SearchMy library
← Table of contents
A Finnish Grammar

SELECTIONS FROM FINNISH LITERATURE

Reading edition

N.B. When a rule is cited by a number, this refers to the numbered phonetic rules from page 6 to page 18.

PYHÄN JOHANNEKSEN EVANGELIUMI.

1. Alussa[1] oli[2] Sana[3] ja[4] se[5] Sana[3] oli[2] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7] ja[4] Jumala[6] oli[2] se[5] Sana[3].

2. Tämä[8] oli[2] alussa[1] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7].

3. Kaikki[9] ovat[10] sen[11] kautta[12] tehdyt[13] ja[4] ilman[14] sitä[15] ei[16] ole[16] mitään[17] tehty[16] joka[18] tehty[13] on[19].

4. Hänessä[20] oli[2] elämä[21] ja[4] elämä[21] oli[2] ihmisten[22] valkeus[23].

5. Ja[4] se[5] valkeus[23] pimeydessä[24] paistaa[25] jota[26] ei[27] pimeys[24] käsittänyt[27].

6. Yksi[28] mies[29] oli[30] lähetetty[30] Jumalalta[31] jonka[32] nimi[33] oli[2] Johannes[34].

7. Se[35] tuli[36] siitä[37] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39] että[40] kaikki[9] uskoisivat[41] hänen[42] kauttansa[43].

8. Ei[44] hän[45] ollut[44] se[5] valkeus[23] mutta[46] hän[45] oli[30] lähetetty[30] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39].

9. Se[35] oli[2] totinen[47] valkeus[23] joka[18] valistaa[48] kaikki[9] ihmiset[49] jotka[50] maailmaan[51] tulevat[52].

10. Se[35] oli[2] maailmassa[53] ja[4] maailma[54] on[19] hänen[42] kauttansa[43] tehty[13] jä[4] ei[55] maailma[54] häntä[56] tuntenut[55].

11. Hän[45] tuli[36] omillensa[57] ja[4] ei[58] hänen[42] omansa[60] häntä[56] ottaneet[58] vastaan[59].

12. Mutta[46] niille[61] jotka[50] hänen[42] ottivat[62] vastaan[59], antoi[63] hän[45] voiman[64] Jumalan[6] lapsiksi[65] tulla[66] jotka[50] uskovat[67] hänen[42] nimensä[68] päälle[69];

13. Jotka[50] ei[70] verestä[71] eikä[70] lihan[72] tahdosta[73] ei[70] myös[74] miehen[75] tahdosta[73] mutta[46] Jumalalta[76] syntyneet[77] ovat[77].

14. Ja[4] sana[3] tuli[78] lihaksi[79] ja[4] asui[80] meidän[81] seassamme[82] (ja[4] me[83] näimme[84] hänen[42] kunniansa[85] niinkuin[86] ainoan[87] Pojan[88] kunnian[89] Isästä[90]) täynnä[91] armoa[92] ja[4] totuutta[93].

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN, I. 1-14.

1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

2. That was in-the-beginning with God.

3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made which was made.

4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.

5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness comprehended not.

6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.

7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through Him.

8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.

9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.

10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world knew Him not.

11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.

12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children of-God, who believe on His name,

13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-the-will of-men, but of God.

14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.

KALEVALA, XXXVI. 319-346.

Kullervo Kalervon poika Tempasi[1] terävän[2] miekan[3], 320 Katselevi kääntelevi, Kyselevi tietelevi[4]; Kysyi[5] mieltä[6] miekaltansa[3] Tokko[7] tuon[8] tekisi[9] mieli[6] Syöä[10] syyllistä[11] lihoa,[12] 325 Viallista[13] verta[14] juoa[15]. Miekka[3] mietti[16] miehen[17] mielen[6]. Arvasi[18] uron[19] pakinan[20], Vastasi[21] sanalla[22] tuolla[8]: ‘Miks[23] en[24] söisi[24] mielelläni[25], 330 Söisi[24] syyllistä[11] lihoa[12], Viallista[13] verta[14] joisi[26]? Syön[10] lihoa[12] syyttömänki,[27] Juon[15] verta[14] viattomanki[28].’ Kullervo Kalervon poika, 335 Sinisukka[29] äijön[30] lapsi[31] Pään[32] on[33] peltohon[34] sysäsi[35], Perä[36] painoi[37] kankahasen[38], Kären[39] käänti[40] rintahansa[41], Itse[42] iskihe[43] kärelle[44], 340 Siihen[45] surmansa[46] sukesi[47] Kuolemansa[48] kohtaeli[49]. Se oli surma[45] nuoren[50] miehen[17], Kuolo[51] kullervo-urohon[52], Loppu[53] ainakin[54] urosta[55] 345 Kuolema[56] kova-osaista[57].

[Kullervo, the hero of Kalevala xxxi-xxxvi, is represented as a child of misfortune, who by no possible means could do good. After a series of crimes and disasters, rivalling the history of Oedipus, he determines to kill himself.]

Kullervo the son of Kalervo Grasped the sharp sword, 320 Looked (at it), turned (it), Asked, inquired: Asked of his sword its mind, If it were minded, To eat guilty flesh, 325 To drink sinful blood. The sword understood the mind of the man, Followed the speech of the hero, Answered with this word: ‘Why should I not eat to my pleasure, 330 Eat guilty flesh, Drink sinful blood? I eat the flesh of the guiltless, I drink the blood of the sinless.’ Kullervo the son of Kalervo, 335 The old man’s child with blue stockings, Drove the hilt into the ground, Fixed the end in the plain, Turned the point to his breast Himself fell on the point. 340 Thus he sought his fate, Met his death. This was the fate of the young man, The death of the hero Kullervo, The end of the hero, 345 The death of the ill-fated one.

KALEVALA, XVI. 151 ff.

Läksi[1] Tuonelta[2] sanoja[3], Manalalta[4], mahtiloita[5]; Astua taputtelevi[6], Kävi[7] viikon[8] vitsikkoa[9], Viikon[8] toisen[10] tuomikkoa[9], 155 Kolmannen[11] katajikkoa[9], Jo[12] näkyi[13] Manalan[4] saari[14], Tuonen[2] kumpu[15] kuumottavi[16]. Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Jo[12] huhuta[19] huikahutti[20] 160 Tuossa Tuonelan[21] joessa[22], Manalan[4] alantehessa[23]: ‘Tuo[24] venettä[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26], Lauttoa[27] Manalan[4] lapsi[28] Yli[29] salmen[30] saa’akseni[31], 165 Joen[22] poikki[32] päästäkseni[33]!’ Lyhykäinen[34] Tuonen[2] tytti[26], Matala[35] Manalan[4] neiti[36] Tuo oli peukkujen[37] pesiä[38], Räpähien[39] räimyttäjä[40] 170 Tuonen[2] mustassa[41] joessa[22], Manalan[4] alusve’essä[42]; Sanan[3] virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45], Itse lausui[46] ja pakisi[47]: ‘Vene[25] täältä[48] tuotanehe[49], 175 Kuni[50] syy[51] sanottanehe[52], Mi[53] sinun Manalle[2] saattoi[54] Ilman[55] tau’in[56] tappamatta[57], Ottamatta[58] oivan[59] surman[60], Muun[61] surman[60] musertamatta[62].’ 180 Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Sanan[3] virkkoi[43] noin[44] nimesi[45]: ‘Tuoni[2] minun tänne[63] tuotti[64], Mana[2] mailtani[65] veteli[66].’ Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {v. 167, 168 Matala Manalan neiti { Tuonpa[67] hän sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]: ‘Jopa[12] keksin[69] kielastajan[70]! Kunp’[71] on[72] Tuoni[2] tänne[65] toisi[73], Mana mailta[65] siirteleisi[74], 190 Tuoni toisi[73] tullessansa[75], Manalainen[76], matkassansa[77], Tuonen hattu[78] hartioilla[79], Manan kintahat[80] käessä[81]; Sano[82] totta[83] Väinämöinen, 195 Mi[52] sinun Manalle saattoi[54]?’ Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Jo[12] tuossa[84] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]: ‘Rauta[85] mun[86] Manalle[2] saattoi[54], Teräs[87] tempoi[88] Tuonelahan[21].’ 200 Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, { Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 173. Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: { ‘Tuosta[89] tunnen[90] kielastajan[70]! Kun[71] rauta[85] Manalle[2] saisi[91], 205 Teräs[87] toisi[73] Tuonelahan[21], Verin[92] vaattehet[93] valuisi[94], Hurmehin[95] hurahteleisi[96]; Sano totta Väinämöinen, v. 195. Sano totta toinen[10] kerta[97]!’ 210 Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Itse virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45]: ‘Vesi[98] sai[91] minun Manalle[2], Aalto[99] toi[73] on[72] Tuonelahan[21].’ Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, { Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 173. Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: { ‘Ymmärrän[100] valehtelian[101]! Jos[102] vesi[92] Manalle[2] saisi[91], Aalto[99] toisi[73] Tuonelahan[21], 220 Vesin[102] vaattehet[93] valuisi[94], Helmasi[103] herahteleisi[104]; Sano[82] tarkkoja[105] tosia[106], Mi[53] sinun Manalle[2] saattoi[54]?’ Tuossa[84] vanha[17] Väinämöinen 235 Vielä[107] kerran[108] kielastavi[109]: ‘Tuli[110] toi[73] mun[86] Tuonelahan[21], Valkea[111] Manalle[2] saattoi[54].’ Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, { Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 183. Hänpä tuon sanoiksi virkki: { ‘Arvoan[112] valehtelian[101]! Jos[102] tuli[110] Manalle[2] toisi[73], Valkeainen[113] Tuonelahan[21], Oisi[114] kutrit[115] kärventynnä[116], 235 Partaki[117] pahoin[118] palanut[119].’ ‘Oi[120] sie[121] vanha[17] Väinämöinen, Jos[102] tahot[122] venettä[25] täältä[48], Sano[82] tarkkoja[105] tosia[106], Valehia[123] viimeisiä[124], 240 Mitenkä[125] tulit[126] Manalle[2] Ilman tau’in tappamatta, { Ottamatta oivan surman, {v. 178-183. Muun surman murentamatta[127].’ { Sanoi[82] vanha[18] Väinämöinen: 245 ‘Jos[102] vähän[128] valehtelinki[129], Kerran[108] toisen[10] kielastelin[109], Toki[130] ma[131] sanon[82] toetki[132]: Tein[133] tieolla[134] venettä[25], Laain[135] purtta[136] laulamalla[137], 210 Lauloin[138] päivän[139], lauloin toisen[10], Niin[140] päivällä[139] kolmannella[141] Rikkoihe[142] reki[143] runoilta[144], Jalas[145] taittui[146] lausehilta[147]; Läksin[1] Tuonelta[2] oroa[148], 255 Manalalta[4] vääntiätä[149] Rekosen[150] rakentoani[151], Laulukorjan[152] laatiani[153]; Tuopa[24] nyt[154] venoista[155] tänne[60], Laita[156] mulle[157] lauttoasi[27] 260 Yli salmen saa’akseni, {v. 165, 166. Joen poikki päästäkseni!’ { Kyllä[158] Tuonetar[159] toruvi[160], Manan[2] neiti[36] riitelevi[161]: ‘Oi [120] on[72] hullu[162] hulluuttasi[163], 265 Mies[164] on[72] mielesi[165] vähyyttä[166]! Tulet[126] syyttä[167] Tuonelahan[21], Tauitta[56] Manan[2] majoille[168]; Parempi[169] sinun olisi[170] Palata[171] omille[172] maille[173]; 270 Äijä[174] on tänne[63] tullehia[175], Ei paljo[176] palannehia[177].’ Sanoi vanha Väinämöinen: ‘Akka[178] tieltä[179] kääntyköhön[180], Eip’ on[72] mies[164] pahempikana[181], 275 Uros[182] untelompikana[183]; Tuo[24] venettä[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26], Lauttoa[27] Manalan[2] lapsi[28]!’ Vei[184] venehen[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26], Sillä[184] vanhan[18] Väinämöisen 280 Yli[23] salmen[30] saattelevi[185], Joen[82] poikki[32] päästelevi[185], Itse tuon[67] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]: ‘Voi[180] sinua Väinämöinen, Läksit[162] surmatta[60] Manalle[2], 285 Kuolematta[186] Tuonelahan[21]!’ Tuonetar[159] hyvä[187] emäntä[188], Manalatar vaimo[189] vanha[18] Toip’[73] on[72] tuopilla[189] olutta[190], Kantoi[191] kaksikorvaisella[192], 290 Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. 283. ‘Juop’[193] on[72] vanha[18] Väinämöinen!’ Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Katsoi[194] pitkin[195] tuoppiansa[189], Sammakot[196] kuti[197] sisällä[198], 295 Maot[199] laioilla[200] lateli[201]; Siitä[185] tuon[67] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]: ‘En mä[131] tänne[65] tullutkana[175] Juomahan[193] Manalan[4] maljat[202], Tuonen[2] tuopit[180] lakkimahan[203]! 300 Juopuvat[204] oluen[190] juojat[205], Kannun[206] appajat[207] katoovat[208].’ Sanoi[182] Tuonelan[28] emäntä[188]: ‘Oi[120] on[72] vanha[18] Väinämöinen, Mitä[209] sie[121] tulit[126] Manalle, 305 Kuta[210] Tuonelan[21] tuville[211] Ennen[212] Tuonen[2] tahtomatta[213], Manan[2] mailta[214] kutsumatta[215]?’ Sanoi[128] vanha[18] Väinämöinen: ‘Veistäessäni[216] venoista[155], 310 Uutta[217] purtta[136] puuhatessa[218] Uuvuin[219] kolmea[220] sanoa[3] Peripäätä[221] päätellessä[222], Kokkoa[223] kohottaessa[224]; Kun[50] en[225] noita[226] saanutkana[225], 315 Mailta[214] ilmoilta[227] tavannut[228], Piti[229] tulla[126] Tuonelahan[21], Lähteä[1] Manan[2] majoille[168] Saamahan[230] sanoja[3] noita[226], Ongelmoita[231] oppimahan[232].’ 320 Tuopa[67] Tuonelan[21] emäntä[188] Sanan[3] virkkoi[43], noin[44] nimesi[45]: ‘Ei[233] Tuoni[2] sanoja[3] anna[233], Mana mahtia[5] jakele[234], Etkä[235] täältä[48] pääsnekänä[235] 325 Sinä[236] ilmoisna[237] ikänä[238] Kotihisi[239] kulkemahan[240], Maillesi[241] matelemahan[242].’ Uuvutti[243] unehen[244] miehen[164], Pani[245] maata[246] matkalaisen[247] 330 Tuonen[2] taljavuotehelle[248]; Siinä mies[164] makaelevi[249], Uros[182] unta[250] ottelevi[251], Mies[164] makasi[246], vaate[93] valvoi[251a]. Oli akka[178] Tuonelassa[21], 335 Akka[178] vanha[18] käykkäleuka[251b], Rautarihman[251c] kehreäjä[251d], Vaskilankojen[251e] valaja[252], Kehräsi[251a] sataisen[253] nuotan[254], Tuhantisen[255] tuuritteli[256] 340 Yönä[257] yhtena[258] kesäisnä[259], Yhellä[260] vesikivellä[261]. Oli ukko[262] Tuonelassa[21], Se on ukko[262] kolmisormi[263], Rautaverkkojen[264] kutoja[265], 345 Vaskinuotan[266] valmistaja[267], Se kutoi[268] sataisen[253] nuotan[254], Tuhantisen[255] tuikutteli[269] Samana[270] kesäisnä [259] yönä[257], Samalla[270] vesikivellä[261]. 350 Tuonen[2] poika[271] koukkusormi[272], Koukkusormi[272], rautanäppi[273], Se veti[274] sataisen[253] nuotan[254] Poikki[32] Tuonelan[21] joesta[275], Sekä[276] poikki[32], jotta[276] pitkin[190], 355 Jotta[276] vieläki[107] vitahan[277], Jott’[276] ei päästä[278] Väinämöisen, Selvitä[279] Uvantolaisen Sina[236] ilmoisna[237] ikänä [258], Kuuna[280] kullan[281] valkeana[282] 360 Tuolta[67] Tuonelan[21] koista[283], Manalan[4] ikimajoista[284]. Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: v. 173. ‘Joko[12] lie[285] tuhoni[286] tullut[285], 365 Hätäpäivä[287] päälle[288] pääsnyt[235] Näillä Tuonelan[21] tuvilla[211], Manalan[4] majantehilla[289]?’ Pian[290] muuksi[291] muuttelihe[292], Ruton[293] toiseksi[10] rupesi[294], 370 Meni[295] mustana[41] merehen[296], Sarvana[297] saraikkohon[298], Matoi[299] rautaisna[300] matona[197], Kulki[240] kyisnä[301] käärmehenä[302] Poikki[32] Tuonelan[21] joesta[275], 375 Läpi[303] Tuonen[2] verkkoloista[304]. Tuonen[2] poika[271] koukkusormi[272], Koukkusormi[272], rautanäppi[273], Kävi[7] aamulla[305] varahin[306] Verkkojansa[304] katsomahan[193], 380 Sa’an[307] saapi[308] taimenia[309], Tuhat[310] emon alvehia[311], Eip’[308] on[72] saanut[308] Väinämöistä[312], Ukkoa[262] Uvantolaista[312].

(Väimöinen journeys to the place of the dead to find his lost spells.)

He set out to fetch words from Tuoni (Words of) power from Manala; Going he stepped firmly, Went a week through forests of young trees, A second week through bird cherries, 155 A third week through junipers: Already appeared the island of Manala, The hill of Tuoni loomed. The prudent old Wäinämöinen Now shouting cried loudly 160 In the river of Tuoni In the lowland of Manala. ‘Bring a boat, daughter of Tuoni, A ship, child of Manala, For my going over this creek, 165 For my crossing over the river.’ The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni, The stunted maiden of Manala, She was washing dirty linen, Beating clothes, 170 In the black river of Tuoni, In the marsh-water[19] of Manala; Spoke a word, thus uttered, Herself talked and conversed: ‘The boat will be brought 175 When the reason shall be told, What brought thee to Mana, Without slaying by disease Without taking by a natural death Without breaking by another death.’ 180 The prudent old Wäinämöinen, Spoke a word, thus uttered: ‘Tuoni brought me hither, Mana brought me from my lands.’ The dwarfish daughter of death, 185 The stunted maiden of Manala Spoke this in words: ‘Now I recognize the liar. Had Tuoni brought (thee) hither, Mana removed from the earth, 190 Tuoni would have brought (thee) in his coming, Manalainen in his journeying, The hat of death on (thy) head (lit. necks), The gloves of death on (thy) hand[20]; Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen: 195 What brought thee to Manala?’ The prudent old Wäinämöinen Hereupon spoke in words: ‘Iron brought me to Mana, Steel sped me to Tuonela.’ 200 The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni, The stunted child of Manala, Spoke a word, thus uttered: ‘From this I know the liar! If iron had sent (thee) to Mana 205 Steel brought (thee) to Tuonela: (Thy) clothes would drip with blood, Would trickle with gore. Speak the truth, Wäinämöinen, Speak the truth a second time.’ 210 The prudent old Wäinämöinen Himself spoke, thus uttered: ‘Water sent me to Mana, The wave brought (me) to Tuonela.’ The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni 215 The stunted maiden of Manala, Framed a word, thus uttered: ‘I detect the liar. If water had sent (thee) to Mana, The wave brought (thee) to Tuonela, 220 (Thy) clothes would drip with water Thy bosom would flow. Speak the exact truth: What brought thee to Mana?’ Hereupon the old Wäinämöinen 225 Lied again a time. ‘Fire brought me to Tuonela, Flame sent me to Mana.’ The dwarfish daughter of Tuoni, The stunted maiden of Manala, 230 She spoke this in words. ‘I detect the liar. If fire had brought thee to Mana, Flame to Tuonela, (Thy) ringlets would be singed, 235 And (thy) beard be badly burnt. O thou old Wäinämöinen, If thou desirest the boat from here, Speak the exact truth, Last lies, 240 Why thou hast come to Mana, Without slaying by disease, Without taking by natural death, Without destroying by another death.’ Said the old Wäinämöinen: 245 ‘If I lied a little, Told an untruth a second time, Yet (now) I speak the truth: I was making a boat with skill, Constructing a ship with singing: 250 I sang a day, I sang a second, Now on the third day The sledge broke from my verses, The foot-piece broke from my speech. I set forth to obtain an auger from Tuoni, 255 A gimlet from Manala, For my building the sledge, For my arranging the basket-sledge of song[21]. So bring the boat here, Prepare for me thy ship, 260 For my going over this creek, For my crossing over the river.’ Greatly Tuonetar was wroth The maiden of Mana was angry: ‘Alas, fool, for thy folly, 265 Man, for the smallness of thy sense. Thou comest without a cause to Tuonela, Without sickness to the dwellings of Mana: Better were it for thee To return to thy own lands. 270 Many are they who come hither, Not many they who return.’ Said the old Wäinämöinen— ‘Let an old woman turn from the path, Not even a worse man, 275 Not a duller hero. Bring the boat, daughter of Tuoni, The ship, child of Manala.’ The daughter of Tuoni brought the boat, With it the old Wäinämöinen 280 Across the creek she carried. Conveyed over the river. Herself she spoke this in words. ‘Woe to thee, Wäinämöinen, Thou hast come without death to Mana, 285 Without dying to Tuonela.’ Tuonetar, the good hostess, Manalatar the old woman[22] Brought beer in a cup, Bore (it) in a two-handled vessel. 290 Herself framed this in words: ‘Drink old Wäinämöinen.’ Prudent old Wäinämöinen Looked up and down over his cup. Frogs were wriggling in the inside, 295 Worms crawled at the edges. Then he framed this in words: ‘I came not here at all To drink the pots of Manala, To empty the cups of Tuoni. 300 The drinkers of beer get drunk, The drainers of the cup fall.’ The hostess of Tuonela said: ‘O old Wäinämöinen, Why hast thou come to Mana, 305 To the dwellings of Tuonela Before the bidding of Tuoni, The calling of Mana from the earth?’ Old Wäinämöinen said: ‘In my hewing a boat, 310 In fashioning a new ship, I lost three words, In finishing the end-piece, In building up a structure of wood. Since I have not found them, 315 Or met in the wide world, It was necessary to come to Tuonela, To set out for the habitations of Mana, In order to find those words, To learn dark sayings.’ 320 The hostess of Tuoni, Spoke a word, thus uttered: ‘Tuoni does not give words, (Nor) Mana distribute (words of) power, And thou wilt not get free from here 325 In all this life To go to thy home, To return to thy land.’ She made the man sink into slumber, Laid the traveller to sleep, 330 On to the skin rugs of Tuoni. Then the man slept, The hero took slumber, The man slept, the clothes watched. There was a hag in Tuonela, 335 An old hag with a sharp chin, A spinner of iron threads, A caster of brass threads. She spun a hundred fold net, Wrought one of a thousand fold 340 In one summer night On one water-stone. There was an old man in Tuonela. He is an old man with three fingers, A weaver of iron nets, 345 A preparer of brass nets. He wove a hundred-fold net, Forged one of a thousand-fold In the same summer night On the same water stone. 350 Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers, With crooked fingers, with iron nails, He spread the hundred fold net Across the river of Tuoni, Both across and along, 355 And also slantwise, That it might not let pass Wäinämöinen (Or) free Uvantolainen, In all this life, While the golden moon shines, 360 From there, from the homes of Tuoni, From the eternal dwellings of Mana. Prudent old Wäinämöinen Spoke a word, thus uttered: ‘Can my doom have already come, 365 The day of misfortune have lighted on my head, In these dwellings of Tuonela, In the abodes of Manala.’ Suddenly he changed himself to another shape, Swiftly he became other, 370 Went black into the water, As an otter into the reedy place, Crept like an iron worm, Moved like a viper snake Across the river of Tuonela, 375 Through the nets of Tuoni. Tuoni’s son with crooked fingers, With crooked fingers and iron nails, Went in the morning early. To look at his nets, 380 Catches a hundred small fish A thousand fry, Did not catch Wäinämöinen The old Uvantolainen.

KALEVALA XL. 113 ff.

[While Väinämöinen, Lemminkäinen, and Ilmarinen are sailing to Pohjola, the ship goes aground. Väinämöinen asks Lemminkäinen to find out what is the matter.]

Se on[72] lieto[313] Lemminkäinen[314] Pyörähtihe[315] katsomahan[193], Katsovi[193] venosen[155] alle[316], 115 Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: v. xvi. 182. ‘Ei ole veno[155] kivellä[261], Ei kivellä, ei haolla[317], Vene[25] on hauin[318] hartioilla[70], Ve’en[98] koiran[319] konkkaluilla[320].’ 120 Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {v. xvi. 151, Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {182. ‘Jotaki[321] joessa[22] onpi[322], Hakojaki[323], haukiaki[318]; Kun[50] lie[285] hauin[318] hartioilla[79], 125 Ve’en koiran konkkaluilla, v. l. 120. Veä[324] miekalla[325] vetehen[98], Katkaise[326] kala[327] kaheksi[328]!’ Se on lieto Lemminkäinen, v. l. 113. Poika[271] veitikka[329] verevä[330] 130 Miekan[325] vyöltänsä[331] vetävi[324], Luunpurian[332] puoleltansa[333]; Veti[324] miekalla[325] meryttä[334], Alta[335] laian[198] laskettavi[336], Itse vierähti[337] vetehen[98], 135 Kourin[338] aaltohon[99] kohahti[339]. Siitä[340] seppo[341] Ilmarinen[342] Tarttui[343] tukkahan[344] urosta[345], Nostalti[346] merestä[295] miehen[164], Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283. ‘Kaikki[347] on mieheksi[164] kyhätty[348], Pantu[245] parran[117] kantajaksi[191], Lisäksi[349] satalu’ulle[350], Tuhannelle[351] täytteheksi[352].’ Miekan vyöltänsä vetävi, v. line 131. Tupestansa[353] tuiman[354] rauan[85], Jolla[355] kalhaisi[356] kaloa[327], Alta[335] laian[198] läimähytti[357]; Miekka[325] murskaksi[358] mureni[359], Eipä hauki[318] tiennytkänä[360]. 150 Vaka vanha Väinämöinen {v. xvi. 197, Tuossa tuon sanoiksi virkki: {198. ‘Ei ole teissä[361] puolta[362] miestä[164], Ei urosta[182] kolmannesta[363]; Kun[50] konsa[364] tulevi[120] tarve[365], 155 Miehen[164] mieltä[165] vaaitahan[366], Silloin[367] mieli[165] melkeässä[368], Kaikki[347] toimi[369] toisialla[370].’ Itse miekkansa[325] veälti[371], Tempasi terävän rauan, v. xxxvi. 326. Työnti[372] miekkansa[325] merehen[295], Alle[316] laian[198] langetteli[373] Kalahauin[374] hartioihin[79], Ve’en koiran konkkaluihin. v. line 120. Miekka[325] luottihe[375] lujahan[376], 165 Kitasihin[377] kiinnittihe[378]; Siitä[340] vanha Väinämöinen Nostalti[346] kaloa[327] tuota[67], Veti[324] haukia[318] ve’estä[98]: Hauki[31] katkesi[379] kaheksi[328], 170 Pursto[380] pohjahan[381] putosi[382], Pää[288] kavahti[383] karpahasen[384]. Jo[12] otti[385] venonen[155] juosta[386], Pääsi[235] pursi[136] puutoksesta[387]; Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 175 Luotti[388] purren[136] luotoselle[389], Ravahutti[390] rantasehen[391], Katselevi, kääntelevi v. xxxvi. 321. Tuota[67] hauin[318] pääpaloa[392], Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283. ‘Ken[393] on vanhin[18] sulholoista[394], Sepä hauki halkomahan[395], Kala[327] viploin[396] viiltämähän[397], Pää[298] paloiksi[322] pahkomahan[398]!’ Miehet[164] purresta[136] puhuvat[399], 185 Vaimot[189] lausui[46] laitasilta[400]: ‘Saajanpa[401] käet[81] sulimmat[402], Sormet[263] pyytäjän[403] pyhimmät[404].’ Vaka vanha Väinämöinen Veti[324] veitsen[405] huotrastansa[406], 190 Kyleltänsä[407] kylmän[408] rauan[85], Jolla[355] hauin[318] halkaisevi[409], Pahkovi[410] kalan[327] paloiksi[392], Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283. ‘Ken[393] on nuorin[411] neitosista[412], 195 Sepä hauki keittämähän Murkinaisiksi[414] muruiksi[415], Kalaisiksi[416] lounahiksi[417]!’ Kävi[7] neiet[38] keittämähän[413], Kävi[7] kilvan[418] kymmenenki[419]; 200 Siitä[340] hauki[318] keitetähän[420], Murkinoiahan[421] muruina[422], Jäipä[423] luita[424] luotoselle[389], Kalanluita[424] kalliolle[425]. Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 205 Noita[226] tuossa[84] katselevi, Katselevi, kääntelevi, v. xxxvi. 321. Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: v. xvi. 182. ‘Mikä tuostaki[426] tulisi[126], Noista[427] hauin[218] hampahista[428], 210 Leveästä[429] leukaluusta[430], Jos[102] oisi[114] sepon[341] pajassa[431], Luona[432] taitavan[433] takojan[434], Miehen,[164] mahtavan[435] käsissä[81]?’ Sanoi[128] seppo[134] Ilmarinen: 215 ‘Ei tule[126] tyhjästä[436] mitänä[437], Kalan[327] ruotasta[438] kalua[439], Ei seponkana[341] pajassa, Luona taitavan takojan, v. lines 213, 214. Miehen mahtavan käsissä.’ Vaka vanha Väinämöinen Itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: v. xvi. 283. ‘Näistäpä[130] toki tulisi[126] Kalanluinen[424] kanteloinen[440], Kun[50] oisi[114] osoajata[441], 225 Soiton[442] luisen[424] laatiata[443].’ Kun[50] ei toista[10] tullutkana[175], Ei ollut osoajata[441], Soiton luisen laatiata, v. line 226. Vaka vanha Väinämöinen 230 Itse loihe[444] laatiaksi[443], Tekiäksi[445] teentelihe[446]; Laati[153] soiton[442] hauinluisen[424], Suoritti[447] ilon[448] ikuisen[449]. Kust’[450] on koppa[451] kanteletta[452]? 235 Hauin[318] suuren[453] leukaluusta[430]; Kust’[450] on naulat[454] kanteletta[452]? Ne on hauin[318] hampahista[428]; Kusta[450] kielet[454] kanteletta[452]? Hivuksista[455] Hiien[456] ruunan[457]. 240 Jo oli soitto[442] suorittuna[458], Valmihina[459] kanteloinen[440], Soitto[442] suuri[453] hauinluinen[421], Kantelo[440] kalaneväinen[460].

THE INVENTION OF THE HARP.

The gay Lemminkäinen Turned himself to see, Looked under the boat, 115 Spoke a word, thus spoke: ‘The boat is not on a stone, Not on a stone, not on timber, The boat is on the neck of a pike, On the hip bones of a water dog.’ 120 The prudent old Väinämöinen, Spoke a word, thus said: ‘There are all sorts of things in a river, Timber, pikes: If it be on the neck of a pike, 125 On the hips of a water-dog, Smite with the sword into the water, Cut the fish in two.’ The gay Lemminkäinen, The bright lively youth, 130 Draws the sword from his girdle, The bone biter from his side; Struck the sea with the sword, Stirs under the side (of the ship). Himself rolled into the water, 135 Fell splash into the billow hands foremost. Then the smith Ilmarinen, Clung on to the hair of the hero, Raised the man from the sea. Himself spoke this in words: 140 ‘Every-one is formed to be a man, Made to be a bearer of a beard, To be a supplement to the number of a hundred, To complete a thousand[23].’ He draws the sword from his girdle, 145 The cruel iron from his sheath, With which he smote the fish, Struck below the side (of the ship). The sword broke into pieces, The pike did not even perceive. 150 Prudent old Väinämöinen On this spoke this in words: ‘There is not in you half a man, Not the third part of a hero, When need comes, 155 The mind of a man is wanted, Then (your) mind fails, All (your) sense is away.’ He himself drew his sword, Seized the sharp iron 160 Struck his sword into the sea, Smote below the side (of the ship) On-to the neck of the pike fish, On to the hip bones of the water dog. The sword was driven home into the firm (flesh), 165 Fixed in the gills; Then old Väinämöinen Brought up that fish, Drew the pike from the water; The pike fell in two; 170 The tail dropped to the bottom of the sea, The head rolled into the boat. Now the boat began to run, The vessel got free from the impediment. Prudent old Väinämöinen 175 Brought the vessel near to shore, Drove her on to the strand, Looked at and turned That head-piece of the pike. Himself spoke this in words: 180 ‘Who is the oldest of the youths, (Let him come) to cut up the pike, Divide the fish into pieces, Split the head into bits.’ The men speak from the ship, 185 The women cry from the shore: ‘The hands of the catcher are the purest, The fingers of the seeker are the holiest.’ The prudent old Väinämöinen Drew a knife from his sheath, 190 The cold iron from his side, With which he cuts up the pike, Splits the fish into pieces. Himself spoke this in words:— ‘Who is the youngest of the women, 195 (Let her come) to cook the pike, Into morsels for dinner, Into a fish midday meal.’ The women went to cook, Ten went in rivalry; 200 Then the pike is cooked, Pieces for dinner; The bones remained on the shore, The fish bones on the edge of the sea. The prudent old Väinämöinen 205 Looked at them there, Looked, turned, Spoke a word, thus uttered: ‘What might come from this, From these teeth of the pike, 210 From the broad jaw bone, If it were in the smithy of a smith, With a clever forger, In the hands of a cunning man?’ Said the smith Ilmarinen:— 215 ‘There comes not anything from nothingness, No instrument from the mouth of a fish, Not even in the smithy of a smith, With a clever forger, In the hands of a cunning man.’ 220 Prudent old Väinämöinen Himself spoke this in words: ‘Yet from these might come A fish-bone harp, Were there but an artist, 225 A maker of bone playing-instruments.’ When there came no other, (When there) was not any artist, (No) maker of bone playing-instruments, Prudent old Väinämöinen 230 Himself became a maker, Appeared as a fabricator: Made an instrument of pike-bone, Made ready an eternal joy. Of what is the body of the harp? 235 Of the jaw-bone of the great pike. Of what are the pegs of the harp? They are the teeth of the pike. Of what are the strings of the harp? Of the hairs of the courser of Hiisi. 240 Now the instrument was prepared, The harp made ready, A great instrument of pike-bone, A harp of fish-fins.

FINNISH POPULAR SONG.

Hyvästi[461] kultaseni[462], hyvästi kultani, Mun[86] lähteä[1] nyt[463] täytyy[464] pois[465] kotimaaltan[466]. Mun[86] täytyvi[464] nyt[463] mennä[294] merille[295] kulkemaan[240]! Ja sinua en tieä[466a] jos[102] näen[466b] millonkaan[467]. Lahella[468] laiva[469] pieni[470] minua outtelee[471]; 5 Se mulla[472] kotimaani[466] ja tuttavani[473] lie[285]. Se kotimaani[466] mulla[472] ja tuuli[474] kultani[462], Ja aalto[99] armnhani[475] tahikka[476] surmani[60]. Jo[12] ennen[477] monta[478] miestä[164] se meri[295] petteli[479], Ja monen[478] kullan[462] silmät[480] vesille[481] jätteli[482]. 10 Vaan[483] ellös[484] mua[472] surko[484], jos[102] ehkä[485] kuolisin[486]; Sä[487] suotta[488] kaottaisit[489] ikäsi[490] kaunihin[491]. Kun[50] kuulet[492] kuolleheksi[493], tee[494] risti[495] rantahan[391], Ja aallon[99] luomat[496] luuni[497] ne peitä[498] santahan[499]. Ja ota[385] pieni[470] ruusu[500] ja laita[156] kasvamaan[501], 15 Käy[7] sitte[502] kesäilloin[503] välistä[504] katsomaan[193]. Kun[71] ruusu[500] kaunihisti[491] kesällä[503] kukostaa[505], Se rakkauteni[506] kuvan[507] eteesi[508] muovostaa[509]. Hyvästi[461] vielä[107] kerta[108], hyvästi ystävä[510]! Ei[512] suremaan[511] nyt[463] auta[512], vaan[483] täytyy[404] lähteä. 20

Farewell, dear love, farewell, my love, Now must I set forth from home. Now I must go to wander on the seas And know not if I shall ever see thee. A little ship awaits me in the bay: 5 It will be my home and friend. It will be my home and the wind my love, And the wave my darling or my death. That sea has lured many men ere now, And filled many a lover’s eyes with tears. 10 But grieve not for me, if perchance I die: Thou wouldst waste thy fair life in vain. If thou hearest I am dead, place a cross on the shore, And my bones cast up by the wave, hide them in the sand. And take a little rose and set it to grow, 15 Then go sometimes on summer evenings to look at it. When the rose flowers gaily in the summer It will form a picture of my love for thee. Farewell once more, farewell, friend, It is no good grieving: I must start. 20

Notes in this chapter

Note 1 · Inessive sing. of alku, formed with suffix u (p. 45); verb alkaa, to begin; alkussa becomes alussa by rule 27.Note 2 · 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of olla, to be (p. 72).Note 3 · Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verb sanoa, to speak.Note 4 · Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish, and.Note 5 · Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p. 59) used almost like article (p. 166).Note 6 · Jumala, gen. Jumalan, God.Note 7 · Essive sing. of tykö; postposition governing Jumalan (p. 215).Note 8 · Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p. 58).Note 9 · Nominative plur. without term. (pp. 61 and 170).Note 10 · 3rd pers. plur. pres. of olla (p. 72).Note 11 · Gen. sing. of demonstr. se (p. 59).Note 12 · Kautta, postposition governing gen. sen (p. 204).Note 13 · tehty, past part. pass. of root teke (rule 41); nominative plur. tehdyt (rule 32). Here the participle is used in combination with ovat to fNote 14 · Preposition governing the partitive sitä (p. 203).Note 15 · Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron. se.Note 16 · ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of root teke (p. 74).Note 17 · Partitive sing. of mikä with suffix an (pp. 61 and 219). For explanation of use of partitive here v. p. 183.Note 18 · Nom. sing, of rel. pron.Note 19 · 3rd pers. sing. pres. of olla.Note 20 · Iness. sing. of personal pron. hän.Note 21 · Nom. sing. formed from root elä with suffix mä (p. 45).Note 22 · Gen. plur. of ihminen declined like toinen (p. 35).Note 23 · Stem valkeute (nominative -us, p. 36) formed by adding affix ute to root valke (cf. valkea, white or fire, and valjeta).Note 24 · Stem pimeyte, nominative pimeys; substantive formed from pimeä, dark, analogous to valkeus, but with soft termination; pimeydessä is inessivNote 25 · 3rd pers. sing. pres. of root paista.Note 26 · Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p. 127).Note 27 · 3rd sing. negative imperf. (p. 70) of verbal root käsitä, to grasp or understand (exact equivalent of comprehendere).Note 28 · Yksi, one, here used as the indefinite article, p. 51.Note 29 · Nominative sing. of stem miehe, man.Note 30 · Plupf. passive of lähettää, to send; pres. passive lähetetään, past part. -etty (p. 67).Note 31 · Ablative sing. of Jumala, God.Note 32 · Genitive sing. of relative pron. joka.Note 33 · Nominative sing. of stem nime.Note 34 · Nominative sing. of stem Johannekse (p. 36).Note 35 · Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p. 166).Note 36 · 3rd sing. imperf. of root tule, p. 95.Note 37 · Elative sing. of pron. se.Note 38 · Elative sing. of nominative valkeus, for use of case, v. p. 144.Note 39 · Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stem todista, 1st infin. todistaa, for constr. v. p. 194.Note 40 · Particle used here with conditional, v. for constr. p. 179.Note 41 · 3rd pers. plur. conditional of uskoa, to believe.Note 42 · hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending uponNote 43 · the postposition kautta with the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. proNote 44 · 3rd sing. impf. negative of olla.Note 45 · Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.Note 46 · conjunction but.Note 47 · Nom. sing. of stem totise (p. 35) formed with adjectival ending ise from stem tote, nom. tosi.Note 48 · 3rd sing. pres. of root valista (1st inf. -taa), to light.Note 49 · Acc. plur. of stem ihmise, nom. sing. ihminen, man.Note 50 · Nom. plur. of rel. pron. joka.Note 51 · maailmaan, illative sing. of maailma, universe (maa, ilma), denoting motion into after tulevat.Note 52 · 3rd plur. pres. of root tule (1st inf. tulla) to come (p. 95).Note 53 · Inessive sing.Note 54 · Nom. sing.Note 55 · 3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative of tuntea.Note 56 · Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p. 127).Note 57 · Allative plur. of oma, own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers. om-i-lle-nsa.Note 58 · Negative imperf. of ottaa, to take.Note 59 · Nom. plur. of oma with suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p. 57). As omansa is subject to the verb, the latter should strictly be eivät ottaneet, butNote 60 · Illative sing. of vasta, meaning literally, what is opposite. The combination ottaa vastaan, is used to mean receive.Note 61 · Allative plur. of demons. pron. se, nom. plur. ne.Note 62 · 3rd pers. plur. imperf. of ottaa, to take.Note 63 · 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of antaa, to give, pres. annan. For difference of form in otti, antoi v. page 85.Note 64 · Acc. sing. of voima, power, formed with suffix ma from root voi (1st inf. voida), to be able.Note 65 · Transl. plur. of lapse, a child, v. p. 158.Note 66 · 1st inf. from root tule, to come, here used as auxiliary meaning to become or enter on a state, and taking the translative case.Note 67 · 3rd pers. plur. pres. of uskoa, to believe.Note 68 · Genitive sing. of nimi (stem nime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.Note 69 · Allative sing. of pää, a head, governing the genitive nimensä. The local cases of pää are used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.Note 70 · Eikä is the negative verb with the adverbial suffix kä, and; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.; syntynNote 71 · Elative sing. of veri (stem vere), blood, for use v. p. 143.Note 72 · Genitive sing. of liha, flesh, depending on tahdosta.Note 73 · Elative sing. of tahto, will, used as a nominal and verbal stem (tahtoa, to wish).Note 74 · Particle, also, connected with myötä and myöten.Note 75 · Genitive sing. of mies (stem miehe), man, depending on tahdosta.Note 76 · Elative sing. of Jumala, God.Note 77 · 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. of syntyä, to be born, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitive syntynyt, v. p. 73.Note 78 · For form v. No. 36. Here used as auxiliary became and followed by translative, v. Nos. 65 and 66 above.Note 79 · Translat. sing. of liha, flesh.Note 80 · 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of asua, to dwell.Note 81 · Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postposition seassamme.Note 82 · Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur., v. p. 214.Note 83 · Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.Note 84 · 1st pers. plur. imperf. of root näke (inf. nähdä, v. p. 108), näke-i-mme becomes näimme by rules 14 and 28.Note 85 · Acc. sing. of kunnia, glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.Note 86 · So as, compound adverb formed of niin, instr. plur. of se and kuin, instr. plur. of root ku (nom. kuka).Note 87 · Genitive sing. of ainoa, only, agreeing with Pojan.Note 88 · Genitive sing. of Poika, son, for form v. rule 28.Note 89 · Accus. sing. of kunnia, glory, governing the genitive ainoan Pojan.Note 90 · Elative sing. of Isä, Father. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming tNote 91 · Essive sing. of stem täyte, in apposition to sana (v. p. 157. iii). Modern Finnish makes täytenä, but here the e is dropped and täytnä becomNote 92 · Part. sing, of stem armo, grace or mercy; for use of part. after täynnä v. p. 136.Note 93 · Part. sing. of stem totuute (p. 36), which rejects e before ta of part.; for formation from root tote, v. p. 47. iii.Note 94 · 3rd sing. imperf. of stem tempata, 1st inf. temmata, conjugated like lupata, pp. 95 and 101.Note 95 · Acc. sing. of adj. terävä, sharp, formed from terä, edge, with affix va.Note 96 · Acc. sing. of miekka, sword; kk becomes k in closed syllable (rule 25); in l. 323, occurs the ablative sing. with affix of 3rd pers. pron.Note 97 · These four verbs are all formed with the affix ele (v. p. 111) from the simple forms katsoa, kääntää, kysyä, tietää. The vi is the terminatiNote 98 · 3rd sing. imperf. of kysyä, followed by ablative, to ask of (p. 154).Note 99 · Part. sing. of miele, nom. mieli, genitive mielen, etc.; e lost before tä by rule 17.Note 100 · Particle, whether.Note 101 · Acc. of demonstr. pron. tuo.Note 102 · 3rd pers. sing. conditional of root teke, inf. tehdä, of 3rd conjugation. The phrase mieli tekee followed by an accusative (here tuon) meansNote 103 · = syödä (p. 224) 1st inf. of root syö (pres indic. syön), depending on phrase mieli tekisi (p. 188).Note 104 · Part. sing. (object of syöä) of syyllinen, guilty, formed from syy, cause or guilt, with affix llise (p. 47).Note 105 · = lihaa (p. 225), part. sing. of liha, flesh.Note 106 · Part. sing. of viallinen, formed from vika, fault, like syyllinen, k lost by rule 28.Note 107 · Part. sing. of vere (nom. veri); cf. mieltä for form.Note 108 · = juoda (p. 224), 1st inf. of juo, pres. juon.Note 109 · 3rd sing. imperf. of miettiä (2nd conj.) to think over, here meaning understand.Note 110 · Genitive sing. of stem miehe (nom. mies).Note 111 · 3rd sing. imperf. of arvata; pres. indic. arvaan, to think, understand, conjugated like root lupata, p. 101.Note 112 · Genitive sing. of uro, hero, which is more usual in the form uros (stem uroho, uroo).Note 113 · Accusative sing. (object of arvasi) of pakina, speech.Note 114 · Vastasi, 3rd sing. imperf. of vastata, conjugated like root lupata.Note 115 · Adessive sing. of sana, word, used here in instrum. signification (p. 152).Note 116 · Transl. sing. of mikä, used adverbially to mean why (p. 159).Note 117 · Negative conditional of syö, composed of 1st pers. sing. of neg. verb, and stem of conditional (p. 70). By rule 4 syö + isi becomes söisi.Note 118 · Adessive sing. of mieli (v. No. 6) with affix of 1st pers. sing. with my mind, i.e. with pleasure.Note 119 · Juo + isi becomes joisi (v. No. 15).Note 120 · ki is an adverbial affix (p. 118) meaning even; syyttömän is the genitive sing. of syytön, guiltless (stem syyttömä), a caritive adjective fNote 121 · Genitive sing. of caritive adjective viaton, formed from vika.Note 122 · Blue-stockinged, a compd. of sini, blue, and sukka, stocking.Note 123 · Gen. sing. of äijö (= äijä), an old man.Note 124 · Nom. sing. of stem lapse, child.Note 125 · Accusative sing. of pää, head, here the hilt of a sword.Note 126 · Particle of emphasis frequently used in Kalevala, and not the verb substantive.Note 127 · = peltoon (p. 225), illative sing. of pelto, field or ground.Note 128 · 3rd pers. sing. of sysätä, to drive, conj. like luvata.Note 129 · Accusative sing. of perä, end.Note 130 · 3rd pers. sing. impf. of painaa, to force down or into.Note 131 · = kankaasen (p. 225), illative sing. of stem kankaha, nom. kangas (p. 38 and rule 26), a bare plain.Note 132 · Accusative sing. of stem kärke, nom. kärki, here the point of the sword.Note 133 · 3rd sing. impf. of kääntää, to turn, v. p. 16.Note 134 · = rintaansa, illative sing. of rinta, breast, with suffix of 3rd pers. pron.Note 135 · Nominative sing. of pronoun.Note 136 · 3rd pers. sing. reflex. impf. of iskeä, to strike. For form v. pp. 109 and 227.Note 137 · All. sing. of kärki (v. No. 38).Note 138 · Illative sing. of pron. se, but here the force of the illative is lost; literally to this, up till now.Note 139 · Acc. sing. of surma, fate, with pron. aff. of 3rd pers.Note 140 · 3rd sing. imperf. of root suketa, 1st infin. sueta, to make, or prepare, conjugated like luvata.Note 141 · Accusative sing. of kuolema, death (pp. 45 and 190).Note 142 · 3rd sing. imperf. of kohtaella, to meet (one’s fate); cf. kohtalo, fate.Note 143 · Genitive sing. of nuori (stem nuore), young.Note 144 · Nominative sing. = kuolema, but formed with suffix o (p. 45).Note 145 · Compound of proper name Kullervo and uros, hero (stem uroho).Note 146 · Nominative sing. end, genitive lopun; cf. loppua, to end, intrans., lopettaa trans.Note 147 · Adv. aina, always, with suffix kin. Lönnrot explains this word as åtminstone, visst; it seems here almost pleonastic, and cannot be renderedNote 148 · Partitive sing. of uros (stem uroho), hero, used here as the genitive.Note 149 · Transcriber’s Note: note 56 was omitted.Note 150 · Partitive sing. of compound adj. formed from kova hard and osainen (stem -se) fated; adjective of osa, share.Note 151 · 3rd sing. imperf. of lähteä (rule 40); lähti is also found. The lit. meaning of this word is to set out, but it is used sometimes with an obNote 152 · Ablative sing. of tuoni, death. Mana is a synonym.Note 153 · Part. plur. of sana, word (rule 7), obj. of läksi.Note 154 · Ablative sing. of Manala, abode of death (v. p. 47 for the suffix).Note 155 · Part. plur. of mahti, power, obj. of läksi; for suffix loi, v. p. 225.Note 156 · For constr. v. p. 188; astua, 1st infin., to step; taputtelevi, 3rd pers. sing. pres. (p. 228) of taputella, to tread heavily or firmly.Note 157 · 3rd sing. imperf. of käydä (rule 5, p. 9), to go or traverse.Note 158 · Accusative sing. of wiikko, week, denoting duration (v. p. 137).Note 159 · These three words are formed with the suffix kko (p. 47) from the words witsa, small tree or shoot; tuomi, bird-cherry, Swedish hägg; and kaNote 160 · Accusative sing. of toinen (p. 35).Note 161 · Accusative sing. of kolmas (p. 35).Note 162 · Adv. now or already.Note 163 · 3rd. sing. imperf. of näkyä, neut. form of nähdä, to see (p. 109).Note 164 · Nominative sing. of stem saari, an island.Note 165 · Nominative sing. a hill.Note 166 · 3rd sing. pres. of kuumottaa, to loom or be seen indistinctly.Note 167 · This is a constant epithet of Wäinämöinen, meaning literally firm, and then used to denote a kind of steady prudence, which is a natural chaNote 168 · Adj. old, also a constant epithet.Note 169 · 1st infin.; for constr. v. p. 188.Note 170 · 3rd sing. imperf. of huikahuttaa. Like the last word this is onomatopœic.Note 171 · Genitive sing. of Tuonela, place of Tuoni (v. p. 47).Note 172 · Inessive sing. of joki, a river (rule 28).Note 173 · Inessive sing. of alanne, lowland or depth (stem alantehe).Note 174 · 2nd sing. imper. of tuoda (p. 80).Note 175 · Part. sing. of vene, a boat; stem venehe (cf. terve, p. 39), obj. of tuo.Note 176 · = tyttö, diminutive, nom. sing.Note 177 · = lauttaa (p. 225), part. sing. of lautta, ship.Note 178 · Nominative sing. of stem lapsi, child.Note 179 · Preposition with gen. (v. p. 217) across.Note 180 · Genitive sing. of salmi, creek, depending on yli (p. 217).Note 181 · = saadakseni, longer form of 1st infin. of root saa (here used intransitively) with suffix of 1st pers. pron. For constr. v. p. 185.Note 182 · Postposition (p. 204) governing the genitive joen.Note 183 · Longer form of päästä (root pääse) with suffix of 1st pers.Note 184 · Nominative sing. dimin. adj. from lyhyt (p. 48).Note 185 · Nominative sing. low, dwarfish.Note 186 · Nominative sing. a maiden.Note 187 · Genitive plur. of poukku, dirty linen.Note 188 · = pesijä, washer, v. p. 196.Note 189 · Genitive plur. of räväs (stem räpähä), rag.Note 190 · Nominative sing. a beater; cf. räimätä, to beat.Note 191 · Inessive sing. of musta, black.Note 192 · Inessive sing. of compound noun alusvesi (p. 34).Note 193 · 3rd sing. imperf. (the form varies between virkki and virkkoi) from virkkaa, to speak.Note 194 · Instr. plur. of tuo, thus.Note 195 · 3rd sing. imperf. of nimetä, literally to name.Note 196 · 3rd sing. imperf. of lausua, to call.Note 197 · 3rd sing. imperf. of pakista, to talk or speak.Note 198 · Adv. thence; abl. of tämä, this; täällä, täältä are written with two ä’s when used adverbially.Note 199 · = tuotaneen, concessive passive of tuoda, to bear. The final n of the passive is omitted. For constr. v. pp. 177 and 182.Note 200 · = kun, when.Note 201 · Nominative sing. a cause.Note 202 · Conditional passive of sanoa, to speak (= sanottaneen).Note 203 · = mikä.Note 204 · 3rd sing. imperf. of saattaa, causative form of saada (p. 110), to cause to come or bring; for form v. rule 7.Note 205 · Prep. with the abessive (p. 203): used also as adverb. Apparently genitive of ilma, air, but connection of meaning is obscure.Note 206 · = taudin, gen. sing. of tauti, disease, constr. with tappamatta (p. 184).Note 207 · Abessive of the 3rd infin. of tappaa, to kill (p. 193).Note 208 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of ottaa, to take.Note 209 · Genitive sing. of oiva, right or proper.Note 210 · Genitive sing. of surma, fate; a right fate is a natural death. For constr. v. p. 184.Note 211 · Genitive sing. of muu, other; another fate means one other than a natural death.Note 212 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of musertaa, to break.Note 213 · Adv. hither, v. p. 24.Note 214 · 3rd sing. imperf. from tuottaa, causal of tuoda, to bear.Note 215 · Ablative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 1st person.Note 216 · 3rd sing. imperf. from vedellä, formed from vetää, to carry.Note 217 · Accusative sing. of pron. tuo, with adverbial suffix pa.Note 218 · Transl. plur. of sana after virkki, spoke this into words (p. 158).Note 219 · 1st sing. pres. of keksiä, to find or detect.Note 220 · Accusative sing. of kielastaja (from kieli, tongue). One who is ready with his tongue, hence a liar. The Finns are a silent race.Note 221 · kun, if, with adv. suffix pa.Note 222 · On, a particle of emphasis, not the verb substantive.Note 223 · 3rd sing. conditional of tuoda, to bring.Note 224 · 3rd sing. conditional of siirtellä, deriv. verb from siirtää.Note 225 · Inessive of 2nd infin. of tulla, to come, with pron. affix of 3rd person.Note 226 · Adjectival form from Manala (v. p. 46).Note 227 · Inessive of matka, a journey.Note 228 · Nominative sing. a hat. For the constr. of nominative absolute v. p. 134.Note 229 · Adessive plur. of hartia, neck or shoulders.Note 230 · Nominative plur. of kinnas, a glove, stem kintaha (p. 38).Note 231 · = kädessä, inessive of käsi, a hand (stem käte), for use v. p. 141.Note 232 · 2nd sing. imper. of sanoa, to speak.Note 233 · Part. sing. of tosi, truth (stem tote, v. p. 34).Note 234 · Inessive of tuo, there or thereupon.Note 235 · Nominative sing. (gen. raudan, rauan), iron.Note 236 · = minun, me.Note 237 · Nominative sing. of stem teräkse, steel.Note 238 · 3rd sing. imperf. of tempoa, cf. temmata.Note 239 · Elative sing. of tuo, from this.Note 240 · 1st sing. pres. of tuntea.Note 241 · 3rd sing. conditional of saada, meaning here to convey (cf. reflex. saapua). N.B. Pres. cond. used here with past signif.Note 242 · Instr. plur. of veri (stem vere), blood.Note 243 · Nominative plur. of vaate (stem vaattehe), garment.Note 244 · 3rd pers. sing. cond. (though with plur. subject) of valua, to drip.Note 245 · Instr. plur. of hurme, gore (stem hurmehe).Note 246 · 3rd sing. (for plural) cond. of hurahdella.Note 247 · Nom. sing. (gen. kerran) time; for use of nom. v. p. 137. In l. 224 the accusative is used in same constr.Note 248 · Nominative sing. of stem vete, p. 34.Note 249 · Nominative sing. (gen. aallon), billow.Note 250 · 1st pers. sing. pres. of ymmärtää, p. 93.Note 251 · Accusative sing. of valehtelia (or valhetelija), a liar, v. No. 129.Note 252 · Conj. if.Note 253 · Nominative sing. with affix of 2nd person.Note 254 · 3rd pers. sing. (for plur.) of herahdella, identical with hurahdella above.Note 255 · Part. plur. of tarkka, exact.Note 256 · Part. plur. of stem tote (nom. tosia), truth.Note 257 · Adv. once more.Note 258 · Accusative sing. of kerta, cf. No. 97.Note 259 · 3rd sing. pres. of kielestaa, v. No. 70.Note 260 · Nominative sing. of tule, fire.Note 261 · Nominative sing.; has two meanings, (1) white or bright, (2) flame; so here.Note 262 · = arvaan, 1st sing. pres. of arvata, to think or perceive, conjugated like luvata.Note 263 · Adj. from valkea (p. 47), the flaming one, i.e. fire.Note 264 · = olisi, here used for olisivat.Note 265 · Nominative plur. of kutri, a lock.Note 266 · = kärventyneenä, essive sing. of past part, act of kärventyä, neuter form of kärventää, to burn.Note 267 · Nominative parta, beard (gen. parran), with adverbial affix ki.Note 268 · Instrum. plur. of paha, bad, used adverbially (p. 161).Note 269 · Nominative sing. past part. act. of palaa, to burn (intrans.).Note 270 · An interjection.Note 271 · = sinä.Note 272 · = tahdot, 2nd pers. sing. pres. of tahtoa, to wish.Note 273 · Part. plur. of walhe, a lie (the cases and derivatives of this word are written either walhe or waleh).Note 274 · Part. plur. of viimeinen (stem sen), last, often employed in indeclinable form viime.Note 275 · Adv. fr. pron. stem mi.Note 276 · 2nd sing. imperf. of tulla, to come.Note 277 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of murentaa, to crush or break.Note 278 · Instr. of vähä, little, used adverbially.Note 279 · 1st sing. imperf. of valehdella, with suffix ki.Note 280 · Adv. yet.Note 281 · = minä.Note 282 · = todet, accusative plur. of stem tote, nominative tosi, truth.Note 283 · 1st sing. imperf. of tehdä, stem teke.Note 284 · = tiedolla, adessive sing. of tieto, knowledge, used instrumentally, v. p. 152.Note 285 · = laadin, 1st pers. imperf. of laatia, to fashion.Note 286 · Part. sing. of pursi (stem purte), ship; part. is used because action was not completed, v. p. 127.Note 287 · Adessive of 3rd infin. of laulaa, to sing (p. 193).Note 288 · 1st sing. imperf. of same verb (p. 85).Note 289 · Accusative sing. of päivä, day (p. 137).Note 290 · Instr. plur. of se, used adverbially.Note 291 · Adessive sing. of kolmas (p. 35); the essive would be more usual as a definite date is mentioned (p. 150).Note 292 · 3rd sing. imperf. of rikkoa, to break (v. p. 227).Note 293 · Nominative sing. sledge (p. 33).Note 294 · Ablative plur. of runo, verse (p. 154).Note 295 · Nominative sing. of stem jalakse (fr. jala, foot), the foot or end of a sledge.Note 296 · 3rd sing. imperf. from taittua, to bend, reflex. form of taittaa (p. 109).Note 297 · Ablative plur. of lause (stem lausehe).Note 298 · = oraa, part. sing, of ora, a gimlet.Note 299 · Part. sing. of vääntiä, an auger.Note 300 · Accusative sing. of rekonen, dim. fr. reke, a sledge.Note 301 · = rakentaa (p. 93) 1st infin. with affix of 1st person (p. 187).Note 302 · Accusative sing. compound word formed from laulu, song, and korja, a basket sledge (Swedish korgsläde).Note 303 · v. No. 135, 1st infin. with suffix of 1st person.Note 304 · Adv. now.Note 305 · Part. sing. of venoinen, dim. of vene, boat.Note 306 · 2nd sing. imperf. of laittaa, to make ready.Note 307 · = minulle.Note 308 · kyllä, adv. much; originally a subst. meaning plenty.Note 309 · Nominative sing. of tuonettare, from stem tuone, with affix ttare (p. 46).Note 310 · 3rd sing. pres. of torua, to chide.Note 311 · 3rd sing. pres. of riidella (stem riitele), to quarrel or be angry.Note 312 · Nominative sing., a fool.Note 313 · Part. sing, with affix of 2nd pers. of stem hulluute, folly, derived from hullu (p. 47); for use of part, after oi, v. p. 136.Note 314 · Nominative sing. of stem miehe.Note 315 · Gen. sing. of mieli, with affix of 2nd pers. sing.Note 316 · Part. sing. of stem vähyyte (after oi), formed like hulluus, above, from vähä, little.Note 317 · Abessive sing. of syy, cause; tauitta (from tauti) is same case.Note 318 · Allative sing. (after tulet) from maja, a habitation.Note 319 · Nominative of stem parempa, comp. of hyvä, good.Note 320 · For constr. v. p. 138.Note 321 · 1st infin. and root to return, conjugated like luvata.Note 322 · Adessive plur. of oma, own.Note 323 · Adessive plur. of maa, land.Note 324 · Adv. and adj. much.Note 325 · Part. plur. of stem tullehe (nominative sing. tullut, p. 40), 2nd part. act. of tulla, to come.Note 326 · Adv. much.Note 327 · v. 175; this is corresponding form from palata, to return.Note 328 · Nominative sing., an old woman.Note 329 · Ablative sing. tie, a way.Note 330 · = kääntyköön, 3rd sing. opt. of kääntyä, reflex. form of kääntää, to turn.Note 331 · Nominative of compar. of paha, bad (p. 42), with adv. affix kana. N.B. As ei is indic. and not imper. the line must mean ‘the meanest man wiNote 332 · Nominative sing. stem uroho (p. 38).Note 333 · Nominative of compar. of untelo, sleepy or dull, from untua, to be sleepy.Note 334 · 3rd sing. imperf. of viedä (rule 4).Note 335 · saatella, päästellä are derivative forms from saada, päästä (p. 111).Note 336 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of kuolla, to die.Note 337 · Nominative sing. good.Note 338 · Nominative sing. (gen. emännän), mistress or hostess.Note 339 · Adessive sing. of tuoppi. The inessive would seem more natural.Note 340 · Part. sing. of olut, beer, stem olue; cf. kevät, p. 39; for part. v. p. 135.Note 341 · 3rd sing. of kantaa, to bear.Note 342 · Adessive sing. of kaksikorvainen, formed of kaksi, two; korva, ear, with adj. ending inen, two-eared or two-handled.Note 343 · 2nd sing. imperf. of juoda, to drink.Note 344 · 3rd sing. imperf. of katsoa, to look.Note 345 · Prep. governing partitive tuoppiansa (p. 204).Note 346 · Nominative plur. of sammakko, frog.Note 347 · 3rd sing. (for plural) imperf. of kutea.Note 348 · Adessive sing. of sisä, interior (cf. p. 214).Note 349 · = madot, nominative plur. of mato, worm.Note 350 · = laidoilla, adessive plur. of laita, side.Note 351 · = mateli (which perhaps should be read), imperf. of madella (sing. for plur.), to creep (connected mato).Note 352 · Accusative plur. of malja, a cup.Note 353 · Illative of 3rd infin. of lakkia. For the construction of this and of juomahan, v. p. 192.Note 354 · 3rd pers. plur. pres. of juopua (p. 111).Note 355 · Nominative plur. of juoja (p. 45).Note 356 · Genitive sing. of kannu, a cup, or can.Note 357 · Nominative plur. of appaja, formed from appaa, to eat or drink greedily.Note 358 · 3rd plur. pres. of stem katota, 1st infin. kadota, conjugated like koota (p. 104).Note 359 · Part. of mitä, used adverbially, why.Note 360 · Part. of kuka, here used like mikä.Note 361 · Allative plur. (after tulit) of tupa, house.Note 362 · Adv. before.Note 363 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of tahtoa, to wish. There is here a confusion of two ideas, without the will of Tuoni and before the bidding of TuoniNote 364 · Ablative plur. of maa, land.Note 365 · Abessive of 3rd infin. of kutsua, to call.Note 366 · Inessive of 2nd infin. of veistää, to cut, from veitsi, a knife, v. p. 189.Note 367 · Part. sing. of uusi (stem uute), new; part. because action was not complete.Note 368 · Inessive of 2nd infin. of puuhata, like luvata.Note 369 · 1st pers. sing. of uupua, to fall asleep, to lose; cf. No. 243.Note 370 · Part. of kolme, three, followed by part. sing. of sana (p. 172).Note 371 · = peräpää, lit. end-head, i.e. extreme part.Note 372 · Inessive of 2nd infin. of päätellä, derived from päättää, to finish.Note 373 · = kokkaa, part. sing. of kokka, prow.Note 374 · Inessive of 2nd infin. of kohottaa, transitive form of kohota, to swell or rise.Note 375 · 1st sing. imperf. neg. of saada, with adv. affix kana.Note 376 · Part. plur. of tuo used after negative.Note 377 · Ablative plur. of ilma, air. maailma (earth, air) means universe, and the present expression, in which the two elements are declined, has muNote 378 · Nominative sing. 2nd part. active of tavata (root tapata), conjugated like luvata; en must be understood with this participle.Note 379 · 3rd sing. imperf. of pitää (here impersonal, oportere).Note 380 · Illative of 3rd infin. of saada. N.B. This infin. does not depend on piti, but denotes the purpose of the action; v. p. 192.Note 381 · Part. plur. of ongelmo (derived from onki), a crooked saying, a riddle.Note 382 · Illative of 3rd infin. of oppia, to learn.Note 383 · 3rd. sing. pres. neg. of antaa, to give (p. 69).Note 384 · Negative form (understand ei) of jaella, derived from jakaa, to divide or distribute.Note 385 · 2nd pers. sing. concessive negative of päästä (like nousta).Note 386 · Essive of se.Note 387 · Essive sing. of ilmoinen, derived from ilma (the open space or air) and apparently meaning long.Note 388 · Essive of ikä, life. For temporal meaning of essive, v. p. 157. The whole expression apparently means in this long life, i.e. as long as youNote 389 · Illative plur. of koti, home, with affix of 2nd pers. pron.Note 390 · Illative of 3rd infin. of kulkea, to go.Note 391 · Allative plur. of maa, land, with affix of 2nd pers.Note 392 · Illative of 3rd infin. of madella.Note 393 · 3rd sing. imperf. of uuvuttaa, to tire or throw to sleep.Note 394 · = uneen, illative sing. of uni, sleep; the illative is used on account of the idea of change of state in uuvutti.Note 395 · 3rd sing. imp. of panna (like tulla), to put.Note 396 · 1st infin. of root makata (like lupata), to sleep. The expression panna maata is generally used in an intransitive sense, to go to bed.Note 397 · Acc. sing. of matkalainen, a traveller, deriv. from matka, journey.Note 398 · Allative sing. (on account of motion in lying down unto) of compound noun composed of talja and vuode, both meaning skin, or fur.Note 399 · 3rd sing. pres. of makaella, derivative verb from maata.Note 400 · Part. sing. of uni.Note 401 · Derivative verb from ottaa, to take.Note 402 · 3rd sing. imperf. of valvoa, to watch. The expression is a proverb, and means he slept with one eye open.Note 403 · Nominative sing. of compound adj. formed of käykkä, prominent, and leuka, chin.Note 404 · Genitive sing. of compound substantive formed of rauta, iron, and rihma, thread.Note 405 · Noun of agency formed with affix ja from kehrätä, to spin.Note 406 · Genitive plur. of vaskilanka, compound of vaski, brass, and lanka, twine.Note 407 · Noun of agency from valaa, to pour or make by casting.Note 408 · Accusative sing. of satainen, hundred-fold, here meaning complicated or large.Note 409 · Accusative sing. of nuotta, a large net.Note 410 · Accusative sing. of tuhantinen; v. satainen, above.Note 411 · 3rd sing. imperf. of tuuritella, to knit (from tuurittaa).Note 412 · Essive sing. of yö, night (p. 157).Note 413 · Essive sing. of yksi.Note 414 · Essive sing. of kesäinen, adj. from kesä, summer; kesäisenä, contracted to kesäisnä.Note 415 · = yhdellä (p. 51).Note 416 · Adessive sing. of compound subst. formed of vesi, water, and kivi, stone.Note 417 · Nominative sing. an old man.Note 418 · Nominative sing. compound of kolme, three (N.B. in compounds the e becomes i), and sormi, a finger.Note 419 · Genitive plur. of rautaverkko, compound of rauta, iron, and verkko, a net.Note 420 · Noun of agency from kutoa, to weave.Note 421 · Genitive sing. of vaskinuotta; v. Nos. 251 and 254.Note 422 · Noun of agency from valmistaa, to make ready.Note 423 · 3rd sing. imperf. of kutoa.Note 424 · 3rd sing. imperf. of tuikutella.Note 425 · Essive of sama, the same.Note 426 · Nominative sing. (gen. pojan), a boy.Note 427 · Compound adj. koukku, a hook, sormi, a finger.Note 428 · Compound adj. rauta, iron, näppi, finger tip.Note 429 · 3rd sing. imperf. of vetää, to draw or spread.Note 430 · Elative sing. of joki, river; alatse, läpi, poikki, yli, sometimes take the elative instead of partitive in the Kalevala.Note 431 · sekä ... jotta = both ... and, but the third jotta introduces a final sentence with the verb in the indicative, not in the subjunctive, as iNote 432 · Illative sing. of vita, crosswise.Note 433 · Negative pres. of päästää, to let go.Note 434 · Negative pres. of selvittää, to liberate (from selvä, free or clear).Note 435 · Essive of kuu, moon.Note 436 · Genitive sing. of kulta, gold.Note 437 · Essive of walkea, bright. The meaning of these three words is clearly as long as the moon shines, but their exact relation to each other is Note 438 · Elative plur. of koti, home.Note 439 · Elative plur. of ikimaja, compound of iki, always, and maja, dwelling.Note 440 · Compound concessive of tulla; lie = lienee. For use of the concessive in questions, v. p. 177.Note 441 · Nominative sing. with affix of 1st person.Note 442 · Compound of hätä, straits or danger, and päivä, day.Note 443 · Allative sing. of pää, head.Note 444 · Adessive plur. of majanne (stem -tehe) formed from maja (p. 47), a poor dwelling.Note 445 · Genitive of pika, swiftness, used adverbially.Note 446 · Translative sing. of muu, other; for use of the case here and in toiseksi after verbs denoting change (v. p. 158).Note 447 · 3rd pers. sing, imperf. (v. p. 109) of muutella, derived from muuttaa, to make other (muu), or change.Note 448 · Genitive of rutto, rapid, used adverbially.Note 449 · 3rd sing. imperf. of ruveta, to begin or become.Note 450 · 3rd sing. imperf. of mennä, to go.Note 451 · Illative of meri, sea.Note 452 · Essive of sarva (or saarva), an otter. For the case of this and mustana, etc., v. p. 157.Note 453 · Illative sing. of saraikko, formed from sara, sedge; cf. No. 9.Note 454 · 3rd sing. imperf. of matoa, to creep.Note 455 · Essive sing. of rautainen, iron.Note 456 · Essive of kyinen (stem se) adj. from kyy, a viper.Note 457 · Essive of käärme (stem käärmehe), a serpent.Note 458 · Preposition with elat. v. No. 280.Note 459 · Part. plur. of verkko, net; cf. No. 5.Note 460 · Adessive of aamu, morning (p. 150).Note 461 · = varhain, adv. early.Note 462 · = sadan, accusative of sata, hundred.Note 463 · 3rd sing. pres. of saa.Note 464 · Part. plur. of taimen (stem taimene), a kind of fish (salmo fario or trutta, Lönnrot).Note 465 · a thousand, p. 52.Note 466 · Emon is gen. of emo (= emä), mother; alvehia, part. plur. of alve (stem alpehe, a young fish). The phrase seems to mean fry that follow theiNote 467 · Part. cases of Väinämöinen and Uvantolainen, after negative verb.Note 468 · The word seems to imply low-lying marshy places.Note 469 · This is apparently a reference to some kind of costume in which a corpse was dressed.Note 470 · This passage seems a little confused. Wäinämöinen was building a boat by means of magic spells, of whose efficacy so much is said in the KalNote 471 · It would seem that this is not the same personage as the ‘dwarfish daughter of Tuoni’ (also called Tuonetar in 263). But who this new characNote 472 · Nominative sing. adj. originally muddy; thence soft or light; explained as meaning here kevytmielinen, light-minded.Note 473 · Also called Ahti and Kaukomieli. The most fascinating and adventurous of the heroes of the Kalevala, but sadly deficient in moral sense. He Note 474 · 3rd pers. sing. imperf. (p. 227) from pyörähtää, to turn (pyörä, wheel or circle).Note 475 · Postposition governing venosen; the allative is used because motion is implied.Note 476 · Adessive sing. of hako, timber floating in water.Note 477 · Genitive sing. of hauki, pike.Note 478 · Genitive sing. of koira, dog.Note 479 · Adessive plur. of konkka-luu, compound noun.Note 480 · Part. plur. of joki, various.Note 481 · = on.Note 482 · Part. plur. of hako, v. 317.Note 483 · = vedä, 2nd pers. sing. imperat. of vetää, to draw.Note 484 · Adessive (p. 152) sing. of miekka, sword.Note 485 · 2nd sing. imperf. of katkaista, to break or sever, stem katkaise.Note 486 · Nominative sing. a fish, direct object of katkaise (p. 128).Note 487 · = kahdeksi, trans. of kaksi, two (for case, v. p. 158).Note 488 · Nominative sing. adj. merry.Note 489 · Adj. formed from stem vere, blood, with suffix va (p. 48), vigorous or youthful.Note 490 · Ablative sing. of vyö, a girdle, with affix of 3rd pers.Note 491 · Acc. sing. of compound subst. with first member (luu, bone) in gen. and second noun of agency, formed from purra, to bite.Note 492 · Ablative sing. of puoli, side, with affix of 3rd pers.Note 493 · Part. sing. of meryt (stem merye), dimin. of meri, sea.Note 494 · Preposition governing laian, though generally a postposition.Note 495 · 3rd sing. pres. of laskettaa (trans. form of laskea), to smite.Note 496 · 3rd sing. imperf. of vierähtää, deriv. verb (p. 112) from vierrä, to roll down.Note 497 · Instr. plur. of koura, palm of the hand.Note 498 · 3rd pers. imperf. of kohahtaa, onomatopoeic verb representing noise of bubbling water.Note 499 · Elative sing. of se, used adverbially, then.Note 500 · seppo or seppä, nominative sing. a smith.Note 501 · The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is described Note 502 · 3rd sing. imperf. of tarttua, to stick or cling to.Note 503 · Illative sing. of tukka, hair.Note 504 · Part. sing. of uros, used as genitive. This use (which is hardly found in prose) is chiefly used of things which form part of something elseNote 505 · 3rd sing. of nostaltaa, deriv. verb from nostaa, to raise.Note 506 · Nominative sing. all (p. 170).Note 507 · 2nd part. passive of kyhätä, to form; this word and pantu are followed by translatives to indicate the end for which a thing is made (p. 159Note 508 · Trans. sing. of lisä, an addition.Note 509 · Allative sing. of sataluku, hundred number (luvulle is now the usual orthography, p. 14).Note 510 · Allative sing. of tuhat (stem tuhante), a thousand.Note 511 · Trans. sing. of täyte (stem täyttehe), a complement or supplement (täysi, full).Note 512 · Elative sing. of tuppi, sheath, with affix of 3rd person.Note 513 · Accusative sing. of tuima, fierce.Note 514 · Adessive (p. 152) of joka, here used in sense and with it.Note 515 · = kolhaisti or kolkkaisti, 3rd sing. imperf. of kalhaista, to strike or split.Note 516 · 3rd sing. imperf. of läimähyttää (deriv. of läimätä), to smite.Note 517 · Trans. sing. of murska, a fragment (p. 158). N.B. The word is not in the plural and is almost adverbial, piecemeal.Note 518 · 3rd sing. imperf. of mureta, to break (stem murene, p. 94 F and 107).Note 519 · = tietänyt (p. 226, ix), 2nd part. act. of tietää, to perceive or know, with adv. affix kana.Note 520 · v. p. 141, vii.Note 521 · Part. sing. of puoli, half (p. 34); for use of part. v. p. 122.Note 522 · Part. sing. of kolmannes (stem -ekse), a third part.Note 523 · Adv. when, used with kun to mean as soon as.Note 524 · Nominative sing. (stem tarpehe), need.Note 525 · = vaaditaan, passive of vaatia, to demand.Note 526 · Adv. then.Note 527 · Inessive sing. of melkeä, moderate (? Russian мелкій); for use of inessive v. p. 140, iii. The expression seems ironical, is in a very moderNote 528 · Nominative sing. business, duty, capacity; cf. for use here ei ole hänellä tointa.Note 529 · Adessive of toisia, another place; cf. muualla, and our expression to be all abroad.Note 530 · 3rd sing. imperf. of vedältää, deriv. verb from vetää.Note 531 · 3rd sing. imperf. of työntää, to thrust or smite.Note 532 · 3rd sing. imperf. of langetella, deriv. verb from langettaa, which is the causative form of langeta, to fall.Note 533 · Compound of kala, fish, and hauki, pike. The usual form would be haukikala (cf. valaskala, a whale).Note 534 · 3rd sing. imperf. reflexive (p. 227) of luottaa, to send through or drive, a factitive form from luoda, one of whose meanings is to cast (v.Note 535 · Illative sing. of luja, firm.Note 536 · Illative plur. of kitanen (stem -se, diminutive of kita), the gills of a fish.Note 537 · 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of kiinnittää, to fix, derived from kiinni.Note 538 · 3rd sing. imperf. of katketa, to break or fall asunder; cf. 326.Note 539 · = pyrstö, nominative sing. a tail.Note 540 · Illative sing. of pohja, bottom or shore.Note 541 · 3rd sing. imperf. of pudota (like luvata), to fall.Note 542 · 3rd sing. imperf. of kavahtaa, to leap forth or fall.Note 543 · Illative sing. of karvas (cf. oas, p. 40), a small boat.Note 544 · 3rd sing. imperf. of ottaa, here used intransitively, to start or begin.Note 545 · 1st sing. of stem juokse (cf. syökse, p. 107), to run or speed.Note 546 · Elative sing. of puutos, a hindrance (puuttaa, to hold or fasten).Note 547 · 3rd sing. imperf. act. of luottaa, v. 375.Note 548 · Allative sing. of luotonen, dimin. of luoto, island or shore.Note 549 · 3rd sing. imperf. of ravahuttaa, fact. form of ravahtaa, which is itself a deriv. of ravata, to move quickly; cf. ravakka, quick.Note 550 · Illative sing. of rantanen, dimin. of ranta, shore.Note 551 · Part. sing. (p. 127) of pääpala, compound of pää, head, and pala, a piece.Note 552 · Int. pron. (p. 60).Note 553 · Elative plur. of sulho, a young man; for use of case, v. p. 143, viii.Note 554 · Illative of 3rd infin. of halkoa (halki), to cleave. The verb on which the infinitive depends is omitted, but some such words as ‘let him coNote 555 · Instr. plur. of vipla (or viipale), a strip. For the nom. hauki, v. p. 128, iii (2).Note 556 · Illative of 3rd infin. of viiltää (fact. of viillä), to split open.Note 557 · Illative 3rd infin. of pahkoa, to cleave.Note 558 · 3rd plur. pres. of puhua, to speak (original meaning to blow).Note 559 · Ablative plur. of laitanen (stem -se), dimin. of laita, shore.Note 560 · Genitive of saaja, noun of agency, from saada, to take (p. 45).Note 561 · Nominative plur. of sulin, superlative of sula, flowing, active, or dexterous.Note 562 · Genitive sing. of pyytäjä from pyytää, to catch; cf. No. 401.Note 563 · Nominative plur. of pyhin, superl. of pyhä, holy.Note 564 · Accusative sing. of veitsi, knife.Note 565 · Elative sing. of huotra, a sheath, with affix of 3rd person.Note 566 · Ablative sing. of kylki, side, with affix of 3rd person.Note 567 · Accusative sing. of kylmä, cold.Note 568 · 3rd sing. pres. of halkaista (halki), to split.Note 569 · 3rd sing. pres. of No. 398.Note 570 · Nominative sing. superl. of nuori, young.Note 571 · Elative plur. of neitonen (stem -se), dimin. of neito, woman.Note 572 · Trans. plur. (p. 158) of murkinainen, adj. of murkina, the midday meal.Note 573 · Trans. plur. of muru, fragment.Note 574 · Trans. plur. of kalainen, adj. formed from kala, fish.Note 575 · Trans. plur. of lounas, midday meal.Note 576 · Illative of 3rd infin. of keittää, to cook; v. No. 395.Note 577 · Instr. sing. of kilpa, strife or rivalry.Note 578 · kymmen, ten, with affix ki.Note 579 · Pres. passive of keittää.Note 580 · = murkinoidaan, pres. passive of murkinoita from murkina, breakfast.Note 581 · Essive plur. from muru, a bit.Note 582 · 3rd sing. imperf. of jäädä, to remain, with affix pä, followed by allative (p. 156).Note 583 · Part. plur. of luu, bone.Note 584 · Allative of kallio, rock.Note 585 · Elat. sing. of pron. tuo, with suffix ki.Note 586 · Elat. plur. of same.Note 587 · Elative plur. (p. 143, ix) of hammas (stem hampaha), tooth.Note 588 · Elative of leveä, broad.Note 589 · Elative of leuka-luu, jaw-bone.Note 590 · Inessive of paja, a smithy.Note 591 · Essive of luo (p. 210), here prepos. with genitive.Note 592 · Genitive of 1st part. act. of taitaa, to be able or skilful.Note 593 · Genitive of takoja, forger, from takoa, to forge.Note 594 · Genitive of mahtava, powerful.Note 595 · Elative of tyhjä, void or emptiness.Note 596 · = mitään, v. p. 219 and 122.Note 597 · Elative sing. of ruotta, mouth (of a fish); ruota or ruoto is the usual form.Note 598 · Part. sing. of kalu, an instrument (p. 122).Note 599 · Dimin. of kantelo = kantele, a kind of harp with five strings.Note 600 · = osaajaa, part. of osaaja, noun of agency, from osata, to know or be skilful.Note 601 · Genitive sing. of soitto, a musical instrument.Note 602 · Part. of laatija, noun of agency from laatia, to make. The part. is used because the sentence is practically negative.Note 603 · 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of luoda, to create or make.Note 604 · Translative (p. 158, iii) of tekijä, noun of agency, from tehdä, to make.Note 605 · 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of teennellä, deriv. of tehdä (stem teke), to make.Note 606 · 3rd sing. imperf. of suorittaa (from suora), to prepare.Note 607 · Accusative sing. of ilo, joy.Note 608 · Accusative sing. of ikuinen, from ikä, life.Note 609 · Elative sing. of kuka, meaning here from what (p. 144, ix).Note 610 · Nominative sing., the body or frame (of the harp).Note 611 · Part. sing. of kantele (stem -lehe), harp; for use of part. v. No. 345.Note 612 · Genitive sing. of suuri, great.Note 613 · Nominatives plur. of kieli, tongue or string, and naula, a nail.Note 614 · Elative plur. of hivus = hius (stem hiukse), hair.Note 615 · = Hiiden, genitive sing. of Hiisi, the genius of evil.Note 616 · Genitive sing. of ruuna, poetical word for a horse.Note 617 · Essive sing. of 2nd part. passive (= suoritettuna) of suorittaa.Note 618 · Essive sing. of valmis, ready (stem valmihi).Note 619 · Compound word; first member in genitive, second adj. formed from evä, a fin.Note 620 · This rather obscure remark appears to be a taunt. ‘Every body is a man, in the sense of adding to the male population. But one wants a good Note 621 · Adv. of hyvä, good (p. 117), used to mean good-bye.Note 622 · Dimin. of kulta, gold or darling, with affix of 1st person.Note 623 · Adv. now.Note 624 · Impers. verb it is necessary, followed by 1st infin. (p. 187); täytyy and täytyvi are identical (p. 226, viii).Note 625 · Adv. away, also used in inessive poissa.Note 626 · Compound of koti, home, and maa, land; v. No. 65.Note 627 · = tiedä, negative form of tietää, to know.Note 628 · 1st pers. sing. of nähdä (p. 108).Note 629 · = milloinkaan (v. pp. 117, 169).Note 630 · = lahdella, adessive sing. of lahti, bay.Note 631 · Nominative sing. a ship.Note 632 · Nominative sing. little.Note 633 · = odottelee, 3rd sing. pres. of odotella, deriv. from odottaa, to wait.Note 634 · = minulla; cf. mua = minua.Note 635 · 1st part. passive for tunnettava, from tuntea, to know. Here used as substantive with affix of 1st pers., friend.Note 636 · Nominative sing. wind.Note 637 · Nominative with suffix of 1st pers. from stem armaha (nom. armas), dear.Note 638 · = taikka, or.Note 639 · Adv. (gen. of ensi), before.Note 640 · Part. sing. of moni, many, taking a partitive after it (p. 171, iv.).Note 641 · 3rd sing. imperf. of petellä, deriv. verb from pettää, to deceive.Note 642 · Accusative plur. of silmä, eye.Note 643 · Allative plur. of vesi, water.Note 644 · 3rd sing. imperf. of jätellä, derived from jättää. For the use of this verb with the illative or allative, v. p. 156. The sentence means litNote 645 · Conj. but.Note 646 · 2nd sing. negative opt. of surra (like tulla).Note 647 · Adv. perhaps.Note 648 · 1st sing. conditional of kuolla, to die (like tulla).Note 649 · = sinä.Note 650 · Part. sing. of suosi, pleasure (not used); used adverbially to mean for mere pleasure, without serious cause; hence in vain, uselessly.Note 651 · 2nd sing. conditional of kadottaa, to loose, trans. form of kadota, to fall.Note 652 · Accusative sing. of ikä, life, with suffix of 2nd pers. N.B. k is not weakened.Note 653 · Accusative sing. of kaunis, beautiful, stem kaunihi; the adv. is used in l. 17.Note 654 · 2nd sing. pres. of kuulla (like tulla), to hear.Note 655 · Translative sing. of 2nd part. act. of kuolla (v. 486). For use v. p. 201.Note 656 · 2nd sing. imperf. of tehdä, followed by illative; v. p. 156 ad. in.Note 657 · Nominative sing. cross, obj. of tee (p. 128, iii).Note 658 · Accusative plur. of 3rd infin. of luoda, used as a past part. (p. 191). For luoda, meaning to cast, v. No. 375.Note 659 · Accusative plur. of luu, bone, with affix of 1st pers. sing.Note 660 · 2nd sing. imperf. of peittää, to hide.Note 661 · Illative sing. (p. 156) of santa, sand.Note 662 · Nom. sing. rose, object of ota (p. 128).Note 663 · Illative of 3rd infin. of kasvaa, to grow (p. 192).Note 664 · Adv. then (p. 117).Note 665 · Compound of kesä, summer, and ilta, evening, instr. plur. (p. 161, iii).Note 666 · Elative sing. of väli, interval; here adverbial, now and then.Note 667 · 3rd sing. pres. of kukostaa, to flower, from kukka, a flower (p. 114).Note 668 · Genitive sing. with affix of 1st pers.; from rakkaus (stem rakkaute), love.Note 669 · Accusative sing. of kuva, picture.Note 670 · Illative sing. of esi, with affix of 2nd pers. (p. 146).Note 671 · = muodostaa, v being a dialectical variant for d; 3rd sing. pres. (with future signif.) of muodostaa, deriv. verb from muoto, form.Note 672 · Nominative sing. (p. 134, v), friend; Lönnrot suggests it is for ysättävä, derived from yskä, bosom.Note 673 · Negative pres. of auttaa, to help or avail.Note 674 · Illative of 3rd infin.; cf. No. 484.
Explore with AITake your curiosity a little further.
ChatGPTPerplexityGrok

Reading settings