Front matter

THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA

CANADA

By SIR J. G. BOURINOT

K.C.M.G., LL.D., LIT.D.

SOMETIME CLERK OF THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS; HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA; DOCTEUR-ÈS-LETTRES OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY

NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTER BY WILLIAM H. INGRAM, B.A.

T. FISHER UNWIN LTD LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE

Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897 (for Great Britain) Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897 (For the United States of America).

I DEDICATE THIS STORY OF CANADA BY PERMISSION TO HER EXCELLENCY THE COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN WHO HAS WON THE ESTEEM AND AFFECTION OF ALL CLASSES OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE BY THE EARNESTNESS WITH WHICH SHE HAS IDENTIFIED HERSELF WITH EVERY MOVEMENT AFFECTING THE SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS OF THE NEW DOMINION

PREFATORY NOTE

In writing this story of Canada I have not been able to do more, within the limited space at my command, than briefly review those events which have exercised the most influence on the national development of the Dominion of Canada from the memorable days bold French adventurers made their first attempts at settlement on the banks of the beautiful basin of the Annapolis, and on the picturesque heights of Quebec, down to the establishment of a Confederation which extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Whilst the narrative of the French régime, with its many dramatic episodes, necessarily occupies a large part of this story, I have not allowed myself to forget the importance that must be attached to the development of institutions of government and their effect on the social, intellectual, and material conditions of the people since the beginning of the English régime. Though this story, strictly speaking, ends with the successful accomplishment of the federal union of all the provinces in 1873, when Prince Edward Island became one of its members, I have deemed it necessary to refer briefly to those events which have happened since that time—the second half-breed rebellion of 1885, for instance—and have had much effect on the national spirit of the people. I endeavour to interest my reader in the public acts of those eminent men whose names stand out most prominently on the pages of history, and have made the deepest impress on the fortunes and institutions of the Dominion. In the performance of this task I have always consulted original authorities, but have not attempted to go into any historical details except those which are absolutely necessary to the intelligent understanding of the great events and men of Canadian annals. I have not entered into the intrigues and conflicts which have been so bitter and frequent during the operation of parliamentary government in a country where politicians are so numerous, and statesmanship is so often hampered and government injuriously affected by the selfish interests of party, but have simply given the conspicuous and dominant results of political action since the concession of representative institutions to the provinces of British North America. A chapter is devoted, at the close of the historical narrative, to a very brief review of the intellectual and material development of the country, and of the nature of its institutions of government. A survey is also given of the customs and conditions of the French Canadian people, so that the reader outside of the Dominion may have some conception of their institutions and of their influence on the political, social, and intellectual life of a Dominion, of whose population they form so important and influential an element. The illustrations are numerous, and have been carefully selected from various sources, not accessible to the majority of students, with the object, not simply of pleasing the general reader, but rather of elucidating the historical narrative. A bibliographical note has also been added of those authorities which the author has consulted in writing this story, and to which the reader, who wishes to pursue the subject further, may most advantageously refer.

HOUSE OF COMMONS, OTTAWA, Dominion Day, 1896.

PUBLISHER'S NOTE.

Owing to the passing of Sir John Bourinot, the revisions necessary to bring this work up to date had to be entrusted to another hand. Accordingly, Mr. William H. Ingram has kindly undertaken the task, and has contributed the very judiciously selected information now embodied in Chapter XXX. on the recent development of Canada. Chapter XXVIII. by Mr. Edward Porritt, author of Sixty Years of Protection in Canada, has also been included, as being indicative of the history of the time he describes. Mr. Ingram has also made other revisions of considerable value.

1, ADELPHI TERRACE. March, 1922.

CONTENTS

PAGE

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE xix

I. INTRODUCTION--THE CANADIAN DOMINION FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN 1

II. THE DAWN OF DISCOVERY IN CANADA (1497-1525) 19

III. A BRETON SAILOR DISCOVERS CANADA AND ITS GREAT RIVER (1534-1536) 29

IV. FROM CARTIER TO DE MONTS (1540-1603) 44

V. THE FRENCH OCCUPATION OF ACADIA AND THE FOUNDATION OF PORT ROYAL (1604-1614) 51

VI. SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE (1608-1635) 67

VII. GENTLEMEN-ADVENTURERS IN ACADIA (1614-1677) 92

VIII. THE CANADIAN INDIANS AND THE IROQUOIS: THEIR ORGANISATION, CHARACTER, AND CUSTOMS 110

IX. CONVENTS AND HOSPITALS--VILLE-MARIE--MARTYRED MISSIONARIES--VICTORIOUS IROQUOIS--HAPLESS HURONS (1635-1652) 129

X. YEARS OF GLOOM--THE KING COMES TO THE RESCUE OF CANADA--THE IROQUOIS HUMBLED (1652-1667) 146

XI. CANADA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE--CHURCH AND STATE (1663-1759) 156

XII. THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERYH--PRIESTS, FUR-TRADERS, AND Coureurs de Bois IN THE WEST (1634-1687) 168

XIII. THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY--FRANCE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI (1672-1687) 177

XIV. CANADA AND ACADIA--FROM FRONTENAC TO THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1672-1713) 192

XV. ACADIA AND ÎLE ROYALE--FROM THE TREATY OF UTRECHT TO THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1713-1748) 210

XVI. THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--PRELUDE (1748-1756) 221

XVII. THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--ENGLISH REVERSES AND FRENCH VICTORIES--FALL OF LOUISBOURG AND FORT DUQUESNE (1756-1758) 237

XVIII. THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE--CANADA IS WON BY WOLFE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (1759-1763) 247

XIX. A PERIOD OF TRANSITION--PONTIAC'S WAR--THE QUEBEC ACT (1760-1774) 267

XX. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION--INVASION OF CANADA--DEATH OF MONTGOMERY--PEACE (1774-1783) 280

XXI. COMING OF THE LOYALISTS (1783-1791) 291

XXII. FOUNDATION OF NEW PROVINCES--ESTABLISHMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS (1792-1812) 302

XXIII. THE WAR OF 1812-1815--PATRIOTISM OF THE CANADIANS 316

XXIV. POLITICAL STRIFE AND REBELLION (1815-1840) 338

XXV. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT AND ITS RESULTS--FEDERAL UNION--RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES (1839-1867) 361

XXVI. END OF THE RULE OF FUR TRADERS--ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHWEST--FORMATION OF MANITOBA--RIEL'S REBELLIONS--THE INDIANS (1670-1885) 380

XXVII. BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ENTER THE UNION--NATIONAL EVENTS SINCE 1867--MAKERS OF THE DOMINION (1867-1891) 404

XXVIII. CANADA AS A NATION--MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT--POLITICAL RIGHTS 414

XXIX. FRENCH CANADA 434

XXX. RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA 457

INDEX 484

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[Transcriber's note: The page numbers below are those in the original book. However, in this e-book, to avoid the splitting of paragraphs, the illustrations may have been moved to preceding or following pages.]

PAGE

THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING Courtesy "Canada." Frontispiece

VIEW OF CAPE TRINITY ON THE LAURENTIAN RANGE From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa. 9

ROCKY MOUNTAINS AT DONALD, BRITISH COLUMBIA From Sir W. Van Horne's Collection of B. C. photographs. 13

UPPER END OF FRASER CAÑON, BRITISH COLUMBIA Ibid. 15

SKETCH OF JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, A.D. 1500 From Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Cabot Voyages," in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1894. 25

* To explain these dates it is necessary to note that Champlain lived for years in one of the buildings of the Fort of Saint Louis which he first erected, and the name château is often applied to that structure; but the château, properly so-called, was not commenced until 1647, and it as well as its successors was within the limits of the fort. It was demolished in 1694 by Governor Frontenac, who rebuilt it on the original foundations, and it was this castle which, in a remodelled and enlarged form, under the English régime, lasted until 1834.

PORTRAIT OF JACQUES CARTIER From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français" (Montreal, 1882-'84). 31

ANCIENT HOCHELAGA From Ramusio's "Navigationi e Viaggi" (Venice, 1565). 39

THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, circa 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES From collection of maps in Parliamentary Library at Ottawa. 44

PLAN OF PORT ROYAL IN ACADIA IN 1605 From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613. 57

CHAMPLAIN'S PORTRAIT From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français." 69

HABITATION DE QUEBEC From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613. 71

CHAMPLAIN'S LOST ASTROLABE From sketch by A. J. Russell, of Ottawa, 1879. 79

ONONDAGA FORT IN THE IROQUOIS COUNTRY From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613. 83

INDIAN COSTUMES From Lafitau's "Moeurs des Sauvages" (Paris, 1724). 111

IROQUOIS LONG HOUSE From Morgan's "Houses and Home Life of the Aborigines" (Washington, 1881). 119

PORTRAIT OF MARIE GUYARD (MÈRE MARIE DE L'INCARNATION) From S. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français." 131

PORTRAIT OF MAISONNEUVE Ibid. 135

PORTRAIT OF LAVAL, FIRST CANADIAN BISHOP Ibid. 159

CARD ISSUE (PAPER MONEY) OF 1729, FOR 12 LIVRES From Breton's "Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada" (Montreal, 1892). 162

CANADIAN FIFTEEN SOL PIECE Ibid. 163

CANADIAN TRAPPER From La Pothérie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale" (Paris, 1753). 173

PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF CAVELIER DE LA SALLE B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais." 185

FRONTENAC, FROM HÉBERT'S STATUE AT QUEBEC From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs. 193

CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON IN HUDSON BAY, BY THE FRENCH From La Pothérie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale." 205

PORTRAIT OF CHEVALIER D'IBERVILLE From a portrait in Margry's "Découvertes et établissements des François dans le Sud de l'Amérique Septentrionale" (Paris, 1876-'83). 209

VIEW OF LOUISBOURG IN 1731 From a sketch in the Paris Archives. 210

MAP OF FRENCH FORTS IN AMERICA, 1750-60 From Bourinot's "Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Régime" (Montreal, 1891). 221

PORTRAIT OF MONTCALM From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français." 239

LOUISBOURG MEDALS OF 1758 From Bourinot's "Cape Breton," etc. 244

PORTRAIT OF WOLFE From print in "A Complete History of the Late War," etc. (London and Dublin, 1774), by Wright. 249

PLAN OF OPERATIONS AT SIEGE OF QUEBEC Made from a more extended plan in "The Universal Magazine" (London, Dec., 1859). 251

MONTCALM AND WOLFE MONUMENT AT QUEBEC From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs. 261

VIEW OF QUEBEC IN 1760 From "The Universal Magazine" (London, 1760). 263

VIEW OF MONTREAL IN 1760 Ibid. 265

PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF JOSEPH BRANT (THAYENDANEGEA) From Stone's "Life of Joseph Brant," original ed. (New York, 1838). 299

PRESCOTT GATE AND BISHOP'S PALACE IN 1800 From a sketch by A. J. Russell in Hawkins's "Pictures of Quebec." 307

PORTRAIT OF LIEUT.-GENERAL SIMCOE From Dr. Scadding's "Toronto of Old" (Toronto, 1873). 311

PORTRAIT OF MAJ.-GENERAL BROCK From a picture in possession of J. A. Macdonell, Esq., of Alexandria, Ontario. 323

PORTRAIT OF COLONEL DE SALABERRY From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans" (W. Notman, Montreal, 1865-'67). 329

MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE From a photograph through courtesy of Rev. Canon Bull, Niagara South, Ont. 333

PORTRAIT OF LOUIS J. PAPINEAU From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans." 341

PORTRAIT OF BISHOP STRACHAN Ibid. 347

PORTRAIT OF W. LYON MACKENZIE From C. Lindsey's "Life and Times of W. L. Mackenzie" (Toronto, 1863). 349

PORTRAIT OF JUDGE HALIBURTON, AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCK-MAKER" From a portrait given to author by Mr. F. Blake Crofton of Legislative Library, Halifax, N. S. 359

PORTRAIT OF JOSEPH HOWE From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans." 363

PORTRAIT OF ROBERT BALDWIN Ibid. 365

PORTRAIT OF L. H. LAFONTAINE Ibid. 369

PORTRAIT OF L. A. WILMOT From Lathern's "Biographical Sketch of Judge Wilmot" (Toronto, 1881). 371

FORT GARRY AND A RED RIVER STEAMER IN 1870 From A. J. Russell's "Red River Country" (Montreal, 1870). 389

PORTRAIT OF LIEUT.-COLONEL WILLIAMS From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa. 399

INDIAN CARVED POSTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA From photograph by Dr. Dawson, C.M.G., Director of Geological Survey of Canada. 401

PORTRAIT OF SIR JOHN MACDONALD From L. J. Taché's "Canadian Portrait Gallery" (Montreal, 1890-'93). 405

PORTRAIT OF HON. GEORGE BROWN From photograph. 409

PORTRAIT OF SIR GEORGE E. CARTIER From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-français." 411

SIR WILFRID LAURIER From a photograph by Ernest H. Mills. 415

OLD PARLIAMENT BUILDING AT OTTAWA From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa. 427

QUEBEC IN 1896 From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs. 435

STREET SCENE IN A FRENCH CANADIAN VILLAGE NEAR QUEBEC Ibid. 437

OLD CHURCH AT BONNE STE. ANNE, WHERE MIRACLES WERE PERFORMED Ibid. 441

A CANADIAN CALECHE OF OLD TIMES From Weld's "Travels in North America" (London, 1799). 445

PORTRAIT OF LOUIS FRECHETTE, THE FRENCH CANADIAN POET From L. J. Taché's "Canadian Portrait Gallery." 449

A CHARACTERISTIC SNAPSHOT OF SIR ROBERT BORDEN Courtesy "Central News." 456

SILVER MINES AT COBALT, ONTARIO Courtesy C.P.R. 459

NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA Courtesy C.P.R. 471

MAP OF CANADA [Transcriber's note: missing from book.] at end

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Jacques Cartier's Voyages, in English, by Joseph Pope (Ottawa, 1889), and H. B. Stephens (Montreal, 1891); in French, by N. E. Dionne (Quebec, 1891); Toilon de Longrais (Rennes, France), H. Michelant and E. Ramé (Paris, 1867). L'Escarbot's New France, in French, Tross's ed. (Paris, 1866), which contains an account also of Cartier's first voyage. Sagard's History of Canada, in French, Tross's ed. (Paris, 1866). Champlain's works, in French, Laverdiere's ed. (Quebec, 1870); Prince Society's English ed. (Boston, 1878-80). Lafitau's Customs of the Savages, in French (Paris, 1724). Charlevoix's History of New France, in French (Paris, 1744); Shea's English version (New York, 1866). Jesuit Relations, in French (Quebec ed., 1858). Ferland's Course of Canadian History, in French (Quebec, 1861-1865). Garneau's History of Canada, in French (Montreal, 1882). Sulte's French Canadians, in French (Montreal, 1882-84). F. Parkman's series of histories of French Régime, viz.; Pioneers of France in the New World; The Jesuits in North America; The old Régime; Frontenac; The Discovery of the Great West; A Half Century of Conflict; Montcalm and Wolfe; Conspiracy of Pontiac (Boston, 1865-1884). Justin Winsor's From Cartier to Frontenac (Boston, 1894). Hannay's Acadia (St. John, N. B., 1870). W. Kingsford's History of Canada, 8 vols. so far (Toronto and London, 1887-1896), the eighth volume on the war of 1812 being especially valuable. Bourinot's "Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Régime," Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. ix, and separate ed. (Montreal, 1891). Casgrain's Montcalm and Lévis, in French (Quebec, 1891). Haliburton's Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1829). Murdoch's Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1865-67). Campbell's Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1873). Campbell's Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown, 1875). Lord Durham's Report, 1839. Christie's History of Lower Canada (Quebec, 1848-1855). Dent's Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion (Toronto, 1855). Lindsey's W. Lyon Mackenzie (Toronto, 1873). Dent's Canada Since the Union of 1841 (Toronto, 1880-81). Turcotte's Canada under the Union, in French (Quebec, 1871). Bourinot's Manual of Constitutional History (Montreal, 1888), "Federal Government in Canada" (Johns Hopkins University Studies, Baltimore, 1889), and How Canada is Governed (Toronto, 1895). Withrow's Popular History of Canada (Toronto, 1888). MacMullen's History of Canada (Brockville, 1892). Begg's History of the Northwest (Toronto, 1804). Canniff's History of Ontario (Toronto, 1872). Egerton Ryerson's Loyalists of America (Toronto, 1880). Mrs. Edgar's Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War (Toronto, 1890). Porritt's Sixty Years of Protection in Canada (London, 1907). H. E. Egerton and W. L. Grant's Canadian Constitutional Development (London, 1907). G. R. Parkin's Sir John A. Macdonald (London, 1909). B. Home's Canada (London, 1911). W. Maxwell's Canada of To-Day (London, 1911). C. L. Thomson's Short History of Canada (London, 1911). W. L. Griffith's The Dominion of Canada (London, 1911). A. G. Bradley's Canada (London, 1912). Arthur G. Doughty's History of Canada (Year Book) (Ottawa, 1913). J. A. T. Lloyd's The Real Canadian (London, 1913). E. L. Marsh's The Story of Canada (London, 1913). J. Munro's Canada 1535 to Present Day (London, 1913). A. Shortland and A. G. Doughty's Canada and its Provinces (Toronto, 1913). W. L. Grant's High School History of Canada (Toronto, 1914). G. Bryce's Short History of the Canadian People (London, 1914). D. W. Oates's Canada To-day and Yesterday (London, 1914). F. Fairfield's Canada (London, 1914). Sir C. Tupper's Political Reminiscences (London, 1914). Morang's Makers of Canada (Toronto, 1917). Sir Thomas White's The Story of Canada's War Finance (Montreal, 1921). Prof. Skelton's Life of Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Toronto, 1922). And Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada by the University of Toronto.

For a full bibliography of archives, maps, essays, and books relating to the periods covered by the Story of Canada, and used by the writer, see appendix to his "Cape Breton and its Memorials," in which all authorities bearing on the Norse, Cabot, and other early voyages are cited. Also, appendix to same author's "Parliamentary Government in Canada" (Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. xi., and American Hist. Ass. Report, Washington, 1891). Also his "Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness" (Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., vol. xi, and separate volume, Montreal, 1891). Also, Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America (Boston, 1886-89).