CONTENTS AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

1. Frontispiece—Pons Ælii restored.

The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the Pons Ælii of the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and largest of these tongues of land is that formed by the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied all these eminences.

2. Title—Modern Buildings on the site of Pons Ælii.

The Norman keep of the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas; and the court-house for the county of Northumberland, built upon the site of the south-east corner of the station of Pons Ælii.

3. Plan of the course of the Roman Wall facing 1

PART I.—AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN. 1

4. Initial letter—altar from Corbridge 1

5. Coin of Claudius—DE BRITANNIS 4

6. Coin of Vespasian—ROMA RESURGES 6

7. Coin of Hadrian—ADVENTUS BRITANNIÆ 11

8. Coin of Hadrian—BRITANNIA 12

9. Coin of Severus—VICTORIÆ BRITTANICÆ 19

10. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a galley 22

11. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a lion 22

12. Coin of Magnentius—reverse, Christian monogram 24

13. Base of column—Housesteads 24

xx PART II.—A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL. 43

14. Initial Letter—Roman Nails 43

15. Plan of Barrier between Cilurnum and Magna—Plan of Cilurnum^[1] and contiguous Works—Plans of individual Stations facing 45

16. Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone 52

17. Section of Works, west of Carraw 52

18. Mural Slab—Ala II. Asturum 61

19. Altar to Fortune—Coh. I. Batavorum 62

20. Altar to Jupiter—Coh. I. Tungrorum 63

21. Written-Rock, on the river Gelt facing 81

22. Letters on the Written-Rock 82

23. Form of Wall-Stone 83

24. Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall 84

25-27. Broaching of the Wall Stones 85

28-31. Marks on the Stones 86

32. Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall facing 89

33. Herring-bone Masonry 91

34. Written-Rock at Fallow-field-fell 102

PART III.-LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS. 103

35. Initial Letters—Balusters from the Wall 103

36. Altar to Jupiter—Coh. IV. Lingonum 109

37. Plan of Wallsend, Segedunum; Section of Mountain and Works at Bradley facing 113

38. Wallsend, looking East facing 115

39. Plan of Pons Ælii facing 126

40. Mercury, Pons Ælii 129

41-44. Coins of Hadrian found in the Bridge, Pons Ælii 131

45. Coin of Severus found in Bridge, Pons Ælii 131

46. Slab to the Campestral Mothers 140

47. Altar to Mars 142

48. Altar to Mars 143

49. Fragment of the Wall, near Denton 145

50. The Works at Heddon-on-the Wall facing 149

51. The Works near Carr-hill facing 156

52. Mural Slab—Leg. II. Aug. 163

53. Slab—Fulgur Divom 164

54. The Wall at Brunton facing 169

55. Remains of Roman Bridge over North Tyne facing 170

xxi56. Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, Cilurnum facing 170

57. Vault at Cilurnum 173

58. Hypocausts at Cilurnum 174

59. Ground Plan of Hypocausts, Cilurnum 175

60. River God, Cilurnum 178

61. Hypocaust, Cilurnum facing 178

62. Funereal Slab, Cilurnum 184

63. Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, Cilurnum 185

64. Slab—Ala II. Asturum 186

65. Statue of Cybele, Cilurnum 189

66. Group of Carved Stones, Cilurnum 190

67. Miscellaneous Antiquities, Cilurnum facing 191

68. Samian Ware facing 192

69. Roman Spears, etc. facing 192

70. The Works, Tepper-moor facing 197

71. Slab—Coh. I. Batavorum 198

72. Approach to Sewingshields facing 200

73. Busy Gap 208

74. Junction of West Wall of Housesteads, Borcovicus, with the Wall 216

75. Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads 216

76. Outside View of the West Portal, Housesteads 217

77. Inside View of West Portal, Housesteads 217

78. Housesteads, Borcovicus, from the East facing 220

79. Broken Columns, Borcovicus facing 225

80. Sculptured Figures, Borcovicus facing 225

81. Sculptured Figures, etc. facing 225

82. Figure of Victory 226

83. Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician 227

84. Slab to Hadrian, Bradley 232

85. Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap 234

86. Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm 237

87. Hypocaust Pillar 238

88. Milestone at Chesterholm, Vindolana facing 239

89. Altar to Genius of the Pretorium 240

90. Symbol, Leg. XX. 241

91. Part of Slab to Hadrian 241

92. Coping-stone, Roman ‘broaching’ 242

93. The Crags, West of Craglough facing 243

94. The Wall at Steel-rig facing 244

95. Mural Stone, Leg. XX. V.V. 247

96. Mile-castle at Cawfield facing 248

97. Part of Slab to Hadrian 251

98. Tablet to Hadrian 256

99. Plan of ancient Water-course, Great Chesters, Æsica facing 257

100. Nine-nicks of Thirlwall 265

xxii101. Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses facing 268

102. Stone Effigy 272

103. Section of Works near Wallend 273

104. Slab to Hadrian, by Leg. XX. V. V. 274

105. Altar to Jupiter, by Coh. I. Ael. Dac. 278

106. West Gateway, Birdoswald, Amboglanna 280

107. Mural Stone, Leg. VI. V. F. 281

108. Birdoswald, western Rampart facing 282

109. Section of Works, Wallbours 283

110. Coin of Severus, Julia 289

111. Coin of Caracalla 289

112. Coin of Geta 289

113. Altar to Jupiter, Coh. II. Tungr. 290

114. View of Pigeon Crag 292

115. Mural Stone, Leg. II. Aug. 294

116. Altar—ob res trans vallum prospere gestas 302

117. Bowness facing 313

118. Monument to Edward I. 314

PART IV.—THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL. 315

119. Initial A, and Mural Slab, Risingham 315

120. Tablet, Gyrum Cumbas 319

121. Tablet found at Jarrow 323

122. Corbridge Lanx 335

123. Altar to Astarte 338

124. Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church 339

125. Slab to Severus at Hexham 340

126. Genius of the Wall 353

127. Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus 360

128. Altar to Jupiter, Maryport 363

129. Slab to Hadrian, Moresby 367

130. Symbol of Leg. XX. 368

PART V.—THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE WALL?—DISCUSSED. 369

131. Initial O, bronze ornament found at Borcovicus 369

132. Slab, Leg. II. and Leg. XX. 392

PART VI.—MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL. 393

133. Initial M, bronze ornament, an Eagle, found at Magna 393

134. Altar, Deo Vetri 395

xxiii135. Large Altar to Jupiter 397

136. Altar, Genio Loci, etc. 399

137. Altar, Deo Cocidio 401

138. Altar, Deo Belatucadro 401

139. Altar to Minerva 402

140. Altar to Fortune 403

141. Altar to Mithras 404

142. Altar to the Sun 405

143. Attendant of Mithras 406

144. Altar to Mithras 407

145. Zodiacal Tablet, Borcovicus 409

146. Pine-apple Ornament, etc., Cilurnum 410

147. Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, Cilurnum 410

148. Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle 411

149. Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, Magna 412

150. Altar to Silvanus, Amboglanna 413

151. Altar to the Nymphs, Habitancum 414

152. Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, Vindobala 415

153. Altar to Epona, Magna 415

154. Altar, sculptured with a Toad, Cilurnum 416

155. Altar to Viteres, Thirlwall-castle 416

156. Altar to Viteres, Condercum 417

157. Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle 417

158. Altar to the Three Lamiæ, Condercum 418

159-60. Egyptian Idols 418

161. Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, Habitancum 419

162. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420

163. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420

164. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420

165. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Nether-hall 421

166. Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, Cilurnum 426

167. Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, Magna 428

168. Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor, Vindolana 429

169. Centurial Stone, Coh. V. Cæcilii Proculi, Cilurnum 430

170. Centurial Stone, Cilurnum 430

171. Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found 434

172-224. The Thorngrafton Coins, imperial, consular, and others 435-441

225. Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester facing 445

226. Bronze Vessels facing 445

227. Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc. facing 445

228. Soles of Sandals, etc. facing 445

229. Tail piece—Romæ Æternæ Fortunæ Reduci 450

xxiv

PLATE I

A. Reid, Sc 117, Pilgrim S^t. Newcastle. Plan OF THE COURSE OF THE ROMAN WALL FROM THE TYNE TO THE SOLWAY.

1

The Roman Barrier of the

Lower Isthmus.