adj. even, level; equal Aesōpus, -ī, m. Æsop, a writer of fables aestās, -ātis, f. summer, initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer aetās, -ātis, f. age Aethiopia, -ae, f. Ethiopia, a country in Africa Āfrica, -ae, f. Africa Āfricānus, -a, -um, adj. of Africa. A name given to Scipio for his victories in Africa ager, agrī, m. field, farm, land (§ 462. c) agger, -eris, m. mound agmen, -inis, n. [agō, drive], an army on the march, column. prīmum agmen, the van agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus, drive, lead; do, perform. vītam agere, pass life agricola, -ae, m. [ager, field, + colō, cultivate], farmer agrī cultūra, -ae, f. agriculture āla, -ae, f. wing alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. active, eager. Cf. ācer alacritās, -ātis, f. [alacer, active], eagerness, alacrity alacriter, adv. [alacer, active], comp alacrius, alacerrimē, actively, eagerly albus, -a, -um, adj., white alcēs, -is, f. elk Alcmēna, -ae, f. Alcme´na, the mother of Hercules aliquis (-quī), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. some one, some (§ 487) alius, -a, -ud (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. another, other. alius ... alius, one ... another. aliī ... aliī, some ... others (§ 110) Alpēs, -ium, f. plur. the Alps alter, -era, -erum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. the one, the other (of two). alter ... alter, the one ... the other (§ 110) altitūdō, -inis, f. [altus, high], height altus, -a, -um, adj. high, tall, deep Amāzonēs, -um, f. plur. Amazons, a fabled tribe of warlike women ambō, -ae, -ō, adj. (decl. like duo), both amīcē, adv. [amīcus, friendly], superl. amīcissimē, in a friendly manner amiciō, -īre, ——, -ictus [am-, about, + iaciō, throw], throw around, wrap about, clothe amīcitia, -ae, f. [amīcus, friend], friendship amīcus, -a, -um, adj. [amō, love], friendly. As a noun, amīcus, -ī, m. friend ā-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, send away; lose amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, love, like, be fond of (§ 488) amphitheātrum, -ī, n. amphitheater amplus, -a, -um, adj. large, ample; honorable, noble an, conj. or, introducing the second part of a double question ancilla, -ae, f. maidservant ancora, -ae, f. anchor Andromeda, -ae, f. Androm´eda, daughter of Cepheus and wife of Perseus angulus, -ī, m. angle, corner anim-advertō, -ere, -tī, -sus [animus, mind, + advertō, turn to], turn the mind to, notice animal, -ālis, n. [anima, breath], animal (§ 465. b) animōsus, -a, -um, adj. spirited animus, -ī, m. [anima, breath], mind, heart; spirit, courage, feeling; in this sense often plural annus, -i, m. year ante, prep, with acc. before anteā, adv. [ante], before, formerly antīquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante, before], former, ancient, old aper, aprī, m. wild boar Apollō, -inis, m. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana ap-pāreō, -ēre, -uī, —— [ad + pāreō, appear], appear ap-pellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call by name, name. Cf. nōminō, vocō Appius, -a, -um, adj. Appian ap-plicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, apply, direct, turn apud, prep, with acc. among; at, at the house of aqua, -ae, f. water aquila, -ae, f. eagle āra, -ae, f. altar arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum, think, suppose (§ 420. c). Cf. exīstimō, putō arbor, -oris, f. tree (§ 247. 1. a) Arcadia, -ae, f. Arcadia, a district in southern Greece ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus, be on fire, blaze, burn arduus, -a, -um, adj. steep Arīcia, -ae, f. Aricia, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome ariēs, -etis, m. battering-ram (p. 221) arma, -ōrum, n. plur. arms, weapons. Cf. tēlum armātus, -a, -um, adj. [armō, arm], armed, equipped arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, plow, till ars, artis, f. art, skill articulus, -ī, m. joint ascrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [ad, in addition, + scrībō, write], enroll, enlist Āsia, -ae, f. Asia, i.e. Asia Minor at, conj. but. Cf. autem, sed Athēnae, -ārum, f. plur. Athens Atlās, -antis, m. Atlas, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky at-que, ac, conj. and, and also, and what is more. atque may be used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only attentus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of attendō, direct (the mind) toward], attentive, intent on, careful at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. thunderstruck, astounded audācia, -ae, f. [audāx, bold], boldness, audacity audācter, adv. [audāx, bold], compared audācius, audācissimē, boldly audāx, -ācis, adj. bold, daring audeō, -ēre, ausus sum, dare audiō, -īre, -īvī or -īī, -ītus, hear, listen to (§§ 420.d; 491) Augēās, -ae, m. Auge´as, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned aura, -ae, f. air, breeze aurātus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], adorned with gold aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], golden aurum, -ī, n. gold aut, conj. or. aut ... aut, either ... or autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, but, moreover, however, now. Cf. at, sed auxilium, auxi´lī, n. help, aid, assistance; plur. auxiliaries ā-vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn away, turn aside avis, -is, f. bird (§ 243. 1)

B

ballista, -ae, f. ballista, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220) balteus, -ī, m. belt, sword belt barbarus, -ī, m. barbarian, savage bellum, -ī, n. war. bellum īnferre, with dat. make war upon bene, adv. [for bonē, from bonus], compared melius, optimē, well benignē, adv. [benignus, kind], compared benignius, benignissimē, kindly benignus, -a, -um, adj. good-natured, kind, often used with dat. bīnī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. two each, two at a time (§ 334) bis, adv. twice bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, good, kind (§ 469. a) bōs, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus or būbus), m. and f. ox, cow bracchium, bracchī, n. arm brevis, -e, adj. short Brundisium, -ī, n. Brundisium, a seaport in southern Italy. See map bulla, -ae, f. bulla, a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring (p. 212)

C

C. abbreviation for Gāius, Eng. Caius cadō, -ere, ce´cidī, cāsūrus, fall caedēs, -is, f. [caedō, cut], (a cutting down), slaughter, carnage (§ 465. a) caelum, -ī, n. sky, heavens Caesar, -aris, m. Cæsar, the famous general, statesman, and writer calamitās, -ātis, f. loss, calamity, defeat, disaster calcar, -āris, n. spur (§ 465. b) Campānia, -ae, f. Campania., a district of central Italy. See map Campānus, -a, -um, adj. of Campania campus, -ī, m. plain, field, esp. the Campus Martius, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome canis, -is, m. and f. dog canō, -ere, ce´cinī, ——, sing cantō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [canō, sing], sing Capēnus, -a, -um, adj. of Capena, esp. the Porta Cape´na, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus, take, seize, capture (§ 492) Capitōlīnus, -a, -um, adj. belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline Capitōlium, Capitō´lī, n. [caput, head], the Capitol, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel capsa, -ae, f. box for books captīvus, -ī, m. [capiō, take], captive Capua, -ae, f. Capua, a large city of Campania. See map caput, -itis, n. head (§ 464. 2. b) carcer, -eris, m. prison, jail carrus, -ī, m. cart, wagon cārus, -a, -um, adj. dear; precious casa, -ae, f. hut, cottage castellum, -ī, n. [dim. of castrum, fort], redoubt, fort castrum, -ī, n. fort. Usually in the plural, castra, -ōrum, a military camp. castra pōnere, to pitch camp cāsus, -us, m. [cadō, fall], chance; misfortune, loss catapulta, -ae, f. catapult, an engine for hurling stones catēna, -ae, f. chain caupōna, -ae, f. inn causa, -ae, f. cause, reason, quā dē causā, for this reason cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus, give way, retire celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift, fleet celeritās, -ātis, f. [celer, swift], swiftness, speed celeriter, adv. [celer, swift], compared celerius, celerrimē, swiftly cēna, -ae, f. dinner centum, indecl. numeral adj. hundred centuriō, -ōnis, m. centurion, captain Cēpheus (dissyl.), -eī (acc. Cēphea), m. Cepheus, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda Cerberus, -ī, m. Cerberus, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades certāmen, -inis, n. [certō, struggle], struggle, contest, rivalry certē, adv. [certus, sure], compared certius, certissimē, surely, certainly certus, -a, -um, adj. fixed, certain, sure. aliquem certiōrem facere (to make some one more certain), to inform some one cervus, -ī, m. stag, deer cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delay, cease cibāria, -ōrum, n. plur. food, provisions cibus, -ī, m. food, victuals Cimbrī, -ōrum, m. plur. the Cimbri Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. Cimbrian cīnctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of cingō, surround], girt, surrounded cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctus, gird, surround circiter, adv. about circum, prep, with acc. around circum´-dō, -dare, -dedī, -datus, place around, surround, inclose circum´-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go around circum-sistō, -ere, circum´stetī, ——, stand around, surround circum-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus (come around), surround citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, hither, nearer (§ 475) cīvīlis, -e, adj. [cīvis], civil cīvis, -is, m. and f. citizen (§ 243. 1) cīvitās, -ātis, f. [cīvis, citizen], (body of citizens), state; citizenship clāmor, -ōris, m. shout, cry clārus, -a, -um, adj. clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining classis, -is, f. fleet claudō, -ere, -sī, -sus, shut, close clavus, -ī, m. stripe cliēns, -entis, m. dependent, retainer, client (§ 465. a) Cocles, -itis, m. (blind in one eye), Cocles, the surname of Horatius co-gnōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnītus, learn, know, understand. Cf. sciō (§ 420. b) cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctus [co(m)-, together, + agō, drive], (drive together), collect; compel, drive cohors, cohortis, f. cohort, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 men collis, -is, m. hill, in summō colle, on top of the hill (§ 247. 2. a) collum, -ī, n. neck colō, -ere, coluī, cultus, cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to columna, -ae, f. column, pillar com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, together, with, or intensifying the meaning of the root word coma, -ae, f. hair comes, -itis, m. and f. [com-, together, + eō, go], companion, comrade comitātus, -ūs, m. [comitor, accompany], escort, company comitor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [comes, companion], accompany com-meātus, -ūs, m. supplies com-minus, adv. [com-, together, + manus, hand], hand to hand com-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, join together; commit, intrust. proelium committere, join battle. sē committere with dat, trust one’s self to commodē, adv. [commodus, fit], compared commodius, commodissimē, conveniently, fitly commodus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit com-mōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of commoveō, move], aroused, moved com-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + parō, prepare], prepare; provide, get com-pleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētus [com-, intensive, + pleō, fill], fill up complexus, -ūs, m. embrace com-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [com-, together, + premō, press], press together, grasp, seize con-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [com-, intensive, + cadō, fall], fall down concilium, conci´lī, n. meeting, council con-clūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsus [com-, intensive, + claudō, close], shut up, close; end, finish con-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [com-, together, + currō, run], run together; rally, gather condiciō, -ōnis, f. [com-, together, + dicō, talk], agreement, condition, terms con-dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, pardon con-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, hire cōn-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bring together. sē cōnferre, betake one’s self cōn-fertus, -a, -um, adj. crowded, thick cōnfestim, adv. immediately cōn-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [com-, completely, + faciō, do], make, complete, accomplish, finish cōn-fīrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, assert cōn-fluō, -ere, -flūxī, ——, flow together cōn-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus, flee for refuge, flee con-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [com-, intensive, + iaciō, throw], hurl con-iungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus [com-, together, + iungō, join], join together, unite con-iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + iūrō, swear], unite by oath, conspire con-locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + locō, place], arrange, place, station conloquium, conlo´quī, n. [com-, together, + loquor, speak], conversation, conference cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, endeavor, attempt, try cōn-scendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com-, intensive, + scandō, climb], climb up, ascend. nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board cōn-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [com-, together, + scrībō, write], (write together), enroll, enlist cōn-secrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + sacrō, consecrate], consecrate, devote cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + sequor, follow], pursue; overtake; win cōn-servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + servō, save], preserve, save cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n. plan, purpose, design; wisdom cōn-sistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitus [com-, intensive, + sistō, cause to stand], stand firmly, halt, take one’s stand cōn-spiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectus [com-, intensive, + spiciō, spy], look at attentively, perceive, see cōnstantia, -ae, f. firmness, steadiness, perseverance cōn-stituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [com-, intensive, + statuō, set], establish, determine, resolve cōn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stātūrus [com-, together, + stō, stand], agree; be certain ; consist of cōnsul, -ulis, m. consul (§ 464. 2. a) cōn-sūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus [com-, intensive, + sumō, take], consume, use up con-tendō, -ere, -dī, -tus, strain; hasten; fight, contend, struggle con-tineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [com-, together, + teneō, hold], hold together, hem in, contain; restrain contrā, prep, with acc. against, contrary to con-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [com-, together, + trahō, draw], draw together; of sails, shorten, furl contrōversia, -ae, f. dispute, quarrel con-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [com-, together, + veniō, come], come together, meet, assemble con-vertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus [com-, intensive, + vertō, turn], turn con-vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + vocō, call], call together co-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + orior, rise], rise, break forth cōpia, -ae, f. [com-, intensive, + ops, wealth], abundance, wealth, plenty. Plur. cōpiae, -ārum, troops coquō, -ere, coxī, coctus, cook Corinthus, -ī, f. Corinth, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth Cornēlia, -ae, f. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio and mother of the Gracchi Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m. Cornelius, a Roman name cornū, -ūs, n. horn; wing of an army, ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing (§ 466) corōna, -ae, f. garland, wreath; crown corōnātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned corpus, -oris, n. body cor-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [com-, intensive, + rapiō, seize], seize, grasp cotīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. daily cotīdiē, adv. daily crēber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, crowded, numerous, frequent crēdō, -ere, -dīdī, -ditus, trust, believe, with dat. (§ 501.14) cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, burn creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make; elect, appoint Creōn, -ontis, m. Creon, a king of Corinth crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētus, rise, grow, increase Crēta, -ae, f. Crete, a large island in the Mediterranean Crētaeus, -a, -um, adj. Cretan crūs, crūris, n. leg crūstulum, -ī, n. pastry, cake cubīle, -is, n. bed cultūra, -ae, f. culture, cultivation cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. when; since; although (§ 501.46) cum, prep, with abl. with (§ 209) cupidē, adv. [cupidus, desirous], compared cupidius, cupidissimē, eagerly cupiditās, -ātis, f. [cupidus, desirous], desire, longing cupiō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, desire, wish. Cf. volō cūr, adv. why, wherefore cūra, -ae, f. care, pains; anxiety cūria, -ae, f. senate house cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cūra, care], care for, attend to, look after currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus, run currus, -ūs, m. chariot cursus, -ūs, m. course custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [custōs, guard], guard, watch

D

Daedalus, -ī, m. Dæd´alus, the supposed inventor of the first flying machine Dāvus, -ī, m. Davus, name of a slave dē, prep, with abl. down from, from; concerning, about, for (§ 209). quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore dea, -ae, f. goddess (§ 461. a) dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [dē, from, + habeō, hold], owe, ought, should decem, indecl. numeral adj. ten dē-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dē, from, + cernō, separate], decide, decree dē-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [dē, down, + cadō, fall], fall down decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. tenth dēclīvis, -e, adj. sloping downward dē-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, give up, surrender, sē dēdere, surrender one’s self dē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [dē, down, + dūcō, lead], lead down, escort dē-fendō, -ere, -dī, -fēnsus, ward off, repel, defend dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus [dē, down, + ferō, bring], bring down; report, announce (§ 426) dē-fessus, -a, -um, adj. tired out, weary dē-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [dē, from, + faciō, make], fail, be wanting; revolt from dē-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [dē, down, + fīgō, fasten], fasten, fix dē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [dē, down, + iaciō, hurl], hurl down; bring down, kill de-inde, adv. (from thence), then, in the next place dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delight dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus, blot out, destroy dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, weigh, deliberate, ponder dē-ligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē, from, + legō, gather], choose, select Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. Delphic dēmissus, -a, -um [part. of dēmittō, send down], downcast, humble dē-mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, out, + mōnstrō, point], point out, show dēmum, adv. at last, not till then. tum dēmum, then at last dēnique, adv. at last, finally. Cf. postrēmō dēns, dentis, m. tooth (§ 247. 2. a) dēnsus, -a, -um, adj. dense, thick dē-pendeō, -ēre, ——, —— [dē, down, + pendeō, hang], hang from, hang down dē-plōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, intensive, + plōrō, wail], bewail, deplore dē-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dē, down, + pōnō, put], put down dē-scendō, -ere, -dī, -scēnsus [dē, down, + scandō, climb], climb down, descend dē-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [dē, down, + scrībō, write], write down dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, long for dē-siliō, -īre, -uī, -sultus [dē, down, + saliō, leap], leap down dē-spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, away from, + spērō, hope], despair dē-spiciō, -ere, -spēxi, -spectus [dē, down], look down upon, despise dē-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [dē, away from, + sum, be], be wanting, lack, with dat. (§ 426) deus, -ī, m. god (§ 468) dē-volvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus [dē, down, + volvō, roll], roll down dē-vorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, down, + vorō, swallow], devour dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. to the right, right. ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing Diāna, -ae, f. Diana, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus (imv. dīc), say, speak, tell. Usually introduces indirect discourse (§ 420. a) dictātor, -ōris, m. [dictō, dictate], dictator, a chief magistrate with unlimited power diēs, -ēi or diē, m., sometimes f. in sing., day (§ 467) dif-ferō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātus [dis-, apart, + ferō, carry], carry apart; differ. differre inter sē, differ from each other dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-, not, + facilis, easy], hard, difficult (§ 307) difficultās, -ātis, f. [difficilis, hard], difficulty dīligenter, adv. [dīligēns, careful], compared dīligentius, dīligentissimē, industriously, diligently dīligentia, -ae, f. [dīligēns, careful], industry, diligence dī-micō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fight, struggle dī-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [dī-, off, + mittō, send], send away, dismiss, disband. dīmittere animum in, direct one’s mind to, apply one’s self to Diomēdēs, -is, m. Dī-o-mē´dēs, a name dis-, dī-, a prefix expressing separation, off, apart, in different directions. Often negatives the meaning dis-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [dis-, apart, + cēdō, go], depart from, leave, withdraw, go away dis-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dis-, apart, + cernō, sift], separate; distinguish disciplīna, -ae, f. instruction, training, discipline discipulus, -ī, m. [discō, learn], pupil, disciple discō, -ere, didicī, ——, learn dis-cutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus [dis-, apart, + quatiō, shake], shatter, dash to pieces dis-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dis-, apart, + pōnō, put], put here and there, arrange, station dis-similis, -e, adj. [dis-, apart, + similis, like], unlike, dissimilar (§ 307) dis-tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, divide, distribute diū, adv., compared diūtius, diūtissimē, for a long time, long (§ 477) dō, dare, dedī, datus, give. in fugam dare, put to flight. alicui negōtium dare, employ some one doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, show doctrīna, -ae, f. [doctor, teacher], teaching, learning, wisdom dolor, -ōris, m. pain, sorrow domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [domus, house], of the house, domestic domicilium, domici´lī, n. dwelling; house, abode. Cf. domus domina, -ae, f. mistress (of the house), lady (§ 461) dominus, -ī, m. master (of the house), owner, ruler (§ 462) domus, -ūs, f. house, home. domī, locative, at home (§ 468) dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, sleep dracō, -ōnis, m. serpent, dragon dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hesitate dubius, -a, -um, adj. [duo, two], (moving two ways), doubtful, dubious du-centī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. two hundred dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus (imv. dūc), lead, conduct dum, conj. while, as long as duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. two (§ 479) duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. twelve dūrus, -a, -um, adj. hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter dux, ducis, m. and f. [cf. dūcō, lead], leader, commander

E

ē or ex, prep, with abl. out of, from, off, of (§ 209) eburneus, -a, -um, adj. of ivory ecce, adv. see! behold! there! here! ē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [ē, out, + dūcō, lead], lead out, draw out ef-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ex, thoroughly, + faciō, do], work out; make, cause ef-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus [ex, from, + fugiō, flee], escape egeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, be in need of, lack, with abl. (§ 501.32) ego, pers. pron. I; plur. nōs, we (§ 480) ē-gredior, -ī, ēgressus sum, dep. verb [ē, out of, + gradior, go], go out, go forth. ē nāvī ēgredī, disembark ē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [ē, forth, + iaciō, hurl], hurl forth, expel elementum, -ī, n., in plur. first principles, rudiments elephantus, -ī, m. elephant Ēlis, Ēlidis, f. E´lis, a district of southern Greece emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus, buy, purchase enim, conj., never standing first, for, in fact, indeed. Cf. nam Ennius, Ennī, m. Ennius, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. eō, īre, iī (īvī), itūrus, go (§ 499) eō, adv. to that place, thither Ēpīrus, -ī, f. Epi´rus, a district in the north of Greece eques, -itis, m. [equus, horse], horseman, cavalryman equitātus, -ūs, m. [equitō, ride], cavalry equus, -ī, m. horse ē-rigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus [ē, out, + regō, make straight], raise up ē-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [ē, out of, + rapiō, seize], seize, rescue ē-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [ē, forth, + rumpō, break], burst forth ēruptiō, -ōnis, f. sally Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. Erymanthian, of Erymanthus, a district in southern Greece et, conj. and, also. et ... et, both ... and. Cf. atque, ac, -que etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [et, also, + iam, now], yet, still; also, besides. Cf. quoque. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also Etrūscī, -ōrum, m. the Etruscans, the people of Etruria. See map of Italy Eurōpa, -ae, f. Europe Eurystheus, -ī, m. Eurys´theus, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern Greece ē-vādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus [ē, out, + vādō, go], go forth, escape ex, see ē exanimātus, -a, -um [part. of exanimō, put out of breath (anima)], adj. out of breath, tired; lifeless ex-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex, out, + capiō, take], welcome, receive exemplum, -ī, n. example, model ex-eō,-īre,-iī,-itūrus [ex, out, + eō, go], go out, go forth (§ 413) ex-erceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ex, out, + arceō, shut], (shut out), employ, train, exercise, use exercitus, -us, m. [exerceō, train], army ex-īstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + aestimō, reckon], estimate; think, judge (§ 420. c). Cf. arbitror, putō ex-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [ex, forth, + orior, rise], come forth, rise expedītus, -a, -um, adj. without baggage ex-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [ex, out, + pellō, drive], drive out ex-piō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, intensive, + pīo, atone for], make amends for, atone for explōrātor, -ōris, m. [explōrō, investigate], spy, scout explōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, examine, explore ex-pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + pugnō, fight], take by storm, capture exsilium, exsi´lī, n. [exsul, exile], banishment, exile ex-spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + spectō, look], expect, wait ex-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [ex, out, + struō, build], build up, erect exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extrēmus or extimus, outside, outer (§ 312) extrā, prep, with acc. beyond, outside of ex-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [ex, out, + trahō, drag], drag out, pull forth extrēmus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, utmost, farthest (§ 312)

F

fābula, -ae, f. story, tale, fable facile, adv. [facilis, easy], compared facilius, facillimē, easily (§ 322) facilis, -e, adj. [cf. faciō, make], easy, without difficulty (§ 307) faciō, -ere, fēcī, factus (imv. fac), make, do; cause, bring about. impetum facere in, make an attack upon. proelium facere, fight a battle. iter facere, make a march or journey. aliquem certiōrem facere, inform some one. facere verba prō, speak in behalf of. Passive fīō, fierī, factus sum, be done, happen. certior fierī, be informed fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsus, trip, betray, deceive fāma, -ae, f. report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation famēs, -is (abl. famē), f. hunger familia, -ae, f. servants, slaves; household, family fascēs, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. fasces (p. 225) fastīgium, fastī´gī, n. top; slope, descent fātum, -ī, n. fate, destiny faucēs, -ium, f. plur. jaws, throat faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, be favorable to, favor, with dat. (§ 501.14) fēlīx, -īcis, adj. happy, lucky fēmina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier fera, -ae, f. [ferus, wild], wild beast ferāx, -ācis, adj. fertile ferē, adv. about, nearly, almost ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, bear. graviter or molestē ferre, be annoyed (§ 498) ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum, iron], made of iron fidēlis, -e, adj. [fidēs, trust], faithful, true fidēs, fideī or fidē, trust, faith; promise, word; protection. in fidem venīre, come under the protection. in fidē manēre, remain loyal fīlia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. fīliābus), f. daughter (§ 461. a) fīlius, fīlī (voc. sing, fīlī), m. son fīnis, -is, m. boundary, limit, end; in plur. territory, country (§ 243. 1) fīnitimus, -a, -um, adj. [fīnis, boundary], adjoining, neighboring. Plur. fīnitimī, -ōrum, m. neighbors fīō, fierī, factus sum, used as passive of faciō. See faciō (§ 500) flamma, -ae, f. fire, flame flōs, flōris, m. flower fluctus, -ūs, m. [of. fluō, flow], flood, wave, billow flūmen, -inis, n. [cf. fluō, flow], river (§ 464. 2. b) fluō, -ere, flūxī, fluxus, flow fluvius, fluvī, m. [cf. fluō, flow], river fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus, dig fōns, fontis, m. fountain (§ 247. 2. a) fōrma, -ae, f. form, shape, appearance; beauty Formiae, -ārum, f. Formiae, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. See map forte, adv. [abl. of fors, chance], by chance fortis, -e, adj. strong; fearless, brave fortiter, adv. [fortis, strong], compared fortius, fortissimē, strongly; bravely fortūna, -ae, f. [fors, chance], chance, fate, fortune forum, -ī, n. market place, esp. the Forum Rōmānum, where the life of Rome centered Forum Appī, Forum of Appius, a town in Latium on the Appian Way fossa, -ae, f. [cf. fodiō, dig], ditch fragor, -ōris, m. [cf. frangō, break], crash, noise frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctus, break frāter, -tris, m. brother fremitus, -ūs, m. loud noise frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, attend frētus, -a, -um, adj. supported, trusting. Usually with abl. of means frōns, frontis, f. front, ā fronte, in front frūctus, -ūs, m. fruit frūmentārius, -a, -um, adj. pertaining to grain. rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies frūmentum, -ī, n. grain frūstrā, adv. in vain, vainly fuga, -ae, f. [cf. fugiō, flee], flight. in fugam dare, put to flight fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus, flee, run; avoid, shun fūmō, -are, ——, ——, smoke fūnis, -is, m. rope furor, -ōris, m. [furō, rage], madness. in furōrem incīdere, go mad

G

Gāius, Gāī, m. Gaius, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form Caius Galba, -ae, m. Galba, a Roman name galea, -ae, f. helmet Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul, the country comprising what is now Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic gallīna, -ae, f. hen, chicken Gallus, -ī, m. a Gaul gaudium, gaudī, n. joy Genāva, -ae, f. Geneva, a city in Switzerland gēns, gentis, f. [cf. gignō, beget], race, family; people, nation, tribe genus, -eris, n. kind, variety Germānia, -ae, f. Germany Germānus, -ī, m. a German gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus, carry, wear; wage. bellum gerere, wage war. rēs gestae, exploits. bene gerere, carry on successfully gladiātōrius, -a, -um, adj. gladiatorial gladius, gladī, m. sword glōria, -ae, f. glory, fame Gracchus, -ī, m. Gracchus, name of a famous Roman family gracilis, -e, adj. slender (§ 307) Graeca, -ōrum, n. plur. Greek writings, Greek literature Graecē, adv. in Greek Graecia, -ae, f. Greece grammaticus, -ī, m. grammarian grātia, -ae, f. thanks, gratitude grātus, -a, -um, adj. acceptable, pleasing. Often with dat. (§ 501.16) gravis, -ē, adj. heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, weighty graviter, adv. [gravis, heavy], compared gravius, gravissimē, heavily; greatly, seriously. graviter ferre, bear ill, take to heart gubernātor, -ōris, m. [gubernō, pilot], pilot

H

habēna, -ae, f. halter, rein. habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, have, hold; regard, consider, deem habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. habeō, have], dwell, abide, inhabit. Cf. incolō, vīvō hāc-tenus, adv. thus far Helvētiī, -ōrum, m. the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe Herculēs, -is, m. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength Hesperidēs, -um, f. the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. this (of mine); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481) hīc, adv. here hiems, -emis, f. winter hīnc, adv. [hīc, here], from here, hence Hippolytē, -ēs, f. Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons ho-diē, adv. [modified form of hōc diē, on this day], to-day homō, -inis, m. and f. (human being), man, person honestus, -a, -um, adv. [honor, honor], respected, honorable honor, -ōris, m. honor hōra, -ae, f. hour Horātius, Horā´tī, m. Horatius, a Roman name horribilis, -e, adj. terrible, horrible hortor, -āri, -ātus sum, dep. verb, urge, incite, exhort, encourage (§ 493) hortus, -ī, m. garden hospitium, hospi´tī, n. [hospes, host], hospitality hostis, -is, m. and f. enemy, foe (§ 465. a) humilis, -e, adj. low, humble (§ 307) Hydra, -ae, f. the Hydra, a mythical water snake slain by Hercules

I

iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactus, throw, hurl iam, adv. now, already. nec iam, and no longer Iāniculum, -ī, n. the Janiculum, one of the hills of Rome iānua, -ae, f. door ibi, adv. there, in that place Īcarus, -ī, m. Ic´arus, the son of Dædalus ictus, -ūs, m. [cf. īcō, strike], blow īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pron. [is + dem], same (§ 481) idōneus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit igitur, conj., seldom the first word, therefore, then. Cf. itaque ignis, -is, m. fire (§§ 243.1; 247.2.a; 465.1) ignōtus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + (g)notus, known], unknown, strange ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (yonder); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481) illīc, adv. [cf. ille], yonder, there im-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [in, against, + mittō, send], send against; let in immolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [in, upon, + mola, meal], sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice im-mortālis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + mortalis, mortal], immortal im-mortālitās, -ātis, f. [immortālis, immortal], immortality im-parātus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + parātus, prepared], unprepared impedīmentum, -ī, n. [impediō, hinder], hindrance; in plur. baggage impedītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of impediō, hinder], hindered, burdened im-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [in, against, + pellō, strike], strike against; impel, drive, propel imperātor, -ōris, m. [imperō, command], general imperium, impe´rī, n. [imperō, command], command, order; realm, empire; power, authority imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, command, order. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41). With acc. object, levy, impose impetus, -ūs, m. attack, impetum facere in, make an attack upon im-pōnō, -ere, -posui, -positus [in, upon, + pōnō, place], place upon; impose, assign in, prep, with acc. into, to, against, at, upon, towards; with abl. in, on. in reliquum tempus, for the future in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a negative force, like English un-, in- in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cautus, careful], off one’s guard incendium, incendī, n. flame, fire. Cf. ignis, flamma in-cendō, -ere, -dī, -cēnsus, set fire to, burn in-cidō, -ere, -cidī, ——, [in, in, on, + cadō, fall], fall in, fall on; happen. in furōrem incidere, go mad in-cipiō, -ere, -cēpi, -ceptus [in, on, + capiō, take], begin in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cognitus, known], unknown in-colō, -ere, -uī, ——, [in, in, + colō, dwell], inhabit; live incolumis, -e, adj. sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed in-crēdibilis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + crēdibilis, to be believed], incredible inde, from that place, thence induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, put on indūtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of induō, put on], clothed in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [in, into, + eō, go], go into; enter upon, begin, with acc. (§ 413) īn-fāns, -fantis, adj. [in-, not, + *fāns, speaking], not speaking. As a noun, m. and f. infant īn-fēlīx, -īcis, adj. [in-, not, + fēlīx, happy], unhappy, unlucky īnfēnsus, -a, -um, adj. hostile īn´-ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus [in, against, + ferō, bear], bring against or upon, inflict, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15). bellum īnferre, with dat., make war upon īnferus, -a, -um, adj. low, below (§ 312). īn-fīnītus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīnītus, bounded], boundless, endless īn-fīrmus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīrmus, strong], weak, infirm ingenium, inge´ni, n. talent, ability ingēns, -entis, adj. vast, huge, enormous, large. Cf. magnus in-gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum [in, in, + gradior, walk], advance, enter inimīcus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + amīcus, friendly], hostile. As a noun, inimīcus, -ī, m. enemy, foe. Cf. hostis initium, ini´tī, entrance, beginning initus, -a, -um, part. of ineō. initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer iniūria, -ae, f. [in, against, + iūs, law], injustice, wrong, injury. alicui iniūriās īnferre, inflict wrongs upon some one inopia, -ae, f. [inops, needy], want, need, lack in-opīnāns, -antis, adj. [in-, not, + opīnāns, thinking], not expecting, taken by surprise inquit, said he, said she. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation in-rigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, irrigate, water in-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [in, into, + rumpō, break], burst in, break in in-ruō, -ere, -ruī,—— [in, in, + ruō, rush], rush in īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [in, on, + sequor, follow], follow on, pursue īn-signe, -is, n. badge, decoration (§ 465. b) īnsignis, -e, adj. remarkable, noted īnstāns, -antis, adj. [part. of īnsto, be at hand], present, immediate īn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -statūrus [in, upon, + stō, stand], stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on īnstrūmentum, -ī, n. instrument īn-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [in, on, + struō, build], draw up īnsula, -ae, f. island integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, whole; fresh, new intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctus [inter, between, +legō, choose], perceive, understand (§ 420. d) intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, aim; threaten inter, prep. with acc. between, among; during, while (§ 340) interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of inter-ficiō, kill], slain, dead inter-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter, between, + faciō, make], put out of the way, kill. Cf. necō, occīdō, trucīdō interim, adv. meanwhile interior, -ius, adj. interior, inner (§ 315) inter-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, leave off, suspend interpres, -etis, m. and f. interpreter inter-rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, question inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [inter, between, +sum, be], be present, take part in, with dat. (§ 501.15) inter-vāllum, -ī, n. interval, distance intrā, adv. and prep. with acc. within, in intrō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus, go into, enter in-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [in, upon, +veniō, come], find invīsus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of invideō, envy], hated, detested Iolāus, -ī, m. I-o-lā´us, a friend of Hercules ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. that very, this very; self, himself, herself, itself, (§ 481) īra, -ae, f. wrath, anger īrātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of īrāscor, be angry], angered, enraged is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. this, that; he, she, it (§ 481) iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (of yours), he, she, it (§ 481) ita, adv. so, thus. Cf. sīc and tam Italia, -ae, f. Italy ita-que, conj. and so, therefore item, adv. also iter, itineris, n. journey, march, route; way, passage (§§ 247.1.a; 468). iter dare, give a right of way, allow to pass. iter facere, march (see p. 159) iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus, order, command. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (§ 213) iūdex, -icis, m. and f. judge (§ 464. 1) iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [iūdex, judge], judge, decide (§ 420. c) Iūlia, -ae, Julia, a Roman name Iūlius, Iūlī, m. Julius, a Roman name iungō, -ēre, iūnxī, iūnctus, join; yoke, harness Iūnō, -ōnis, f. Juno, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter Iuppiter, Iovis, m. Jupiter, the supreme god iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, swear, take an oath iussus, -a, -um, part. of iubeō, ordered

L

L., abbreviation for Lūcius labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of labefaciō, cause to shake], shaken, weakened, ready to fall Labiēnus, -ī, m. La-bi-e´nus, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants labor, -ōris, m. labor, toil labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [labor, labor], labor; suffer, be hard pressed lacrima, -ae, f. tear lacus, -ūs (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. lake laetē, adv. [laetus, glad], compared laetius, laetissimē, gladly laetitia, -ae, f. [laetus, glad], joy laetus, -a, -um, adj. glad, joyful lapis, -idis, m. stone (§§ 247.2.a; 464.1) Lār, Laris, m.; plur. Larēs, -um (rarely -ium), the Lares or household, gods lātē, adv. [lātus, wide], compared lātius, lātissimē, widely Latinē, adv. in Latin. Latīnē loquī, to speak Latin lātitūdō, -inis, f. [lātus, wide], width Lātōna, -ae, f. Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana latus, -a, -um, adj. wide lātus, -eris, n. side, flank. ab utrōque latere, on each side laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [laus, praise], praise laurea, -ae, f. laurel laureātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned with laurel laus, laudis, f. praise lectulus, -ī, m. couch, bed lēgātus, -ī, m. ambassador; lieutenant legiō, -ōnis, f. [cf. legō, gather], (body of soldiers), legion, about 3600 men (§ 464. 2. a) legiōnārius, -a, -um, adj. legionary. Plur. legiōnariī, -ōrum, m. the soldiers of the legion legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctus, read lēnis, -e, adj. gentle, smooth, mild lēniter, adv. [lēnis, gentle], compared lēnius, lēnissimē, gently Lentulus, -i, m. Lentulus, a Roman family name leō, -ōnis, m. lion Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. Lernæean, of Lerna, in southern Greece Lesbia, -ae, f. Lesbia, a girl’s name levis, -e, adj. light lēx, lēgis, f. measure, law libenter, adv. [libēns, willing], compared libentius, libentissimē, willingly, gladly līber, -era, -erum, adj. free (§ 469. b) līberī, -ōrum, m. [līber, free], children līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, release, liberate lībertās, -ātis, f. [līber, free], freedom, liberty līctor, -ōris, m. lictor (p. 225) līmus, -ī, m. mud littera, -ae, f. a letter of the alphabet; in plur. a letter, epistle lītus, -oris, n. seashore, beach locus, -ī, m. (plur. locī and loca, m. and n.), place, spot longē, adv. [longus, long], comp. longius, longissimē, a long way off; by far longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [longus, long], distant, remote longitūdō, -inis, f. [longus, long], length longus, -a, -um, adj. long loquor, loqui, locūtus sum, dep. verb, talk, speak lōrīca, -ae, f. [lōrum, thong], coat of mail, corselet lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsus, play lūdus, -ī, m. play; school, the elementary grades. Cf. schola lūna, -ae, f. moon lūx, lūcis, f. (no gen. plur.), light. prīma lūx, daybreak Lȳdia, -ae, f. Lydia, a girl’s name

M

M., abbreviation for Mārcus magicus, -a, -um, adj. magic magis, adv. in comp. degree [magnus, great], more, in a higher degree (§ 323) magister, -trī, m. master, commander; teacher magistrātus, -ūs, m. [magister, master], magistracy; magistrate magnitūdō, -inis, f. [magnus, great], greatness, size magnopere, adv. [abl. of magnum opus], compared magis, maximē, greatly, exceedingly (§ 323) magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, great, large; strong, loud (§ 311) maior, maius, -ōris, adj., comp. of magnus, greater, larger (§ 311) maiōrēs, -um, m. plur. of maior, ancestors mālō, mālle, māluī, —— [magis, more, + volō, wish], wish more, prefer (§ 497) malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, bad, evil (§ 311) mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [manus, hand, + dō, put], (put in hand), intrust; order, command maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, stay, remain, abide Mānlius, Mānlī, m. Manlius, a Roman name mānsuētus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of mānsuēscō, tame], tamed manus, -ūs, f. hand; force, band Mārcus, -ī, m. Marcus, Mark, a Roman first name mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), sea. mare tenēre, be out to sea margō, -inis, m. edge, border marītus, -ī, m. husband Marius, Marī, m. Marius, a Roman name, esp. C. Marius, the general Mārtius, -a, -um, adj. of Mars, esp. the Campus Martius māter, -tris, f. mother mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, n. marriage. in mātrimōnium dūcere, marry mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hasten. Cf. contendō, properō mātūrus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature maximē, adv. in superl. degree [maximus, greatest], compared magnopere, magis, maximē, especially, very much (§ 323) maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, greatest, extreme (§ 311) medius, -a, -um, adj. middle part; middle, intervening melior, -ius, -ōris, adj., comp. of bonus, better (§ 311) melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, better (§ 323) memoria, -ae, f. [memor, mindful], memory. memoriā tenēre, remember mēns, mentis, f. mind. Cf. animus mēnsis, -is, m. month (§ 247. 2. a) mercātor, -ōris, m. [mercor, trade], trader, merchant merīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. [merīdiēs, noon], of midday merīdiēs, —— (acc. -em, abl. -ē), m. [medius, mid, + diēs, day], noon metus, -ūs, m. fear, dread meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. my, mine (§ 98) mīles, -itis, m. soldier (§ 464. 1) mīlitāris, -e, adj. [mīles, soldier], military. rēs mīlitāris, science of war mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mīles, soldier], serve as a soldier mīlle, plur. mīlia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. thousand (§ 479) minimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, least, very little; by no means (§ 323) minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, least, smallest (§ 311) minor, minus, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, smaller, less (§ 311) Mīnōs, -ōis, m. Minos, a king of Crete minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, less (§ 323) Minyae, -ārum, m. the Minyae, a people of Greece mīrābilis, -e, adj. [mīror, wonder at], wonderful, marvelous mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mīrus, wonderful], wonder, marvel, admire mīrus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful Mīsēnum, -ī, Mise´num, a promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, unhappy, miserable missus, -a, -um, part. of mittō, sent mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus, send modicus, -a, -um [modus, measure], modest, ordinary modo, adv. [abl. of modus, measure, with shortened o], only, merely, just now. modo ... modo, now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes modus, -ī, m. measure; manner, way; kind moenia, -ium, n. plur. [cf. mūniō, fortify], walls, ramparts molestē, adv. [molestus, troublesome], compared molestius, molestissimē, annoyingly. molestē ferre, to be annoyed molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying, unpleasant (§ 501.16) moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, remind, advise, warn (§ 489) mōns, montis, m. mountain (§ 247. 2. a) mōnstrum, -ī, n. monster mora, -ae, f. delay moror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mora, delay], delay, linger; impede mors, mortis, f. [cf. morior, die], death mōs, mōris, m. custom, habit mōtus, -ūs, m. [cf. moveō, move], motion, movement. terrae mōtus, earthquake moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus, move mox, adv. soon, presently mulier, -eris, f. woman multitūdō, -inis, f. [multus, much], multitude multum (multō), adv. [multus, much], compared plūs, plūrimum, much (§ 477) multus, -a, -um, adj., compared plūs, plūrimus, much; plur. many (§ 311) mūniō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, fortify, defend mūnītiō, -ōnis, f. [mūniō, fortify], defense, fortification mūrus, -ī, m. wall. Cf. moenia mūsica, -ae, f. music

N

nam, conj. for. Cf. enim nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or explanation, for, and in fact; seeing that nārrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, tell, relate nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum, dep. verb, be born, spring from nātūra, -ae, f. nature nātus, part. of nāscor nauta, -ae, m. [for nāvita, from nāvis, ship], sailor nāvālis, -e, adj. [nāvis, ship], naval nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n. ship, boat nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nāvis, ship, + agō, drive], sail, cruise nāvis, -is (abl. -ī or -e), f. ship (§ 243. 1). nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board. nāvem solvere, set sail. nāvis longa, man-of-war nē, conj. and adv. in order that not, that (with verbs of fearing), lest; not. nē ... quidem, not even -ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see §§ 16, 210). Cf. nōnne and num nec or neque, conj. [nē, not, + que, and], and not, nor. nec ... nec or neque ... neque, neither ... nor necessārius, -a, -um, adj. needful, necessary necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. nex, death], kill. Cf. interficiō, occīdō, trucīdō negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, deny, say not (§ 420. a) negōtium, negō´tī, n. [nec, not, + ōtium, ease], business, affair, matter. alicui negōtium dare, to employ some one Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. Neme´an, of Neme´a, in southern Greece nēmŏ, dat. nēminī (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, supplied from nūllus), m. and f. [nē, not, + homō, man], (not a man), no one, nobody Neptūnus, -ī, m. Neptune, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter neque, see nec neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -trīus, dat. -trī), adj. neither (of two) (§ 108) nē-ve, conj. adv. and not, and that not, and lest nihil, n. indecl. [nē, not, + hīlum, a whit], nothing. nihil posse, to have no power nihilum, -ī, n., see nihil Niobē, -ēs, f. Ni´obe, the queen of Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana nisi, conj. [nē, not, + sī, if], if not, unless, except nōbilis, -e, adj. well known; noble noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus [cf. necō, kill], hurt, injure, with dat. (§ 501.14) noctū, abl. used as adv. [cf. nox, night], at night, by night Nōla, -ae, f. Nola, a town in central Campania. See map nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— [ne, not, + volō, wish], not to wish, be unwilling (§ 497) nōmen, -inis, n. [cf. nōscō, know], (means of knowing), name nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nōmen, name], name, call. Cf. appellō, vocō nōn, adv. [nē, not, + ūnum, one], not. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also nōn-dum, adv. not yet nōn-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, not? (§ 210). Cf. -ne and num nōs, pers. pron. we (see ego) (§ 480) noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. our, ours. Plur. nostrī, -ōrum, m. our men (§ 98) novem, indecl. numeral adj. nine novus, -a, -um, adj. new. novae rēs, a revolution nox, noctis, f. night, multā nocte, late at night nūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī) adj. [nē, not, + ūllus, any], not any, none, no (§ 108) num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (§ 210). Cf. -ne and nōnne. In indir. questions, whether numerus, -ī, m. number numquam, adv. [nē, not, + umquam, ever], never nunc, adv. now. Cf. iam nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius, messenger], report, announce (§ 420. a) nūntius, nūntī, m. messenger nūper, adv. recently, lately, just now nympha, -ae, f. nymph

O

ob, prep. with acc. on account of. In compounds it often means in front of, against, or it is intensive. quam ob rem, for this reason (§ 340) obses, -idis, m. and f. hostage ob-sideō,-ēre,-sēdī, -sessus [ob, against, + sedeō, sit], besiege obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [ob, against, + teneō, hold], possess, occupy, hold occāsiō, -ōnis, f. favorable opportunity, favorable moment occāsus, -ūs, m. going down, setting occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus [ob, down, + caedō, strike], strike down; cut down, kill. Cf. interficiō, necō occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, completely, + capiō, take], seize, take possession of, occupy. Cf. rapio oc-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [ob, against + currō, run], run towards; meet, with dat. (§ 426) ōceanus, -ī, m. the ocean octō, indecl. numeral adj. eight oculus, -ī, m. eye officium, offi´cī, n. duty ōlim, adv. formerly, once upon a time ōmen, -inis, n. sign, token, omen ō-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [ob, over, past, + mittō, send], let go, omit. consilium omittere, give up a plan omnīnō, adv. [omnis, all], altogether, wholly, entirely omnis, -e, adj. all, every. Cf. tōtus onerāria, -ae, f. [onus, load], with nāvis expressed or understood, merchant vessel, transport onus, -eris, n. load, burden opīniō, -ōnis, f. [opīnor, suppose], opinion, supposition, expectation oppidānus, -ī, m. [oppidum, town], townsman oppidum, -ī, n. town, stronghold opportūnus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, opportune, favorable op-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [ob, against, + premō, press], (press against), crush; surprise oppugnātiō, -ōnis, f. storming, assault oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, against, + pugnō fight], fight against, assault, storm, assail optimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, very well, best of all (§ 323) optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior, optimus, best, most excellent (§ 311) opus, -eris, n. work, labor, task (§ 464. 2. b) ōrāculum, -ī, n. [ōrō, speak], oracle ōrātor, -ōris, m. [ōrō, speak], orator orbis, -is, m. ring, circle. orbis terrārum, the earth, world orbita, -ae, f. [orbis, wheel], rut Orcus, -ī, m. Orcus, the lower world ōrdō, -inis, m. row, order, rank (§ 247. 2. a) orīgo, -inis, f. [orior, rise], source, origin orior, -īrī, ortus sum, dep. verb, arise, rise, begin; spring, be born ōrnāmentum, -ī, n. [ōrnō, fit out], ornament, jewel ōrnātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of ōrnō, fit out] fitted out; adorned ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fit out, adorn

P

P., abbreviation for Pūblius paene, adv. nearly, almost palūdāmentum, -ī, n. military cloak palūs, -ūdis, f. swamp, marsh pānis, -is, m. bread pār, paris, adj. equal (§ 471. III) parātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of parō, prepare], prepared, ready parcō, -ere, peper´cī (parsī), parsūrus, spare, with dat. (§ 501.14) pāreō, -ēre, -uī, ——, obey, with dat. (§ 501 .14) parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, prepare for, prepare; provide, procure pars, partis, f. part, share; side, direction parum, adv., compared minus, minimē, too little, not enough (§ 323) parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, small, little (§ 311) passus, -ūs, m. step, pace. mīlle passuum, thousand paces, mile (§ 331. b) pateō, -ēre, patuī, ——, lie open, be open; stretch, extend pater, -tris, m. father (§ 464. 2. a) patior, -ī, passus sum, dep. verb, bear, suffer, allow, permit patria, -ae, f. [cf. pater, father], fatherland, (one’s) country paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), few, only a few paulisper, adv. for a little while paulō, adv. by a little, little paulum adv. a little, somewhat pāx, pācis, f. (no gen. plur.), peace pecūnia, -ae, f. [pecus, cattle], money pedes, -itis, m. [pēs, foot], foot soldier pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [pēs, foot], on foot; by land peior, peius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worse (§ 311) pellis, -is, f. skin, hide penna, -ae, f. feather per, prep. with acc. through, by means of, on account of. In composition it often has the force of thoroughly, completely, very (§ 340) percussus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of percutiō, strike through], pierced per-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [per, through, + dūcō, lead], lead through. fossam perdūcere, to construct a ditch per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [per, very, + exiguus, small], very small, very short perfidus, -a, -um, adj. faithless, treacherous, false per-fringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus [per, through, frangō, break], shatter pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctus [per, through, + regō, conduct], go on, proceed, hasten perīculum, -ī, n. trial, test; danger peristȳlum, -ī, n. peristyle, an open court with columns around it perītus, -a, -um, adj. skillful perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. perpetual Perseus, -eī, Perseus, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë persōna, -ae, f. part, character, person per-suādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsus [per, thoroughly, + suādeō, persuade], persuade, advise, with dat. (§ 501.14), often with an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41) per-terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [per, thoroughly, + terreō, frighten], thoroughly terrify, alarm per-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [per, through, + veniō, come], arrive, reach, come to pēs, pedis, m. foot. pedem referre, retreat (§ 247. 2. a) pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worst (§ 311) petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to. Cf. postulō, quaerō, rogō Pharsālus, -ī, f. Pharsa´lus or Pharsa´lia, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. philosophia, -ae, f. philosophy philosophus, -ī, m. philosopher pictus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of pingō, paint], colored, variegated pīlum, -ī, n. spear, javelin (§ 462. b) piscīna, -ae, f. [piscis, fish], fish pond piscis, -is, m. fish pīstor, -ōris, m. baker placeō. -ēre, -uī, -itus, please, be pleasing, with dat. (§ 501.14) plānitiēs, -ēī, f. [plānus, level], plain plānus, -a, -um, adj. level, flat plēnus, -a, -um, full plūrimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, plūs, plūrimum, very much. plūrimum valēre, be most influential (§ 322) plūrimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus, most, very many (§ 311) plūs, plūris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus; sing. n. as substantive, more; plur. more, several (§ 311) pluteus, -ī, m. shield, parapet poena, -ae, f. punishment, penalty poēta, -ae, m. poet pompa, -ae, f. procession Pompēiī, -ōrum, m. Pompeii, a city of Campania. See map Pompēius, Pompē´ī, m. Pompey, a Roman name pōmum, -ī, n. apple pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus, put, place. castra pōnere, pitch camp pōns, pontis, m. bridge (§ 247. 2. a) popīna, -ae, f. restaurant populus, -ī, m. people Porsena, -ae, m. Porsena, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. See map porta, -ae, f. gate, door portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bear, carry portus, -ūs, m. [cf. porta, gate], harbor possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessus, have, own, possess possum, posse, potuī, ——, irreg. verb [potis, able, + sum, I am], be able, can (§ 495). nihil posse, have no power post, prep, with acc. after, behind (§ 340) posteā, adv. [post, after, + eā, this], afterwards (posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postrēmus or postumus, following, next (§ 312) postquam, conj. after, as soon as postrēmō, adv. [abl. of postrēmus, last], at last, finally. Cf. dēmum, dēnique (§ 322) postrīdiē, adv. [posterō, next, + diē, day], on the next day postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, demand, require. Cf. petō, quaerō, rogō potentia, -ae, f. [potēns, able], might, power, force prae-beō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prae, forth, + habeō, hold], offer, give praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder prae-dīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictus [prae, before, + dīcō, tell], foretell, predict prae-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [prae, before, + faciō, make], place in command, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15) prae-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [prae, forward, + mittō, send], send forward praemium, praemī, n. reward, prize praeruptus, -a, -um [part. of prae-rumpō, break off], broken off, steep praesēns, -entis, adj. present, immediate praesertim, adv. especially, chiefly praesidium, praesi´di, n. guard, garrison, protection prae-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus [prae, before, + sto, stand], (stand before), excel, surpass, with dat. (§ 501.15); show, exhibit prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [prae, before, + sum, be], be over, be in command of, with dat. (§ 501.15) praeter, prep, with acc. beyond, contrary to (§ 340) praetereā, adv. [praeter, besides, + eā, this], in addition, besides, moreover praetextus, -a, -um, adj. bordered, edged praetōrium, praetō´rī, n. prætorium prandium, prandī, n. luncheon premō, -ere, pressī, pressus, press hard, compress; crowd, drive, harass (prex, precis), f. prayer prīmō, adv. [prīmus, first], at first, in the beginning (§ 322) prīmum, adv. [prīmus, first], first. quam primum, as soon as possible prīmus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, prīmus, first (§ 315) prīnceps, -cipis, m. [prīmus, first, + capiō, take], (taking the first place), chief, leader (§ 464. 1) prior, prius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., prīmus, former (§ 315) prīstinus, -a, -um, adj. former, previous prō, prep, with abl. before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; instead of, as (§ 209). In composition, forth, forward prō-cēdō, -ere, -cussī, -cessūrus [prō, forward, + cēdō, go], go forward, proceed procul, adv. far, afar off prō-currō, -ere, -currī (-cucurrī), -cur-sus [prō, forward, + currō, run], run forward proelium, proeli, n. battle, combat. proelium committere, join battle. proelium facere, fight a battle profectiō, -ōnis, f. departure proficīscor, -ī, -fectus sum, dep. verb, set out, march. Cf. ēgredior, exeō prō-gredior, -ī, -gressus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + gradior, go], go forth, proceed, advance. Cf. pergō, prōcēdō prōgressus, see prōgredior prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prō, forth, away from, + habeō, hold], keep away from, hinder, prevent prō-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus [prō, forward, + moveō, move], move forward, advance prō-nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [prō, forth, + nūntiō, announce], proclaim, declare prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-mē, nearly. Prep, with acc. near prō-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [prō, forth, + pellō, drive], drive forth; move, impel properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [properus, quick], go quickly, hasten. Cf. contendō, maturō propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [prope, near], near, neighboring propior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus, nearer (§ 315) propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearer (§ 323) propter, prep. with acc. on account of, because of (§ 340) prō-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scriptus [prō, forth, + scribō, write], proclaim, publish. Cf. prōnūntiō prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + sequor, follow], escort, attend prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus [prō, for, + sum, be], be useful, benefit, with dat. (§§ 496; 501.15) prō-tegō, -ere, -tēx=i], -tēctus [prō, in front, + tegō, cover], cover in front, protect prōvincia, -ae, f. territory, province proximē, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearest, next; last, most recently (§ 323) proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior, proximus, nearest, next (§ 315) pūblicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus,people], of the people, public, res pūblica, the commonwealth puella, -ae, f. [diminutive of puer, boy], girl, maiden puer, -eri, m. boy; slave (§ 462. c) pugna, -ae, f -fight, battle. Cf. proelium pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [pugna, battle], fight. Cf. contendō, dīmicō pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, pretty (§§ 469.b; 304) Pullō, -ōnis, m. Pullo, a centurion pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, strike, beat puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī), f. stern of a ship, deck pūrē, adv. [pūrus, pure], comp. pūrius, purely pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cleanse, clean purpureus, -a, -um, adj. purple, dark red putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, reckon, think (§ 420,c). Cf. arbitror, exīstimō Pȳthia, -ae, f. Pythia, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi

Q

quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore quā rē, therefore, for this reason quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītus, seek, ask, inquire. Cf. petō, postulō, rogō quālis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. of what sort, what kind of. talis ... qualis, such ... as quam, adv. how; after a comparative, than ; with a superlative, translated as ... as possible, quam prīmum, as soon as possible quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam, how], how great, how much, tantus ... quantus, as great as quārtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [quattuor, four], fourth quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. four quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. fourteen -que, conj., enclitic, and (§ 16). Cf. ac, atque, et quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. who, which, what, that (§ 482) quia, conj. because. Cf. quod quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. a certain one, a certain, a (§ 485). quidem, adv. to be sure, certainly, indeed, nē ... quidem, not even quiēs, -ētis, f. rest, repose quiētus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, restful quīndecim, indecl. numeral adj. fifteen quīngentī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. five hundred quīnque, indecl. numeral adj. five quīntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. fifth quis (quī), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. who? what? which? (§ 483). quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after sī, nisi, nē, num, any one, anything, some one, something, any, some (§ 484). quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. any one (at all), anything (at all) (§ 486). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. each, each one, every (§ 484). quō, interrog. and rel. adv. whither, where quō, conj. in order to, that, with comp. degree (§ 350). quod, conj. because, in that. Cf. quia quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, also, too. Cf. etiam quot-annīs, adv. [quot, how many + annus, year], every year, yearly quotiēns, interrog. and rel. adv. how often? as often as

R

rādīx, -īcis, f. root; foot rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus, seize, snatch rārō, adv. [rārus, rare], rarely rārus, -a, -um, adj. rare re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, again, back, anew, in return rebelliō, -ōnis, f. renewal of war, rebellion recēns, -entis, adj. recent re-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re-, back, + capiō, take], take back, receive. sē recipere, withdraw, retreat re-clīnātus, -a, -um, part. of reclīnō, leaning back re-creātus, -a, -um, part. of recreō, refreshed rēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of regō, keep straight], straight, direct re-cūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, refuse red-āctus, -a, -um, part. of redigō, reduced, subdued red-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [red-, back, + eō, go], go back, return (§ 413). Cf. revertō reditus, -ūs, m. [cf. redeō, return], return, going back re-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [re-, back, + dūcō, lead], lead back re-ferō, -ferre, rettulī, -lātus [re-, back, + ferō, bear], bear back; report. pedem referre, withdraw, retreat re-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [re-, again, + faciō, make], make again, repair. sē reficere, refresh one’s self rēgīna, -ae, f. [rēx, king], queen regiō, -ōnis, f. region, district rēgnum, -ī, n. sovereignty; kingdom regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctus [cf. rēx, king], govern, rule (§ 490) re-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [re-, back, + iaciō, hurl], hurl back; throw away re-linquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictus [re-, behind, + linquō, leave], leave behind, leave, abandon reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. relinquō, leave], left over, remaining. As a noun, plur. the rest remōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of re-moveō, remove], remote, distant re-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -motus [re-, back, + moveō, move], remove rēmus, -ī, m. oar re-periō, -īre, repperī, repertus, find re-portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [re-, back, + portō, carry], carry back, bring back, win, gain rēs, reī, f. thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance (§ 467). quam ob rem, for this reason. rēs adversae, adversity. rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies. rēs gestae, exploits. rēs militāris, science of war. rēs pūblica, the commonwealth. rēs secundae, prosperity re-scindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissus [re-, back, + scindō, cut], cut off, cut down re-sistō, -ere, -stitī, —— [re-, back, + sistō, cause to stand], oppose, resist, with dat. (§ 501.14) re-spondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsus [re-, in return, + spondeō, promise], answer, reply (§ 420. a) re-vertō, -ere, -ī, ——, or dep. verb re-vertor, -ī, -sus sum [re-, back, + vertō, turn], turn back, return. Usually active in the perf. system re-vinciō, -īre, -vīnxī, -vīnctus [re-, back, + vinciō, bind], fasten rēx, rēgis, m. [cf. regō, rule], king Rhēnus, -ī, m. the Rhine, a river of Germany rīpa, -ae, f. bank rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask. Cf. petō, postulō, quaerō Rōma, -ae, f. Rome. See map Rōmānus, -a, -um, adj. [Rōma, Rome], Roman, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. a Roman rosa, -ae, f. rose rōstrum, -ī, n. beak of a ship. In plur., the rostra, the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum rota, -ae, f. wheel Rubicō, -ōnis, m. the Rubicon, a river in northern Italy. See map rūmor, -ōris, m. report, rumor rūrsus, adv. [for reversus, turned back], again, in turn rūs, rūris (locative abl. rūrī, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. the country (§ 501. 36. 1). Cf. ager, patria, terra

S

Sabīnus, -a, -um, adj. Sabine. As a noun, m. and f. a Sabine. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map sacrum, -ī, n. [sacer, consecrated], something consecrated, sacrifice; usually in plur., religious rites saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissimē, often, frequently saevus, -a, -um, adj. cruel, savage sagitta, -ae, f. arrow saliō, -īre, -uī, saltus, jump salūs, -ūtis, f. safety; health. salūtem dīcere, send greetings salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [salūs, health], greet, salute salvē, imv. of salveō, hail, greetings sanguis, -inis, m. blood (§ 247. 2. a] sānitās, -ātis, f. [sānus, sound], health, sanity sapiēns, -entis, adj. [part. of sapiō, be wise], wise, sensible satis, adv. and indecl. noun, enough, sufficient, sufficiently saxum, -ī, n. rock, stone scelus, -eris, n. crime, sin scēptrum, -ī, n. scepter schola, -ae, f. school, the higher grades. Cf. lūdus scientia, -ae, f. [sciēns, knowing], skill, knowledge, science scindō, -ere, scidī, scissus, cut, tear sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, know (§ 420. b). Cf. cognōscō scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, write scūtum, -ī, n. shield, buckler sē, see suī sēcum = sē + cum secundus, -a, -um, adj. [sequor, follow], following, next, second; favorable, successful. rēs secundae, prosperity sed, conj. but, on the contrary. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also sēdecim, indecl. numeral adj. sixteen sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessus, sit semper, adv. always, forever senātus, -ūs, m. [cf. senex, old], council of elders, senate sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, know, perceive (§ 420. d). Cf. intellegō, videō septem, indecl. numeral adj. seven septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. seventh sequor, -ī, secūtus sum, dep. verb, follow (§ 493) serpēns, -entis, f. [serpō, crawl], serpent, snake sertae, -ārum, f. plur. wreaths, garlands servitūs, -ūtis, f. [servus, slave], slavery, servitude servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, save, rescue, keep servus, -ī, m. slave sēsē, emphatic for sē sex, indecl. numeral adj. six Sextus, -ī, m. Sextus, a Roman first name sī, conj. if sīc, adv. thus, in this way. Cf. ita, tam Sicilia, -ae, f. Sicily. See map sīc-ut, just as, as if signifer, -erī, m. [signum, standard, + ferō, bear], standard bearer (p. 224) signum, -ī, n. ensign, standard; signal silva, -ae, f. wood, forest similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, like, similar (§ 307) simul, adv. at the same time simul ac or simul atque, conj. as soon as sine, prep. with abl. without (§ 209) singulī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. one at a time, single (§ 334) sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. left Sinuessa, -ae, f. Sinues´sa, a town in Campania. See map sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī, no plur.), f. thirst situs, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sinō, set], situated, placed, lying socius, socī, m. comrade, ally sōl, sōlis (no gen. plur.), m. sun soleō, -ēre, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, be wont, be accustomed sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. disturbed, anxious sōlum, adv. [sōlus, alone], alone, only. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also sōlus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. alone, only (§ 108) solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus, loosen, unbind. nāvem solvere, set sail somnus, -ī, m. sleep soror, -ōris, f. sister spatium, spatī, n. space, distance; time; opportunity spectāculum, -ī, n. [spectō, look at], show, spectacle spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, look at, witness spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [spēs, hope], hope, expect (§ 420. c) spēs, speī, f. hope (§ 273. 2) splendidē, adv. [splendidus], compared splendidius, splendidissimē, splendidly, handsomely splendidus, -a, -um, adj. brilliant, gorgeous, splendid Stabiānus, -a, -um, Stabian stabulum, -ī, n. [cf. stō, stand], standing place, stable, stall statim, adv. [cf. stō, stand], on the spot, at once, instantly statua, -ae, f. [sistō, place, set], statue statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [status, station], decide, determine stilus, -ī, m. iron pencil, style (p. 210) stō, -āre, stetī, status, stand strātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sternō, spread], paved (of streets) strepitus, -ūs, m. [strepō, make a noise], noise, din stringō, -ere, strīnxī, strictus, bind tight; draw, unsheathe studeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, give attention to, be eager, with dat. (§ 501.14) studium, studī, n. [cf. studeō, be eager for], eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, stupid Stymphālis, -idis, adj. f. Stymphalian, of Stympha´lus, a lake in southern Greece Stymphālus, -ī, m. Stympha´lus, a district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name suādeō, -ēre, -sī, -sus, advise, recommend, with subjv. of purpose (§ 501.41) sub, prep, with acc. and abl. under, below, up to; at or to the foot of sub-igō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus [sub, under, + agō, drive], subdue, reduce subitō, adv. [subitus, sudden], suddenly sub-sequor, -ī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [sub, below, + sequor, follow], follow close after, follow up suc-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [sub, below, + cēdō, go], follow, succeed suī, reflexive pron. of himself (herself, itself, themselves) (§ 480). sēcum = sē + cum. sēsē, emphatic form of sē sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, irreg. verb, be; exist (§ 494) summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior, suprēmus or summus (§ 312), supreme, highest; best, greatest. in summō colle, on the top of the hill sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up; assume, put on. sūmere supplicium dē, inflict punishment on super, prep. with acc. and abl. over, above superbia, -ae, f. [superbus, proud], pride, arrogance superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty superior, comp. of superus superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [superus, above], go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel super-sum, -esse, -fuī, ——, be over, survive, with dat. (§ 501.15) superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, suprēmus or summus, above, upper (§ 312) supplicium, suppli´cī, n. [supplex, kneeling in entreaty], punishment, torture. supplicium sūmere dē, inflict punishment on. supplicium dare, suffer punishment surgō, -ere, surrēxī, —— [sub, from below, + regō, straighten], rise sus-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub, under, + capiō, take], undertake, assume, begin suspicor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, suspect, surmise, suppose sus-tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub, under, + teneō, hold], hold up, bear, sustain, withstand suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., his, her, hers, its, their, theirs (§ 98)

T

T., abbreviation of Titus taberna, -ae, f. shop, stall tabula, -ae, f. tablet for writing tālis, -e, adj. such. tālis ... quālis, such ... as tam, adv. so, such. Cf. ita, sīc tamen, adv. yet, however, nevertheless tandem, adv. at length, finally tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus, touch tantum, adv. [tantus], only tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, such. tantus ... quantus, as large as tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, late; lazy Tarpēia, -ae, f. Tarpeia (pronounced Tar-pē´ya), the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines Tarquinius, Tarqui´nī, Tarquin, a Roman king. With the surname Superbus, Tarquin the Proud Tarracīna, -ae, f. Tarraci´na, a town in Latium. See map taurus, -ī, m. bull tēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of tegō, cover], covered, protected tēlum, -ī, n. weapon temerē, adv. rashly, heedlessly tempestās, -ātis, f. [tempus, time] storm, tempest templum, -ī, n. temple, shrine tempto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, try, test; make trial of, attempt tempus, -oris, n. time (§ 464. 2. b). in reliquum tempus, for the future teneō, -ēre, tenuī, ——, hold, keep tergum, -ī, n. back, ā tergō, on the rear, tergum vertere, retreat, flee ternī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. three each, by threes (§ 334) terra, -ae, f. earth, ground, land. orbis terrārum, the whole world terror, -ōris, m. [cf. terreō, frighten], dread, alarm, terror tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. third Teutonēs, -um, m. the Teutons theātrum, -ī, n. theater Thēbae, -ārum, f. Thebes, a city of Greece Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. Thebans, the people of Thebes thermae, -ārum, f. plur. baths Thessalia, -ae, f. Thessaly, a district of northern Greece Thrācia, -ae, f. Thrace, a district north of Greece Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m. Tiberius, a Roman first name tībīcen, -īnis, m. [cf. tībia, pipe], piper, flute player timeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, fear, be afraid of. Cf. vereor timor, -ōris, m. [cf. timeō, fear], fear, dread, alarm. Cf. metus Tīryns, Tīrynthis, f. Ti´ryns, an ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus toga, -ae, f. [cf. tegō, cover], toga tormentum, -ī, n. engine of war totiēns, adv. so often, so many times tōtus, -a, -um, (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. all, the whole, entire (§ 108) trā-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus [trāns, across, + dō, deliver], give up, hand over, surrender, betray trā-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [trāns, across, + dūcō, lead], lead across trahō, -ere, trāxī, trāctus, draw, pull, drag. multum trahere, protract, prolong much trā-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [trāns, across, + iaciō, hurl], throw across; transfix trā-nō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [trāns, across, + nō, swim], swim across trāns, prep. with acc. across, over (§ 340) trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [trāns, across, + eō, go], go across, cross (§ 413) trāns-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [trāns, through, + fīgō, drive], transfix trānsitus, —— (acc. -um, abl. -ū), m. [cf. trānseō, cross over], passage across trēs, tria, numeral adj. three (§ 479) trīduum, trīduī, n. [trēs, three, + diēs, days], three days’ time, three days trīgintā, indecl. numeral adj. thirty triplex, -icis, adj. threefold, triple trīstis, -e, adj. sad; severe, terrible trīstitia, -ae, f. [trīstis, sad], sadness, sorrow triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [triumphus, triumph], celebrate a triumph triumphus, -ī, m. triumphal procession, triumph. triumphum agere, celebrate a triumph trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cut to pieces, slaughter. Cf. interficiō, necō, occīdō tū, tuī (plur. vōs), pers. pron. thou, you (§ 480) tuba, -ae, f. trumpet Tullia, -ae, f. Tullia, a Roman name tum, adv. then, at that time turris, -is, f. tower (§ 465. 2) tūtus, -a, -um, adj. safe tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98)

U

ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. where, when ūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. any (§ 108) ulterior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus, farther, more remote (§ 315) ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), farthest (§ 315) umbra, -ae, f. shade umerus, -ī, m. shoulder umquam, adv. ever, at any time ūnā, adv. [ūnus, one], in the same place, at the same time ūndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [ūnus, one, + decimus, tenth], eleventh undique, adv. from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere ūnus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), numeral adj. one; alone (§ 108) urbs, -is, f. city (§ 465. a) urgeō, -ēre, ursī, ——, press upon, crowd, hem in ūrus, -ī, m. wild ox, urus ūsque, adv. all the way, even ūsus, -ūs, m. use, advantage ut, conj. with the subjv. that, in order that, that not (with verbs of fearing), so that, to (§ 350. 1) uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), interrog. pron. which of two? which? (§ 108) uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. each of two, each, both. ab utrāque parte, on both sides ūtilis, -e, adj. [ūtor, use], useful utrimque, adv. [uterque, each of two], on each side, on either hand ūva, -ae, f. grape, bunch of grapes uxor, -ōris, f. wife

V

vāgīna, -ae, sheath, scabbard vagor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, wander valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be powerful, be well; in the imperative as a greeting, farewell. plūrimum valēre, have the most power valētūdō, -inis, f. [valeō, be well], health validus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. valeō, be strong], strong, able, well vallēs, -is, f. valley vāllum, -ī, n. rampart, earthworks varius, -a, -um, adj. bright-colored vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vāstus, empty], (make empty), devastate, lay waste vectīgal, -ālis, n. tax, tribute vehementer, adv. [vehemēns, eager], compared vehementius, vehementissimē, eagerly, vehemently vehō, -ere, vexī, vectus, convey, carry. In the passive often in the sense of ride, sail vel, conj. or. vel ... vel, either ... or. Cf. aut vēlōcitās, -ātis, f. [vēlōx, swift], swiftness vēlōx, -ōcis, adj. swift, fleet vēlum, -ī, n. sail vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditus, sell veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus, come, go ventus, -ī, m. wind verbum, -ī, n. word. verba facere prō, speak in behalf of vereor, -ērī, -itus sum, dep. verb, fear; reverence, respect (§ 493). Cf. timeō Vergilius, Vergi´lī, m. Vergil, the poet vergō, -ere, ——, ——, turn, lie vērō, adv. [vērus, true], in truth, surely; conj. but, however. tum vērō, then you may be sure, introducing the climax of a story vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn, change. tergum vertere, retreat, flee vērus, -a, -um, true, actual vesper, -erī, m. evening vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98) vestīgium, vestī´gī, n. [cf. vestīgō, track], footstep, track, trace vestīmentum, -ī, n. [vestis, clothing], garment vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [vestis, clothing], clothe, dress vestis, -is, f. clothing, attire, garment, robe vestītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of vestiō, clothe], clothed Vesuvius, Vesu´vi, m. Vesuvius, the volcano near Pompeii. See map veterānus, -a, -um, adj. old, veteran vetō, -āre, -uī, -itus, forbid, prohibit vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, trouble, annoy via, -ae, f. way, road, street; way, manner. Cf. iter viātor, -ōris, m. [via], traveler victor, -ōris, m. [vincō, conquer], conqueror, victor. In apposition, with adj. force victorious victōria, -ae, f. [victor, victor], victory vīcus, -ī, m. village videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus, see, perceive. Pass. be seen; seem (§ 420. d) vigilia, -ae, f. [vigil awake], watch. dē tertia vigilia, about the third watch vīgintī, indecl. numeral adj. twenty vīlicus, -ī, m. [vīlla, farm], steward, overseer of a farm vīlla, -ae, f. farm, villa vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus, bind, tie, fetter vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus, conquer, defeat, overcome. Cf. subigō, superō vīnea, -ae, f. shed (p. 219) vīnum, -ī, n. wine violenter, adv. [violentus, violent], compared violentius, violentissimē, violently, furiously vir, virī, m. man, husband; hero (§ 462. c) virīlis, -e, adj. [vir, man], manly virtūs, -ūtis, f. [vir, man], manliness; courage, valor; virtue (§ 464. 1) vīs, (vīs), f. strength, power, might, violence (§ 468) vīta, -ae, f. [cf. vīvō, live], life, vītam agere, spend or pass life vīto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, shun, avoid vīvō, -ere, vīxī, ——, live. Cf. habitō, incolō vīvus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. vīvō, live], alive, living vix, adv. scarcely, hardly vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call, summon, invite. Cf. appellō, nōminō volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus, fly volō, velle, voluī, ——, irreg. verb, will, be willing; wish (§ 497). Cf. cupio volūmen, -inis, n. roll, book Vorēnus, -ī, m. Vore´nus, a centurion vōs, pers. pron.; you (see tū) (§ 480) vōtum, -ī, n. [neut. part. of voveō, vow], vow, pledge, prayer vōx, vōcis, f. [cf. vocō, call], voice, cry; word vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vulnus, wound], wound, hurt vulnus, -eris, n. wound, injury vulpēs, -īs, f. fox