LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Reading edition
PLATES.
Facing page.
Pl. 1. Origin of Buddha, with Swastika sign, according to Tao Shih 800
2. Swastika decreed by Empress Wu (684-704 A. D.) as a sign for sun in China 800
3. Swastika design on silk fabrics 800
4. Swastika in spider web over fruit 800
5. Buffalo with Swastika on forehead. Presented to Emperor of Sung Dynasty 800
6. Incense burner with Swastika decoration. South Tang Dynasty 800
7. House of Wa Tsung-Chih of Sin Shin, with Swastika in railing 800
8. Mountain or wild date—fruit resembling Swastika. China 800
9. Punch marks on reverse of ancient coins 876
Fig. 1. Coin from Lydia. Electrum. Reverse. Oblong sinking between two squares. Babylonic stater. The earliest known coinage. Circa B. C. 700.
2. Phenician half stater. Electrum. Reverse. Incuse square with cruciform ornament.
3. Silver coin of Teos. Reverse. Incuse square. Circa 544 B. C.
4. Silver coin of Acanthus. Reverse. Incuse square.
5. Silver coin of Mende. Reverse. Incuse triangles.
6. Silver coin of Terone. Reverse. Incuse.
7. Coin of Bisaltæ.[316] Reverse. Flat incuse square. Octadrachm.
8. Silver coin of Orrescii.[316] Reverse. Incuse square. Octadrachm.
9. Corinthian silver coin. Reverse. Incuse square divided into eight triangular compartments.
10. Silver coin of Abdera. Reverse. Incuse square.
11. Silver coin of Byzantium. Reverse. Incuse square, granulated.
12. Silver coin of Thrasos (Thrace). Reverse. Incuse square.
10. Engraved Fulgur (?) shell resembling statue of Buddha. Toco mound, Tennessee. Cat. No. 115560, U. S. N. M. 880
11. Plan of North Fork (Hopewell) Works, Ross County, Ohio. Smithsonian Contrib. to Knowledge, I, pl. X 888
12. Plan of Hopewell mound, Ross County, Ohio, in which aboriginal copper Swastikas were found. Primitive Man in Ohio, pl. XXXIV 888
13. Human skull, with copper-covered horns, probably of elk. Hopewell mound, Ross County, Ohio. Primitive Man in Ohio, frontispiece 890
14. Altar, Hopewell mound, Ross County, Ohio. Found near the copper Swastika shown in fig. 244. Primitive Man in Ohio, fig. XXXVII. Cat. No. 148662, U. S. N. M. 890
15. Bead necklace and garters with Swastika ornamentation. Sac Indians 894
16. Ceremonial bead garters with Swastikas. Sac Indians, Cook County (Kansas) Reservation 896
17. “Navajo Mountain Chant.” Dr. Washington Matthews. Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1883-84, pl. XVII 898
18. Folium Vitus (“fig leaves”)—terra-cotta covers, “tunga,” used by aborigines of Brazil. Cat. Nos. 59089 and 36542, U. S. N. M. 904
19. Various forms of crosses in use among North American Indians, from Greek cross to Swastika. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LIII 928
Fig. 1. Greek cross.
2. Greek cross.
3. Cross on copper.
4. Cross on shell.
5. Greek cross.
6. Greek cross.
7. Latin cross, copper.
8. Greek cross.
9. Latin cross, copper.
10. Swastika on shell.
11. Swastika on shell.
12. Swastika on pottery.
13. Swastika on pottery.
20. Palenque cross, foliated. Smithsonian Contrib. to Knowledge, XXII, fig. 7, p. 33 932
21. Modern porcelain spindle-whorls. Southern France. Cat. No. 169598, U. S. N. M. 968
22. Navajo woman using spindle and whorl. Dr. Washington Matthews, Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1881-82, pl. XXXIV 970
23. Series of aboriginal spindles and whorls from Peru. Cat. No. 17510, U. S. N. M. 972
24. Selected specimens of spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth cities of Troy. U. S. National Museum 974
25. Selected specimens of spindle-whorls from the Third, Fourth, and Fifth cities of Troy. U. S. National Museum 974
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
Fig. 1. Latin cross (Crux immissa) 765
2. Greek cross 765
3. St. Andrew’s cross (Crux decussata) 765
4. Egyptian cross (Crux ansata), the Key of Life 766
5. Tan cross, Thor’s hammer, St. Anthony’s cross 766
6. Monogram of Christ. Labarum of Constantine 766
7. Maltese cross 766
8. Celtic crosses 767
9. Normal Swastika. Arms crossing at right angles, with ends bent to the right 767
10. Suavastika. Arms bent to the left 767
11. Swastika 767
12. Croix swasticale (Zmigrodzki) 767
13a. Ogee and spiral Swastikas. Tetraskelion (four-armed) 768
13b. Spiral and volute. Triskelion (three-armed) 768
13c. Spiral and volute (five or many armed) 768
13d. Ogee Swastika with circle 768
14. Nandâvartaya, a third sign of the footprint of Buddha. Burnouf, Lotus de la Bonne Loi, Paris, 1852, p. 626 774
15. Typical lotuses on Cyprian vases. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., p. 77 782
16. Typical lotus on Rhodian vases. Goodyear, Grammar, etc. 782
17. Typical lotus on Melian vases. Goodyear, Grammar of the Lotus 782
18. Detail of Cyprian vase showing lotuses with curling sepals. Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVII, fig. 1 782
19. Details of a Cyprian amphora; lotus with curling sepals, and different Swastikas. Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVII, figs. 2 and 3 783
20. Theory of the evolution of the spiral scroll from lotus. One volute. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 51 783
21. Theory of lotus rudiments in spiral. Tomb 33, Abd-el-Kourneh, Thebes. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., p. 96 783
22. Concentric rings connected by tangents. Petrie, History of Scarabs. 784
23. Concentric rings with disconnected tangents. Barringer Coll., Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., Pl. VIII, fig. 23 784
24. Concentric rings without connection. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. VIII, fig. 25. Farman Coll., Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. 784
25. Special Egyptian meander. An illustration of the theory of derivation from the spiral. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. X, fig. 9 784
26. Detail of Greek vase. Meander and Swastika. No. 2843 in Polytechnic, Athens. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 174 785
27. Detail of Greek geometric vase in the British Museum. Swastika, right, with solar geese. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 173, p. 353 785
28. Greek geometric vase. Swastika with solar geese. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 172, p. 353 785
29. Bronze statue of Buddha. Japan. Eight Swastikas on pedestal, cane tintinnabulum with six movable rings or bells. Cernuschi Coll. One-fifteenth natural size 799
30. Japanese potter’s mark on porcelain. Swastika, left. Sir A. W. Franks, Catalogue, etc., pl. XI, fig. 139; De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1248 799
31. Potter’s mark on porcelain. China. Tablet of Honor, with Swastika. Prime, Pottery and Porcelain, p. 254 801
32. Footprint of Buddha with Swastika, from Amaravati Tope. From a figure by Fergusson and Schliemann 802
33. Explanation of Jain Swastika, according to Gandhi 804
(1) Archaic or protoplasmic life; (2) plant and animal life; (3) human life; (4) celestial life.
34a. The formation of the Jain Swastika—First stage 804
34b. The formation of the Jain Swastika—Second stage 804
34c. The formation of the Jain Swastika—Third stage 805
35. Bronze pin-head from Cheithan-thagh. De Morgan, Au Caucase, fig. 177 807
36. Bronze pin-head from Akthala. De Morgan, Au Caucase, fig. 178 808
37. Swastika mark on black pottery. Cheithan-thagh. De Morgan, Au Caucase, fig. 179 808
38. Fragment of bronze ceinture. Necropolis of Koban, Caucasus. Swastika repoussé. Natural size. Chantre, Le Caucase, pl. XI, fig. 3 808
39. Bronze agrafe or belt plate. Triskelion in spiral. Koban, Caucasus, Chantre, Le Caucase, pl. XI, fig. 4 809
40. Swastika signs from Asia Minor. Waring, Ceramic Art in Remote Ages, pl. XLI, figs. 5 and 6 809
41. Brand for horses in Circassia. Ogee Swastika, tetraskelion. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 20c 809
42. Fragment of lustrous black pottery. Swastika, right. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 247 810
43. Spindle-whorl with two Swastikas and two crosses; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1858 811
44. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1874 811
45. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1919 811
46. Spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1826 811
47. Spindle-whorl, three Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1851 811
48. Spindle-whorl, Swastikas; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1982 812
49. Sphere, eight segments, one containing Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1999 812
50. Biconical spindle-whorl, Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1949 812
51. Biconical spindle-whorl, six Swastikas; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1859 813
52. Biconical spindle-whorl, two ogee Swastikas; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1876 813
53. Spindle-whorl, four Swastikas; 33 feet depth. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1240 813
54. Spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 33 feet depth. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1241 813
55. Conical spindle-whorl, three ogee Swastikas; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1850 814
56. Conical spindle-whorl, four Swastikas, various kinds; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1879 814
57. Conical spindle-whorl, Swastikas; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1894 814
58. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1983 815
59. Biconical spindle-whorl, three ogee Swastikas; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1990 815
60. Biconical spindle-whorl, two Swastikas; 16½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1863 815
61. Biconical spindle-whorl, five ogee Swastikas; 18 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1905 816
62. Spindle-whorl, three Swastikas; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1855 816
63. Spindle-whorl, four ogee Swastikas, with spiral volutes; 18 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1868 816
64. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1865 816
65. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1866 817
66. Biconical spindle-whorl, three Swastikas and three “burning altars;” 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1872 817
67. Biconical spindle-whorl, four Swastikas of the Jain style; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1873 817
68. Biconical spindle-whorl, three Swastikas of different styles; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1912 817
69. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika of the figure-8 style; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1861 818
70. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika slightly ogee; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1864 818
71. Conical spindle-whorl, three ogee Swastikas; 13½ feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1852. Gift of Mme. Schliemann. Cat. No. 149704, U. S. N. M. 818
72, 73, 74. Forms of whorls from fifth buried city of Hissarlik, for comparison. Schliemann, Ilios, figs. 1801, 1802, and 1803 819
75. Terra-cotta sphere, thirteen Swastikas. Third city; 26 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, figs. 245, 246 819
76. Terra-cotta disk, one Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1849 820
77. Spindle-whorl, ogee Swastika. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1822 820
78. Biconical spindle-whorl, irregular Swastikas and crosses. Fourth city; 13.6 foot depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1871 820
79. Biconical spindle-whorl, uncertain and malformed Swastikas. Third city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1870 820
80. Biconical spindle-whorl, irregular and partly formed Swastika with large dot in center. Fourth city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1875 821
81. Biconical spindle-whorl, flattened, two Swastikas with indefinite decoration. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1947 821
82. Biconical spindle-whorl, one Swastika and four segments of circles. Third city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1989 821
83. Biconical spindle-whorl, flattened, ogee Swastika with center circle. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1987 822
84. Biconical spindle-whorl, six ogee Swastikas, with center circle and dot. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1862 822
85. Spherical spindle-whorl, flattened top, ogee lines which do not form Swastikas. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1890 822
86. Biconical spindle-whorl, ogee curves not crossed to form Swastikas. Fourth city; 10.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1889 822
87. Spherical spindle-whorl flattened, with two Swastikas combined with segments and dots. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1988 823
88. Two sections of terra-cotta sphere, central circle and many extended arms, ogee and zigzag to the left. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1993 823
89. Spherical spindle-whorl, large central dot with 12 arms, in same form as ogee Swastika. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1946 823
90. Spindle-whorl, central dot with ogee arms radiating therefrom, turning in different directions, but in form of Swastika. Third city; 29 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1830 824
91. Spindle-whorl, central hole with radiating arms. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1842 824
92. Spindle-whorl, large central circle with many arms. Fourth city; 19.8 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1837 824
93. Spindle-whorl, central hole and large circle with many curved arms. Third city; 29 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1833 824
94. Large biconical spindle-whorl with four large crosses with bifurcated arms. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1856 825
95. Spindle-whorl, hole and large circle in center with broad arms of Greek cross. Third city; 26.4 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1820 825
96. Spindle-whorl, hole and large circle in center, extended parallel arms of Greek cross, with dots. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1817 825
97. Spindle-whorl, arms of Greek cross tapering, with dots. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1818 825
98. Spindle-whorl, central hole, three arms ornamented with dots. Third city; 23 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1819 826
99. Biconical spindle-whorl, with four animals associated with the Swastika. Third city; 33 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1877 826
100. Biconical spindle-whorl, with four animals associated with the Swastika. Fourth city; 19.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1867 826
101. Spindle-whorl, figure-8 Swastika (?) with six “burning altars.” Fourth city; 19.6 feet depth. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 1838 826
102 to 113. Trojan spindle-whorls. Schliemann, Ilios 827
114 to 124. Trojan Spindle-whorls. Schliemann, Ilios 828
125. Leaden idol, Artemis Nana of Chaldea, with Swastika. Hissarlik, 23 feet depth, 1⅓ natural size. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 226 829
126. Terra-cotta vase with mamelon. Fourth city; 16½ feet depth. One-third natural size. Cat. No. 149676, U. S. N. M. 830
127. Terra-cotta vase with circle or ring. Fourth city; 20 feet depth. One-third natural size. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 988 830
128. Terra-cotta vase, with circle or ring with Croix swasticale. Fourth city; 20 feet depth. One-sixth natural size. Schliemann, Ilios, fig. 986 831
129. Terra-cotta vase, with circle or ring inclosing Swastika. Fifth city; 10 feet depth. Two-fifths natural size. Schliemann, Troja, fig. 101 831
130. Greek vase showing deer, geese, and three Swastikas. Naukratis, ancient Egypt, sixth and fifth centuries B. C. Flinders Petrie, Third Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 1, pl. IV, fig. 3; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LX, fig. 2 834
130a. Detail of vase shown in the preceding figure 834
131. Pottery fragments with two meander Swastikas. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Third Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 1, pl. V, figs. 24 and 15 835
132. Fragments of Greek vase with lion and three meander Swastikas. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 2, pl. V, fig. 7; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXX, fig. 2 835
133. Fragment of Greek vase with figures of sacred animals and Swastikas associated with Greek fret. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 2, pl. VI, fig. 1 836
134. Fragment of Greek vase with figures of animals, two meander Swastikas, and Greek fret. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Petrie, Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pt. 2, pl. VIII, fig. 1; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXX, fig. 10 836
135. Greek vase with deer and meander and figure-8 Swastikas. Naukratis, ancient Egypt. Sixth Mem. Egypt Expl. Fund, pl. V, fig. 1 837
136. Greek tapestry. Coptos, Egypt. First and second centuries A. D. Forrer, Achmim-Panopolis, pl. IX, fig. 3 837
137. Torus of column with Swastikas. Roman ruins, Algeria. Delamare. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLIII, fig. 2 838
138. Bronze ingots captured at Coomassee during Ashantee war. Swastika on each 838
139. Variations of the Greek fret. The two continuous lines crossing each other give the appearance of Swastikas 839
140. Greek geometric vase with goose and Swastika (panel). Smyrna. Leyden Museum. Conze, Anfänge;, etc., Vienna, 1870; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LVI, fig. 4 839
141. Greek vase, geometric ornament, Athens. Horses, Swastika (panels). Dennis, Etruria, vol. I, p. cxiii 839
142. Greek vase with Swastikas (panels). Conze, Anfänge, etc., vol. 4; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LX, fig. 13 839
143. Detail of Archaic Greek vase with solar goose and Swastika (panel). British Museum. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLI, fig. 15 840
144. Cyprian pottery plaque with Swastika (panel). Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Cesnola, Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples, pl. XLVII, fig. 40 840
145. Detail from Cyprian vase, Swastikas in triangles. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. I, fig. 11 840
146. Detail of Attic vase with antelope (?) and Swastika. British Museum. Böhlau, Jahrbuch, 1885, p. 50; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXXVII, fig. 9 840
147. Cyprian vase with Swastikas. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., appendix by Murray, p. 404, fig. 15 841
148. Terra-cotta figurine with Swastikas (panels). Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 300. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 681, fig. 11 841
149. Terra-cotta vase, Swastika, and figure of horse 841
150. Bronze fibula with Swastika, goose, and fish, Bœotia, Greece, one-half natural size. Ludwig Müller. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1265 841
151. Details of Greek vase with birds and Swastikas. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XXXIII, fig. 24; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVI, fig. 5 842
152. Detail of Cyprian vase, sun hawk, lotus, solar disk, Swastikas. Bölau, Jahrbuch, 1886, pl. VIII; Reinach, Revue Archéologique, 1885, II, p. 360; Chipiez & Perrot, Hist. of Art in Antiq., IV, p. 564; Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLV, fig. 3 842
153. Detail of Greek geometric vase with horses and Swastika. Thera. Leyden Museum. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LXI, fig. 4 842
154. Bronze fibula with large Swastika on shield. Greece. Musée St. Germain. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1264. One-half natural size 843
155. Greek vase, oinochoë, with two painted Swastikas. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1244. One-quarter natural size 843
156. Cyprian vase with animal and Swastikas. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., pl. XLV, fig. 36 843
157. Archaic Greek pottery fragment. Santorin, ancient Thera. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 2 843
158. Cyprian vase with bird, lotus, and Swastikas. Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LX, fig. 15 844
159. Cyprian vase with two Swastikas. Cesnola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art, N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 151 844
160. Fragment of terra-cotta vase with Swastikas, from ruins of temple at Paleo-Paphos; 40 feet depth. Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., p. 210 845
161. Wooden button, clasp, or fibula, covered with plates of gold, ogee Swastika, (tetraskelion) in center. Schliemann, Mycenæ, fig. 385, p. 259 845
162. Detail of Greek vase with goose, honeysuckle (Anthemion), spiral Swastika. Thera. Monumenti Inedite, LXV, 2. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVI, fig. 7 845
163. Detail of Greek vase, Sphynx with spiral scrolls, two meander Swastikas (right). Melos. Böhlau, Jahrbuch, 1887, XII; Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXXIV, fig. 8 846
164. Detail of Greek vase, ibex and scroll, meander Swastika (right). Melos. Böhlau, Jahrbuch, 1887, p. 121; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXXIX, fig. 2 846
165. Detail of Greek vase with ram, meander Swastika (left), circles, dots, and crosses. Rhodian style. British Museum. Salzmann, Necropole de Camire, LI; and Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXVIII, fig. 7 846
166. Cyprian vase and details with birds and Swastikas. Perrot & Chipiez, Chypre, etc., p. 702; Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVIII, figs. 6 and 12; Cesnola, Cyprus, etc., appendix by Murray, pl. XLIV, fig. 34, p. 412 847
167. Cyprian vase with lotus, bosses, buds, and sepals, and different Swastikas. Cesnola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art., N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVIII, fig. 3 847
168. Cyprian vase with bosses, lotus buds, and different Swastikas. Cesnola Coll., Met. Mus. of Art., N. Y. Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XLVIII, fig. 15 848
169. Detail of early Bœotian vase with horse, solar diagram, Artemis with geese, and Swastikas (normal and meander, right and left). Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LXI, fig. 12 848
170. Detail of Rhodian vase with geese, circles, and dots, Swastikas (right and left). British Museum. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XXVII, fig. 9 849
171. Detail of Rhodian vase with geese, lotus, circles, and two Swastikas (right and left). Goodyear, Grammar, etc., fig. 145, pl. 271 849
172. Greek vase of typical Rhodian style with ibex, geese, lotus, six Swastikas (normal, meander, and ogee, all left). Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. XXXVIII, p. 251 850
173. Detail of Greek vase with deer, solar diagrams, three Swastikas (single, double, and meander, right). Melos. Conze, Meliosche Thongefässe; Goodyear Grammar, etc., pl. LX, fig. 8 851
174. Archaic Greek vase from Athens with five Swastikas, of four styles, British Museum. Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, quoted in Waring’s Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLI, fig. 15; Dennis, Etruria, Vol. I, p. xci 851
175. Detail of Archaic Bœotian vase with two serpents, crosses, eight Swastikas (normal, right, left, and meander). Goodyear, Grammar, etc., pl. LX, fig. 9 852
176. Attic vase for perfume with Swastikas of two kinds and Croix swasticale. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 674, fig. 6 852
177. Detail of Cyprian vase, Swastika with palm tree, sacred to Apollo. Citium, Cyprus. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 673, fig. 3 852
178. Cyprian vase, birds, Swastika, (panel). Musée St. Germain. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 674, fig. 6 853
179. Chariot of Apollo-Resef with sun symbol (?) on a shield; four Swastikas, two right and two left, on quadrants of chariot wheels. Cesnola, Salamania, p. 240, fig. 226; and Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris 1888, p. 675, fig. 7 853
180. Terra-cotta statue of goddess, Aphrodite-Astarte, with four Swastikas. Curium, Cyprus. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 676, fig. 8 853
181. Cyprian centaur with one Swastika. Cesnola, Salamania, p. 243, fig. 230; Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 676, fig. 9 853
182. Greek statue, Aphrodite-Ariadne, with six Swastikas, four right, and two left. From Polistis Chrysokon. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 677, fig. 10 854
183. Hut urn (Bronze Age), Etruria. “Burning Altar” mark associated with Swastikas. Vatican Museum 856
184. Fragment of Archaic Greek pottery with three Swastikas. Cumæ, Campania, Italy. Rochette; Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 1 858
185. Cinerary urn with Swastikas in panels. Vatican Museum. San Marino, near Albano. Pigorini, Archæologia, 1869 858
186. Cinerary urn with Swastikas inclosed in incised lines in intaglio (panels). Cervetri, Italy. Conestabile due Dischi in Bronzo, pl. V, fig. 2, one-sixth natural size 858
187. Gold fibula with Swastikas (left). Etruscan Museum, Vatican. Catalogue, 1st pt., pl. XXVI, fig. 6, one-half natural size 859
188. Etruscan gold bulla, Swastika on bottom. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 4a 859
189. Ornamental Swastika on Etruscan silver bowl, Cervetri (Cære), Etruria. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLI, fig. 13 859
190. Bronze fibula with two Swastikas (supposed rays of sun), Etruria. Copenhagen Museum. Goblet d’Alviella. One-fourth natural size. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1263 859
191. Pottery urn ornamented with successive bands, in intaglio, two of which bands are Swastikas. Necropolis Arnoaldi, Italy, Museum of Bologna. Gozzadini, Scavi Archæologici, etc., pl. IV, fig. 8 860
192. Fragment of pottery, row of Swastikas in intaglio, Necropole Felsinea, Italy, Museum of Bologna. Gozzadini, Due Sepolcri, etc., p. 7, one-half natural size 860
193. Swastika sign on clay bobbin. Type Villanova, Bologna. Gozzadini Coll. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1239 860
194. Pottery vase ornamented with bronze nail heads in form of Swastika. Este, Italy. Matériaux, etc., 1884, p. 14 861
195. Fragment of pottery with Swastika stamped in relief 861
196. Stamp for making Swastika sign on pottery. Swiss lake dwelling of Bourget, Savoy, Musée de Chambéry. Chantre, Age du Bronze, figs. 53 and 55; and Keller, Lake Dwellings of Europe, etc., pl. CLXI, fig. 3 861
197. Fragment of ceinture, thin bronze, repoussé, with Swastikas of various kinds; Tumulus Alsace. Bronze Age, Halstattien epoch. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1255 862
198. Fragment of ceinture of thin bronze, openwork with intricate Swastikas; Tumulus of Metzstetten, Wurtemburg. Museum of Stuttgart, Halstattien epoch. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1257, and Chantre, Caucasus, etc., vol. II, p. 50, fig. 25 862
199. Bronze fibula, the body of which forms a Swastika. Museum of Mayence. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1206 862
200. Sepulchral urn with Swastika. North Germany. Lisch & Schröter, Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. VII, fig. 94 862
201. Spearhead with Swastika, Croix swasticale and triskelion. Brandenburg, Germany. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLIV, fig. 21. Viking Age, Vol. II, fig. 336 863
202. Bronze pin with Swastika, pointillé, from mound in Bavaria. Chantre, Matériaux, 1884, pp. 14, 120 863
203. Runic inscription on bronze sword, inlaid with silver. Saebo, Norway. One of the characters is a Swastika 864
204a. Swastika with dots. Torcello, Italy. Du Chaillu, Viking Age, vol. II, fig. 335 865
204b. Runic inscription on spearhead. Torcello, Italy. Du Chaillu, Viking Age, vol. II, fig. 335 865
205. Redding comb with Swastika. Scandinavia 865
206. Bronze brooch or fibula with combination of Swastikas. Scandinavia 865
207. Bronze brooch with Swastikas (tetraskelions), right and left; triskelion, left. Scandinavia 866
208. Plaque for ceinture with buckle, two ogee Swastikas (tetraskelions) 866
209. Scandinavian sword scabbard with two ogee Swastikas (tetraskelions), right and left 866
210. Scandinavian sword scabbard with ogee Swastika 866
211. Scandinavian sword scabbard, two triskelions, right and left 866
212. Gold brooch with ogee Swastika. Island of Fyen. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLIII, fig. 11 867
213. Scandinavian bronze silver-plated horse gear with three Swastikas, one elaborate. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLIV, fig. 16 867
214. Scandinavian sword scabbard with normal Swastika. Vimose bog find 867
215. Sculptured stone with Greek cross in circle, normal Swastika in square, and ogee Swastika in quatrefoil 868
216. Fragment of thin bronze, repoussé, ogee Swastika. Ireland. Dr. R. Munro, Lake Dwellings of Europe, pl. 124, figs. 20-22 868
217. Fragment of thin bronze, triskelion. Ireland. Munro, Lake Dwellings of Europe, p. 384, pl. 124, figs. 20-22 868
218. Bronze pin with small normal Swastika on head. Crannog of Lochlee, Tarbolton, Scotland. Munro, Lake Dwellings of Europe, p. 417 868
219. Carved triskelion found on fragment of ash wood. Crannog of Lochlee, Tarbolton, Scotland. Munro, Lake Dwellings of Europe, p. 415 869
220. Stone altar with Swastika on pedestal. France. Museum of Toulouse. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1267 869
221. Pottery bottle of dark gray with Swastika, and decoration in white barbotine. Gallo-Roman epoch. Museum of Rouen. De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, fig. 1246 870
222. Anglo-Saxon bronze gilt fibula, simulation of Swastika. Long Wittenham, Berkshire 870
223. Pottery urn with band of twenty Swastikas made by hand. White on blackish ground. Shropham, Norfolk. British Museum. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. III, fig. 50 871
224. Lycian coin, triskelion, with three arms representing cocks’ heads and necks 871
225, 226. Lycian coins, triskelions, with central dots and circles, 480 B. C. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, figs. 12 and 13 871
227. Sicilian coin with quadriga and triskelion, 336-280 B. C. Coins of the Ancients, Brit. Mus., pl. XXXV, fig. 28 873
228. Warrior’s shield, from a Greek vase, Achilles and Hector, Agrigentum, Sicily. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 24 873
229. Corinthian coin with punch mark resembling Swastika. Obverse and reverse 876
230. Ancient Hindu coin. A cross with Swastika on extremity of each arm. Cunningham, Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLI, fig. 18 877
231, 232, 233, 234. Ancient Hindu coins with Swastikas, normal and ogee. Cunningham, Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLI, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23 877
235. Ancient coin with Swastika. Gaza, Palestine. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. XLII, fig. 6 878
236. Gold bracteate with Jain Swastika. Denmark. Thomson, Atlas, Table VII. Waring, Ceramic Art, etc., pl. I, fig. 9 878
237. Shell gorget with engraved Swastika, circles, and dots. Mound on Fains Island, Tennessee. Cat. No. 62928, U. S. N. M 880
238. Engraved shell with Swastika, circles, and dots. Toco Mound, Monroe County, Tenn. Cat. No. 115624, U. S. N. M. 880
239. Shell gorget. Two fighting figures, triangular breech-clout, dots and circles, three garters and anklets. From mound on Fains Island; associated with fig. 237. Cat. No. 62930, U. S. N. M. Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1881-82, p. 452, fig. 128 885
240. Copper plate. Etowah Mound, Georgia. Cat. No. 91113, U. S. N. M. Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1883-84 886
241. Copper plate. Repoussé work. Etowah Mound, Georgia. Cat. No. 91117, U. S. N. M. 887
242. Engraved shell. Triangular breech-clout, with dots and circles. Etowah Mound, Georgia. Cat. No. 91443, U. S. N. M. 888
243. Copper plate repoussé (eagle). Mound in Union County, Ill. Cat. No. 91507, U. S. N. M. 889
244. Swastika cross of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. One-fourth natural size 889
245. Flat ring of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. One-fifth natural size 889
246. Stencil ornament of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. One-eighth natural size 889
247. Stencil ornament of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. One-fourth natural size 890
248. Fish ornament of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. One-sixth natural size 890
249. Lozenge-shaped stencil of thin copper. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. Three-fourths natural size 890
250. Spool-shaped object of copper. Repoussé and intaglio decoration. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. Natural size 891
251. Fragment of engraved bone representing a paroquet. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. Natural size 892
252. Fragment of engraved bone probably representing a Mississippi kite or leather-back turtle. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. Natural size 892
253. Fragment of engraved bone probably representing an otter with a fish in his mouth. Hopewell Mound, Ross County, Ohio. Natural size 893
254. Water jug, red on yellow, Swastika in center. Poinsett County, Ark. Cat. No. 91230, U. S. N. M. 893
255. Kansa Indian war chart. Swastika, sign for winds and wind songs. J. Owen Dorsey, Am. Naturalist, July, 1885, p. 670 894
256. Dance rattle, small gourd in black, white, and red, ogee Swastika on each side. Cat. No. 42042, U. S. N. M. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, fig. 562 896
257. Pima Indian war shield with ogee Swastika (tetraskelion) in three stripes of color, (1) blue, (2) red, (3) white. Cat. No. 27829, U. S. N. M. 900
258. Pima Indian war shield with ogee Swastika. The hole near the lower arm of the Swastika was made by an arrow shot. (Property of F. W. Hodge) 900
259. Colonial patchwork with pattern resembling Swastika. Scribner’s Magazine, September, 1894 901
260. Fragment of the foot of a stone metate with Swastika. Nicaragua. Cat. No. 23726, U. S. N. M. 902
261. Fragment of stone slab with ogee Swastika (tetraskelion) from ancient Maya city of Mayapan. Inscription translated as “fire” by Le Plongeon. Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc., April 21, 1881 903
262. Different forms of Swastika, placed together for comparison 905
263. Shell gorget, cross, circle, sun rays (?), and the heads of four ivory-billed woodpeckers (?) arranged to form a Swastika. Mississippi 906
264. Shell gorget from Tennessee 907
265. Shell gorget from Tennessee 907
266. Shell gorget from Tennessee 908
267. Scalloped shell disk (Fulgur), with three spiral volutes (triskelion). From mound near Nashville, Tenn. 909
268. Scalloped shell disk with circles, dots, and four spiral volutes (tetraskelion). Mound near Nashville, Tenn. 910
269. Shell disk, unfinished engraving, dot and circle in center, and ogee Swastika (tetraskelion) marked, but not completed. Brakebill mound, near Knoxville, Tenn. 911
270, 271. Engraved shell disk (obverse and reverse) with three-armed volutes (triskelion) 911
272. Engraved shell disk with three-armed volute or spiral Swastika (triskelion). From mounds in Tennessee 912
273. Engraved shell disk. Three-armed volute (triskelion). Tennessee 912
274. Engraved shell disk. Three-armed volute (triskelion). Tennessee 913
275, 276, 277, 278. Engraved shell gorgets (Fulgur) representing the spider, with circles and Greek crosses. From stone graves and mounds in Illinois and Tennessee 913, 914, 915
279. Engraved shell gorget (Fulgur) representing rattlesnake. From McMahon mound, Tennessee. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LXIII 915
280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285. Engraved shells (Fulgur) with representations of the human face. (For comparison.) From Tennessee and Virginia 916, 917
286. Engraved shell (Fulgur). Human figure. McMahon mound, Tennessee. (For comparison.) Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LXXI 917
287. Engraved shell (Fulgur). Human figure. (For comparison.) Mound in Tennessee. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LXXII 918
288. Engraved shell gorget (Fulgur). Human figure. (For comparison.) Missouri. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LXXIII 919
289. Pottery vessel, with four-armed volute, ogee Swastika, (tetraskelion). Arkansas. One-third natural size 920
290. Pottery vessel, four volutes resembling Swastika. Pecan Point, Ark. One-third natural size 920
291. Pottery vessel, animal shaped, volutes, nine arms. Pecan Point, Ark. One-third natural size 920
292. Pottery bowl, volutes with many arms. Arkansas. One-third natural size 921
293. Pottery vase, volutes. Arkansas 921
294. Tripod pottery vase, four-armed volutes making spiral Swastika. Arkansas. One-third natural size 922
295. Pottery bowl with spiral Swastika, five arms, in bottom. Poinsett County, Ark. Cat. No. 114035, U. S. N. M. Two views, top and side 923
296. Vessel of black ware, spiral scroll. Arkansas 924
297. Pottery bowl, bird shaped with three parallel incised lines with ribbon fold. Charleston, Mo. 924
298. Pottery bottle with three parallel incised lines turning with ribbon fold. Charleston, Mo. 925
299. Basket work with many armed volutes. Fourth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1882-83, fig. 485 925
300. Engraved shell gorget disk. Greek cross resembling Swastika, incised lines. Mound, Union County, Ill. 926
301. Engraved shell gorget with Greek cross. Charleston, Mo. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LI, fig. 2 927
302. Engraved shell gorget disk. Greek cross, inchoate Swastika. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, Pl. LII, fig. 3 928
303. Fragment of copper disk. Greek cross in center circle. Ohio. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LII, fig. 4 928
304. Engraved shell disk gorget, rude cross with many dots. Lick Creek, Tenn. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, pl. LII, fig. 2 929
305. Engraved shell, Greek cross, hatched. Caldwell County, N. C. Cat. No. 83169, U. S. N. M. 929
306. Engraved shell three-armed (triskelion). Lick Creek, Tenn. Cat. No. 83170, U. S. N. M. 929
307. Drilled and engraved shell or “runtee” with dotted Greek cross in circle. Arizona 930
308. Drilled and engraved shell or “runtee,” dots and rings forming circle and Greek cross. Ohio 930
309. Drilled and engraved shell or “runtee,” dots and rings forming circle and Greek cross. New York 930
310. Pottery jar with crosses, encircling rays and scallops. Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1881-82, fig. 188 931
311. Olla, decorated with Greek and Maltese crosses. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, fig. 708 932
312. Pottery water vessel, Maltese cross. Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1880-81, fig. 642 932
313. Pottery vase finely decorated in red and white glaze. Mexico. Maltese cross with sun symbol (?). Cat. No. 132975, U. S. N. M. 933
314. Greek cross representing winds from cardinal points. Dakota Indians. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1225 934
315. The cross in connection with circle. Sun symbols (?). Petroglyphs a to f, Hopi Indians, Oakley Springs, Ariz.; g, Maya Indians. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, figs. 1118, 1120, and 1126 935
316. Circles and rays, probably representing sun symbols. a to f, Hopi Indians, Oakley Springs, Ariz.; g to k—Ojibways 935
317. Crosses with circles, star symbols. Oakley Springs, Ariz. 936
318. Star symbol, circle and rays without cross. Oakley Springs, Ariz. 936
319. Crosses, circles, and squares representing lodges. Dakota Indians 936
320. Latin cross representing dragon fly. Dakota Indians 936
321. Double cross of six arms, representing dragon fly. Moki Indians, Arizona. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1165 937
322. Crosses representing flocks of birds, Eskimos. Cat. Nos. 44211 and 45020, U. S. N. M. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1228 937
323. Large white Greek cross, petroglyph. Tulare Valley, California. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1229 937
324. Petroglyphs from Owens Valley, California. a, b, Greek cross; c, double Latin cross; d to f, Latin crosses representing human figures. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1230 938
325. Cross in zigzag lines representing human form. Navajo Indians 938
326. Maltese cross (?), representing a woman; breath in the center 939
327. Maltese and St. Andrew’s crosses, emblems of maidenhood. Moki Indians 939
328. Cross with bifurcated foot representing human form. Shaman, Innuits 939
329. St. Andrew’s crosses, symbol for wood. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 1233 940
330. Graphic delineation of the alligator, from a vase of the lost-color group. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 257 941
331. Graphic delineation of the alligator, from a vase of the lost-color group. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 258 941
332. Conventional figure of alligator, from lost-color ware. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 259 942
333. Conventional figure of alligator crowded into a short rectangular space. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 265 942
334. Conventional figure of alligator crowded into a circle. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 266 942
335. Series of figures of alligators, showing stages of simplification. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 277 943
336. Series showing stages in the simplification of animal characters, beginning with the alligator and ending with the Greek cross. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 278 943
337 to 342. Terra-cotta color stamps, Mexico, with designs similar to the Swastika. Cat. Nos. 99124, 99127, 27887, 99115, 99118, and 99122, U. S. N. M. 946
343. Terra-cotta color stamps, with designs similar to the Swastika. Piaroa Indians, Venezuela. Tenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1888-89, fig. 982, p. 621 947
344. Modern churn lid with design resembling Swastika. Lapland 956
345. Stone spindle-whorl, Neolithic. Swiss lake dwelling. Cat. No. 100641, U. S. N. M. 967
346. Stone spindle-whorl, Neolithic. Swiss lake dwelling. Cat. No. 100641, U. S. N. M. 967
347. Stone spindle-whorl, Neolithic. Lund, Sweden. Cat. No. 5281, U. S. N. M. 967
348. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl, Neolithic or Bronze Age. Swiss lake dwelling. Cat. No. 100642, U. S. N. M. 967
349. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl, Neolithic or Bronze Age. Swiss lake dwelling. Cat. No. 100642, U. S. N. M. 968
350. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl, Swiss lake dwelling. Cat. No. 100642, U. S. N. M. 968
351, 352, 353. Prehistoric terra-cotta spindle-whorls. Orvieto, Italy. Cat. No. 101671, 101672, U. S. N. M. 968
354, 355. Prehistoric spindle-whorls. Corneto, Italy. Cat. No. 101773, U. S. N. M. 968
356. Modern spindle and whorl used for spinning thread. Würtemberg, Germany. 969
357. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl design similar to Swastika. Valley of Mexico. Cat. No. 27875, U. S. N. M. 970
358. Mexican terra-cotta spindle-whorl design similar to Swastika. 971
359. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl. Omotepe Island, Nicaragua. Cat. No. 28899, U. S. N. M. 971
360. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl. Omotepe Island, Nicaragua. Cat. No. 28898, U. S. N. M. 971
361. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl. Granada, Nicaragua. Cat. No. 23295, U. S. N. M. 972
362. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl. Malacate, Zapatera Island, Nicaragua. Cat. No. 29009, U. S. N. M. 972
363. Spindle-whorl, gray clay decorated with annular nodes. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 218 972
364. Spindle-whorl of gray clay with animal figures. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 219 973
365. Spindle-whorl of dark clay with perforations and incised ornaments. Chiriqui. Holmes, Sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, fig. 220 973
366. Terra-cotta spindle-whorl. Manizales, Colombia, South America. Cat. No. 16838, U. S. N. M. 973
367. Bobbin or spool for winding thread (?). Type Villanova, Corneto, Italy. U. S. N. M. 975
368. Terra-cotta bobbin or spool for winding thread (?). Type Villanova, Bologna, Italy. Cat. No. 101771, U. S. N. M. 975
369. Bobbin (?). Mound near Maysville, Ky. Cat. No. 16748, U. S. N. M. 976
370. Bobbin (?). Lexington, Ky. Cat. No. 16691, U. S. N. M. 976
371. Bobbin (?). Lewis County, Ky. Fine-grained sandstone. Cat. No. 59681, U. S. N. M. 976
372. Bobbin (?). End views. Fine-grained sandstone. Maysville, Ky. Cat. No. 16747, U. S. N. M. 977
373. Woman’s woolen dress found in oak coffin. Borum-Eshoi, Denmark. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. N. M.), 1892, pl. CI, fig. 2 978
374. Detail of woven cloth shown in the preceding figure. Denmark. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. N. M.), pl. CI, fig. 3 979
MAP.
Facing page.
Distribution of the Swastika 904
CHART.
Page.
Showing the probable introduction of the Swastika into different countries 794
Footnotes:
[1] William Berry, Encyclopædia Heraldica, 1828-1840.
[2] Higgins, “Anacalypsis,” London, 1836, I, p. 230.
[3] “Des Sciences et Religion,” p. 256.
[4] R. P. Greg, “The Fylfot and Swastika,” Archæologia, XLVIII, part 2, 1885, p. 298; Goblet d’Alviella, “Migration des Symboles,” p. 50
[5] Stephens, “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” part II, p. 509; Ludwig Müller, quoted on p. 778 of this paper; Goblet d’Alviella, “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 45; Haddon, “Evolution in Art,” p. 288.
[6] Page 12.
[7] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 21, 22.
[8] “Le Culte de la Croix avant Jésus-Christ,” in the Correspondant, October 25, 1889, and in Science Catholique, February 15, 1890, p. 163.
[9] Same authorities.
[10] Page 316, et seq.
[11] The native Buddhist monarchs ruled from about B. C. 500 to the conquest of Alexander, B. C. 330. See “The Swastika on ancient coins,” Chapter II of this paper, and Waring, “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 83.
[12] “La Migration des symboles,” p. 104.
[13] “Ilios,” pp. 347, 348.
[14] Bulletins de la Sociètè d’Anthropologie, 1888, p. 678.
[15] Mr. Gandhi makes the same remark in his letter on the Buddha shell statue shown in pl. 10 of this paper.
[16] “Ilios,” p. 348.
[17] “Lotus de la Bonne Loi,” App. VIII, p. 626, note 4.
[18] Archæologia, p. 36.
[19] Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, III, p. 120.
[20] “Lotus de la Bonne Loi,” App. VIII, p. 625, note 2.
[21] “Lotus de la Bonne Loi,” p. 626.
[22] “Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political state of India,” Journ. Asiatic Soc. Great Britain, VI, pp. 310-334.
[23] Low, Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, III, pp. 334, 310.
[24] Ibid., p. 299.
[25] Ibid., p. 299.
[26] Low, Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, III, p. 310.
[27] Indian Antiquary, II, May, 1873, p. 135.
[28] “Bilsa Topes,” p. 17.
[29] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 12.
[30] Tenth Congress International d’Anthropologie et d’Archæologie Prehistoriques, Paris, 1889, p. 474.
[31] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[32] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 11.
[33] See explanation of the Swastika by Mr. Gandhi according to the Jain tenets, p. 804.
[34] “Ilios,” p. 353.
[35] “Alphabetum Tibetarium,” Rome, 1762, pp. 211, 460, 725.
[36] Rockhill, “Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet,” Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1894, p. 67.
[37] “Des Sciences et Religion,” pp. 252, 257.
[38] Vol. XI.
[39] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 61-63.
[40] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, pp. 322, 323.
[41] “Early History of Mankind,” p. 257, note C.
[42] “The Book of the Sword,” p. 202, note 2.
[43] Burnouf, “Des Sciences et Religion,” p. 18.
[44] The two pieces of wood of Ficus religiosa, used for kindling fire.
[45] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 63.
[46] Archæologia, XLIII, pt. 2, pp. 324, 325.
[47] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 64.
[48] “Fylfot and Swastika,” Archæologia, 1885, p. 293.
[49] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 65.
[50] “Le Dieu gaulois du Soleil et le symbolisme de la roue,” Paris, 1886.
[51] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, pp. 177-187.
[52] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages.”
[53] “The Book of the Sword,” p. 202.
[54] Trans. Lancaster and Cheshire Antiq. Soc., 1886.
[55] Haddon, “Evolution in Art,” London, 1895, p. 288.
[56] Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., London.
[57] Goodyear, “The Grammar of the Lotus,” pp. 4, 5.
[58] Ibid., p. 6.
[59] Goodyear, “The Grammar of the Lotus,” pp. 7, 8.
[60] Ibid., p. 71.
[61] Ibid., pp. 74, 77.
[62] “Age du Bronze,” Deuxieme partie, p. 301.
[63] Matériaux pour l’Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l’Homme, 3d ser., VIII, p. 6.
[64] “Grammar of the Lotus,” pl. 8, p. 81.
[65] Ibid., pp. 82-94.
[66] Ibid., p. 96.
[67] Ibid., pl. X, figs. 7-9, p. 97.
[68] Ibid., p. 354.
[69] Ibid., p. 353.
[70] Ibid., p. 354, fig. 174.
[71] Cesnola, “Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples,” p. 410.
[72] “Industrial Arts of India,” p. 107.
[73] “Zur Geschichte der Swastika.”
[74] “La Migration des Symboles,” chap. 2, pt. 3, p. 66.
[75] Ibid., p. 67.
[76] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 69.
[77] Ibid., p. 71.
[78] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 72, 75, 77.
[79] Ibid., p. 61.
[80] Athenæum, August 20, 1892, p. 266.
[81] Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, XX, pp. 18-48.
[82] Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., III, pl. 9.
[83] London, 1880.
[84] Rawlinson, “Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia,” V, pl. 60; Trans. Soc. Biblical Archæology, VIII, p. 165.
[85] “History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,” I, p. 200, fig. 71.
[86] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, pp. 674, 675.
[87] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 326.
[88] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, XXIX, p. 180.
[89] Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, January, 1895, pp. 81, 85.
[90] “La Migration des Symboles,” pl. 3.
[91] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 93.
[92] Ibid., p. 107.
[93] “Ilios,” p. XXI.
[94] Ibid., p. 352.
[95] Ibid., p. 353.
[96] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 43.
[97] “Peintures céramiques de la Grèce propre.” I, pl. XV, fig. 17.
[98] “Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité,” III, figs. 513, 515, 518.
[99] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, December 6, 1888, pp. 669, 679, 680.
[100] “Grammar of the Lotus,” p. 318 et seq.
[101] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[102] “Ages Prehistorique de l’Espagne et du Portugal,” pp. 285-293.
[103] Ibid., p. 286.
[104] Ibid., p. 293.
[105] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 13.
[106] Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1889, XXIX, p. 179.
[107] “Musée Préhistorique,” fig. 1230; Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1886, pp. 299, 313, 314.
[108] “Catalogue of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery,” pl. 11, fig. 139.
[109] De Morgan, “Au Caucase,” fig. 180.
[110] “Pottery and Porcelain,” p. 254.
[111] “Ilios,” p. 352.
[112] “Le Swastika et la roue solaire en Chine,” Revue d’Ethnographie, IV, pp. 319, 350.
[113] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 35.
[114] New York Independent, November 16, 1893; Science, March 23, 1894, p. 162.
[115] “Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891-92,” p. 67.
[116] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 55, citing note I, Journ. Asiatique, 2e série, IV, p. 245, and Pallas, “Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten über die mongolischen Völkerschaften,” I, p. 277.
[117] Ibid., p. 55.
[118] “Des Sciences et Religion,” p. 256.
[119] “Introduction to Popular Religion and Folk Lore of North India,” p. 58.
[120] Trubner & Co., London, 1883, pp. 140, pl. 60.
[121] “Âge du Bronze,” pt. 1, p. 206.
[122] “Musée Préhistorique,” pl. 98; “Notes de l’Origine Orientale de la Métallurgie,” Lyon, 1879; “L’Âge de la Pierre et du Bronze dans l’Asie Occidentale,” Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Lyon, I, fasc. 2, 1882; Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop. de Paris, 1886, pp. 299, 313, and 314.
[123] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages.”
[124] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 51, 52.
[125] “Det Saakaldte Hagebors,” Copenhagen, 1877.
[126] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 51, 52.
[127] Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop., December 6, 1888, XI, p. 671.
[128] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 51.
[129] “Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité,” IV.
[130] “Mission Scientifique au Caucase.”
[131] “Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase,” tome deuxième, période protohistorique, Atlas, pl. 11, fig. 3.
[132] Count Goblet d’Alviella, “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 51.
[133] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 41, figs. 5 and 6.
[134] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 42, fig. 20c.
[135] “Mines de l’Orient,” V.
[136] Harper’s Magazine, August, 1895.
[137] Bulletins de la Soc. d’Anthrop., 1888, II, p. 678.
[138] Dixième Congrès International d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie Préhistorique, Paris, 1889, p. 474.
[139] “Ilios,” pp. 229, 350, note 1.
[140] Ibid., figs. 63-70, p. 229.
[141] Ibid., p. 303.
[142] All spindle-whorls from the hill of Hissarlik are represented one-half natural size.
[143] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 322.
[144] “Ilios,” pp. 518, 571.
[145] “Ilios,” fig. 1852.
[146] Ibid., p. 573.
[147] Tenth Congr. Inter. d’Anthrop. et d’Archæol. Prehist., Paris, 1889, p. 474.
[148] “Ilios,” p. 418.
[149] See p. 786.
[150] “Ilios,” fig. 226, p. 337.
[151] Ibid., p. 694.
[152] Ibid., p. 338.
[153] See p. 795.
[154] Genesis i, 28.
[155] Genesis viii, 17; ix, 7.
[156] Genesis iii, 16.
[157] Genesis xiii, 16; xv, 5.
[158] “Ilios,” preface, p. xi.
[159] “Ilios,” app. 1, p. 685.
[160] Ibid., app. 6, p. 379.
[161] “Troja,” p. xii.
[162] “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 51, 52.
[163] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 82.
[164] Archæologia, XLVII, pt. 1, p. 159.
[165] “Grammar of the Lotus,” pl. 30, figs. 2 and 10, p. 356.
[166] “Les Tapisseries Coptes,” sec. 4, pp. 5, 6.
[167] Forrer, “Die Gräber-und Textilfunde von Achmim-Panopolis,” p. 20.
[168] Bull. Soc. Française de numism. et d’archéol., II, pl. 3, p. 3.
[169] “Ilios,” p. 353.
[170] See p. 845.
[171] “Grammar of the Lotus,” p. 352.
[172] Goodyear, “Grammar of the Lotus,” pl. 61, fig. 1.
[173] See p. 795.
[174] Matériaux pour l’Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l’Homme, XVIII, p. 14.
[175] Athenic vases painted by Andokides, about 525 B. C., represent the dress of the goddess, ornamented with Swastika and Croix swasticale. Am. Journ. Archæol., January-March, 1896, XI, No. 1, figs. 9, 11.
[176] “Grammar of the Lotus,” pp. 348, 353.
[177] “Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples,” pl. 45, fig. 36.
[178] “History of Art in Phenicia and Cyprus,” II, p. 302, fig. 239.
[179] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 42, fig. 2.
[180] “Troja,” p. 123.
[181] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” frontispiece, fig. 3, and p. 115.
[182] Matériaux pour l’Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l’Homme, 1881, XVI, p. 416.
[183] Another Rhodian vase, similar in style, with Swastikas, is shown in the “Grammar of the Lotus,” pl. 37, fig. 4.
[184] G. Hirschfield, “Vasi archaici Ateniesi,” Annali dell’ Instituto di corrispondenza archæologica, 1872, Tav. d’Ag. K. 6, 52.
[185] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, pp. 674-675.
[186] Ibid., p. 675.
[187] “Salaminia,” p. 240, fig. 226.
[188] Aphrodite = Phenician Ashtoreth, Astarte = Babylonian Ishtar.
[189] See p. 773.
[190] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, p. 305.
[191] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1888, p. 679.
[192] “Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria,” I, p. 69.
[193] Ibid., II, p. 457.
[194] Annali dell’ Instituto, Rome, 1871, pp. 239-279; Bulletino Instituto, Rome, 1871, pp. 31-52; Pigorini and Sir John Lubbock, “Notes on Hut Urns and other objects from Marino,” London, 1869; Virchow, “Die Huttenuruen von Marino,” Berlin, 1883.
[195] “Troja,” p. 122.
[196] “Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria,” I, p. lxxxix.
[197] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 67.
[198] See p. 786.
[199] “Ilios,” p. 352.
[200] There are bronze hatchets from Italy, with Swastikas in intaglio and in relief, in Musée St. Germain. De Mortillet, “Musée Préhistorique,” figs. 1153, 1154.
[201] “Lake Dwellings,” pl. 161, figs. 3, 4.
[202] “Age du Bronze,” pt. 2, figs. 53-55, p. 195.
[203] Zeitschrift für Ethnographie, Berlin, 1871 and 1876.
[204] Coll. Majlath Bela; Hampel, “Antiquités Préhistoriques de la Hongrie;” Erztergom, 1877, pl. 20, No. 3.
[205] Hampel, “Catalogue de l’Exposition des Musées des Provinces,” Budapest, 1876, p. 17; Schliemann, “Ilios,” p. 352.
[206] Matériaux pour l’Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l’Homme, 1884, pp. 14, 120.
[207] “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” pt. 3, p. 407.
[208] Proceedings of the Eighth Session, I, pp. 457-460.
[209] Du Chaillu, “Viking Age,” I, fig. 335.
[210] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 43, fig. 11; “Viking Age,” II, fig. 1311; Englehardt, “L’Ancien Age de Fer.” fig. 28.
[211] Du Chaillu, “Viking Age,” I, fig. 379.
[212] “Ogam Inscribed Monuments,” p. 359, pl. xlix.
[213] Ibid., p. 358, pl. xlviii.
[214] Greg, Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. 2, pl. 19, fig. 27.
[215] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 49.
[216] Zmigrodzki, “Zur Geschichte der Suastika,” taf. 6, fig. 248.
[217] “Lake Dwellings of Europe,” p. 384, pl. 124, figs. 20-22.
[218] “L’Autel de Saintes et les triades gauloises,” Revue Archæol., 1880, XXXIX, p. 343.
[219] Institut Archæologique Liégeois, X, 1870, p. 106, pl. 13.
[220] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 47, fig. 13.
[221] See fig. 238.
[222] Archæologia, L, pt. 2, p. 406, pl. 23, fig. 7.
[223] Archæologia, XXXI.
[224] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 43, fig. 10.
[225] Ibid., pl. 3, fig. 50.
[226] See p. 787.
[227] “History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia,” p. 391.
[228] An unique cast of this tripod is in the U. S. National Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities.
[229] The number of heads may have been regulated by the size of the coins in question, probably answering to different values.
[230] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 85.
[231] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 13, fig. 24.
[232] Ibid., pl. 13, fig. 21.
[233] Athenæum, No. 3385, September 10, 1892, p. 353.
[234] Debrett’s “Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.”
[235] Snowden, “Mint Manual of Coins of all Nations,” Introduction, pp. ix-xiv; Ackerman, “Roman Coins,” pl. 14.
[236] The Bisaltæ and Orrescii were Thracian tribes who dwelt in the valleys of the Strymon and the Angites, to the north of the Pangæan Range.
[237] See p. 788.
[238] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” pl. 41, figs. 20-23.
[239] “Numismatic Chron.,” (new series), IV.
[240] “La Migration des Symboles,” figs. 17, 123.
[241] Edward Thomas, Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc. (new series), I, p. 475.
[242] “Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,” p. 83.
[243] “Numismatic Chron.,” pt. I, 1880. See p. 788 of this paper.
[244] Archæologia, XLVIII, pt. II, 1885, p. 306.
[245] Athenæum, August 20, 1892.
[246] “Viking Age,” II, figs. 1307, 1309.
[247] Page 436, fig. 140.
[248] Proc. Royal Danish Acad. Sci., 5th ser., III, p. 94, fig. a; “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 50, fig. 16.
[249] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, p. 464 et seq., figs. 139-141.
[250] This theory was first announced by Antonio de Montezinos and published by Manasseh ben Israel in Amsterdam, 1636. In Leser Library, Phil., and Cohen Library, Balto. Catalogued by Dr. Cyrus Adler. First English Ed. by Moses Wall, London: 1651, republished by Dr. Grossmann, Am. Jews’ Annual, 1889, p. 83.
[251] Max Müller and Ohnefalsch-Richter agree with this. See pp. 772, 773 of this paper.
[252] Cf. Ghandi, p. 882, of this paper.
[253] Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-84, pp. 96-106, figs. 42, 43, 45.
[254] These explorations were made for the Department of Ethnology at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.
[255] “Prehistoric America,” p. 22, note 24, fig. 9.
[256] “Primitive Industry,” p. 32.
[257] American Naturalist, XIX, July, 1885, p. 670.
[258] Ibid., pl. 20.
[259] This was the last time I ever saw Mr. Dorsey. He died within a month, beloved and regretted by all who knew him.
[260] “Troja,” p. 123.
[261] “The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado,” P. A. Norstedt & Son, Chicago, 1893.
[262] From letter of Mr. Walter Hough, Winslow, Ariz. “I send you two pieces of pottery [bearing many ogee Swastikas] from the ruins near here formerly inhabited by the Moki. Many of the bowls which we have found in this ruin had the Swastika as a major motif in the decoration.”
See also The Archæologist, III, No. 7, p. 248.
[263] “Troja,” p. 122.
[264] The presence of the Swastika is the only purpose of this citation. The correctness of the translation is not involved and is not vouched for.
[265] Equivalent to Istar of Assyria and Babylon, Astarte of Phenicia, to the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus.
[266] Cited in “Misson Voyage d’Italie,” tome 1, p. 217; Dulaure, “Histoire des Differens Cultes,” II; Brantône, “Dames Galantes”; Rabelais, “Pantagruel,” 3, chap. 35.
[267] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 59.
[268] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 273, pl. 54.
[269] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 55, fig. 1.
[270] Ibid., pl. 55, fig. 2.
[271] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 276, pl. 56, figs. 1, 2.
[272] Op. cit., p. 276, pl. 56, figs. 3, 5, 6.
[273] Op. cit., p. 281.
[274] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 61.
[275] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pls. 69-73.
[276] Figs. 402, 413, 415, 416.
[277] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 157.
[278] Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, fig. 442.
[279] Fourth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, p. 343, fig. 331.
[280] Third Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, fig. 165.
[281] Ibid., pp. 502, 503, figs. 186, 189.
[282] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 271, pl. 51, fig. 1.
[283] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pp. 272, 273.
[284] Schoolcraft, “History of the Indian Tribes,” III, pl. 25; Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pl. 36.
[285] Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, p. 33, pl. 14, fig. 7.
[286] “La Migration des Symboles,” p. 18.
[287] Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89, figs. 1118-1129.
[288] Eighth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 283.
[289] Tenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888-89, fig. 1165.
[290] Ibid., fig. 1232.
[291] Ibid., fig. 1231.
[292] Ibid., p. 729.
[293] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61.
[294] Contrib. North American Ethnology, V, p. 144.
[295] “Historia de Mexico,” I, p. 238.
[296] Ninth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-88, p. 479.
[297] “Myths of the New World,” p. 96.
[298] “Gaspesi,” London, 1691, pp. 170, 172, 199.
[299] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 270.
[300] Sixth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173 et seq., figs. 257-278.
[301] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 269.
[302] Seventh Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 155.
[303] Second Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 269.
[304] Mem. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, 1890, p. 200.
[305] De Quatrefages, “Histoire Générale du Races Humaines,” Introduction, p. 239, figs. 185-191, 193-194.
[306] Goblet d’Alviella, “La Migration des Symboles,” pp. 56, 57.
[307] Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc., xxvi, p. 177.
[308] For general lack of knowledge of Swastika in modern times, see Preface, p. 763.
[309] Finnische Ornamente. 1. Stichornamente. Heft 1-4. Soumalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura Helsingissä, 1894.
[310] Karl Blind, “Discovery of Odinic songs in Shetland,” Nineteenth Century, June, 1879, p. 1098, cited by Alfred C. Haddon in “Evolution in Art,” London, 1895, p. 285.
[311] Miss Fanny D. Bergen, in Scribner’s Magazine, September, 1894.
[312] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, October, 1893, p. 600.
[313] Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop., Paris, pp. 461-462.
[314] De Mortillet, “Musée Préhistorique,” fig. 1239.
[315] “Prehistoric Man,” p. 601.
[316] The Basaltæ and Orrescii were Thracian tribes who dwelt in the valleys of the Strymon and the Angites, to the north of the Pangæan Range.