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Foods and Their Adulteration

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Reading edition

Colored Plates. Page.

1. Beef Tenderloin, Facing 15

2. Beef Sirloin, „ 15

3. Beef Ribs—Regular Cut, „ 15

4. Beef Ribs—Spencer Cut, „ 15

5. Sirloin Butts, „ 15

6. Beef Rib, „ 15

7. Beef Loin, „ 15

8. Drying Figs: Smyrna, Smyrna Section, Adriatic, Adriatic Section, „ 349

9. Olives: Mission, Sevillano, „ 402

10. Jordan Almond, „ 414

11. Peanut (Arachide), „ 420

Fig.

1. Cuts of Beef, 16

2. Commercial Cuts of Beef, 17

3. Diagram of Cuts of Veal, 18

4. Diagram of Cuts of Lamb and Mutton, 19

5. Diagram of Cuts of Pork, 19

6. Commercial Cuts of Pork, 20

7. Graphic Chart Representing the Comparative Influences of Foods and Preservatives, 39

8. Lard Crystals, 67

9. Beef Fat Crystals, 67

10. Kettle for Rendering Lard, 72

11. Apparatus for Test of Adulteration of Lard, 74

12. Chicken House, Rhode Island Experiment Station, 96

13. Cow Stables, Mapletown Farm, Sumner, Washington, 170

14. Apparatus for Cooling Milk, 172

15. Improvised Wisconsin Curd Test, 177

16. Milk; Broken Curd in Whey; Matted Curd, 177

17. Curd from a Good Milk, 178

18. Curd from a Tainted Milk, 178

19. Curd from Foul Milk, 178

20. Power Churn, Ready for Use, 183

21. Power Churn, Open, 184

22. Barley Starch, 218

23. Buckwheat Starch, 222

24. Section of Raw Popcorn, 224

25. Section of Popcorn in First Stage of Popping, Showing Partially Expanded Starch Grains and Ruptured Cell Walls, 225

26. Section of Fully Popped Popcorn, 226

27. Indian Corn Starch, 229

28. Starch Grains of Indian Corn, under Polarized Light, 230

29. Oat Starch, 235

30. Rice Starch, 237

31. Rye Starch, 238

32. Wheat Starch, 242

33. Wheat Starch under Polarized Light, 243

34. Kedzie’s Farinometer Showing the Parts, 246

35. Kedzie’s Farinometer in Use, 247

36. Comparative Appearance of Breads of Different Kinds, 259

37. A Field of Durum Wheat, 261

38. Drought-resistant Macaroni Wheats (Heads and Grains), 262

39. Potato Starch, 291

40. Potato Starch under Polarized Light, 291

41. Rasping Cylinder for Making Starch, 297

42. Shaking Table for Separating the Starch from the Pulped Potato, 297

43. The Potato Rasping Cylinder Arranged for Work, 298

44. View of Indian Corn Canning Factory, Showing Accumulation of Husks and Cobs, 308

45. Maranta (Arrowroot) Starch, 318

46. A Cassava Field in Georgia, 319

47. Cassava Starch, 321

48. Scuppernong Grape Vine, Roanoke Island, 338

49. Vineyard Near Fresno, California, 339

50. Avocado Tree, 346

51. Fig Tree Thirty Feet High Near Yuba, California, 350

52. Jamaica Mango Tree, 356

53. An Edge of a California Orange Grove, 358

54. The Original Seedless Orange Tree, 359

55. A Group of the Washington Navel Orange on the Tree, 360

56. Covered Pineapple, 361

57. Removing the Oil Cakes from a Cottonseed Press, 400

58. Pecan Tree, 30 Years Old, Morgan City, La., 422

59. Five Forms of Choice, Thin-shelled Pecans. Also Wild Nut Showing Difference in Size, 423

60. Full Grown Pecan Tree, 425

61. Common Mushroom, Agaricus campestris, 440

62. Edible Mushrooms (Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.), 441

63. Shaggy Mushroom, Coprinus comatus, 442

64. Fairy Ring Formed by Marasmius oreades, an Edible Mushroom, 444

65. Puff-ball, Lycoperdon cyathiforme, Top View, 445

66. Amanita (Full Grown), 446

67. Fly Amanita Buttons (Amanita muscaria), 447

68. Correct Position of a Mature Beet in the Soil, 458

69. Map Showing Temperature Zone in Which the Sugar Beet Attains Its Greatest Perfection, 459

70. A Field of Beets Ready for Harvesting, 460

71. Beets Ready for Transportation to Factory, 461

72. Diffusion Battery, 462

73. Multiple-effect Evaporating Apparatus, 463

74. Vacuum Strike Pan, 464

75. Sugar Cane Field Ready for Harvest, 465

76. Cane Field Partly Harvested, 466

77. Tapping the Maple Trees, 468

78. Transporting the Sap to the Sugar House, 468

70. Boiling the Maple Sap, 469

80. Small Primitive Mill for Extracting Juice from Sugar Cane for Sirup Making, 473

81. Mill and Evaporating Apparatus for Sirup Making in Georgia, 474

82. Relative Length of Canes Used for Sirup Making, 475

83. Swarm of Bees on Bough of Tree, 487

84. Artificial Bee Hives under Shade of Grape Vine, 488

85. A Frame Containing 24 Boxes of Honey, 489

86. Showing Box of Honey Partially Capped, 490

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