Front matter (continued 8)

Exploration of the Fossil Records.—Explorations of the fossil records have been recently carried out on a scale never before attempted, involving the expenditure of large sums, but bringing results of great importance. The American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, has carried on an extensive survey, which has enriched it with wonderful collections of fossil animals. Besides explorations of the fossil-bearing rocks of the Western States and Territories, operations in another locality of great importance are conducted in the Fayûm district of Egypt. The result of the studies of these fossil animals is to make us acquainted not only with the forms of ancient life, but with the actual line of ancestry of many living animals. The advances in this direction are most interesting and most important. This extensive investigation of the fossil records is one of the present tendencies in biology.

Conclusion.—In brief, the chief tendencies in current biological researches are mainly included under the following headings: Experimental studies in heredity, evolution, and animal behavior; more exact anatomical investigations, especially in cytology and neurology, the promotion and dissemination of knowledge through biological periodicals; the provision of better facilities in specially equipped laboratories, in the application of results to the benefit of mankind, and in the investigation of the fossil records.

The atmosphere of thought engendered by the progress of biology is beneficial in every way. While its progress has dealt the death-blow to many superstitions and changed materially views regarding the universe, it is gratifying to think that it has not been iconoclastic in its influence, but that it has substituted something better for that which was taken away. It has given a broader and more wholesome basis for religion and theories of ethics; it has taught greater respect for truth and morality. However beneficial this progress has been in the past, who can doubt that the mission of biology to the twentieth century will be more important than to the past, and that there will be embraced in its progress greater benefits than any we have yet known?

FOOTNOTES:

READING LIST

The books and articles relating to the history of biology are numerous. Those designated below embrace some of the more readily accessible ones. While some attention has been given to selecting the best sources, no attempt has been made to give a comprehensive list.

I. GENERAL REFERENCES

Cuvier. Histoire des Sciences Naturelles. 5 vols., 1841-1845. Excellent. Written from examination of the original documents.

Carus. Geschichte der Zoologie, 1872. Also Histoire de la Zoologie, 1880. A work of scholarship. Contains excellent account of the Physiologus.

Sachs. History of Botany, 1890. Excellent. Articles in the Botanical Gazette for 1895 supplement his account by giving the more recent development of botany.

White. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols., 1900. Good account of Vesalius and the overthrow of authority in science.

Whewell. History of the Inductive Sciences, vol. II, 1863. Lacks insight into the nature of biology and the steps in its progress. Mentioned because so generally known.

Williams. A History of Science, 5 vols., 1904. Finely illustrated. Contains many defects in the biological part as to the relative rank of the founders: Vesalius diminished, Paracelsus magnified, etc. Also, the Story of Nineteenth Century Science, 1900. Collected articles from Harper's Magazine. Good portraits. Uncritical on biological matters.

Thomson. The Science of Life, 1899. An excellent brief history of biology.

Foster. Lectures on the History of Physiology, 1901. Fascinatingly written. Notable for poise and correct estimates, based on the use of the original documents.

Geddes. A Synthetic Outline of the History of Biology. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1885-1886. Good.

Richardson. Disciples of Æsculapius, 2 vols., 1901. Collected papers from The Asclepiad. Sympathetic accounts of Vesalius, Malpighi, J. Hunter, and others. Good illustrations.

Lankester. The History and Scope of Zoology, in The Advancement of Science, 1890. Good. Same article in Ency. Brit. under the title of Zoology.

Spencer. Principles of Biology, 2 vols., 1866.

Hertwig. The Growth of Biology in the Nineteenth Century, Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1900.

Buckle. History of Civilization, vol. I, second edition, 1870.

Macgilivray. Lives of Eminent Zoölogists from Aristotle to Linnæus.

Merz. A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, vol. II, Scientific Thought, 1903.

Routledge. A Popular History of Science. General and uncritical as to biology.

Hoefer. Histoire de la Zoologie, 1873. Not very good.

Encyclopædia Britannica. Among the more excellent articles are: Biology by Huxley; Protoplasm by Geddes; History of Anatomy by Turner.

Chambers's Encyclopædia. New Edition. Discerning articles by Thomson on the Cell-theory, by Geddes on Biology, Evolution.

Nouvelle Biographie Générale. Good articles on the older writers. Often unreliable as to dates.

Haeckel. The historical chapters in The Evolution of Man, 1892, and Anthropogenie, fifth edition, 1903. Good.

Haeckel. The History of Creation, vol. I, 1884.

Hertwig. The General Survey of the History of Zoölogy in his Manual of Zoölogy, 1902. Brief but excellent.

Parker and Haswell. Text-book of Zoölogy, 1897. Historical chapter in vol. II.

Nicholson. Natural History, its Rise and Progress in Britain, 1886. Also Biology.

Pettigrew. Gallery of Medical Portraits, 5 vols. Contains many portraits and biographical sketches of men of general influence, as Bichat, Galen, Malpighi, etc.

Puschmann. Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, 3 vols. Good for topics in anatomy and physiology.

Baas. The History of Medicine, 1889.

Radl. Geschichte der Biologischen Theorien seit dem Ende des Siebzehnten Jahrhundert, 1905.

Janus. A Periodical devoted to the history of medicine and natural science, founded in 1896.

Zoologische Annalen. Founded by Max Braun in 1904 in the interests of the history of zoölogy.

Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, founded 1901.

Surgeon General's Library. The Catalogue should be consulted for its many biographical references to biologists. The Library is especially rich in historical documents, as old anatomies, physiologies, zoölogies, etc.

Evolution. The bibliography of Evolution is given below under the chapters dealing with the evolution theory.

II. SPECIAL REFERENCES

CHAPTER I

Ancient biological Science: Carus; Botany after 1530, Sachs. Aristotle: Cuvier, a panegyric; Lewes, Aristotle—A Chapter from the History of Science, 1864, a critical study; Huxley, On some Mistakes Attributed to Aristotle; Macgilivray; Aristotle's History of Animals translated in Bohn's Classical Library, 1887. Pliny: Macgilivray; Thorndike, The Place of Magic in the Intellectual History of Europe, 1905, chap. III. The Renaissance: Symonds. Epochs in Biological History: Geddes (see General List).

CHAPTER II

Vesalius: Roth, Andreas Vesalius Bruxellensis, the edition of 1892, the standard source of knowledge of Vesalius and his times, contains bibliography, references to his different portraits, the resurrection bone, etc., etc.; Foster (see General List), Lecture I, excellent; Richardson in Disciples of Æsculapius, vol. I, contains pictures, his signature, etc.; Pettigrew; White, vol. II, pp. 51-55; The Practitioner, 1896, vol. 56; The Asclepiad, 1885, vol. II; De Humani Corporis Fabrica, editions of 1543 and 1555; Opera Omnia, edited by Boerhaave, 2 vols., 1725. Galen: Pettigrew; Huxley in his essay on William Harvey.

CHAPTER III

Harvey: Foster, Lecture II, with quotations, excellent; Dalton, History of the Circulation; Huxley, William Harvey, a critical essay; Harvey's Works translated by Willis, with biography, Sydenham Society, 1847; Life of Harvey by D'Arcy Power, 1898; Brooks, Harvey as Embryologist, Bull. Johns Hop. Hospit., vol. VIII, 1897, good. An Anatomical Dissertation upon the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals, a facsimile reproduction of the first edition of the famous De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 1628. Privately reproduced by Dr. Moreton in 1894. Very interesting.

CHAPTER IV

Hooke: Biography in encyclopædias, his microscope in Carpenter, The Microscope and Its Revelations, 8th ed., 1900.

Malpighi: Richardson, vol. II; Same article in The Asclepiad, vol. X, 1893; Atti, Life and Work, in Italian, 1847, portrait; Pettigrew, vol. II; Marcello Malpighi e l'Opera Sua, 1897, a collection of addresses at the unveiling of Malpighi's monument at Crevalcuore, that by Koelliker excellent; Locy, Malpighi, Swammerdam, and Leeuwenhoek, Pop. Sci. Mo., 1901—portrait and pictures from his works; MacCallum, J. Hop. Univ. Hospit. Bull. Malpighi's Writings: Opera Omnia, difficult to obtain, the Robt. Littlebury edition, Lond., 1687, contains posthumous papers and biography; separate works not uncommon; Traité du Ver à Soie, Montpellier, 1878, contains his life and works.

Swammerdam: Life by Boerhaave in Biblia Naturæ, 1735; also Bibel der Natur, 1752; also The Book of Nature, 1758; Von Baer, Johann Swammerdam's Leben und Verdienste um die Wissenschaft, 1864, in Reden, vol. I; Locy, loc. cit.—portrait.

Leeuwenhoek: New biographical facts in Richardson, vol. I, p. 108; same article in The Asclepiad, vol. II, 1885, portrait, signature, and other illustrations; Arcana Naturæ; Selected works in English, 1758; Locy, Pop. Sci. Mo., April, 1901.

CHAPTER V

Lyonet: The Gentleman's Magazine, LIX, 1789; the famous Traité Anatomique, etc., 1750, 1752, not rare. Réaumur: Portrait and life in Les Savants Modernes, p. 332. Roesel: Portrait and biography in Der monatlich herausgegebenen Insecten Belustigung, part IV, 1761; Zeigler in Natur und Haus, 1904—nine figs. Straus-Dürckheim: his monograph on Anatomy of the Cockchafer, rather rare. The Minute Anatomists: Straus-Dürckheim, Dufour, Newport, Leidig, etc., in Miall and Denney's The Cockroach, 1886.

Discovery of the Protozoa: Leeuwenhoek, Müller, Ehrenberg, Dujardin, etc., Kent's Manual of the Infusoria, vol. I. Ehrenberg: Life by Laue, 1895.

CHAPTER VI

The Physiologus: Carus, White (for titles see General List). Gesner: Brooks in Pop. Sci. Mo., 1885—illustrations; Cuvier, loc. cit.; Jardine's Naturalist's Library, vol. VI; Gesner's Historia Animalium, 1551-1585. Aldrovandi: Naturalist's Library, vol. III; Macgilivray, loc. cit. Jonston: Macgilivray. Ray: Macgilivray; Nicholson; Memorial of, in the Ray Society, 1846; Correspondence of, Ray Soc., 1848. Linnæus: Macgilivray; Janus, vol. 8, 1903; Cuvier, loc. cit.; Agassiz, Essay on Classification, 1859; Jubilee at Upsala, Science, Apl. 26, 1907; Caddy, Through the Fields with Linnæus, 1887; The Systema Naturæ, especially the tenth edition, 1758. Leuckart: Archives de Parasit., vol. I, no. 2; Nature, 1898. General Biological Progress from Linnæus to Darwin: Geddes, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. 13, 1884-1886.

CHAPTER VII

Camper: Naturalist's Library, vol. VII; Vorlesungen, by his son, with short sketch of his life, 1793; Cuvier, loc. cit.; Kleinere Schriften, 2 vols. with copper plates illustrating brain and ear of fishes, etc., 1782-1785. John Hunter: The Scientific Works of, 2 vols., 1861; The Asclepiad, vol. VIII, 1891; the same article with illustrations in Richardson, loc. cit.; Pettigrew, loc. cit. Vicq d'Azyr: Cuvier, loc. cit.; Huxley in Life of Owen, p. 289; His works in 6 vols., 1805. Cuvier: Life by Flourens; Memoirs by Mrs. Lee, 1833; Buckle, Hist. Civ., vol. I, p. 633 et seq.; Lettres de Geo. Cuvier à C.M. Paff, 1788-1792, translated from the German, 1858. Cuvier's numerous writings—The Animal Kingdom, Leçons d'Anat. Comparée, etc.—are readily accessible. H. Milne-Edwards: Biographical sketch in Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst, for 1893. Lacaze-Duthiers: Life with portraits in Archives de Zool. Expériment., vol. 10, 1902. Richard Owen: Life and Letters, 2 vols., 1894; Clark, Old Friends at Cambridge and Elsewhere, p. 349 et seq. J. Fr. Meckel: Carus, loc. cit. Gegenbaur: Erlebtes und Erstrebtes, portrait, 1901; Anat. Anz., vol. 23, 1903; Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1904. Cope: Osborn in The Century, vol. 33, 1897; Gill, Edward Drinker Cope, Naturalist, A Chapter in the History of Science, Am. Naturalist, 1897; Obituary notice, with portraits, Am. Naturalist, 1897; Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 19, 1881.

CHAPTER VIII

Bichat: Pettigrew; Buckle, Hist. Civ., vol. I, p. 639; The Hundred Greatest Men; Les Savants Modernes, p. 394; The Practitioner, vol. 56, 1896. Koelliker: His Autobiography, Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben, 1899, several portraits, interesting; Weldon, Life and Works in Nature, vol. 58, with fine portrait; Sterling, Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1905. Schultze: Portrait and Necrology by Schwalbe in Archiv für Mikroscop. Anat., vol. 10, 1874; See further under chapter XII. Virchow: J. Hop. Univ. Circulars, vol. XI, 1891, Celebration of Seventieth Birthday of Virchow, Addresses by Osler, Welch, and others; Jacobi, Medical Record, N.Y., vol. XX, 1881, good; Israel, in Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1902. Leydig: Brief sketch in his Horæ Zoologicæ, 1902. Ramon y Cajal: Portrait in Tenth Anniversary of Clark University, 1899.

CHAPTER IX

The best brief account of the Rise of Physiology in Verworn's General Physiology, 1899. More recent German editions of the same work. Historical outline in Rutherford's Text-Book of Physiology, 1880. Galen's Physiology: Verworn. Harvey: See references under Chapter III; The analysis of his writings by Willis in The Works of Harvey, translated into English, Sydenham Soc., 1847; See also Dr. Moreton's facsimile reproduction of the first edition (1628) of De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 1894. Haller: Fine portrait in his Elementa Physiologiæ, 1758; English translations of the Elementa. Charles Bell: Pettigrew; Good summary in Foster's Life of Claude Bernard, p. 38 et seq. Johannes Müller: His life, complete list of works, etc., in Gedächtnissrede auf Johannes Müller by Du Bois-Reymond, 1860; Eloge by Virchow in Edinburgh Med. Journ., vol. 4; Picture of his monument in Coblenz, Archiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 55; Briefe von J. Müller and Anders Retzius (1830-1857), 1900; His famous Handbuch der Physiologie and English translations should be inspected. Ludwig: Burdon-Sanderson, Ludwig and Modern Physiology, Sci. Progress, vol. V, 1896; The same article in Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1896. Claude Bernard: Life by M. Foster, 1899, excellent.

CHAPTER X

Good general account of the Rise of Embryology in Koelliker's Embryologie, 1880; Minot, Embryology and Medical Progress, Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 69, 1906; Eycleshymer, A Sketch of the Past and Future of Embryology, St. Louis Med. Rev., 1904. Harvey: As Embryologist, Brooks in J. Hop. Univ. Hospit. Bull., vol. VIII, 1897. See above, Chaps. III and IX for further references to Harvey. Malpighi: in Embryology, Locy in Pop. Sci. Mo., 1905—portrait and selected sketches from his embryological treatises. Wolff: Wheeler, Wolff and the Theoria Generationis, in Woods Holl Biological Lectures, 1898; Kirchoff in Jenaische Zeitschr., vol. 4, 1868; Waldeyer, Festrede in Sitzbr. d. K. Preus. Akad. d. Wissenschaft., 1904; Haeckel in Evolution of Man, vol. I, 1892. Bonnet and Pre-delineation: Whitman, Bonnet's Theory of Evolution, also Evolution and Epigenesis, both in Woods Holl Biological Lectures, 1895. Von Baer: Leben und Schriften, his autobiography (1864), 2d edition, 1886; Life by Steida, 1886; Obituary, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1878; Waldeyer in Allg. Wien. Med. Ztg., 1877; Nature, vol. 15; Life by Stölzle, 1897; Haeckel, loc. cit., vol. I; Locy, V. Baer and the Rise of Embryology, Pop. Sci. Mo., 1905; Fine portrait as young man in Harper's Mag. for 1899; Rev. Scient., 1879. Kowalevsky: Lankester in Nature, vol. 66, 1902; Portrait and biog. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 8, 1903. Balfour: M. Foster in Nature, vol. 29, 1882; Also Life with portrait in the Memorial Edition of Balfour's Works; Waldeyer in Arch. f. Mik. Anat., vol. 21, 1882; Osborn Recollections, with portrait, Science, vol. 2, 1883. His: Mall in Am. Journ. Anat., vol. 4, 1905; Biography in Anat. Anz., vol. 26, 1904.

CHAPTER XI

The Cell-Doctrine by Tyson, 1878. The Cell-Theory, Huxley, Medico-chir. Review, 1853, also in Scientific Memoirs, vol. I, 1898; The Modern Cell-Theory, M'Kendrick, Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, vol. XIX, 1887; The Cell-Theory, Past and Present, Turner, Nature, vol. 43, 1890; The Cell-Doctrine, Burnett, Trans. Am. Med. Assn., vol. VI, 1853; First illustration of cells in Rob't Hooke's Micrographia, 1665, 1780, etc.; The Cell in Development and Inheritance, Wilson, 1896; Article Cell, in Chambers's (New) Cyclopædia, by Thomson. Schleiden: Sketch of, Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 22, 1882-1883; Sachs' Hist. of Botany 1890; Translation of his original paper of 1838 (Ueber Phytogenesis)—illustrations—Sydenham Soc., 1874. Schwann: Life, Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 37, 1900; Sa Vie et Ses Travaux, Frédéricq, 1884; Nachruf, Henle, Archiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 21, 1882; Lankester, Nature, vol. XXV, 1882; The Practitioner, vol. 49, 1897; The Catholic World, vol. 71, 1900. Translation of his contribution of 1839 (Mikroscopische Untersuchungen ueber die Uebereinstimmung in der Structur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen), Sydenham Soc., 1847.

CHAPTER XII

On the Physical Basis of Life, Huxley, 1868; Reprint in Methods and Results, 1894. Article Protoplasm in Ency. Brit, by Geddes. Dujardin: Notice Biographique, with portraits and other illustrations, Joubin, Archives de Parasitol., vol. 4, 1901; portrait of Dujardin hitherto unpublished. Dujardin's original description of Sarcode, Ann. des Sci. Nat. (Botanique), vol. 4, p. 367, 1835. Von Mohl: Sachs' History of Botany, 1890. Translation of his researches, Sydenham Soc., 1847. Cohn: Blätter der Erinnerung, 1898, with portrait. Schultze: Necrology, by Schwalbe in Archiv f. Mik. Anat., vol. 10, 1874, with portrait. Schultze's paper founding the protoplasm doctrine in Archiv f. Anat. und Phys., 1861, entitled Ueber Muskelkörperchen und das was man eine Zelle zu nennen habe.

CHAPTER XIII

Spontaneous Generation: Tyndall, Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 12, 1878; Also in Floating Matter of the Air, 1881; J.C. Dalton in N.Y. Med. Journ., 1872; Dunster, good account in Proc. Ann Arbor Sci. Assn., 1876; Huxley, Rept. Brit. Assn. for Adv. Sci., 1870, republished in many journals, reprint in Scientif. Memoirs, vol. IV, 1901. Redi: Works in 9 vols., 1809-1811, with life and letters and portraits; Good biographical sketch in Archives de Parasitol., vol. I, 1898; Redi's Esperienze Intorno Alla Generazione Degl'Insetti, 2 plates, first edition, 1668, in Florence, 40; reprinted at various dates, not uncommon. Spallanzani: Foster, Lects. on Physiol.; Huxley, loc. cit.; Dunster, loc. cit.; L'Abbato Spallanzani, by Pavesi, 1901, portrait. Pouchet: His treatise of historical importance—Hétérogénie; ou Traité de la Génération Spontanée, basé sur des Nouvelles Expériences, 1859. Pasteur: Life by René Vallery-Radot, 2 vols., 1902; Percy and G. Frankland, 1901; Pasteur at Home, illustrated, Tarbell in McClure's Mag., vol. I, 1893; Also McClure's, vol. 19, 1902, review of Vallery-Radot's Life of Pasteur; Nature, vol. 52, 1895; Les Savants Modernes, p. 316; Life by his son-in-law, translated by Lady Hamilton, 1886; Sketches of Pasteur, very numerous. Bacteriology: Woodhead, Bacteria and their Products, 1891; Fraenkel, Text-Book of Bacteriology, 1891; Prudden, The Story of Bacteria, etc., 1891. Germ-Theory of Disease: Crookshank's Bacteriology, 3d edition, 1890. Koch: Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 36, 1889; Review of Reviews, vol. 2, 1890; Sketches and references to his discoveries numerous. Lister: Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 52, 1898; Review of Reviews, vol. 14, 1896; celebration of Lister's 80th birthday, Pop. Sci. Mo., June, 1907; Janus, vol. 5, 1900. The New Microbe Inoculation of Wright, Harper's Mag., July, 1907.

CHAPTER XIV

The History and Theory of Heredity, J.A. Thomson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. XVI, 1889; Chapter on Heredity in Thomson's Science of Life, 1899; also in his Study of Animal Life, 1892. Mendel: Mendel's Principles of Heredity, with translations of his original papers on hybridization, Bateson, 1902; Mendel's Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden, two papers (1865 and 1869), edited by Tschermak, 1901; Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1901-1902; Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 62, 1903; vol. 63, 1904; Science, vol. 23, 1903. Galton: Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 29, 1886; Nature, vol. 70, 1907; Galton's Natural Inheritance, 1889. Weismann: Brief Autobiography, with portrait, in The Lamp, vol. 26, 1903; Solomonsen, Bericht über die Feier des 70 Geburtstages von August Weismann, 1904; Weismann's The Germ-Plasm, 1893, and The Evolution Theory, 1904.

CHAPTER XV

History of Geology and Paleontology, Zittel, 1901. The Founders of Geology, Geikie, 2d edition, 1905. History and Methods of Paleontological Discovery, Marsh, Proceed. Am. Adv. Sci., 1879. Same article in Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 16, 1879-1880. The Rise and Progress of Paleontology, Huxley, Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 20, 1882. Lyell: Charles Lyell and Modern Geology, Bonney, 1895; Sketch in Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. I, 1872, also vol. 20, 1881-1882. Owen: Life of, by his grandson, 2 vols., 1894; See also above under Chapter VII. Agassiz: Life and Correspondence, by his wife, 2 vols., 1885; Life, letters and works, Marcou, 2 vols., 1896; What we Owe to Agassiz, Wilder, Pop. Sci. Mo., July, 1907; Agassiz at Penikese, Am. Nat., 1898. Cope: A Great Naturalist, Osborn in The Century, 1897; See above, under Chapter VII, for further references. Marsh: Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 13, 1878; Sketches of, Nature, vol. 59, 1898-99; Science, vol. 9, 1899; Am. J. Sci., vol. 157, 1899. Zittel: Biographical Sketch with portrait, Schuchert, Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1903-1904. Osborn, Papers on Paleontological Discovery in Science from 1899 onward. The Fayûm Expedition of the Am. Museum of Nat. History, Science, March 29, 1907.

Note. Since the four succeeding chapters deal with the Evolution Theory, it maybe worth while to make a few general comments on the literature pertaining to Organic Evolution. The number of books and articles is very extensive, and I have undertaken to sift from the great number a limited list of the more meritorious. Owing to the prevalent vagueness regarding evolution theories, one is likely to read only about Darwin and Darwinism. This should be avoided by reading as a minimum some good reference on Lamarck, Weismann, and De Vries, as well as on Darwin. It is well enough to begin with Darwin's Theory, but it is not best to take his Origin of Species as the first book. To do this is to place oneself fifty years in the past. The evidences of Organic Evolution have greatly multiplied since 1859, and a better conception of Darwin's Theory can be obtained by reading first Romanes's Darwin and After Darwin, vol. I. This to be followed by Wallace's Darwinism, and, thereafter, the Origin of Species may be taken up. These will give a good conception of Darwin's Theory, and they should be followed by reading in the order named: Packard's Lamarck; Weismann's The Evolution Theory; and De Vries's The Origin of Species and Varieties by Mutation. Simultaneously one may read with great profit Osborn's From the Greeks to Darwin.

CHAPTER XVI

General: Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin, 1892, vol. I, chaps. I-V; Same author, The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution; Weismann, Introduction to the Evolution Theory, 1904; Osborn, Alte und Neue Probleme der Phylogenese, Ergebnisse der Anat. u. Entwickel., vol. III, 1893; Ziegler, Ueber den derzeitigen Stand der Descendenzlehre in der Zoologie, 1902; Jordan and Kellogg, Evolution and Animal Life, 1907, chaps. I and XIV. Evolutionary Series—Shells: Romanes, loc. cit.; Hyatt, Transformations of Planorbis at Steinheim, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. 29, 1880. Horse: Lucas, The Ancestry of the Horse, McClure's Mag., Oct., 1900; Huxley, Three Lectures on Evolution, in Amer. Addresses. Embryology—Recapitulation Theory: Marshall, Biolog. Lectures and Addresses, 1897; Vertebrate Embryology, 1892; Haeckel, Evolution of Man, 1892. Primitive Man: Osborn, Discovery of a Supposed Primitive Race of Men in Nebraska, Century Mag., Jan., 1907; Haeckel, The Last Link, 1898. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, collected essays, 1900; published in many forms. Romanes, Mental Evolution in Man and Animals.

CHAPTER XVII

Lamarck: Packard, Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and Work, with Translations of his Writings on Organic Evolution, 1901; Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique, 1809. Recherches sur l'Organisation des corps vivans, 1802, contains an early, not however the first statement of Lamarck's views. For the first published account of Lamarck's theory see the introduction to his Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1801. Neo-Lamarckism: Packard, loc. cit.; also in the Introduction to the Standard Natural History, 1885; Spencer, The Principles of Biology, 1866—based on the Lamarckian principle. Cope, The Origin of Genera, 1866; Origin of the Fittest, 1887; Primary Factors of Organic Evolution, 1896, the latter a very notable book. Hyatt, Jurassic Ammonites, Proced. Bost. Sci. Nat. Hist., 1874. Osborn, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 16, 1890. Eigenmann, The Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of North America, Archiv f. Entwicklungsmechanik, vol. 8, 1899.

Darwin's Theory (For biographical references to Darwin see below under Chapter XIX): Wallace, Darwinism, 1889; Romanes, Darwin and After Darwin, vol. I, 1892; Metcalf, An Outline of the Theory of Organic Evolution, 1904, good for illustrations. Color: Poulton, The Colors of Animals; Chapters in Weismann's The Evolution Theory, 1904. Mimicry: Weismann, loc. cit. Sexual Selection: Darwin, The Descent of Man, new ed., 1892. Inadequacy of Nat. Selection: Spencer, The Inadequacy of Natural Selection, 1893; Morgan, Evolution and Adaptation, 1903. Kellogg, Darwinism To-day, 1907, contains a good account of criticisms against Darwinism.

CHAPTER XVIII

Weismann's The Evolution Theory, translated by J.A. and Margaret Thomson, 2 vols., 1904, contains the best statement of Weismann's views. It is remarkably clear in its exposition of a complicated theory. The Germ-Plasm, 1893; Romanes's An Examination of Weismannism, 1893. Inheritance of Acquired Characters: Weismann's discussion, loc. cit., vol. II, very good. Romanes's Darwin and After Darwin, vol. II. Personality of Weismann: Sketch and brief autobiography, in The Lamp, vol. 26, 1903, portrait; Solomonsen, Bericht über die Feier des 70 Geburtstages von August Weismann, 1905, 2 portraits.

Mutation-Theory of De Vries: Die Mutations-Theorie, 1901; Species and Varieties, their Origin by Mutation, 1905; Morgan, Evolution and Adaptation, 1903, gives a good statement of the Mutation Theory, which is favored by the author; Whitman, The Problem of the Origin of Species, Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904; Davenport, Evolution without Mutation, Journ. Exp. Zool., April, 1905.

CHAPTER XIX

For early phases of Evolutionary thought consult Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, 1894, and Clodd, Pioneers of Evolution, 1897. Suarez and the Doctrine of Special Creation: Huxley, in Mr. Darwin's Critics, Cont. Rev., p. 187, reprinted in Critiques and Addresses, 1873. Buffon: In Packard's Life of Lamarck, chapter 13. E. Darwin: Krause's Life of E. Darwin translated into English, 1879; Packard, loc. cit. Goethe: Die Idee der Pflanzenmetamorphose bei Wolff und bei Goethe, Kirchoff, 1867; Goethe's Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen, 1790. Oken: His Elements of Physiophilosophy, Ray Soc., 1847. Cuvier and St. Hilaire: Perrier, La Philosophie Zoologique avant Darwin, 1884; Osborn, loc. cit. Darwin and Wallace: The original communications of Darwin and Wallace, with a letter of transmissal signed by Hooker and Lyell, published in the Trans. Linnæan Soc. for 1858, were reprinted in the Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 60, 1901. Darwin: Personality and biography (For references to his theory see under Chapter XVII); Life and letters by his son, 3 vols., 1887, new ed., 1896; More Letters of Charles Darwin, 2 vols., 1903; Chapter in Marshall's Lectures on the Darwinian Theory; Darwin, Naturalist's Voyage around the World, 1880; Gould, Biographical Clinics, for Darwin's illness due to eye-strain; Poulton, Chas. Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection, 1896. Wallace: My Life, 2 vols., 1905; The Critic, Oct., 1905. Huxley: Life and Letters by his son, 1901; Numerous sketches at the time of his death, 1895, in Nature, Nineteenth Century, Pop. Sci. Mo., etc., etc. Haeckel: His Life and Work by Bölsche, 1906.

CHAPTER XX

It is deemed best to omit the references to Technical papers upon which the summaries of recent tendencies are based. Morgan's Experimental Zoology, 1907. Jennings, Behavior of the Lower Organisms, 1906. Mosquitoes and other insects in connection with the transmission of disease, see Folsom, Entomology, 1906, chapter IX, p. 299. Biological Laboratories: Dean, The Marine Biological Stations of Europe, Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1894; Marine Biolog. Station at Naples, Harper's Mag., 1901; The Century, vol. 10 (Emily Nunn Whitman); Williams, A History of Science, vol. V, chapter V, 1904; Am. Nat., vol. 31, 1897; Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 54, 1899; ibid., vol. 59, 1901. Woods Hole Station—A Marine University, Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1902.

INDEX

A Abiogenesis, 277 Acquired characters, inheritance of, 314; Weismann on, 398 Agassiz, essay on classification, 137; agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record, 334; fossil fishes, 334; portrait, 334 Aldrovandi, 115 Alternative inheritance, 316 Amphimixis, the source of variations, 396 Anatomical sketches, the earliest, 32; from Vesalius, 31, 33 Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of, 442 Anatomy, of Aristotle, 23; beginnings of, 23; earliest known illustrations, 32; of Galen, 24; of the Middle Ages, 24; comparative, rise of, 141-165; of insects, Dufour, 109; Lyonet, 91; Malpighi, 63; Newport, 100; Réaumur, 96; Roesel, 96; Straus-Dürckheim, 96; Swammerdam, 70, 73-77; minute, progress of, 89-104; of plants, Grew, 56; Malpighi, 66 Ancients, return to the science of, 112 Animal behavior, studies of, 441 Animal kingdom of Cuvier, 133 Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation, 409 Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek, 78 Aristotle, 9-15; books of, 13; errors of, 13; estimate of, 10; extensive knowledge of animals, 12; the founder of natural history, 9; influence of, 15; personal appearance, 13, 14; portrait, 14; position in the development of science, 11 Arrest of inquiry, effect of, 17 Augustine, St., on creation, 409 Authority declared the source of knowledge, 18 B Bacteria, discovery of, 276; disease-producing, 300; and antiseptic surgery, 302; nitrifying, of the soil, 303 Bacteriology, development of, 276 Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology, 195-236; his great classic on development of animals, 214; and germ-layers, 218; makes embryology comparative, 220; and Pander 218; period in embryology, 214-226; portraits, 216, 217; his rank in embryology, 220; his especial service, 217; sketches from his embryological treatise, 222 Balfour, masterly work of, 226; his period in embryology, 226-232; personality, 228; portrait, 227; tragic fate, 228; university career, 227 Bary, H.A. de, 271; portrait, 272 Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease, 293" Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system, 183; portrait, 184 Berengarius, 26 Bernard, Claude, in physiology, 190; personality, 191; portrait, 191 Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam, 73 Bichat, and the birth of histology, 166-178; Buckle's estimate of, 166, 167; education, 167; in Paris, 167; personality, 168; phenomenal industry, 168; portrait, 169; results of his work, 170; writings, 170; successes of, 170 Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus, 126 Biological facts, application of, 443 Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of, 445; the station at Naples, 444; picture of, 445; the Woods Hole station, 444 Biological periodicals, 446 Biological progress, continuity of, 434; atmosphere engendered by, 448; from Linnæus to Darwin, 138-140 Biology, defined, 4; domain of, 4, 5; epochs of, 20; progress of, 3, 5; applied, 443 Boerhaave, quoted, 71, 72; and Linnæus, 122 Bois-Reymond, Du, 189; portrait, 189 Bones, fossil, 322, 324 Bonnet, and emboîtement, 208; opposition to Wolff, 211; portrait, 212 Books, the notable, of biology, 435 Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells, 243 Buckland, 324 Buckle, on Bichat, 166, 167 Buffon, 129, 411; portrait, 412; position in evolution, 412 C Cæsalpinus, on the circulation, 50 Cajal, Ramon y, 176; portrait, 176 Camper, anatomical work of, 143; portrait, 144 Carpenter, quoted, 170 Carpi, the anatomist, 26 Castle, experiments on inheritance, 316 Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier, 326; Lyell on, 331 Caulkins, on protozoa, 109 Cell, definition of, 258; diagram of, 257; earliest known pictures of, 238, 239; in heredity, 257 Cell-lineage, 234, 442 Cell-theory, announcement of, 242; effect on embryology, 222, 224; founded by Schleiden and Schwann, 242; Schleiden's contribution, 247; Schwann's treatise, 248; modifications of, 250; vague foreshadowings of, 237 Child, studies on regulation, 440 Chromosomes, 254, 312 Circulation of the blood, Harvey, 46, 47; Servetus, 50; Columbus, 50; Cæsalpinus, 50; in the capillaries, 84; Leeuwenhoek's sketch of, 83; Vesalius on, with illustration, 49 Classification of animals, tabular view of, 137-138 Cohn, portrait, 271 Color, in evolution, 386 Columbus, on the circulation, 50 Comparative anatomy, rise of, 141-165; becomes experimental, 165 Cope, in comparative anatomy, 165; portrait, 336; important work in palæontology, 337, 437 Creation, Aquinas on, 409; St. Augustine on, 408; special, 410; evolution the method of, 348 Cuvier, birth and early education, 149; and catastrophism, 326; comprehensiveness of mind, 154; correlation of parts, 133; debate with St. Hilaire, 416; domestic life, 155; forerunners of, 143; founds comparative anatomy, 154; founder of vertebrate palæontology, 325; his four branches of the animal kingdom, 132; goes to Paris, 151; life at the seashore, 150; opposition to Lamarck, 414; portraits, 152, 153; physiognomy, 152; and the rise of comparative anatomy, 141-156; shortcomings of, 156; successors of, 156; type-theory of, 133 D Darwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose, 427; factors of evolution, 380; habits of work, 426; home life, 423; at Downs, 426; ill health, 426; naturalist on the Beagle, 425; natural selection, 383; opens note-book on the origin of species, 426; personality, 422; portraits, 382, 423; parallelism in thought with Wallace, 427; publication of the Origin of Species, 429; his other works, 391, 429; theory of pangenesis, 306; variation in nature, 382; the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the Linnæan Society, 420-422; working hours, 426; summary of his theory, 405 Darwin, Erasmus, 413; portrait, 413 Darwinism and Lamarckism confused, 391; not the same as organic evolution, 347 Davenport, experiments, 319 Deluge, and the deposit of fossils, 323 De Vries, mutation theory of, 402; portrait, 403; summary, 406 Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy, 100 Dujardin, 250, 262; discovers sarcode, 250, 266; portrait, 265; writings, 264 E Edwards, H. Milne-, 157; portrait, 157 Ehrenberg, 106, 107; portrait, 108 Embryological record, interpretation of, 229 Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of, 194-236; experimental, 232; gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos, 361; theoretical, 235 Epochs in biological history, 20 Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding, 345; controversies regarding the factors, 346, 369; factors of, 368; effect on embryology, 225; on palæontology, 332; nature of the question regarding, 348; a historical question, 348; the historical method in, 348; sweep of, 366; one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge, 366; predictions verified, 367; theories of, 369; Lamarck, 369; Darwin, 386; Weismann, 392; De Vries, 402; summary of evolution theories, 404; vagueness regarding, 346 Evolutionary series, 351; shells, 351; horses, 354 Evolutionary thought, rise of, 407-433; views of certain fathers of the church, 408 Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey, 39-53 Experimental work in biology, 439 F Fabrica, of Vesalius, 30 Fabricius, Harvey's teacher, 41; portrait, 43 Factors of evolution, 369 Fallopius, 36; portrait, 37 Flood, fossils ascribed to, 323 Fossil life, the science of, 320-341; bones, 322, 325; horses in America, 355; collections in New Haven, 355; in New York, 355; man, 340, 364; Neanderthal skull, 365; ape-like man, 364 Fossil remains an index to past history, 329 Fossils, arrangement in strata, 328; ascribed to the flood, 323; their comparison with living animals, 324; from the Fayûm district, 341; method of collecting, 340; nature of, 322; determination of, by Cuvier, 325; Da Vinci, 322; Steno, 322; strange views regarding, 320 G Galen, 23, 180; portrait, 25 Galton, law of ancestral inheritance, 318; portrait, 317 Geer, De, on insects, 95 Gegenbaur, 163; portrait, 164 Generation, Wolff's theory of, 210 Germ-cells, organization of, 210 Germ-layers, 218 Germ-plasm, continuity of, 393; complexity of, 395; the hereditary substance, 311; union of germ-plasms the source of variations, 396 Germ-theory of disease, 293 Germinal continuity, 224, 308; doctrine of, 224, 311, 393 Germinal elements, 305 Germinal selection, 397 Germinal substance, 310 Gesner, 112; personality, 113; portrait, 114; natural history of, 113 Gill-clefts in embryos, 361 Goodsir, 174 Grew, work of, 56 H Haeckel, 431; portrait, 432 Haller, fiber-theory, 242; opposition to Wolff, 211; in physiology, 181; portrait, 182 Harvey, and experimental observation, 39-53; his argument for the circulation, 51; discovery of the circulation, 47; his great classic, 46; education, 40; in embryology, 198; embryological treatise, 199, 200; frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651), 202; influence of, 52; introduces experimental method, 47; at Padua, 41; period in physiology, 180; personal appearance and qualities, 42, 44, 45; portrait, 44; predecessors of, 48; question as to his originality, 46; his teacher, 43; writings, 45 Heredity, 305; a cellular study, 257; according to Darwin, 307; Weismann, 309; application of statistics to, 314; inheritance of acquired characters, 314; steps in advance of knowledge of, 308 Hertwig, Oskar, portrait, 231; service in embryology, 232; Richard, quoted, 125 Hilaire, St., portrait, 416; see St. Hilaire His, Wilhelm, 232; portrait, 234 Histology, birth of, 166-178; Bichat its founder, 170; normal and pathological, 172; text-books of, 177 Hooke, Robert, 55; his microscope illustrated, 55 Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace, 420-422 Horse, evolution of, 354 Human ancestry, links in, 364, 365 Human body, evolution of, 363 Human fossils, 340, 364 Hunter, John, 144; portrait, 145 Huxley, in comparative anatomy, 161; influence on biology, 430; in palæontology, 335; portrait, 430 I Inheritance, alternative, Mendel, 316; ancestral, 318; Darwin's theory of, 306; material basis of, 311-313; nature of, 305 Inheritance of acquired characters, 314; Lamarck on, 377; Weismann on, 398 Inquiry, the arrest of, 17 Insects, anatomy of, Dufour, 106; Malpighi, 63; illustration, 65; Newport, 100; Leydig, 102; Straus-Dürckheim, 96; Swammerdam, 70, 75; illustration, 77; theology of, 91 J Jardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes, 372 Jennings, on animal behavior, 109, 441 Jonston, 114 K Klein, 118 Koch, Robert, discoveries of, 300; portrait, 301 Koelliker, in embryology, 224; in histology, 171; portrait, 174 Kowalevsky, in embryology, 224; portrait, 225 L Lacaze-Duthiers, 158; portrait, 159 Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy, 372; compared with Cuvier, 327; education, 371; first announcement of his evolutionary views, 375; forerunners of, 411; first use of a genealogical tree, 131; founds invertebrate palæontology, 326; on heredity, 377; laws of evolution, 376; military experience, 370; opposition to, 414; Philosophie Zoologique, 375; portrait, 373; position in science, 132; salient points in his theory, 378; his theory of evolution, 374; compared with that of Darwin, 390, 391; time and favorable conditions, 378; use and disuse, 374 Leeuwenhoek, 77-87; new biographical facts, 78; capillary circulation, 84, 85; sketch of, 83; comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam, 87; discovery of the protozoa, 105; other discoveries, 85; and histology, 178; his microscopes, 81; pictures of, 82, 83; occupation of, 78; portrait, 80; scientific letters, 83; theoretical views, 86 Leibnitz, 208 Leidy in palæontology, 337 Lesser's theology of insects, 91 Leuckart, 136; portrait, 136 Leydig, 102; anatomy of insects, 102; in histology, 175; portrait, 175 Linnæan system, reform of, 130-138 Linnæus, 118-130; binomial nomenclature, 127; his especial service, 126; features of his work, 127, 128; his idea of species, 128, 129; influence on natural history, 125; personal appearance, 125; personal history, 119; portrait, 124; helped by his fiancée, 120; return to Sweden, 123; and the rise of natural history, 100-130; the Systema Naturæ, 121, 125, 127; professor in Upsala, 123; celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth, 124; as university lecturer, 123; wide recognition, 122; summary on, 129-130 Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery, 302; portrait, 302 Loeb, 234; on artificial fertilization, 441; on regulation, 440 Ludwig, in physiology, 160; portrait, 160 Lyell, epoch-making work in geology, 330; letter on Darwin and Wallace, 420-422; portrait, 331 Lyonet, 89; portrait and personality, 90; great monograph on insect anatomy, 91; illustrations from, 92, 94, 94, 95; extraordinary quality of his sketches, 92 M Malpighi, 58-67; activity in research, 62; anatomy of plants, 66; anatomy of the silkworm, 63; compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, 87; work in embryology, 66, 202; rank as embryologist, 205; honors at home and abroad, 61; personal appearance, 58; portraits, 60, 204; sketches from his embryological treatises, 204; and the theory of pre-delineation, 204 Man, antiquity of, 364; evolution of, 363; fossil, 340, 364 Marsh, O.C., portrait, 337 Meckel, J. Fr., 162; portrait, 162 Men, of biology, 7, 8; the foremost, 437; of science, 7 Mendel, 315; alternative inheritance, 316; law of, 315; purity of the germ-cells, 316; portrait, 315; rank of Mendel's discovery, 316, 317 Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of, 55; Leeuwenhoek's, 81, Figs. of, 82, 83 Microscopic observation, introduction of, 54; of Hooke, 55; Grew, 55; Ehrenberg, 106; Malpighi, 66, 67; Leeuwenhoek, 81, 84, 85, 105 Microscopists, the pioneer, 54 Middle Ages, a remolding period, 19; anatomy in, 24 Milne-Edwards, portrait, 157 Mimicry, 387 Mohl, Von, 268; portrait, 269 Müller, Fritz, 230; O. Fr., 106 Müller, Johannes, as anatomist, 163; general influence, 185; influence on physiology, 185; as a teacher, 185; his period in physiology, 184; personality, 185; portrait, 188; physiology after Müller, 188 N Nägeli, portrait, 268 Naples, biological station at, 446; picture of, 445 Natural history, of Gesner, 112, 113, 114; of Ray, 115-118; of Linnæus, 118-130; sacred, 110; rise of scientific, 110-130 Natural selection, 383; discovery of, 427; Darwin and Wallace on, 429; extension of, by Weismann, 397; illustrations of, 384; inadequacy of, 389 Nature, continuity of, 367; return to, 19; renewal of observation, 19 Naturphilosophie, school of, 160 Neanderthal skull, 365 Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation, 281 Neo-Lamarckism, 380 Newport, on insect anatomy, 100 Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3 Nomenclature of biology, 126, 127 Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown, 243; division of, 256, 313 O Observation, arrest of, 17; renewal of, 19; in anatomy, 26; and experiment the method of science, 22, 39 Oken, on cells, 241; portrait, 160 Omne vivum ex ovo, 200 Omnis cellula e cellula, 309 Organic evolution, doctrine of, 345-367; influence of, on embryology, 225; theories of, 368-406; rise of evolutionary thought, 407-433; sweep of the doctrine of, 366 Osborn, quoted, 10, 364, 410; in palæontology, 339 P Palæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate, 325; of the Fayûm district, 341; Lamarck founder of invertebrate, 326; Agassiz, 332; Cope, 337; Huxley, 335; Lyell, 330; Marsh, 337; Osborn, 339; Owen, 332; William Smith, 328; steps in the rise of, 329 Pander, and the germ-layer theory, 218 Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of, 306 Pasteur, on fermentation, 293; spontaneous generation, 288; inoculation for hydrophobia, 299; investigation of microbes, 299; personality, 296; portrait, 296; his supreme service, 299; veneration of, 294 Pasteur Institute, foundation of, 299; work of, 300 Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance, 318 Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire, 416 Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck, 375 Physiologus, the sacred natural history, 110-112 Physiology, of the ancients, 179; rise of, 179-194; period of Harvey, 180; of Haller, 181; of J. Müller, 184; great influence of Müller, 185; after Müller, 188 Pithecanthropus erectus, 341, 360 Pliny, portrait, 16 Pouchet, on spontaneous generation, 286 Pre-delineation, theory of, 206; rise of, Malpighi, 207; Swammerdam, 208; Wolff, 210 Pre-formation. See Pre-delineation Primitive race of men, 366 Protoplasm, 259; discovery of, 250, 262; doctrine and sarcode, 270, 273; its movements, 261; naming of, 269; its powers, 260 Protozoa, discovery of, 104; growth of knowledge concerning, 104-109 Purkinje, portrait, 267 R Rathke, in comparative anatomy, 163; in embryology, 223 Ray, John, 115; portrait, 116; and species, 117 Réaumur, 96; portrait, 98 Recapitulation theory, 230 Recent tendencies, in biology, 437; in embryology, 232 Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life, 279; portrait, 280 Remak, in embryology, 223 Roesel, on insects, 95; portrait, 98 S Sarcode and protoplasm, 273, 275 Scala Naturæ, 131 Scale of being, 131 Schleiden, 243; contribution to the cell-theory, 248; personality, 247; portrait, 246 Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine, 272; in histology, 172; portrait, 273 Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation, 284 Schwann, and the cell-theory, 242, 244, 248, 249; in histology, 171; and spontaneous generation, 284 Science, of the ancients, return to, 112; conditions under which it developed, 8; biological, 4 Servetus, on circulation of the blood, 50 Severinus, in comparative anatomy, 143; portrait, 143 Sexual selection, 388 Shells, evolution of, 352, 353 Siebold, Von, 134, 135; portrait, 135 Silkworm, Malpighi on, 63; Pasteur on, 299 Smith, Wm., in geology, 328 Spallanzani, experiments on generation, 282; portrait, 283 Special creation, theory of, 410 Species, Ray, 117; Linnæus, 129; are they fixed in nature, 350; origin of, 350-364 Spencer, 418; his views on evolution in 1852, 419 Spontaneous generation, belief in, 278; disproved, 292; first experiments on, 278; new form of the question, 281; Redi, 279; Pasteur, 288; Pouchet, 286; Spallanzani, 282; Tyndall, 290 Steno, on fossils, 322 Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph, 96; illustrations from, 102 Suarez, and the theory of special creation, 410 Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ, 73; illustrations from, 75, 77; early interest in natural history, 68; life and works, 67-77; love of minute anatomy, 70; method of work, 71; personality, 67; portrait, 70; compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, 87 System, Linnæan, reform of, 130-138 Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus, 121, 127 T Theory, the cell-, 242; the protoplasm, 272; of organic evolution, 345-368; of special creation, 410 Tyndall, on spontaneous generation, 289; his apparatus for getting optically pure air, 290 Type-theory, of Cuvier, 132 U Uniformatism, and catastrophism, 331 V Variation, of animals, in a state of nature, 382; origin of, according to Weismann, 396 Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science, 22-38; great book of, 30; as court physician, 35; death, 36; force and independence, 27; method of teaching anatomy, 28, 29; opposition to, 34; personality, 22, 27, 30; physiognomy, 30; portrait, 29; predecessors of, 26; especial service of, 37; sketches from his works, 31, 33, 34, 49 Vicq d'Azyr, 146; portrait, 147 Vinci, Leonardo da, and fossils, 322 Virchow, and germinal continuity, 225; in histology, 174; portrait, 174 Vries, Hugo de, his mutation theory, 403; portrait, 403; summary of theory, 406 W Wallace, and Darwin, 420; his account of the conditions under which his theory originated, 427; portrait, 428; writings, 427 Weismann, the man, 399; quotation from autobiography, 401; personal qualities, 399; portrait, 400; his theory of the germ-plasm, 392-399; summary of his theory, 405 Whitney collection of fossil horses, 355 Willoughby, his connection with Ray, 115 Wolff, on cells, 240; his best work, 211; and epigenesis, 205; and Haller, 211, 214; opposed by Bonnet and Haller, 211; his period in embryology, 205-214; personality, 214; plate from his Theory of Generation, 210; the Theoria Generationis, 210 Wyman, Jeffries, on spontaneous generation, 289 Z Zittel, in palæontology, 338; portrait, 339

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Section A. Realms of Nature. Detailed treatment of various departments in a literary and popular way. 8vo. 7½ × 10¼ in.

Already publisht:

FERNS, by Campbell E. Waters, of Johns Hopkins University. 8vo, pp. xi + 362. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.30.

Section B. Identification Books—

1. Library Series, very full descriptions. 8vo. 7½ × 10¼ in.

Already publisht:

NORTH AMERICAN TREES, by N.L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. $7.00 net; carriage extra.

2. Pocket Series, "How to Know," brief and in portable shape.

III. FUNCTIONS OF NATURE

These books will treat of the relation of facts to causes and effects—of heredity in organic Nature, and of the environment in all Nature. 8vo. 6-5/8 × 9-7/8 in.

Already publisht:

THE BIRD: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by C.W. Beebe, Curator of Birds in the New York Zoological Park. 8vo, 496 pp. $3.50 net; by mail, $3.80.

Arranged for:

THE INSECT: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by Vernon L. Kellogg, Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University.

THE FISH: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by H.M. Smith, of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

IV. WORKING WITH NATURE

How to propagate, develop and care for the plants and animals. The volumes in this group cover such a range of subjects that it is impracticable to make them of uniform size.

Already publisht:

NATURE AND HEALTH, by Edward Curtis, Professor Emeritus in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 12mo. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.37.

Arranged for:

PHOTOGRAPHING NATURE, by E.R. Sanborn, Photographer of the New York Zoological Park.

THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRIES, by James L. Kellogg, Professor in Williams College.

CHEMISTRY OF DAILY LIFE, by Henry P. Talbot, Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS, by William H. Brewer, Professor Emeritus in Yale University.

THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK, by B.E. Fernow, Professor of Forestry in the University of Toronto.

V. DIVERSIONS FROM NATURE

This division will include a wide range of writings not rigidly systematic or formal, but written only by authorities of standing. Large 12mo. 5¼ × 8-1/8 in.

FISH STORIES, by David Starr Jordan and Charles F. Holder. HORSE TALK, by William H. Brewer. BIRD NOTES, by C.W. Beebe. INSECT STORIES, by Vernon L. Kellogg.

VI. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE

A Series of volumes by President Jordan, of Stanford University, and Professors Brooks of Johns Hopkins, Lull of Yale, Thomson of Aberdeen, Przibram of Austria, zur Strassen of Germany, and others. Edited by Professor Kellogg of Leland Stanford. 12mo. 5-1/8 × 7½ in.

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY, New York June, '08.