Table of Contents
Reading edition
PREFACE v
CONTENTS ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii
PHONETIC SYSTEM xvii
Map. xviii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Methods 7
II. THE TODA PEOPLE 18
The Village and the House 23
The Daily Life of the Todas 31
Sketch of Social Organisation 34
III. DAIRIES AND BUFFALOES 38
The Dairy Organisation 39
The Dairy 43
The Toda Buffalo 47
Dairy Procedure 49
The Care of the Ordinary Buffaloes 52
IV. THE VILLAGE DAIRY 56
The Tarvali 61
The Kudrpali 66
The Wursuli 71
The Daily Life of the Wursol 74
The Kugvali of Taradr 76
The Dairy of Kanòdrs 79
The Teivali Dairy 81
V. THE TI DAIRY 83
The Daily Life at the Ti 92
The Palol 98
The Kaltmokh 105
The Mòrol 107
New Dairy Vessels 108
The Five Ti 110
The Nòdrs Ti 111
The Kars Ti 116
The Pan Ti 118
The Kwòdrdoni Ti 120
The Nidrsi Ti 122
VI. BUFFALO MIGRATIONS 123
Migrations of the Village Buffaloes 124
Migration of the Ti Buffaloes 130
VII. ORDINATION CEREMONIES 144
The Palikartmokh 145
The Wursol 147
The Kugvalikartmokh of Taradr and the Pohkartpol of Kanòdrs 150
The Kaltmokh 151
The Ordination of the Palol 153
The Tesherst Ceremony 154
The Niroditi Ceremony 157
VIII. SPECIAL DAIRY CEREMONIES 166
The Pepkaricha Ceremony 166
The Irpalvusthi Ceremony 172
Giving Salt To Buffaloes 175
The Ponup Ceremony 177
IX. THE TODA GODS 182
Pithi 184
Ön 184
Teikirzi 186
Teipakh, or Tirshti 187
Anto 188
Kulinkars 188
Nòtirzi 189
Korateu or Kuzkarv 190
Puzi and Kurindo 192
Kwoten, Teikuteidi, and Elnâkhum 193
Kwoto or Meilitars 203
Other Gods 210
X. PRAYER 213
The Village Prayer 217
Prayer of Kuudr 217
Prayer of Kiudr 220
Prayer of Kwirg 222
The Prayer of the Kanòdrs Dairy 222
The ti Prayer 223
The Anto Prayer 224
The Prayer of Makars 226
XI. THE DAIRY RITUAL 231
Comparison of the Procedure of Different Dairies 232
The Sanctity of Milk 239
Special Dairy Customs 241
Purity and Impurity 244
Women and the Dairy 245
History of the Dairy 246
XII. DIVINATION AND MAGIC 249
Divination 249
Sorcery 255
The Evil Eye 263
Various Magical Remedies 265
Omens 273
XIII. SACRIFICE AND OFFERINGS 274
The Erkumptthpimi Ceremony 274
The Sacrifice at the Ti 285
The Erkumptthpimi Prayer of Kuudr 288
The Kars Prayer 289
The Teutütusthchi Ceremony 290
Offerings 292
Irnörtiti to the Ti 293
Irnörtiti, Tuninörtiti and Pilinörtiti 294
The Irnörtiti Ceremony 300
Tuninörtiti 305
Pilinörtiti 306
XIV. BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD CEREMONIES 313
The Pursütpimi Ceremony 319
Childbirth 323
Seclusion after Childbirth 324
Uncovering the Child’s Face 331
Naming the Child 332
The Tersamptpimi Ceremony 333
The Ear-piercing Ceremony 334
XV. FUNERAL CEREMONIES 337
The Puzhutpimi Ceremony 344
The Tiveri tûr Ceremony 347
The Slaughter of the Buffaloes. 349
The Cloth-giving Ceremony 358
The Cremation 361
Some Special Funeral Ceremonies 365
The Interval between the two Funerals 367
XVI. FUNERAL CEREMONIES—continued 372
The Marvainolkedr 372
The Koòtiti Ceremony 375
The Azaramkedr 378
Funeral Laments 384
Purification Ceremonies 389
The Funerals of Children 391
Funeral Contributions 395
Amnòdr 397
Origin of Funeral Customs 400
XVII. SACRED DAYS AND NUMBERS 405
The Madnol and Palinol 405
The arpatznol. 407
Sacred Numbers 412
XVIII. SACRED PLACES AND OBJECTS 417
Hills and Other Places. 417
Rivers 418
Villages 419
The Dairy 422
The Threshold 423
Bells 424
Relics 428
The Buffalo and its Milk 428
Other Animals 431
Trees and Plants 433
The Sun, Light, and Fire 436
Stones 438
XIX. THE TODA RELIGION 442
The Gods 443
Influence of other Religious Systems 457
Magic and Religion 459
XX. GENEALOGIES AND POPULATION 461
The Value of the Genealogical Record 465
The Trustworthiness of the Genealogies 467
Buffalo Pedigrees 470
The Toda Population 471
Proportion of the Sexes 477
Twins 480
The Determination of Age 480
XXI. KINSHIP 483
Kinship Taboos 494
Kinship Salutations 496
The Duties of Kin 498
XXII. MARRIAGE 502
The Regulation of Marriage 504
Kinship and Marriage 509
The Marriage of Matchuni 512
Polyandry 515
Polygyny 521
Exchange of Brother and Sister 522
The Custom of ‘Terersthi’ 523
Divorce 525
The Mokhthoditi Institution 526
Sexual Morality 529
The History of Pinpurz Kutan 537
XXIII. SOCIAL ORGANISATION 540
The Clan 540
The Kudr 542
The Pòlm 544
Laws of Descent 546
Adoption 549
Government 550
Crime 553
Suicide 555
The Monegar 555
Headmen 556
Property 557
Debt and Servitude 566
The Position of Women 566
XXIV. ARTS AND AMUSEMENTS 570
Clothing 571
Methods of Wearing the Hair 574
Skin-marks 576
Ornaments 579
Food 580
Fire-making 581
The House 583
Implements and Utensils 585
The Pounder, Sieve, and Broom 585
Weapons 586
Measures and Numerals 588
Money 590
The Calendar 590
The Week 591
Astronomical Ideas 592
The Sun 592
The Moon 592
Planets 593
Constellations and Stars 593
Games 596
Riddles 599
Poetry and Music 600
XXV. LANGUAGE 602
Phonetics 605
Sacred Language 614
Secret Language 616
XXVI. PERSONAL NAMES 619
Change of Name 625
Taboos on Names 626
XXVII. RELATIONS WITH OTHER TRIBES 628
Todas and Badagas 630
Todas and Kotas 635
Todas and Kurumbas 641
Todas and Irulas 642
XXVIII. THE CLANS OF THE TODAS 643
The Tarthar Clans 643
Nòdrs 643
Kars 648
Pan 651
Taradr 653
Keradr 655
Kanòdrs 655
Kwòdrdoni 657
Päm 658
Nidrsi 659
Melgars 660
Kidmad and Karsh 664
The Teivali Clans 666
Kuudr 666
Piedr 670
Kusharf 672
Keadr 674
Pedrkars 675
Kulhem 677
XXIX. TEIVALIOL AND TARTHAROL 679
XXX. THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE TODAS 693
I. APPENDIX I 719
II. BIBLIOGRAPHY 731
III. List of Toda Villages (not including ti mad) 734
IV. APPENDIX IV 738
GLOSSARY 741
INDEX 749
GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 981