LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Toda Man. Full Face 19

2. Toda Man. Side Face 20

3. Toda Woman. Full Face 21

4. Toda Woman. Side Face 22

5. The Village of Taradr, showing two Dairies in the Foreground and three Houses in the Background 25

6. The Village of Taradr, showing the Houses surrounded by a Wall, in which there is one Opening in the Middle 27

7. The chief House of the Village of Kiudr 28

8. The Village of Peivòrs, showing a Double Hut (in the Background). The two Buildings on the Left are Dairies, and the Structure in the Centre is a Calf-House 29

9. A Toda Man, Siriar (20), with his Wife and Child, showing the ordinary Method of wearing the ‘Putkuli’ 30

10. Kòdrner performing the Salutation called ‘Kaimukhti.’ His Right Arm is bared (‘Kevenarut’), and he has removed his Turban 31

11. Women Pounding and Sifting. The Broom is on the Ground to the Right 33

12. The ‘Kalmelpudithti’ Salutation taking place at the Village of Nòdrs. On the Left is the House; on the Right is the less important Dairy of the Village (the ‘Tarvali’), and in Front of it is the Stone called ‘Menkars’ 35

13. The Conical Dairy of Nòdrs. The Stone at the Right-Hand End of the Wall is the ‘Teidrtolkars’ 44

14. The lower part of the Conical Dairy of Nòdrs, which is hidden by the Wall in Fig. 13. The ‘Wursol’ is shown eating ‘Al’ from a Leaf-Plate 46

15. Òd (26) Churning 51

16. The morning Milking at the Village of Molkush. In the Background is a modern ‘Tu’ made of Wooden Palings 53

17. A Milking Scene 54

18. The chief Dairy Vessels 59

19. The ‘Wursol’ of Nòdrs carrying the ‘Adimu’ and ‘Patatpun’ to fetch Water 63

20. The ‘Palikartmokh’ Saluting the Threshold of the Dairy at Kiudr, ‘Pavnersatiti’ 65

21. The ‘Kudrpali’ of Kars, with the ‘Kudrpalikartmokh’ standing on the Wall. In the Foreground is the Mound called ‘Imudrikars.’ In the Background on the Right is the Calf-House 67

23. The ‘Wursol’ of Kars, Kernpisi (56), standing by the side of his Dairy 75

24. The ‘Kugvali’ of Taradr. On its Left is the ‘Kwotars,’ and on the extreme Right, under the Tree, is the ‘Kush.’ The flat Stone to the Right of the ‘Kugvali’ is the ‘Püdrshtikars’ 77

25. The ‘Poh’ of Kanòdrs. The two Walls are shown 80

26. Showing the General Plan of the Ti Dairy 87

27. The ‘Palol’ Karkievan, saluting at Mòdr. He is standing in the ‘Pepkarmus.’ The Building next to the ‘Palol’ is the ‘Ti poh’; that on the Right is the ‘Karenpoh’ and between it and the ‘Ti poh’ can be seen the Hut where the Inhabitants of the ‘Ti mad’ sleep 95

28. To show the Attitude adopted by the ‘Palol’ when Praying 96

29. To show the Method of carrying the Contents of the Dairy. The boy Kalmad (64) is carrying the ‘Patatpur’; Karsüln (15) the ‘Ertatpur.’ In front of Kalmad is the entrance of the Pen at Kars called ‘Althftu’ 125

30. 1. A. The ‘Madth.’ B. A ‘Patat.’ C. Another ‘Patat.’ D. The ‘Parskadrvenmu.’ E. The ‘Irkartpun.’ 2. A. The axe. B. The fire-sticks. C. The ‘Majpariv.’ D. The ‘Pòlmachok.’ E. The ‘Ertatpun.’ F. A ‘Tek.’ G. The lamp 127

31. The Dairy of Kiudr with the ‘Palikartmokh’ Etamudri (58); on the Right of the Dairy above and to the Left of the head of Etamudri is the Stone called ‘Neurzülnkars,’ by which the ‘Patatmani’ is laid 129

32. The ‘Neurzülnkars’ of Kiudr, by the side of which the ‘Ertatmani’ are laid 130

33. The four ‘Neurzülnkars’ at Mòdr. Behind the Stones on the Right is Karkievan, the ‘Palol’ of the ‘Tiir’; on the Left is Nerponers, the ‘Palol’ of the ‘Warsir’; in the Centre is the ‘Kaltmokh,’ Katsog, carrying a sickle-shaped Knife 141

34. Punatvan (53) drinking during his Ordination as ‘Palikartmokh’ of Karia 146

35. Imitation Buffalo Horns 190

36. Midjkudr and Mongudrvan Divining at a Funeral 253

37. Punatvan and Pichievan attempting to make Fire at the ‘Erkumptthpimi’ Ceremony 277

38. Punatvan uttering the ‘Erkumptthpimi’ Prayer. He is holding the ‘Erkumptthkud,’ and one of the ‘Tudr’ Leaves in his hand can be distinctly seen 279

39. Stroking the back of the Calf with the ‘Toashtitudr.’ Punatvan is beginning the third Movement, and one of the Branches of Leaves can be seen on the Ground behind the Calf 280

40. Punatvan and Pichievan cutting up the Calf. In the Background Kòdrner is sharpening up the ‘Ko’ 281

41. Roasting the pieces of the Calf 283

42. The ‘Irnörtkars’ at Kars. In the Background is the ‘Wursuli’ 299

43. Gap in the Wall at Nòdrs through which the Calf is driven at the ‘Irnörtiti’ Ceremony 301

44. The ‘Nersatiti’ Salutation 304

45. The ‘Puzhars’ at Molkush 314

46. Tersveli sitting at the Door of the ‘Puzhars’ at Karia with her face turned from the Sun 325

47. Sintagars drinking at the ‘Marthk maj atpimi’ Ceremony. The boy, Pongudr, is sitting behind her 328

48. Funeral Hut round which women are lamenting. Several pairs are pressing their foreheads together. The Hut is not within a stone circle, showing that the Funeral is not being held at an old Funeral Place 339

49. The ‘Puzhutpimi’ Ceremony. In the Centre is the Corpse. The foremost man on the Left is kneeling down preparatory to throwing Earth 346

50. The ‘Puzhutpimi’ Ceremony. Throwing Earth backwards on the Corpse 347

51. The Wooden ‘Teiks’ at Inikitj 350

52. Leading the Buffalo to be Killed 353

53. The Corpse by the head of the dying Buffalo 355

54. Saluting the dead Buffalo 357

55. The Mourners round the Body 358

56. Kotas playing Music at a Toda Funeral 364

57. Keinba and Perpakh; the former is holding in his hand the imitation Bow and Arrow and has his Cloak over his Head 393

58. Bough of the ‘Tudr’ Tree. (From Marshall.) 434

59. The Memorial of Keirevan 440

60. Kuriolv and Pilimurg 552

61. Showing Methods of wearing the Toda Garments and of doing the Hair 573

62. Tilipa (12) wearing his Hair long on account of a vow made at a Hindu Temple 575

63 and 64. To show Method of Shaving the Head of a Child 577

65. Karol (64), the ‘Wursol’ of Taradr, making Fire 582

66. To show a Stage in the construction of a Hut 584

67. (From Breeks).—The first Man on the Left is holding a Bow and Arrow; the second a Club (probably the ‘Nanmakud’) in his Right Hand, and the ‘Tadri’ in his Left; the third Man is carrying a Club, and the fourth Man is playing the ‘Buguri’ 587

68. (From Breeks).—The five Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills 629

69. A Badaga greeting a Toda 631

70. A view of Nòdrs. The Stone in the Foreground on the Left is the ‘Nerovkars’; that on the Right is the ‘Uteiks.’ In the Background in the Centre is an old ‘Tu.’ The lower part of the Conical Dairy can be seen between the Boy and the ‘Uteiks’ 646

71. The Stones at Pishkwosht called ‘Teuar’ 657

72. The Village of Umgas, showing the ‘Nadrkkars’ in the Centre. Behind the Stones is the ‘Poh’ of this Village, and on its Right are the Dwelling-Huts 673

73. Plan of ‘Etudmad’ 689

74. Plan of Ancient Toda Villages 690

75. (From Breeks).—A Cairn on the Nilgiri Hills 711

76. Various objects found in the Nilgiri Cairns, taken from Breeks 713