Chapter IV · (continued 6)

More important in a general view than the details of 611 Anselm’s journey are the negotiations which went on during this time between William, Urban, and Anselm. The Red King’s day of grace was now over. Position of Rufus. The last touch of feeling recorded of him is when he bowed his head to receive Anselm’s blessing. Henceforth he stands out, in a more marked way than ever, in the character which distinguishes him from other kings and from other men. We have had evil kings before and after him; but we have had none other who openly chose evil to be his good, none other who declared himself in plain words to be the personal enemy of the Almighty. Yet, as we have already noticed, the bolts of the Church never lighted on Possible effect of excommunication on him.the head of this worst of royal sinners. We have just seen how once at least he was spared by the merciful intercession of his own victim. We are tempted to stop and think how a formal excommunication would have worked on such an one as William Rufus had now become. Papal excommunications not yet despised. We must remember that the weight of papal excommunications of princes had not yet been lowered, as it came to be lowered afterwards, either by their frequency or by their manifest injustice. The cases which were then fresh in men’s minds were all striking and weighty. The Emperor Henry. The excommunication of the Emperor was, from the papal point of view, a natural stage of the great struggle which was still raging. Philip of France. Philip of France had been excommunicated for a moral offence which seemed the darker because it involved the mockery of an ecclesiastical sacrament. Boleslaus of Poland. 1079. And no man could wonder or blame when, in the days of Hildebrand, Boleslaus of Poland was put out of the communion of the faithful for slaying with his own hands before the altar the bishop who had rebuked him for his sins.[1644] The case most akin to the wanton excommunications of later times had been when Alexander the 612 The case of Harold. Second in form, when Hildebrand in truth, had denounced Harold without a hearing for no crime but that of accepting the crown which his people gave him. But men are so apt to judge by results that the fall of Harold and of England may by this time, even among Englishmen, have begun to be looked on as a witness to the power of the Church’s thunders. In the days of Rufus a papal excommunication was still a real and fearful thing at which men stood aghast. It might not have turned the heart of Rufus; it might even have hardened his heart yet further. Probable effect of an excommunication on the people. But among his people, even among his own courtiers, the effect would doubtless have been such that he must in the end, like Philip, have formally given way. As it was, the bolt never fell; the hand of Anselm stopped it once; other causes, as we shall soon see, stopped it afterwards. And, instead of the formal excommunication of Rome, there came that more striking excommunication by the voice of the English people, when, by a common instinct, they declared William the Red to have no true part in that communion of the faithful from which he had never been formally cut off.

Anselm writes to the Pope from Lyons. The negotiations, if we may so call them, which followed the departure of Anselm may be looked on as beginning with a letter written by Anselm to the Pope from Lyons.[1645] The Archbishop, once out of England, seems to take up a new tone. His new tone. His language with regard to the King’s doings is still singularly mild;[1646] but he now begins to speak, not only of God and right, but of the canons of the Church and the authority of the Pope,613 as something to which the arbitrary customs of England must give way.[1647] To those customs he cannot agree without perilling his own soul and the souls of his successors. He comes to the Apostolic See for help and counsel.[1648] Anselm at Rome. When he had reached Rome, he again set forth his case more fully, as it had been set forth in the letter from Lyons. Letters to the King. Letters both from Anselm and from the Pope were sent to the King by the same messenger, letters which unluckily are not preserved. The summary of the papal letter seems to point to a lofty tone on the part of the Pontiff. He moves, he exhorts, he at last commands, King William, to leave the goods of the Archbishop free, and to restore everything to him.[1649] Anselm’s own letter was doubtless in a milder strain. The messenger came back, to find both Urban and Anselm again at Rome after the synod at Bari. His reception of the letters. The letter from Urban had been received, though ungraciously; the letter from Anselm was sent back. As soon as the King knew that the bearer was a man of the Archbishop’s, he had sworn by the face of Lucca that, unless the messenger speedily got him away out of his lands, he would have his eyes torn out without fail.[1650]

Mission of William of Warelwast. The Pope however could hardly be left wholly without some answer, however scornfully William might deal 614 with the letter of his own subject. But the answer was not speedy in coming. Its bearer was the trusty clerk William of Warelwast, of whom we have already heard more than once. The King’s business did not now call for the same haste as it had done when the same man was sent to find out who was the true Pope.[1651] Much happened before he came. Amongst other things, not a few travellers came from England and Normandy, bringing with them fresh and fresh reports of the evil doings of the King, some of which we have already heard of. William on the continent. November, 1097-April, 1099. William was now in Normandy. He crossed at Martinmas,[1652] and spent the whole of the next year in the wars of France and Maine. He did not come back to England till the Easter of the year following that.[1653] It was now that he played at Rouen the part of a missionary of the creed of Moses.[1654] But he kept his eye upon England also; for to this time is assigned the story of the fifty Englishmen who so enraged the blaspheming King by proving their innocence by the ordeal.[1655] Nor was it merely rumours of William’s doings at home which found their way into Italy from Normandy and England. While the King was devising his answer to the Pope, his emissaries were busy in other parts of the peninsula. Affairs of Southern Italy. The affairs of the Normans in their two great settlements are always joining in one stream. While Bohemund and Tancred were on their Eastern march, the reigning princes of their house, Roger of Apulia and Roger of Sicily, were carrying on their schemes of advancement west of Hadria. Siege of Capua. Their armies now lay before Capua. Meanwhile Anselm had withdrawn 615 with John Abbot of Telesia to seek quiet in a town of the Abbot’s on the upper Vulturnus, Anselm at Schiavia. whose name of Schiavia may suggest some ethnological questions.[1656] Our guide specially marks that this journey was a journey into Samnium; he may not have fully taken in how truly Telesia was the heart of Samnium, alike in the days of the Pontius of the Caudine Forks and in the days of the Pontius of the Colline Gate.[1657] He writes “Cur Deus Homo.” Here, in his Samnite retreat, Anselm was moulding the theology of all later times by his treatise which told why God became Man.[1658] Meanwhile William of England, at war with righteousness in all its forms, held Helias in his prison at Bayeux,[1659] and plotted against Anselm in his hermitage at Schiavia. When Duke Roger’s army was so near, the master of Normandy deemed that something might be done for his purpose by Norman arms or Norman craft. He sent letters—​his letters could go speedily when speed was needed—​to stir up Duke Roger to do some mischief to the man whom he hated.[1660] The plot was in vain. Anselm and Urban before Capua. Anselm was invited to the Duke’s camp; he was received there with all honour during a sojourn of some time, as he was at every other point of the Duke’s dominions to which he went.[1661] The Pope and Anselm, 616 patriarchs of two worlds, were Duke Roger’s guests at the same time. But only the rich dared to present themselves in the presence of the Pope of the mainland, while the shepherd of the nations beyond the sea welcomed men of all kinds lovingly.[1662] Anselm and the Saracens. The very Saracens whom Count Roger had brought from Sicily to the help of his nephew pressed to visit the holy man of another faith, to be received and fed at his cost, to kiss his hands, and to cover him with prayers and blessings. Not a few of them were even ready to embrace Anselm’s creed;[1663] but proselytism among his soldiers formed no part of the policy of the conqueror of Sicily. Count Roger was ready enough to extend the territorial bounds of 617 Christendom by his sword; Count Roger forbids conversions. but he found, as his great-grandson found after him, that in war no followers were to be trusted like the misbelievers. Once enlisted in his service, they had no motive to forsake him for any other Christian leader, while they had no hope of restoring the supremacy of their own faith. With them too neither Clement nor Urban, nor any votary of Clement or Urban, had any weight. So useful a class of warriors was not to be lessened in number. Whatever might be his missionary zeal at Palermo or Syracuse, Count Roger allowed no conversions in the camp before Capua. The men who were ready to hearken to Anselm’s teaching had to turn away at the bidding of their temporal lord, and the father of Christian theology was forbidden the rare glory of winning willing proselytes to the Christian faith among the votaries of Islam.[1664]

Anselm wishes to resign the archbishopric. Meanwhile the tales of William’s misdoings in Normandy and England were brought in day by day. The heart of Anselm was moved ever more and more; he saw that, come what might, he and such a king could never agree; the only course for him was to cast aside the grievous burthen and responsibility of his archbishopric. He earnestly craved the Pontiff’s leave to resign it into his hands.[1665] Urban was far too wary for this. Urban forbids him. He enjoined Anselm, by virtue of holy obedience, to do no such thing. The King, in his 618 tyranny, might seize his temporalities and might keep him out of the land; but in the eye of the Church he remained none the less the Archbishop of the English kingdom, with his power of binding and loosing as strong as ever.[1666] Anselm was not only not to give up his office; he was to make a point of always appearing with the full badges of his office.[1667] Even now Anselm seems to have been in some difficulties how to reconcile his two duties to God and to Cæsar, difficulties which he would doubtless have got rid of altogether by resigning the archbishopric.[1668] But he submits to the Pontiff’s will, and he is bidden to meet him again at Bari, where judgement will be given in the matter of the King of the English and of all others who interfere with the liberties of the Church.[1669]

Council of Bari. October 1, 1098. Then came the meeting at Bari, the disputation against the Greeks, the excommunication of Rufus stopped by Anselm’s intercession.[1670] That Anselm was playing an arranged part we cannot believe for a moment; but we may believe, without breach of charity, that Urban threatened the excommunication of Rufus in the full belief that Anselm would intercede for him. Anselm at Rome. Urban and Anselm then went back to Rome; and thither presently came the messenger from Normandy, who had to tell of the King’s frightful threats towards 619 himself. William of Warelwast and Urban. Soon after came William of Warelwast, with a message from the King to the Pope. The diplomacy of the future bishop of Exeter was at least straightforward. “My lord the King sends you word that he wonders not a little how it can have come into your mind to address him for the restitution of the goods of Anselm.” He added, “If you ask the reason, here it is. When Anselm wished to depart from his land, the King openly threatened him that, if he went, he should take the whole archbishopric into his demesne. Since Anselm then would not, even when thus threatened, give up his purpose of going, the King deems that his own acts were right, and that he is now wrongfully blamed.”[1671] The Pope asked whether the King had any other charge against Anselm. “None,” answered the envoy. Urban had gained an advantage. Urban’s answer. He poured forth his wonder at a thing so unheard of in all time as that a king should spoil the primate of his kingdom of all his goods merely because he would not refrain from visiting the Roman Church, the mother of all churches.[1672] Excommunication threatened. William of Warelwast might go back to his master, and might tell him that the Pope meant to hold a council at Rome in the April 12, 1099. Easter-week next to come, and that, if by that time Anselm was not restored to all that he had lost, the sentence of excommunication should go forth.[1673]

620 Brave words were these of Pope Urban, but William the Red knew how to deal with mere bravery of words, even in the Pope whom he had acknowledged. Walter of Albano had once outwitted William and his counsellors; but Walter of Albano had in the end yielded to William’s most powerful argument. William of Warelwast’s secret dealings with Urban. William of Warelwast was not the least likely to outwit Urban; but he had it in commission from his master to overcome the Pope by the same logic by which his Legate had been overcome. We may copy the words of our own Chronicler four-and-twenty years later; “That overcame Rome that overcometh all the world, that is gold and silver.”[1674] To Urban’s well conceived speech the answer of William of Warelwast was pithy and practical; “Before I go The excommunication respited. away, I will have some dealings with you more in private.”[1675] He went to work prudently, as the Red King’s clerks knew how to do; he made friends here and there; the Pope’s advisers were blinded; the Pope himself was blinded; April-September, 1099. a respite from Easter to Michaelmas was granted to King William of England.[1676]

Position of Anselm. This adjournment was a heavy blow for Anselm. He had in no way stirred up the Pope to any action against the prince whom he still acknowledged as his sovereign. At Bari, when no answer had as yet been received 621 from the King, Anselm had pleaded for him; it was indeed only common justice to give him that one more chance. But, when the answer had come, and had proved to be of such a kind as we have seen, Anselm most likely thought that the time for action had come. He might indeed fairly deem that the excommunication would in truth be an act of kindness towards William. All other means of reclaiming the sinner had failed; that final and most awful means might at last succeed. At all events, Anselm’s soul was grieved to the quick at the thought that the Pope’s sentence, whatever it might be, could be changed or delayed by the power of filthy lucre. Urban’s treatment of Anselm. He had borne every kind of grief, he had borne insults and banishment and the spoiling of his goods, for the sake of Rome and the Pope, and he had now found out what Rome and the Pope were. He had found that the master was no better than his servants. He had found Rome to be what Rome was ever found to be by every English bishop, by every Englishman by birth or adoption, who ever trusted in her. Urban proved the same broken reed to Anselm which Alexander in after days proved to Thomas. Anselm had gone through much in order to have the counsel and help of the Pope. But no counsel or help had he found in him.[1677] Anselm made to stay for the Council of Lateran, April 12, 1099. He craved leave to depart from Rome, and again to tarry at Lyons with a friend in whom he could better trust, the Primate of all the Gauls.[1678] The request was refused. Urban had still to make use of Anselm for his own purposes. He had to show his guest and the Church’s confessor—​the 622 guest and confessor whom he had sold for William’s gold—​to the whole world in his Lateran Council. The special honours which were there paid to Anselm must have been felt by him as little more than a mockery. Protest of Reingar of Lucca. It may have been a preconcerted scene, it may have been a burst of honest indignation, when Reingar, Bishop of Lucca, bore an emphatic witness on Anselm’s side. Reingar, chosen on account of his lofty stature and sounding voice to announce the decrees of the Council, broke forth in words of his own declaring the holiness and the wrongs of the Archbishop of the English, and thrice smote his staff on the floor with quivering lips and teeth gnashed together.[1679] The Pope checked him; Reingar protested, and renewed his protest. Anselm simply wondered; he had never said a word to the Bishop of Lucca on any such matter, nor did he believe that any of his faithful followers had done so either.[1680]

End of the Council. The council broke up. The great general anathema was pronounced which would take in William along with the other princes of the earth;[1681] but nothing was said or done directly for Anselm or his cause.[1682] Anselm goes to Lyons. Anselm now at last left Rome for Lyons. He there heard of the deaths both of him who was to issue the excommunication and of him against whom it was to be issued. Death of Urban. July. 29, 1099. Urban did not live to hear how his preaching at Clermont was crowned by the deliverance of the Holy City. Yet the work was done while he still lived. Fourteen days after the storm of Jerusalem, seven days after the election 623 William’s words on his death. of King Godfrey, Pope Urban died. The news of his death was brought to William while he was in the midst of his last warfare for Le Mans. Let God’s hate, he answered, be upon him who cares whether he be dead or alive.[1683] Battle of Ascalon. August 12, 1099. Fourteen days after Urban’s death, the hosts of Egypt were smitten at Ascalon; and the city which had just been won was again made safe. The next day a fresh Pope was chosen, Paschal, who, in the course of a long reign, had to strive alike with a Henry of Germany and Paschal the Second, Pope. August 13, 1099-January 21, 1118.with a Henry of England. The news of his election was brought to William, and he asked what manner of man the new Pope might be. He was told that he was a man in many things like Archbishop Anselm. “Then by God’s face,” said the Red King, “if he be such an one, he is no good.” But William felt that his wished for time was now William’s words on Paschal’s election.come. Now at least there should be no trouble about acknowledging Popes against his will. “Let the Pope be what he will, he and his popedom shall not this time come over me by little and little. I have got my freedom again, and I will use it.”[1684] The time fixed for the excommunication passed unmarked over the head of the living Rufus. But before a full year had passed from Paschal’s election, the dead Rufus was excommunicated by the voice of his own kingdom.

We leave Anselm at Lyons; we shall meet him again when he comes back in all honour to crown and to marry a king and a queen who filled the English throne by the free call of the English people. Meanwhile we must take up the thread of our story, and see more fully what has been happening in the other lands which come within the Red King’s world, while Anselm was so long and so wearily striving for 624 righteousness. The tale of Normandy, the tale of Jerusalem, so far as it concerned us to tell it, could hardly be kept apart from the tale of Anselm. But we have still to tell the tale of Scotland, of Northumberland, of Wales, of France, above all the tale of Maine and its noble Count, during the years through which we have tracked the history of Anselm. We have to go back to the beginning of the story through which we have just passed, and to begin afresh while Rufus in his short day of penitence lies on his sick-bed at Gloucester.

FOOTNOTES.

“On þaere ealdan byrig,

Acemannes ceastre,

Eac hie egbuend.

Oþre worde

Beornas Baðan nemnað.”

Cf. Ord. Vit. 708 D, 808 C.

ἐγὼ δ’ ἐπίσταμαι γὰρ ἀρτίως, ὅτι

ὅ τ’ ἐχθρὸς ἡμῖν ἐς τοσόνδ’ ἐχθαρτέος,

ὡς καὶ φιλήσων αὖθις.

“Eripe tartareis Robertum, Christe, camœnis [caminis];

Est nimis ipse reus; terge, precor, facinus;”

“Montem Snaudunum fluviumque citum Colvenum,

Pluribus armatis transiliit vicibus.

Præcipuam pulcro Blideno rege fugato

Prædam cum paucis cepit in insidiis.

Duxit captivum lorisque ligavit Hoëllum

Qui tunc Wallensi rex præerat manui.

Cepit Grithfridum regem vicitque Trehellum;

Sic micuit crebris militiæ titulis.

Attamen incaute Wallenses ausus adire,

Occidit æstivi principio Julii.

Prodidit Owenius, rex est gavisus Hovellus;

Facta vindicta monte sub Hormaheva.

Ense caput secuit Grithfridus, et in mare jecit,

Soma quidem reliquum possidet hunc loculum.”

“Hic tumulus claudit quem nulla sub orbe Latino

Gens ignoravit.”

“Por devise del nom k’il out,

Ki à son pere ressemblout,

Kar chescun Willame aveit nom,

Out li filz poiz Ros à sornom.”

θεοῦ τε γὰρ θέλοντος ἐκπέρσειν πόλιν

καὶ μὴ θέλοντος φησὶν, οὐδὲ τὴν Διὸς

ἔριν πέδῳ σκήψασαν ἐκποδὼν σχέθειν.

“Li quens Robert, cil de Belesme,

Mil chevalers out en son esme;

En Engleterre out treis contez,

Quens de Pontif estait clamez,

Si ert conte de Leneimeis,

D’Esparlon e de Sessuneis;

Sue estait Argenton, Seis,

Roche-Mabilie estait en sa pœs.

En Rom out rues assez.

Il esteit quen de sis contez;

Ço ert le meillur chevaler

Ke l’em séust pur querreier.

Cil vint à son seignur le rei,

Mil chevalers menat od sei.”

“E Henris out des déniers asez

Ke sis peres li out donez,

Partie out del tresor son pere

E grant partie out de sa mere.”

ὅσσας δ’ εἷλε πόλεις, πόρον οὐ διαβὰς Ἄλυος ποταμοῖο,

οὐδ’ ἀφ’ ἑστίας συθείς.

“Li Munt asistrent environ,

De Genez de si à Coisnon

E la revière d’Ardenon;

N’issent del mont se par els non.

A Avrenches li reis séeit

Et a Genez li dus esteit.”

“Sovent coreit par Costentin,

E tensout tot Avrencin;

Li vilains prist, si fist raendre,

Ne leissout rien k’il péust prendra.”

“Mult véissiez joster sovent,

E tornéier espessement

Entre li Munt et Ardenon

E la rivière de Coisnon.

Chescun jor al flo retraiant

Vint chevaliers jostes menant.”

“N’oïst de chevalier parler

Ke de proesce oïst loer,

Ki en son brief escrit ne fust,

E ki par an del suen n’éust.”

“De viande aveient plenté

Maiz de bevre aveient grant chierté;

Asez aveient a mengier,

Maiz molt trovoent li vin chier.”

“Se þe ær wæs heafod

Angelcynnes

And Cristendomes.”

“Imperialis ubi Burgundia surgit in Alpes,

Et condescendit Rhodano, convallia vernant,

Duplicibus vestitur humus; sunt gramina vestis

Publica, sunt flores vestis sollennis, et uno

Illa colore nitent, sed mille coloribus illi.”

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

INDEX

A.

Aaron, the Jew, i. 160 (note).

Abbeys, sale of, by William Rufus, i. 134, 135, 347, 349; vacancies of, prolonged by him, i. 134, 135, 347, 350, ii. 564; Englishmen appointed to by him, i. 352; in what sense the king’s, i. 455.

Aberafan, held by the descendants of Jestin, ii. 87; foundation of the borough, ii. 88.

Aberllech, English defeat at, ii. 107.

Aberlleiniog Castle, ii. 97; destroyed by the Welsh, ii. 101; rebuilt, ii. 129; modern traces of, ii. 130; fleet of Magnus off, ii. 143.

Aberllwehr Castle, ii. 103.

Abingdon Abbey, dealings of Hugh of Dun and Hugh of Buckland with, ii. 665.

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, her correspondence with Anselm, i. 374, ii. 571.

Adelaide, wife of Walter Tirel, ii. 322, 673; her tenure of lands in Essex, ii. 674.

Adeliza, Queen, wife of Henry I., ii. 389 (note).

Adeliza (Atheliz), abbess of Wilton, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 578.

Adeliza, wife of Roger of Montgomery, legend of her vow, ii. 154.

Adeliza, wife of William Fitz-Osbern, i. 266.

Advocatio, advowson, right and duty of, i. 420.

Ælfgifu-Emma. See Emma.

Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm asserts his right to the title of martyr, i. 377.

Ælfhere, Prior of Saint Eadmund’s, ii. 579.

Ælfred, King, Henry I. descended from, ii. 383.

Ælfred of Lincoln, ii. 485.

Ælfsige, Abbot of Bath, his death, i. 136.

Ælwine Retheresgut, ii. 359 (note).

Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, fortifies Bridgenorth, ii. 152, 153 (note).

Æthelflæd, Abbess of Romsey, her alleged outwitting of William Rufus, ii. 32, 600.

Æthelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, his gift of a cope to the Archbishop of Beneventum, i. 610.

Æthelred II., compared with William Rufus, ii. 307.

Æthelward, son of Dolfin, ii. 551.

Agnes of Ponthieu, wife of Robert of Bellême, i. 180; his treatment of her, i. 183; escapes from him, i. 183 (note).

Agnes, wife of Helias of Maine, ii. 373.

Agnes, widow of Walter Giffard, said to have poisoned Sibyl of Conversana, ii. 312 (note).

Aiulf, Sheriff of Dorset, ii. 485.

Alan the Black, lord of Richmond, part of Bishop William’s lands granted to, i. 90; his agreement with the Bishop, i. 93; intervenes on his behalf, i. 109, 117, 120; Rufus bids him give the Bishop ships, i. 114; seeks Eadgyth-Matilda in marriage, ii. 602; his death, ib.

Albanians, followers of Magnus so called, ii. 623.

Alberic, Earl of Northumberland, confirms the grant of Tynemouth to Jarrow, ii. 18, 605.

Alberic of Grantmesnil, goes on the first crusade, i. 552; called the “rope-dancer,” i. 565 (note).

Aldric, Saint, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings, ii. 240, 633.

Alençon, garrison of, driven out by Robert of Bellême, i. 193; surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 218; the army of William Rufus meets at, ii. 228.

Alexander the Great, William Rufus compared to, i. 287.

Alexander II., Pope, his excommunication of Harold, i. 612.

Alexander, King of Scotland, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; his accession, ii. 124; marries a daughter of Henry I., ib.; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 581.

Alexios Komnênos, Eastern Emperor, appeals for help to the Council of Piacenza, i. 545; Duke Robert does homage to, i. 564.

Allières, castle of, ii. 216, 217.

Almaric the Young, ii. 251.

Alnwick, history of the castle and lords of, ii. 15, 596; death of Malcolm III. at, ii. 16, 592.

Alton, meeting of Henry I. and Robert near, ii. 408.

Alvestone, sickness of William Rufus at, i. 390.

Amalchis, brings news to William Rufus of the victories of Helias, ii. 283, 645–652, 785.

Amalfi, siege of, i. 562.

Amalric of Montfort, gets possession of the county of Evreux, i. 268 (note).

Amercements, provision for, in Henry’s charters, ii. 354.

Amfrida, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Anglesey, advance of Hugh of Chester in, ii. 97; deliverance of, ii. 101; war of 1098 in, ii. 127 et seq.; fleet of Magnus off, ii. 143; his designs thereon, ii. 145; subdued by Hugh of Chester, ii. 146; recovered by the Welsh, ii. 301; second visit of Magnus to, ii. 442.

Annales Cambriæ, ii. 3 (note).

Anselm, his biographers, i. 325 (note), 369; his birthplace and parentage, i. 366; compared with Lanfranc, i. 368, 456; his friendship with William the Conqueror, i. 368, 380; not preferred in England by him, i. 368; his character, i. 369; his childhood and youth, i. 370, 371; leaves Aosta, sojourns at Avranches, and becomes a monk at Bec, i. 371; elected prior and abbot, i. 372; his wide-spread fame, i. 373; his correspondence, i. 374, ii. 570 et seq.; his desire to do justice, i. 377; his first visit to England, ib.; asserts Ælfheah’s right to the title of martyr, ib.; his friendship with the monks of Christ Church, i. 378; with Eadmer, i. 369, 378, 460; his popularity in England, i. 378; his preaching and alleged miracles, i. 379; his friendship for Earl Hugh, i. 380; entertained by Walter Tirel, i. 380 (note); regarded as the future Archbishop, i. 381; refuses Earl Hugh’s invitation to Chester, i. 383; yields at last, at the bidding of his monks, i. 384; hailed at Canterbury as the future Archbishop, i. 385; his first interview with William Rufus, ib.; rebukes him, i. 386; goes to Chester, i. 387; the King refuses him leave to go back, i. 388; his form of prayer for the appointment of an archbishop, i. 390; the King’s mocking speech about, ib.; sent for by him, i. 393; named by him to the archbishopric, i. 396, ii. 584; his unwillingness, i. 396; Rufus pleads with him, i. 398; invested by force, i. 399; his first installation, i. 400; his prophecy and parable, i. 401; has no scruple about the royal right of investiture, i. 403; later change in his views, i. 404; stays with Gundulf, i. 406; his interview with William at Rochester, i. 412; conditions of his acceptance, i. 413–416; refuses to confirm William’s grants during the vacancy, i. 418–421; states the case in a letter to Hugh of Lyons, i. 419, ii. 571, 576; receives the archbishopric and does homage, i. 422; his friendship with Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s, i. 423; the papal question left unsettled, i. 424, 432; his enthronement, i. 427; Flambard’s suit against him, i. 428; his consecration, i. 429–432; professes obedience to the Church of Rome, i. 432; attends the Gemót at Gloucester, i. 434; his unwilling contribution for the war against Robert, i. 437, 438; his gift refused by the King, i. 439; his dispute with the Bishop of London, i. 440; at the consecration of Battle Abbey, i. 444; insists on the profession of Robert Bloet, i. 446; rebukes the courtiers, i. 449; appeals to Rufus for reforms, i. 451; asks leave to hold a synod, ib.; protests against fashionable vices, i. 452; prays the King to fill vacant abbeys, i. 453; his claim to the regency, i. 457; attempts to regain the King’s favour, ib.; refuses to give him money, i. 458–460; leaves Hastings, i. 460; his interview with the King at Gillingham, i. 481; asks leave to go to Urban for the pallium, i. 481–484; argues in favour of Urban, i. 484; asks for an assembly to discuss the question, i. 485; insists on the acknowledgement of Urban, i. 486; states his case at the assembly at Rockingham, i. 492; how regarded by the King’s party, i. 493; advice of the bishops to, i. 494; sets forth his twofold duties, i. 495, 496; compared with William of Saint-Calais, i. 497; not the first to appeal to Rome, ib.; his speech to Rufus, i. 498; sleeps during the debate, ib.; the King’s message and advice of the bishops, ib.; schemes of William of Saint-Calais against, i. 500; speech of Bishop William to him, i. 502; Anselm’s challenge, i. 505; popular feeling with him, i. 507; speech of the knight to, i. 508; renounced by the King and the bishops, i. 512; supported by the lay lords, i. 514; proposes to leave England, i. 516; agrees to an adjournment, i. 518; his friends oppressed by the King, i. 520; summoned to Hayes, i. 530; refuses to pay for the pallium, i. 531; reconciled to Rufus, ib.; refuses to take the pallium from him, i. 532; absolves Bishops Robert and Osmund, i. 533; restores Wilfrith of Saint David’s, i. 534; receives the pallium at Canterbury, ib.; his alleged oath to the Pope, i. 535, ii. 588; his letters to Cardinal Walter, i. 536, 538, ii. 41, 571; entrusted with the defence of Canterbury, i. 537, ii. 44; his canonical position objected to by the bishops, i. 539; his dealings with his monks and tenants, i. 541; attends Bishop William on his deathbed, i. 542, ii. 61; consecrates English and Irish bishops, i. 544; his letters to King Murtagh, i. 545 (note), ii. 581; his contribution to the pledge-money, i. 558; complaints made of his contingent to the Welsh war, i. 572; position of his knights, i. 573; summoned to the King’s court, i. 574; change in his feelings, i. 575; his yearnings towards Rome, i. 575–577; new position taken by, i. 577; determines to demand reform, i. 579, and not to answer the new summons, ib.; favourably received, i. 581; asks leave to go to Rome, i. 582, 583, and is refused, ib.; renews his request, i. 584; again impleaded, ib.; alternative given to by William, ib.; his answer to the bishops and lords, i. 585; to Walkelin, i. 587; charged with breach of promise, i. 589; alternative given to him, ib.; his discourse to the King, i. 589–591; the barons take part against him, i. 591; his answer to Robert of Meulan, i. 592; terms on which he is allowed to go, i. 592, 593; his last interview with Rufus, i. 593; blesses him, i. 594; his departure from Canterbury, ib.; his departure foretold by the comet, ii. 118; William of Warelwast searches his luggage, i. 595; crosses to Whitsand, ib.; his estates seized by the King, ib.; his acts declared null, i. 596; compared with Thomas of London and William of Saint-Calais, i. 598 et seq.; does not strictly appeal to the Pope, i. 598; does not assert clerical privileges, i. 599; effects of his foreign sojourn on, i. 606; writes to Urban from Lyons, i. 612; alleged scheme of Odo Duke of Burgundy against, i. 606, and of Pope Clement, i. 607; his reception by Urban, ib.; known as “the holy man,” i. 608; writes to Rufus, i. 613; his sojourn at Schiavia, i. 615; writes his “Cur Deus Homo,” ib.; plots of William Rufus against, ib.; his reception by Duke Roger, ib.; his kindness to the Saracens, i. 616; forbidden to convert them, i. 617; Urban forbids him to resign his see, ib.; defends the Filioque at Bari, i. 609, 618; pleads for William Rufus, ib.; Urban’s dealings with him, i. 621; made to stay for the Lateran Council, i. 621; special honours paid to, i. 607, 622; goes to Lyons, i. 622; hears of the death of Rufus, ii. 34, 363; the monks of Canterbury beg him to return, ii. 363; Henry’s letter to, ii. 364–366; returns to England, ii. 369; his connexion with Norman history, ib.; his meeting with Henry, ii. 374; his dispute with Henry compared with that with Rufus, ii. 375; his refusal to do homage and receive investiture, ii. 375, 376; the question is adjourned, ii. 377, 378, 399; no personal scruple on his part, ii. 377; provisional restoration of his temporalities, ii. 378; refuses his consent to the appointment of Eadwulf as abbot of Malmesbury, ii. 383 (note); Eadgyth appeals to, concerning her marriage with Henry, ii. 384; holds an assembly on the matter, and pronounces in her favour, ii. 384, 385, 683; other versions of the story, ii. 385, 387; celebrates the marriage, ii. 387; his speech thereat, ii. 388; mediates between Henry and his nobles, ii. 400; his contingent against Robert, ii. 403; his energy on behalf of Henry, ii. 410; threatens Robert with excommunication, ib.; Henry’s compromise with, ii. 455; called Saint before his canonization, ii. 661.

Ansfrida, mistress of Henry I., story of, ii. 380; buried at Abingdon, ii. 382.

Anskill of Berkshire, story of, ii. 380; notice of in Domesday, ii. 381 (note).

Anthony, Sub-Prior of Christ Church, appointed Prior of Saint Augustine’s, i. 140.

Antioch, “rope-dancers” at, i. 565; death of Arnulf of Hesdin at, ii. 66.

Aosta, birthplace of Anselm, i. 366.

Aquitaine, Duke William proposes to pledge it to William Rufus, ii. 313.

Archard. See Harecher.

Archbishop of Canterbury, special position of, i. 358; the parish priest of the Crown, i. 414 (note).

Archbishopric, meaning of the phrase “receiving” it, ii. 375.

Argentan Castle, held by William Rufus, i. 462; siege of, i. 463; surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 464; granted to Robert of Bellême, ii. 396; held by him against Henry I., ii. 428.

Armethwaite Nunnery, alleged foundation of, by William Rufus, ii. 506.

Arnold, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings, ii. 240, 634.

Arnold of Saint Evroul, translates Robert of Rhuddlan’s body to Saint Evroul, i. 128.

Arnold of Escalfoy, poisoned by Mabel Talvas, i. 215.

Arnold of Percy, signs the Durham charter, ii. 530.

Arnold, Dr., on chivalry, ii. 508.

Arnulf of Hesdin, his alleged foundation at Ruislip, i. 376 (note); his gifts to Gloucester Abbey, ii. 65; his innocence proved by battle, ib.; goes to the crusade and dies, ii. 66.

Arnulf of Montgomery, son of Earl Roger of Shrewsbury, i. 57 (note); begins Pembroke Castle, ii. 96; plots against Henry, ii. 395; his share in Robert of Bellême’s rebellion, ii. 423; his dealings with King Murtagh, ii. 425, 622, 624; and with King Magnus, ii. 426; harries Staffordshire, ii. 429; goes to Ireland, ii. 442; his banishment, ii. 450.

Arques Castle, held by Helias of Saint-Saens, i. 236.

Arundel, held by Earl Roger, i. 58; position of, ib.; castle of, built T. R. E., ib.; priory founded at, by Earl Roger, i. 59 (note); besieged by Henry I., ii. 428; terms of its surrender, ii. 430; its later fortunes, ib.

Arundel, Earl of, origin of the title, i. 60 (note).

Ascalon, battle of, i. 623.

Ascelin Goel, his war with William of Breteuil, i. 243 (note).

Assemblies, frequency of, under William Rufus, i. 487.

Aumale Castle, surrendered to William Rufus, i. 228; strengthened by him, i. 229.

Auvergne, mention of in the Chronicle, i. 547 (note).

Avesgaud, Bishop of Le Mans, signs the foundation charter of Lonlay Abbey, 539.

Avon, at Bristol, i. 37.

Avranchin, bought by Henry of Robert, i. 196, ii. 510–516.

B.

Baldwin of Boulogne, King of Jerusalem, his dream, i. 269, ii. 122; its fulfilment, i. 270; marries Godehild of Toesny, i. 270 (note); goes on the first crusade, i. 551; besieged in Rama, ii. 122; Anselm’s letters to, ii. 581.

Baldwin, Abbot of Saint Eadmund’s, rebuilds his church, ii. 268; translates Saint Eadmund’s body, ii. 270; his journey to Rome, ib.; his death, ii. 267, 270; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Baldwin of Tournay, monk of Bec, his advice to Anselm, i. 399; driven out of England by William Rufus, i. 520; recalled, i. 542; leaves England with Anselm, i. 595.

Ballon, castle of, i. 209; siege and surrender of, i. 209–211; betrayed to William Rufus and occupied by Robert of Bellême, ii. 235; Fulk’s unsuccessful attempt on, ii. 236; William’s treatment of the captive knights, ii. 237, i. 171; strengthened by Robert of Bellême, ii. 282.

Bamburgh Castle, ii. 47, 607; relic of Saint Oswald at, ii. 49; question as to the date of the keep, ib.; held by Robert of Mowbray against William Rufus, ii. 50, 607; effect of the making of the Malvoisin tower, ii. 51, 608; siege abandoned by Rufus, ii. 52, 609; Robert’s escape from, ii. 53, 609; defended by Matilda of Laigle, ii. 54, 610; surrender of, ii. 54.

Bari, Archbishop of, Wulfstan’s correspondence with, i. 479; Council of (1098), i. 608, 618.

Barnacles not to be eaten on fast-days, ii. 93 (note).

Basilia, wife of Hugh of Gournay, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Bath, burned by Robert of Mowbray, i. 41; see of Wells moved to, i. 136, ii. 483; temporal lordship of, granted to John of Tours, i. 137, ii. 487; dislike of the monks to Bishop John’s changes, i. 138; buildings of John of Tours at, i. 138, ii. 486; church of, called abbey, i. 139; later charters concerning, ii. 487; sales and manumissions done at, ii. 489.

Battle Abbey, gifts of William Rufus to, i. 18, 168, ii. 504; consecration of the church, i. 443; gifts of Bernard of Newmarch to, ii. 90.

Bayard, Chevalier, at the siege of Padua, i. 173.

Beaumont-le-Roger, i. 185.

Beaumont-le-Vicomte, ii. 229.

Beavers, lawfulness of eating their tails on fast-days, ii. 93 (note).

Bec Abbey, fame of, under Anselm, i. 373; its intercourse and connexion with England, i. 374–376, ii. 572; Gundulf’s letter to the monks, i. 405; monks of, object to Anselm’s accepting the primacy, i. 406.

Belfry, origin of the name, ii. 520.

Bellême, surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 218; site of the old castle, i. 218 (note).

Benefices, vacant, policy of William Rufus with regard to, i. 134, 336, 337, 347, 348, ii. 564; sale of, under Rufus, i. 134, 347, 349; sale of, not systematic before Rufus, i. 348.

Beneventum, Archbishop of, sells the arm of Saint Bartholomew to the Lady Emma, i. 609; Æthelnoth’s gift of a cope to, i. 610.

Benjamin the monk, ii. 579.

Bequest, right of, confirmed by Henry I., i. 338, ii. 354.

Berkeley, harried by William of Eu, i. 44; its position and castle, i. 45.

Berkshire pool, portent of, ii. 258, 316.

Bermondsey Priory, its foundation, ii, 508.

Bernard of Newmarch, rebels against William Rufus, i. 34; his conquest of Brecknock, ii. 89–91; his gifts to Battle Abbey, ii. 90; marries Nest, granddaughter of Gruffydd, ib.

Bertrada of Montfort, brought up by Countess Heloise, ii. 193; sought in marriage by Fulk of Anjou, ii. 192; marries him, ii. 194; her adulterous marriage with Philip of France, i. 548, ii. 171, 172; Bishop Ivo of Chartres protests against, i. 559 (note); denounced by Hugh of Lyons, ii. 173; excommunicated, i. 549, ii. 173; her sons, ii. 174; schemes against Lewis, ib.

Berwick, granted to and withdrawn from the see of Durham, ii. 121.

Bishops, their power in the eleventh century, i. 138; no reference to the Pope in their appointment, i. 425; order of their appointment then and now, i. 425–427; theories of the two systems, i. 426; why the peers’ right of trial does not extend to, i. 604 (note).

Bishoprics, sale of, under William Rufus, i. 134, 347, 349; vacant, his policy with regard to, i. 134, 336, 337, 347, 350, ii. 564.

Blasphemy, frequency of, i. 166.

Blèves, castle of, ii. 216, 217.

Blindness, armies smitten with, ii. 478, 480.

Blyth Priory, founded by Roger of Bully, ii. 161; granted to Saint Katharine’s at Rouen, ii. 162 (note).

Bofig, his lordship of Rockingham, i. 490.

Bohemond, Mark, brother of Roger of Apulia, besieges Amalfi, i. 561; goes on the crusade, i. 562; origin of his name, i. 562 (note).

Boleslaus King of Poland, i. 611.

Bonneville, castle of, ii. 285; early history and legends of, ii. 286.

Boso of Durham, his visions, ii. 59.

Botolph, Abbot of Saint Eadmund’s, ii. 268.

Bourg-le-roi, castle of, ii. 232.

Boury, castle of, ii. 189.

Brecknock, conquest of, ii. 89–91; castle of, ii. 90; revolt of, ii. 106.

Bribery under William Rufus, i. 153, 344.

Bridgenorth, fortified by Æthelflæd, ii. 152, 153 (note); fortress of Robert of Bellême at, ii. 155–158; churches and town of, ii. 157; defence of, against Henry I., ii. 428, 432; siege of, ii. 435 et seq.; dealings of the captains with Henry, ii. 440; divisions in, ii. 442; surrender of, ii. 444.

Brihtric, son of Ælfgar, lands of, held by Robert Fitz-hamon, ii. 83.

Brionne, said to be exchanged for Tunbridge, i. 68 (note); granted to Roger of Beaumont, i. 194; taken by Duke Robert, i. 244.

Bristol, its position in the eleventh century, i. 37; castle of that date, i. 37, 38; later growth of, i. 39; occupied by Bishop Geoffrey, i. 40.

Britain, effects of the reign of William Rufus on its union, ii. 6; causes of the union, ii. 7; English conquest of, compared with Rufus’s conquest of Wales, ii. 72; changes in, in the eleventh century, ii. 303 et seq.; fusion of elements in, ii. 304; ceases to be another world, ii. 305.

Brockenhurst, William Rufus at, ii. 321.

Bromham, grant of, to Battle Abbey, ii. 504.

Brunton, church of, granted to the monks of Durham, ii. 535.

Brut-y-Tywysogion, the two versions of, ii. 3, 4 (note).

Brychan, King, his daughters, ii. 90.

Buckler, Mr., on Ilchester, i. 43 (note).

Bulgaria, use of the name, i. 563.

Bures, castle of, i. 236; taking of, i. 463.

Burf Castle, ii. 158.

Burgundius, brother-in-law of Anselm, ii. 579.

C.

Cadulus, Anselm’s advice to, i. 372.

Cadwgan, son of Bleddyn, drives out Rhys ap Tewdwr, i. 12; harries Dyfed, ii. 92; his revolt, ii. 99; his action in Dyfed, ii. 101; mentioned in the Chronicle, ii. 111; schemes to save Anglesey, ii. 128; flees to Ireland, ii. 131; returns to Wales, ii. 301, 424; his settlement with Robert of Bellême, ii. 424; his action on his behalf, ii. 433, 442; Ceredigion ceded to, by Jorwerth, ii. 451.

Caen, treaty of, i. 275 et seq., ii. 522–528; its short duration, i. 283.

Caerau. See Carew.

Caermarthen, conquest of, ii. 102.

Caerphilly Castle, ii. 87.

Cæsar, C. Julius, his speech compared with that of William Rufus, ii. 497, 647, 652.

Candida Casa. See Whithern.

Canonization, popular, instances of, ii. 339.

Canterbury, citizens of, side with the monks of Saint Augustine’s against Guy, i. 139; monks from Christ Church sent to Saint Augustine’s, i. 140; vengeance of William Rufus on, i. 141; the city granted to the archbishopric, i. 423; Anselm’s enthronement and consecration at, i. 427, 429; his dealings with the monks, i. 540; their rights confirmed by William Rufus, i. 423; rebuilding of the choir, i. 597; its consecration under Henry I., ib.

Canterbury, Archbishopric of, policy of William Rufus in keeping the see vacant, i. 328, 360, ii. 565; Flambard’s action in the matter, i. 363 (note); effects of the vacancy, i. 357, 363–365; its special position as metropolitan, i. 357; no attempt at election, i. 362; feeling as to the vacancy, i. 381; prayers for the appointment of the Archbishop, i. 389; the Archbishop the parish priest of the Crown, i. 414 (note).

Cantire, Magnus at, ii. 141; part of Sigurd’s kingdom, ii. 146; its formal occupation by Magnus, ii. 147.

Capua, siege of, i. 614, ii. 403.

Caradoc, son of Gruffydd, ii. 81, 82.

Cardiff, castle of, ii. 77, 84, 86; Robert Fitz-hamon’s settlement at, ii. 81, 84; borough of, ii. 88.

Careghova Castle, built by Robert of Bellême, ii. 158; history of the site, ii. 159 (note); strengthened by Robert, ii. 428.

Carew Castle, ii. 95.

Carlisle, its cathedral church called abbey, i. 139 (note); history and character of, i. 314, 317; destroyed by Scandinavians, i. 315; conquered by William Rufus, i. 4, 313–315, 318; Saxon colony in, i. 316, ii. 550; earldom of, i. 317, ii. 545–551; its analogy with Edinburgh and Stirling, i. 317; wall and castle of, i. 318; see founded by Henry I., ib.; effects of its restoration on Scotland, ii. 8; not an English earldom under the Conqueror, ii. 546; shire of, ii. 549; its purely British name, ii. 550; entries of, in the Pipe Roll, ii. 551.

Castles, building of, in Normandy, i. 192; garrisoned by William the Conqueror, ib.; building of, in Wales, ii. 70, 76, 77, 93, 108, 112; rarity of, in England, as compared with Maine, ii. 220.

Caux, obtained as dowry by Helias of Saint-Saens, i. 235.

Cedivor, Prince of Dyfed, ii. 78.

Cenred the priest, his mutilation, ii. 132; restoration of his speech, ib.

Ceredigion, conquest of, ii. 92, 93; action of Cadwgan in, ii. 101; recovered by the Welsh, ii. 301; ceded to Cadwgan by Jorwerth, ii. 451.

Charma, M., his Life of Anselm, i. 325 (note).

Château du Loir, ii. 275, 276; Helias flees to, ii. 287.

Château-Gonthier, ii. 428.

Château-Thierry, monks of Saint Cenery flee to, i. 213.

Chaumont-en-Vexin, claimed by William Rufus, ii. 176; castle of, ii. 185; siege of, ii. 248.

Cherbourg, ceded to William Rufus, i. 276.

Chester, Robert of Rhuddlan buried at, i. 127; his gifts, i. 127 (note); Earl Hugh’s reforms at, i. 127 (note), 381, 382; Anselm at, i. 387.

Chivalry, growth of, under William Rufus, i. 169; its true character, ib.; Palgrave and Arnold on, i. 169, ii. 508; its one-sided nature, i. 172; practical working of, ib.; illustrations of, i. 173, 291, ii. 237, 406, 534; tenure in, systematized by Flambard, i. 335; personal character of, ii. 407.

Christina, Abbess of Romsey, her treatment of Eadgyth-Matilda, ii. 31, 32, 599.

Chronicle, the, witness of, to Flambard’s system of feudalism, i. 335.

Church, R. W., his Life of Anselm, i. 326 (note), 370.

Church, Sir Richard, paralleled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Church lands, revenues of, appropriated by William Rufus, i. 336, 337, 347, 349; feudalization of, i. 346; nature of Rufus’s grants of, i. 419.

Churches, plundered to raise the pledge-money for Normandy, i. 558.

Clare, Suffolk, priory of, a cell of Bec, i. 376.

Clarendon, news of the loss of Le Mans brought to Rufus at, ii. 283, 645.

Clark, G. T., on Malling tower, i. 70 (note); on Rochester, i. 79 (note); on the site of Careghova Castle, ii. 159 (note); on “The Land of Morgan,” ii. 615.

Clemence, Countess of Boulogne, Anselm’s letters to, ii. 581.

Clement, Anti-Pope, i. 415; his position, i. 488; excommunicated at the Council of Clermont, i. 549; his alleged scheme against Anselm, i. 607.

Clergy, their exemption from temporal jurisdiction asserted by William of Saint-Calais, i. 97; not asserted by Anselm, i. 599; their corruption under William Rufus, i. 363.

Clerks, the king’s, preferments held by, i. 330; their position and power, i. 342, 343.

Clermont, Council of (1095), i. 545; decrees of, i. 548; crusade preached at, i. 549.

Coinage, false, issue of, punished by Henry I., ii. 353.

Coker (Somerset), grant of, to Saint Stephen’s, Caen, ii. 504.

Colchester, story of Eudo’s good rule at, ii. 464.

Coldingham, lands of, granted to Durham, ii. 121.

Comet, foretells the departure of Anselm, ii. 118.

Commons, House of, foreshadowed by the outer council of the Witan, i. 603.

Conan of Rouen, his wealth, i. 246; his treaty with William Rufus, i. 247, 248; exhorts the citizens against Gilbert of Laigle, i. 253; taken prisoner by Henry, i. 256; his death, i. 257–259, ii. 516–518.

Conches, besieged by William of Evreux, i. 261, 266, ii. 627; its position, i. 262, 264; abbey and castle of, i. 265.

Conrad, son of the Emperor Henry the Fourth, i. 522; receives Urban at Cremona, i. 525; his marriage, i. 526.

Constantius I., Emperor, his voyage to Britain, ii. 648.

Corbet, his lands in Shropshire, ii. 433 (note).

Cornelius the monk, i. 545 (note).

Corsham (Wilts), grant of, to Saint Stephen’s, Caen, ii. 504.

Cosan the Turk, joins the crusaders, i. 565.

Côtentin, bought by Henry of Robert, i. 196, ii. 510–516.

Coulaines, William Rufus encamps at, ii. 233; ravaged by him, ii. 234, 625, 627.

Courcy, siege of, i. 274, ii. 519–522; church of, ii. 522.

Cowbridge, ii. 88.

Coyty, held by Pagan of Turberville, ii. 87.

Cricklade, entry of, in Domesday, i. 480 (note).

Croc the huntsman, signs the foundation charter of Salisbury Cathedral, i. 309 (note).

Croset-Mouchet, M., his life of Anselm, i. 325 (note); on Anselm’s parentage, i. 366 (note).

Crusade, the first, its bearing on English history, i. 546; no kings take part in, ib.; a Latin movement, ib.; argument in favour of, ii. 207; success of, ii. 306.

Crusades, Palgrave’s condemnation of, ii. 509.

Cumberland, why not entered in Domesday, i. 313, ii. 547 et seq.; Scandinavians in, i. 315; earldom of, a misnomer, ii. 548; origin of the modern county, ii. 549.

Curia Regis, the, i. 102.

Cuthberht, Saint, appears to Eadgar of Scotland, ii. 119.

D.

Dadesley. See Tickhill.

Danesford, ii. 152, 155.

Dangeuil Castle, strengthened by Helias, ii. 213; site of, ii. 214; effects of his occupation, ib.; Helias taken prisoner near, ii. 223.

David, King of Scots, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; divides the kingdom with Alexander, ii. 124; marries Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, ii. 124; effects of his reign on Scottish history, ii. 125; his English position, ib.; invades England on behalf of the Empress Matilda, ib.; his mocking speech to Eadgyth-Matilda, ii. 390; earldom of Carlisle granted to, ii. 549.

Deverel (Wilts), lordship of, held by Bec, i. 375.

Diacus, Bishop of Saint James of Compostella, his correspondence with Anselm, ii. 582.

Dimock, J. F., his defence of Robert Bloet, ii. 585.

Dolfin, son of Gospatric, lord of Carlisle, driven out by William Rufus, i. 315.

Domesday, alleged new version of, by Randolf Flambard, i. 332, ii. 562.

Domfront, enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183, 319; men of, choose Henry to lord, i. 319, ii. 538; position of, i. 319; kept by Henry I., ii. 413, 691.

Donald Bane, King of Scots, i. 475; story of his attempting to disturb Margaret’s burial, ii. 28, 597; his election, ii. 29; drives out the English, ib.; driven out by Duncan, ii. 34; his restoration, ii. 36; dethroned and imprisoned by Eadgar, ii. 119.

Donald, sent by King Murtagh to the Sudereys, ii. 137; driven out, ii. 138.

Dress, new fashions in, i. 158, ii. 500–502.

Drogo of Moncey, marries Eadgyth, widow of Gerard of Gournay, i. 552.

Duncan, King of Scots, son of Malcolm, set free by Robert, i. 13; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; claims the Scottish crown, ii. 33; his Norman education, ii. 34; receives the crown from William Rufus, i. 475, ii. 5, 34; overthrows Donald, ib.; his death, ii. 36; his burial, ii. 36 (note).

Dunfermline, Malcolm translated to, ii. 18; Margaret’s burial at, ii. 28, 597.

Dunstable, Prior of, his alleged warning to William Rufus, ii. 334; minster of, founded by Henry I., ii. 663.

Dunster, church of, granted by William of Moion to the church of Bath, ii. 490.

Durham, cathedral church of, called abbey, i. 139 (note); evidence of, in charters, i. 305, ii. 535; rebuilding of the abbey, ii. 11; Malcolm takes part in laying the foundation, ii. 11, 12; works of Bishop William of Saint-Calais at, ii. 60; gifts of King Eadgar to, ii. 121; works of Randolf Flambard at, ii. 272; monks of, favourably treated by William Rufus, i. 298, ii. 508; building of the refectory, i. 299; Bishop William restored to, ib.

Durham castle, surrendered to William Rufus, i. 114.

Dwyganwy, peninsula and castle of, i. 123, 124; attack made by Gruffydd on, i. 24; meeting of Magnus and the two Earls Hugh at, ii. 143.

Dyfed, harried by Cadwgan, ii. 92; conquest of, ib.; action of Cadwgan in, ii. 101; grant of, by Henry I., ii. 451.

Dyrrhachion, Duke Robert crosses to, i. 563.

E.

Eadgar Ætheling, banished from Normandy, i. 281, ii. 527; policy of William Rufus towards, ib.; goes to Scotland, i. 282; mediates between Rufus and Malcolm, i. 301, ii. 541; reconciled to Rufus, i. 304; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; returns to Normandy with Robert, i. 307; his mission to Malcolm, ii. 9, 10, 590; protects Malcolm’s children, ii. 30, 31; his designs as to the Scottish crown, ii. 114; Ordgar’s charge against, ii. 115, 617; his acquittal by ordeal, ii. 117; estimate of the story, ii. 117, 615; marches to Scotland, ii. 118; and wins the crown for his nephew Eadgar, ii. 120; goes on the crusade, ii. 121; not thought of to succeed William Rufus, ii. 344; his character, ii. 393.

Eadgar, King of Scots, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; brings the news of his father’s death, ii. 27; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; his vision, ii. 119; dethrones and imprisons Donald, ib.; his gifts to Durham and to Robert son of Godwine, ii. 121; his action towards Robert Flambard, ib.; his peaceful reign, ii. 123; his death, ii. 124; bears the sword before William Rufus at his Whitsun feast, ii. 265; results of his succession, ii. 304.

Eadgyth, wife of Henry I. See Matilda.

Eadgyth, mistress of Henry I. and mother of Matilda Countess of Perche, ii. 379.

Eadgyth, mistress of Henry I. and wife of Robert of Ouilly, ii. 379.

Eadgyth, wife of Gerard of Gournay, i. 230; goes on the first crusade, i. 552; her second marriage, i. 552 (note).

Eadmer, his belief in the ordeal, i. 166 (note); his Life of Anselm, i. 325, 369; his friendship with Anselm, i. 369, 378, 460; references to in other writers, i. 370; on the Norman campaign of 1094, i. 474; leaves England with Anselm, i. 595; recognizes the cope of Beneventum at Bari, i. 609, 610; bishop-elect of Saint Andrews, ii. 124.

Eadmund, Saint, king of the East-Angles, his miracles, ii. 268; translation of his body, ii. 270.

Eadmund, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; helps Donald against Duncan, ii. 36; becomes a monk at Montacute, ii. 120; his burial in chains, ib.

Eadmund the monk, his vision, ii. 604.

Eadric the Wild, marked as “Edric Salvage,” ii. 433 (note).

Eadric the Provost, ii. 270 (note).

Eadward the Confessor, his law restored by Henry I., ii. 357.

Eadward, son of Malcolm and Margaret, killed at Alnwick, ii. 16, 21, 594.

Eadwine, King of the Northumbrians, builds a church at Tynemouth, ii. 603.

Eadwulf, Abbot of Malmesbury, ii. 383 (note).

Eardington, lordship of, ii. 154.

Earle, John, on Bath, i. 42 (note).

Earthquake of 1089, i. 176.

Edinburgh, Margaret’s death at, ii. 28, 597.

Edward the Black Prince and the massacre of Limoges, i. 173; his twofold character, ib.

Eginulf of Laigle, i. 243 (note).

Eglaf of Bethlington, priest, signs the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Einion, story of him and Jestin, ii. 80; estimate of the story, ii. 81, 614.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, her foundation at Tickhill, ii. 432.

Emma (Ælfgifu), the Lady, buys the arm of Saint Bartholomew of the Archbishop of Beneventum, i. 610; changes her name on her marriage, ii, 305.

Emma, daughter of Count Robert of Sicily, sought in marriage by Philip of France, ii. 171 (note).

Emma, wife of Ralph of Wader, goes on the first crusade, i. 552.

Emmeline, wife of Arnulf of Hesdin, her gifts to Gloucester Abbey, ii. 65.

Empire, Western, advance of, in the eleventh century, ii. 305, 306; alleged designs of William Rufus on, ii. 314.

Empire, Eastern, decline of, ii. 306.

England, extension of, under William Rufus, i. 4; beginning of her rivalry with France, i. 5, 228, 240; her wealth, ib.; her European position, ib.; unity of, i. 81; how indebted to foreigners, i. 365; in what sense feudal, i. 341; compared with Normandy, i. 468; wretchedness of, under Rufus, i. 474; position of, towards the Popes, i. 496; her relations with Sicily, i. 526; Welsh inroad into, ii. 100; rarity of castles in, as compared with Maine, ii. 220; oppression in, during William’s absence in Normandy, ii. 256; various grievances in, ii. 258; changes in, in the eleventh century, ii. 303 et seq.; becomes part of the Latin world, ii. 305; united under Henry I. against Norman invasion, ii. 401.

English, accept William Rufus as king, i. 7, 16, 20, 66, 131; their loyalty to him, 18, 64, 65, 130; their hatred of Odo, i. 67, 86; their position under Rufus, i. 133; native, not specially oppressed by him, i. 341; growth of their power and nationality under Rufus, ii. 4.

English and Normans, fusion of, i. 130, 134, ii. 401, 455.

English Conquest, compared with that of Wales, ii. 72.

Englishmen, the fifty charged with eating the king’s deer, i. 155, 614, ii. 494; acquitted by ordeal, i. 156.

Epernon, castle of, ii. 251.

Epitumium, Orderic’s use of the word, ii. 288 (note).

Erling, Earl of Orkney, taken prisoner by Magnus, ii. 140; his death in Norway, ib.

Ermenberga, daughter of Helias, betrothed to Geoffrey of Anjou, ii. 232; married to Fulk of Anjou, ii. 232 (note), 374.

Ermenberga, mother of Anselm, her pedigree, i. 366 (note).

Ermengarde of Bourbon, second wife of Fulk of Anjou, ii. 192.

Ernan, “Biscope sune,” ii. 605.

Erneis of Burun, his action in the case of Bishop William, i. 114.

Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester, his buildings at Christchurch, Canterbury, i. 597.

Ernulf of Hesdin. See Arnulf of Hesdin.

Etard, Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives, his appointment, i. 570.

Eu, castle of, Philip and Robert march against, i. 238.

Eudo of Rye, story of his share in the accession of William Rufus, ii. 463; how he became dapifer, ib.; his good deeds at Colchester, ii. 464, 465.

Eulalia, Abbess, Anselm’s letters to, ii. 578.

Eustace III. Count of Boulogne, sent over to England by Duke Robert, i. 56, ii. 465 et seq.; agrees to surrender Rochester, i. 80; pleading made for, i. 84; goes on the first crusade, i. 551.

Eustace, monk of Bec, i. 399.

Eustace, father of one Geoffrey, Anselm rebukes him for bigamy, ii. 579.

Eustace, son of William of Breteuil, i. 268 (note).

Eva, widow of William Crispin, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Everard of Puiset, goes on the first crusade, i. 551.

Evreux Castle, garrisoned by William the Conqueror, i. 192; its position and history, i. 262–264.

Ewenny, priory of, ii. 86, 89.

Exmes, Robert of Bellême driven back from, i. 242.

Eynesham, monks of Stow moved to, ii. 585, 587.

Eystein, brother of Sigurd, does not go on the crusade, ii. 206.

F.

Faricius, Abbot of Abingdon, his appointment, ii. 360; why not appointed to the see of Canterbury, ib.; recovers the manor of Sparsholt, ii. 380 (note).

Farman the monk, ii. 579.

Farn Islands, ii. 50.

Fécamp, ceded to William Rufus, i. 276.

Feudalism, developement of, under Rufus, i. 4; systematized by Randolf Flambard, i. 324, 335 et seq., 341.

Feudal tenures, mainly the work of Flambard, i. 335, 336; abolished in 1660, ib.

Finchampstead, portent at, ii. 258, 316.

Flanders, her share in the first crusade, i. 547.

Flemings, their settlement in Pembrokeshire, ii. 70 (note), 74, 88, 615; whether also in Gower and Glamorgan, ii. 88, 103.

Florus, son of Philip and Bertrada, ii. 174.

Forest laws, become stricter under William Rufus, i. 155; enforced by Henry I., ii. 355.

Forfeiture, provision as to, in Henry’s charter, ii. 354.

Fourches, castle of, ii. 428.

France, beginning of her rivalry with England, i. 5; effects of the war with, i. 7; her rivalry with Normandy, i. 201; her first direct dealings with England, i. 240; her relations with England and Normandy, ib.; designs of William Rufus on, ii. 167; his war with, ii. 167, 171, 175 et seq.; its position compared with that of Maine, ii. 168–170.

Francis I. of France, compared with William Rufus, i. 173.

Frank-almoign, tenure of, i. 350.

Franks, Eastern name for Europeans, i. 546.

Fresnay-le-Vicomte, castle and church of, ii. 229.

Freystrop, ii. 95 (note).

Frome (river) at Bristol, i. 38.

Fulcher, brother of Randolf Flambard, ii. 552; receives the see of Lisieux, ii. 416.

Fulchered, Abbot of Shrewsbury, his sermon at Gloucester, ii. 318.

Fulcherius Quarel, i. 215 (note).

Fulk, Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives, his deposition and restoration, i. 570.

Fulk, Bishop of Beauvais, Anselm intercedes for, ii. 582.

Fulk, Rechin, Count of Anjou, Robert does homage to, for Maine, i. 204; patronizes pointed shoes, i. 159, ii. 502; his wives, ii. 172 (note), ii. 192; Robert seeks help from him, ib.; seeks Bertrada of Montfort in marriage, ib.; marries her, ii. 194; garrisons Le Mans, ii. 232, 628; his unsuccessful attempt on Ballon, ii. 236; returns to Le Mans, ii. 237, 628; his convention with William, ii. 238, 628–630; helps Helias to besiege the castle of Le Mans, ii. 370.

Fulk, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, marries Ermenberga daughter of Helias, ii. 374.

Fulk, Dean of Evreux, father of Walter Tirel, ii. 322, 672.

G.

Gaillefontaine, castle of, surrendered to Rufus, i. 230.

Galen, story of, i. 151 (note).

Galloway, dealings of Magnus with, ii. 141.

Gausbert, Abbot of Battle, i. 443.

Gentry, growth of, under Henry I., ii. 356.

Geoffrey, Archbishop of Rouen, his appointment to the deanery of Le Mans, ii. 201; nominated bishop by Helias, ii. 210; set aside by the chapter, ib.; appointed to the see of Rouen, ib.

Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutances, rebels against William Rufus, i. 27, 34, ii. 470; occupies Bristol, i. 40; notices of his estates, ib.; his relation to Bristol, ib.; his speech on behalf of William of Saint-Calais, i. 100; charges the Bishop’s men with robbing his cattle, i. 113; his death, i. 444.

Geoffrey, Bishop of Chichester, his death, i. 135.

Geoffrey, monk of Durham, charge brought against him, i. 116, ii. 60 (note).

Geoffrey of Baynard, his combat with William of Eu, ii. 63.

Geoffrey Martel, son of Fulk Rechin and Ermengarde, ii. 192; betrothed to Ermenberga daughter of Helias, ii. 232; left by his father in command of Le Mans, ib.

Geoffrey, Count of Mayenne, i. 205; submits to Duke Robert, i. 209; founds the castle of Saint Cenery, i. 214; accepts the succession of Hugh, ii. 195, 197; truce granted to him by Rufus, ii. 230; estimate of his conduct, ii. 231; submits to Rufus, ii. 241.

Geoffrey Plantagenet, his parentage, ii. 374.

Geoffrey, Count of Perche, enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183, 242; Orderic’s estimate of, i. 242 (note).

Gerald, Abbot of Tewkesbury, visits Wulfstan, i. 479.

Gerald of Windsor, his wife Nest, ii. 97, 110 (note); builds Pembroke Castle, ii. 96; defends it against the Welsh, ii. 101, 108; his devices against them, ii. 109; his mission to King Murtagh, ii. 425; grant of Henry I. to, ii. 451.

Gerald, story of his attempt on Randolf Flambard’s life, ii. 560.

Gerard, Bishop of Hereford and Archbishop of York, his mission to Pope Urban, i. 524, 525; returns with Legate Walter, i. 526; his appointment and consecration, i. 543, 544; present at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317; signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366; appointed to the see of York, ii. 392.

Gerard, Bishop of Seez, story of the capture of his clerk by Robert of Bellême, ii. 521; his death, ib.

Gerard of Gournay, submits to William Rufus, i. 229; his castle, i. 230; supports Rufus, i. 472; goes on the first crusade, i. 552; his death, ii. 55.

Germinus. See Jurwine.

Geronto, Abbot of Dijon, his mission to William Rufus, i. 553, ii. 558; rebukes him, i. 554; overreached by him, ib.; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 589.

Geroy, history of his descendants, i. 214.

Gervase, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 196.

Gervase, nephew of Bishop Gervase of Le Mans, ii. 201 (note).

Gevelton. See Yeovilton.

Giffard, in the fleet of Magnus, ii. 451.

Gilbert, Bishop of Evreux, goes on the first crusade, i. 560; goes to Sicily, i. 562; attends Odo on his deathbed, i. 563; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 575.

Gilbert Maminot, Bishop of Lisieux, his death, ii. 416.

Gilbert of Clare, holds Tunbridge Castle against William Rufus, i. 68; surrenders, i. 69; his gift of the priory of Clare to Bec, i. 376; his confession to Rufus, ii. 45; with him in the New Forest, ii. 321.

Gilbert of Laigle, drives back Robert of Bellême, i. 242; his descent and kindred, i. 243 (note); comes to Robert’s help at Rouen, i. 249, 253; enters Rouen, i. 256; taken prisoner by Lewis, ii. 190; charged with the government of Le Mans, ii. 241; with William Rufus in the New Forest, ii. 321; legend of his share in the burial of Rufus, ii. 338, 676.

Gilbert, nephew of Bishop Walcher, ii. 605.

Gillingham, meeting of Anselm and William Rufus at, i. 477–481; written Illingham by Eadmer, i. 477 (note).

Gilo de Soleio, beholds William’s army on its way to Maine, ii. 228.

Giraldus Cambrensis, born at Manorbeer, ii. 95; his parentage, ii. 97.

Gisa, Bishop of Somerset, his death, i. 136.

Gisors Castle, its first defences by Pagan or Theobald, ii. 186; strengthened by Robert of Bellême, ii. 151, 187; under Henry II., ii. 188; its present appearance, ib.; restored to Pagan by Duke Robert, ii. 396.

Givele. See Yeovil.

Glamorgan, legend of the conquest of, ii. 79–81, 613; estimate of the story, ii. 81; settlement of, by Robert Fitzhamon, ii. 81, 84; distinguished from Morganwg, ii. 85; its extent, ib.; military character of its churches, ii. 88.

Gloucester, sickness of William Rufus at, i. 391; Anselm’s first installation at, i. 400; meetings at, ii. 10, 13, 33.

Gloucester Abbey, gifts of Arnulf and Emmeline of Hesdin to, ii. 65; works of Robert Fitz-hamon at, ii. 84; grant of Welsh churches to, ib.; consecration of, ii. 317; Abbot Fulchered’s sermon there, ii. 318.

Gloucestershire, ravaged by William of Eu, i. 41, 44.

Godehild, daughter of Ralph of Toesny, her marriages, i. 270 (note).

Godgifu, nickname given to Matilda, ii. 389.

Godred Crouan, his dominion, ii. 136; his expulsion and death, ii. 137; his sons, ib.

Godric and Godgifu, nicknames given to Henry I. and Matilda, ii. 389.

Godricus unus liber homo, holds Sparsholt, ii. 380 (note).

Godwine, Earl, a benefactor of Christ Church, Twinham, ii. 555.

Godwine of Winchester, story of his duel with Ordgar, ii. 116, 617; notices of him in Domesday, ii. 116, 616; estimate of the story, ii. 117, 615.

Godfrey of Lorraine, goes on the first crusade, i. 552.

Goodeve, surname, a corruption of Godgifu, ii. 389 (note).

Gordon, General, parallelled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Gosfridus Mala Terra, ii. 485.

Gospatric, son of Beloch, ii. 551.

Gospatric, son of Mapbennoc, ii. 551.

Gospatric, son of Orm, ii. 551.

Gournay, castle and church of, i. 230.

Gower, no part of Glamorgan, ii. 85; conquest of, ii. 102; castles built in, ii. 103; alleged West-Saxon settlement of, ii. 103, 615; granted to Howel, ii. 451.

Gruffydd, son of Cynan, his Irish allies, i. 122; attacks Rhuddlan, ib.; at Dwyganwy, i. 124; invades England, ii. 100; schemes to save Anglesey, ii. 128; fails to hold it and flees to Ireland, ii. 131; returns to Wales, ii. 301, 424; his settlement with Robert of Bellême, ii. 424.

Gruffydd, grandson of Cadwgan, defeats the English, ii. 107.

Gruffydd, son of Rhydderch, ii. 81.

Gundrada of Gournay, marries Nigel of Albini, ii. 55, 612.

Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, his buildings at Rochester, i. 54 (note); his tower at Malling, i. 70; sent to punish the monks of Saint Augustine’s, i. 140; his friendship with Anselm, i. 374; his letter to the monks of Bec, i. 405; Anselm’s visit to, i. 406; blasphemous speech of William Rufus to, i. 407; present at the consecration of the church of Battle, i. 444; question as to his action in the council of Rockingham, i. 516 (note); present at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317; his signature to Henry’s charter, ii. 358; expounds William Rufus’s dream to him, ii. 661.

Gundulf, father of Anselm, i. 366.

Guy of Etampes, Bishop of Le Mans, his rebuilding after the fire, ii. 639.

Guy, Abbot of Pershore, his share in the defence of Worcester, ii. 481.

Guy, Abbot of Saint Augustine’s, sent with a summons to Bishop William, i. 90; driven out by the monks and citizens, i. 139; signs the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Guy, monk of Christ Church, i. 140 (note).

Guy, Count of Ponthieu, i. 180.

Guy of the Rock, his fortress of Roche Guyon, ii. 180; submits to William Rufus, ii. 181.

Guy of Vienne, Legate, his pretensions not acknowledged, ii. 391.

Guy the Red Knight, helps to defend Courcy, ii. 519; his daughter betrothed to King Lewis, ib.

Gwenllwg, revolt of, ii. 106.

Gwent, revolt of, ii. 106; English defeat in, ii. 107.

Gwynedd, revolt in, ii. 424.

H.

Haimericus de Moria, his conference with Helias, ii. 371.

Hair, long, fashion of, i. 158, ii. 500.

Hakon, Earl of Orkney, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 581; his murder of Saint Magnus and repentance, ii. 582.

Hallam, held by Roger of Bully, ii. 160.

Hallam, Henry, on Henry VIII., i. 173 (note).

Hamon, Viscount of Thouars, notices of his lands, ii. 83 (note).

Hamon the Dapifer, signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366.

Harecher, or Archard, of Domfront, revolts against Robert of Bellême, i. 319, ii. 538; signs the foundation charter of Lonlay Abbey, ii. 539.

Harold, son of Godwine, case of his excommunication, i. 612; his Welsh campaign compared with that of William Rufus, ii. 71, 105.

Harold, son of Harold, with the fleet of Magnus, ii. 134–136, 619.

Harold, son of Godred Crouan, ii. 137.

Harrow, church of, dispute as to its consecration, i. 440.

Hartshorne, Mr., on Rochester, i. 53 (note), 54 (note); on Alnwick, ii. 592.

Hasgard, ii. 95 (note).

Hasse, M., his Life of Anselm, i. 325 (note).

Hastings, castle of, held by Robert of Eu, i. 229; assembly at, i. 441; consecration of Robert Bloet at, i. 445.

Hastings, Frank Abney, paralleled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Haverfordwest Castle, ii. 95.

Hebrides. See Sudereys.

Hedenham, grant of, to Rochester, ii. 506.

Helias of La Flèche, contrasted with Rufus, i. 171; enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183; his character and descent, i. 205, ii. 195, 196; submits to Duke Robert, i. 209; his position compared with that of King Philip, ii. 169; his castles, ii. 196; his wife Matilda, ib.; his possible claim on the county of Maine, ii. 195, 197; imprisons and sets free Bishop Howel, ii. 198, 199, 624; buys the county of Hugh, ii. 203; excellence of his reign, ii. 204; his friendship for Bishop Howel, ib.; prepares to go on the crusade, ii. 205; estimate of his action, ii. 206; his interview with Robert and with William Rufus, ii. 207–210; challenges Rufus, ii. 208; makes ready for defence, ii. 210; his action in the appointment to the bishopric, ii. 211, 624; his acceptance of Hildebert the cause of the war, ii. 213, 625; strengthens Dangeul Castle, ii. 213, 214; his guerilla warfare, ii. 215; defeats Robert of Bellême at Saônes, ii. 222; his second victory over him, ii. 223; taken prisoner near Dangeul, ii. 223, 224, 625; surrendered to William Rufus, ii. 225; honourably treated by him, ib.; Hildebert negotiates for his release, ii. 238, 625, 628–630; William agrees to release him, ii. 238, 628; his interview with William at Rouen, ii. 242–245, 640–645; defies him, ii. 243, 641; is set free, ii. 244, 642, 643; his renewed action, ii. 275; marches against Le Mans, ii. 277; his victory at Pontlieue, ii. 278; recovers Le Mans, ib.; besieges the castles in vain, ii. 282; flees to Château-du-Loir, ii. 287; burns two castles, ii. 288; returns to Le Mans, ii. 370; his dealings with the garrison of the castle, ii. 370, 371; called the “White Bachelor,” ii. 371; his conference with Walter of Rouen, ib.; surrender of the castle to, ii. 373; his last reign, ib.; his friendship with Henry I., ii. 373, 413; his second marriage, ib.; descent of the Angevin kings from him, ii. 374; notices of his death, ii. 374 (note); Anselm’s letter to him, ii. 581.

Helias of Saint-Saens, married to Robert’s daughter, i. 235; his descent, ib.; importance of his position, i. 236; his fidelity to Robert, i. 237.

Heloise, Countess of Evreux, her rivalry with Isabel of Conches, i. 231–234, 245; Orderic’s account of her, i. 237 (note); her banishment and death, i. 270; Bertrada of Montfort brought up by, ii. 193.

Henry IV., Emperor, i. 549; excommunicated at the Council of Clermont, i. 549, 611.

Henry I., his familiar knowledge of English, i. viii; the one Ætheling among William’s sons, i. 11, ii. 461; an alleged party favours his immediate succession, i. 11 (note); difficulties in the way of it, i. 20; refuses a loan to Robert, i. 196; buys the Côtentin and Avranchin of him, i. 196, ii. 510–516; his firm rule, i. 197, 221; goes to England and claims his mother’s lands, i. 195, 197; William Rufus promises them to him, i. 197; brings Robert of Bellême back with him, i. 199; imprisoned by Duke Robert, ib.; set free, i. 220; strengthens his castles, i. 221; comes to Robert’s help at Rouen, i. 248; sends him away, i. 254; takes Conan, i. 256; puts him to death with his own hand, i. 257–259, ii. 516–518; policy thereof, i. 260; William and Robert agree together against, i. 278, ii. 527; excluded from the succession by the treaty of Caen, i. 280; his position as Ætheling, i. 281; William’s policy towards, ib.; strengthens himself against his brothers, i. 283; besieged by them at Saint Michael’s Mount, i. 284–292, ii. 528–535; Robert’s generosity to, i. 291, ii. 534; surrenders, i. 293; accompanies William to England, i. 293, 295; his alleged adventures, i. 294, ii. 535–540; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; chosen lord of Domfront, i. 319, ii. 538; restored to William’s favour, i. 321; wars against Robert, ib.; gets back his county, ib.; occupies the castle of Saint James, ib.; grants it to Earl Hugh, i. 323; alleged spoliation of, by Flambard, i. 334, 357; helps Robert, grandson of Geroy, against Robert of Bellême, i. 469; summoned by William to Eu, ib.; goes to England, i. 470; reconciled to William, ib.; returns to Normandy and wars against Robert, ib.; William’s grants to, i. 567; story of him on the day of William’s death, ii. 321, 345, 346; his claims to the throne, ii. 344; his speedy election, ii. 345, 680; William of Breteuil withstands his demand for the treasure, ii. 346, 680; popular feeling for him, ii. 346, 351; his formal election, ii. 347, 348; fills up the see of Winchester, ii. 349; his coronation, ii. 350, 681; goes to London with Robert of Meulan, ii. 350, 680; form of his oath, ii. 350; his charter, i. 336, 338, 342, 344, ii. 352–357; his statute against the mercenaries, i. 154, ii. 498; his policy towards the second order, ii. 356; his alleged laws, ii. 357; his appointments to abbeys, ii. 359; imprisons Randolf Flambard, ii. 361; his inner council, ii. 362; recalls Anselm, ii. 364; Norman intrigues against, ii. 367, 368, 393, 395; his war with Robert, ib.; the garrison of Le Mans send an embassy to, ii. 372; his friendship with Helias, ii. 373, 413; his meeting with Anselm, ii. 374; his dispute with him compared with that of Rufus, i. 605, ii. 374; calls on Anselm to do homage, ii. 375; the question is adjourned, ii. 377, 378, 399; his reformation of the court, ii. 379, 502; his personal character, ii. 379; his mistresses and children, ii. 97, 110 (note), 380, 381, 389, 414; seeks Eadgyth-Matilda in marriage, ii. 382, 684; his descent from Ælfred, ii. 383; objections to the marriage, ii. 384, 683–688; later fables about his marriage, ii. 387, 684, 685; his marriage, ii. 387; his nickname of Godric, ii. 389; his children by Matilda, ib.; appoints Gerard to the see of York, ii. 392; his rule distasteful to the Normans, ii. 395; plots against him, ii. 395, 399; his Whitsun gemót, ii. 399; loyalty of the Church and people to, ii. 401, 410, 411; fusion of Normans and English under, ii. 401, 455; peace of his reign, ii. 402, 454; his levy against Robert’s invasion, ii. 403; desertion of some of his fleet, ii. 404, 686; and of certain of the nobles, ii. 409; his nickname of Hartsfoot, ib.; his trust in Anselm, and promises to him, ii. 410, 411; his exhortation to his army, ii. 411; his negotiations with Robert, ii. 412; their personal meeting and treaty, ii. 412–415, 538, 688–691; his schemes against the great barons, ii. 415; his rewards and punishments, ii. 417; his action against Robert of Bellême, ii. 421, 422; negotiates against him with Duke Robert, ii. 426; besieges Arundel, ii. 428; Arundel and Tickhill surrender to him, ii. 428, 429; his faith pledged for Robert of Bellême’s life, ii. 430, 438; his Shropshire campaign, ii. 432 et seq.; besieges Bridgenorth, ii. 435–444; division of feeling in his army, ii. 437; appeal of his army to, ii. 438; his dealings with the Welsh, ii. 439, 451–453; surrender of Bridgenorth to, ii. 444; his march to Shrewsbury, ii. 446–448; Robert of Bellême submits to, ii. 448; banishes him and his brothers, ii. 449, 450; his later imprisonment of Robert of Bellême, i. 184, ii. 450; banishes William of Mortain, ii. 453; character and effects of his reign, ii. 454, 457; the refounder of the English nation, ii. 455; his compromise with Anselm, ib.; England reconciled to the Conquest under, ii. 456; his correspondence with Anselm, ii. 579; see of Carlisle founded by, i. 318; at the consecration of Canterbury Cathedral, i. 597 (note); his settlement of Flemings in Pembrokeshire, ii. 70 (note); his second marriage, ii. 389 (note); seizes on the treasure left by Magnus at Lincoln, ii. 624.

Henry II., his blasphemy, i. 167; question of the legatine power granted to, i. 526 (note); estimate of his dispute with Thomas, i. 605.

Henry VIII. compared with Francis I., i. 173 (note).

Henry of Beaumont, earldom of Warwick granted to, i. 472; his influence in favour of the election of Henry I., ii. 348, 680; his signature to Henry’s charter, ii. 358; one of his inner council, ii. 362; signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366; the owner of a burgess at Gloucester, ii. 564.

Henry of Huntingdon as a contemporary writer, i. 9 (note).

Henry of Port, his signature to the charter of Henry I., ii. 358.

Henry, son of Nest and Henry I., ii. 379.

Henry, son of Swegen, ii. 551.

Heppo the balistarius, given as a surety to Bishop William, i. 114, 120.

Herbert Losinga, Bishop of Thetford, buys the see for himself, i. 354, ii. 568; and the Abbey of New Minster for his father, i. 355; repents, and receives his bishopric from the Pope, i. 355, ii. 568; anger of Rufus thereat, i. 356, ii. 569; not present at Anselm’s consecration, i. 429; deprived by Rufus, i. 448, ii. 569; restored to his see, i. 449, ii. 569; moves the see to Norwich, ib.

Hereditary right, growth of, i. 280.

Hereford, seized by Robert of Lacy, i. 46.

Herfast, Bishop of Thetford, his encounter with Saint Eadmund, ii. 268.

Herlwin, Abbot of Glastonbury, his appointment, ii. 360.

Hervey, Bishop of Bangor, at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317.

Hiesmois, war in, ii. 428.

Hildebert, Bishop of Le Mans, his election accepted by Helias, ii. 211, 625; his character, ii. 212; anger of William Rufus at his election, ii. 213, 625; negotiates for the release of Helias, ii. 238, 625, 628–630; at the head of the municipal council of Le Mans, ii. 226, 238; welcomes William Rufus into Le Mans, ii. 240; reconciled to him, ii. 297, 626; charges brought against, ib.; ordered to pull down the towers of Saint Julian’s, ii. 297, 298, 654; receives the kiss of peace from Rotrou’s mother, ii. 373 (note); translated to the see of Tours, ii. 212; Anselm’s letters to, ii. 580.

Hildebert II., Abbot of Saint Michael’s Mount, his buildings, i. 284.

Hilgot of Le Mans, ii. 201.

Holm Peel, Island of, Magnus at, ii. 141.

Honour, law of, as practised by William Rufus, i. 85, 92, 169, 408, ii. 14, 237, 244; Palgrave on, ii. 508.

Hook. W. F., his estimate of Anselm, i. 326 (note).

Howard, family of, ii. 430 (note).

Howel, Bishop of Le Mans, his loyalty to Duke Robert, i. 205, 208, ii. 198; story of his appointment, i. 205; consecrated at Rouen, i. 207, 208; his conduct during the famine, i. 208; imprisoned by Helias, ii. 198, 624; liberated by him, ii. 199; flees to Robert and is bidden to return, ii. 200; his disputes with Hugh and with his chapter, ii. 201; comes to England, ib.; his reconciliation and return, ii. 202; his friendship with Helias, ii. 204; translates Saint Julian, ib.; his buildings, ii. 205, 634 et seq., 656; entertains Urban, ii. 205; his sickness, ib.; and death, ii. 210; foundation charter of Salisbury Cathedral signed by, i. 309 (note).

Howel, Welsh prince, flees to Ireland, ii. 301.

Howel, son of Goronwy, besieges Pembroke, ii. 108; grants to, by Henry I., ii. 452.

Hubert of Rye, his alleged share in the accession of William the Conqueror, ii. 463.

Hucher, M., on Le Mans, ii. 631.

Hugh, Archbishop of Lyons, denounces Philip’s adulterous marriage, ii. 173; advises Anselm to return after the death of Rufus, ii. 364; Anselm’s letter to, i. 419, ii. 571, 576.

Hugh, Saint, his foreign origin, i. 365.

Hugh of Saint-Calais, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings at and gifts to Le Mans, ii. 639, 640.

Hugh, Abbot of Clugny, his dream about William Rufus, ii. 341, 666.

Hugh, Abbot of Flavigny, his story of the mission of Abbot Geronto, ii. 588; marvellous tales told by, ii. 589; his chronicle and career, ib.

Hugh or Hugolin with the Beard, ii. 489.

Hugh the Great, brother of King Philip, goes on the first crusade, i. 350.

Hugh of Avranches, Earl of Chester, his loyalty to William Rufus, i. 34, 62; supports Henry, i. 221; surrenders his castle to William, i. 283; his alleged advice to Henry, ii. 530; joins Henry, i. 320; castle of Saint James granted to, i. 323, ii. 540; his friendship with Anselm, i. 380; his changes at Saint Werburh’s at Chester, i. 381, 382; seeks help from Anselm, i. 382; his sickness and messages to Anselm, i. 383; summoned by William Rufus to Eu, i. 469; goes to England, i. 470; his share in the conspiracy of Robert of Mowbray, ii. 38; urges the mutilation of William of Eu, ii. 64; his advance in Anglesey, ii. 97; his last expedition to Anglesey, ii. 129–146, 619; bribes the wikings, ii. 130; his cruelty to the captives, ii. 131, 132; makes peace with Magnus, ii. 145; Anglesey and North Wales subdued by, ii. 146; compared with Robert of Bellême, ii. 150; hastens to acknowledge Henry I. as king, ii. 362; one of Henry’s inner council, ib.; his death, ii. 410; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536; Anselm’s letter of rebuke to, ii. 580.

Hugh Bardolf, gate of Montfort Castle named after, ii. 254.

Hugh, of Beaumont, reads the charge against Bishop William, i. 98; defies him, i. 101.

Hugh, Earl of Bedford, i. 98 (note), ii. 419 (note).

Hugh of Buckland, Sheriff of Berkshire, his dealings with Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Hugh of Dun, his dealings with Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Hugh of Este, son of Azo, sent for by the men of Maine, ii. 195, 198; his succession accepted by Helias, ii. 197; reaches Le Mans, ii. 200; his dispute with Bishop Howel, ii. 201; reconciled to him, ii. 202; his unpopularity, ib.; puts away his wife and is excommunicated, ib.; bought out by Helias, ii. 203.

Hugh of Evermouth, i. 571.

Hugh of Grantmesnil, rebels against William Rufus, i. 34; his ravages, i. 36; strengthens his castle against Robert of Bellême, i. 274; his death and burial, i. 473.

Hugh of Jaugy, i. 565, ii. 123.

Hugh of Lacy, grant of his brother’s estates to, ii. 63.

Hugh, Count of Meulan, i. 185.

Hugh of Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, rebels against William Rufus, i. 57; succeeds his father in England, i. 473; buys his pardon of Rufus, ii. 62; his expedition into Anglesey, ii. 129–144, 619; bribes the wikings, ii. 130; his cruelty to the captives, ii. 131, 132; his death, ii. 144, 618–621; his burial, ii. 145; effects of his death, ii. 147, 150, 618.

Hugh of Port, i. 117, 120.

Humbald, Archdeacon of Salisbury, ii. 384.

Humbert, Count of Maurienne, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 580.

I.

Ida, Countess of Boulogne, her correspondence with Anselm, i. 374, 384, ii. 571, 581.

Ilchester, description of, i. 43; besieged by Robert of Mowbray, ib.

Ingemund, sent by King Murtagh to the Sudereys, ii. 138; his death, ib.

Ingulf, prior of Norwich, ii. 569.

Investiture, royal right of, i. 345, 346; not questioned by Anselm, i. 403; change in his views in regard to, i. 404; forbidden by the Council of Clermont, i. 548; dispute between Henry I. and Anselm, ii. 375 et seq.; Anselm’s letters about, ii. 579, 584.

Iona, isle of, Margaret’s gifts to, ii. 21; Duncan buried at, ii. 36 (note); spared by Magnus, ii. 141.

Ireland, designs of William the Conqueror on, ii. 94; of William Rufus on, ii. 93; of Magnus of Norway on, ii. 136, 141, 620.

Irish, help Rhys and Gruffydd, i. 121, 122.

Isabel or Elizabeth of Vermandois, daughter of Hugh the Great, married to Robert of Meulan, i. 187 (note), 551; her marriage denounced by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, i. 551 (note); her second marriage, i. 187 (note).

Isabel, daughter of Robert of Meulan, mistress of Henry I., i. 187 (note), ii. 380.

Isabel of Montfort, wife of Ralph of Conches, her rivalry with Heloise of Evreux, i. 231–234, 245; her character, i. 233; takes the veil, i. 233 (note), 271.

Isabel, daughter of William of Breteuil, given in marriage to Ascelin Goel, i. 243, 268 (note).

Ivo, Bishop of Chartres, his advice to Anselm, i. 367 (note); denounces the marriage of Isabel and Robert of Meulan, i. 551 (note); protests against the marriage of King Philip and Bertrada, i. 559 (note), ii. 173.

Ivo of Grantmesnil, goes on the first crusade, i. 552; called the “rope-dancer,” i. 565 (note); plots against Henry, ii. 395; harries his neighbours’ lands, ii. 417; his trial and conviction, ib.; his bargain with Robert of Meulan, ii. 418; his relations with Leicester, ib.

Ivo, son of Ivo of Grantmesnil, ii. 418.

Ivo Taillebois, his action in the case of Bishop William, i. 114, 115; holds Kirkby Kendal, ii. 549.

Ivo of Veci, lord of Alnwick, ii. 596.

Ivor, grandson of Cadwgan, defeats the English, ii. 107.

Ivry, granted to William of Breteuil, i. 194; lost by him, i. 243; claimed by Robert of Meulan, ib.

J.

Jarrow, Tynemouth granted to, ii. 18, 605.

Jeronto, Abbot. See Geronto.

Jerusalem, kingdom of, said to have been refused by Duke Robert, i. 566.

Jerusalem, Patriarch of, Wulfstan’s correspondence with, i. 479.

Jestin, son of Gwrgan, story of him and Einion, ii. 80; estimate of the story, ii. 81, 614; his descendants, ii. 81 (note), 82, 87; his alleged long life, ii. 614.

Jews, settle in England, i. 160; their position, ib.; favoured by Rufus, i. 161; compared with the Sicilian Saracens, ib.; dispute between their rabbis and English bishops, ib.; converts forced to apostatize by Rufus, i. 162, 614, ii. 504.

John, King, his devotion to the shrine of Wulfstan, i. 481.

John of Tours, bishopric of Somerset granted to, i. 136, ii. 483; removes the see to Bath, ib.; his doings at Wells and at Bath, i. 138, ii. 486; his architectural works, i. 138; assists Osmund to consecrate Salisbury cathedral, i. 309; at the consecration of the church of Battle, i. 444; Anselm confers with him at Winchester, i. 586; at the deathbed of William of Durham, ii. 61; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536.

John, Bishop of Tusculum, ii. 488.

John, Abbot of Telesia, i. 615.

John, Prior of Bath, letter of Anselm to, ii. 490.

John, son of Odo of Bayeux, ii. 488.

John of La Flèche, father of Helias, ii. 196.

Jones, Longueville, on Penmon and Aberlleiniog, ii. 130 (note).

Jorwerth, son of Bleddyn, becomes the man of Robert of Bellême, ii. 424; his action on behalf of Robert, ii. 433; promises of Henry I. to, ii. 439; influences the Welsh on his behalf, ii. 440, 442; his war with his brothers, ii. 451; Henry’s want of faith to, ib.; his trial and imprisonment, ii. 452; his later history, ii. 453.

Judith, wife of Tostig, her invention of Saint Oswine’s body, ii. 18, 604.

Julian, Saint, translation of his body, ii. 204.

Juliana, natural daughter of Henry I., i. 201, ii. 380.

Jurwine, son of King Anna of East-Anglia, ii. 268 (note).

Justice, technical use of the word, i. 191 (note).

Justiciarship, growth of the office under Flambard, i. 331.

K.

Kenfig, borough of, ii. 88.

Kidwelly, ii. 86; conquest of, ii. 102; granted to Howell, ii. 451.

Kings, doctrine of their immunity from drowning, ii. 284, 647, 648, 651.

Kirkby Kendal, held by Ivo Taillebois, ii. 549.

Knights, privileges granted to, by Henry I., ii. 355; effect of this grant, ii. 356.

L.

La Chartre, castle of, ii. 275.

La Ferté Saint Samson, castle of, surrendered to Rufus, i. 230.

La Flèche, Helias withdraws to, ii. 275; castle of, ii. 276.

La Houlme, castle of, held by Rufus, i. 462; taken by Robert, i. 465.

La Lude, castle of, ii. 275.

La Roche Guyon, castle of, ii. 180, 181.

Lagman, son of Godred Crouan, ii. 137.

Laigle, town of, i. 73 (note).

Lambert, chaplain to Ida of Boulogne, ii. 581.

Lambeth, grant of, to Rochester, ii. 506; given in exchange to Canterbury, ib.

Land, tenure of, Flambard’s theory of, i. 337.

Lanfranc, his special agency in the accession of William Rufus, i. 10, 12, ii. 459; his grief at the death of William the Conqueror, i. 15; crowns William Rufus, ib.; binds him to follow his counsel, i. 16, ii. 460; attends the Christmas assembly at Westminster, i. 18; Odo’s hatred towards, i. 24, 53 (note); his loyalty to William, i. 63; his part in the meeting at Salisbury, i. 95, 119; his view of vestments, i. 95; his position as regards that of Bishop William, i. 97; his answer to Bishop Geoffrey, i. 100; to Bishop William, i. 105, 110; interposes on his behalf, i. 113; his death, i. 140; its effect on William Rufus, i. 141, 142, 148 (note); his position in England and Normandy, i. 141; buried at Christ Church, i. 142; his relations with William the Conqueror, i. 328; compared with Anselm, i. 368, 456; advises Anselm to become a monk of Bec, i. 371.

Lanfranc, nephew of Archbishop Lanfranc, ii. 575.

Laodikeia, Eadgar and Robert at, i. 564.

Lateran, Council of (1099), i. 607, 621; destruction of the apse, i. 607 (note).

Leckhampsted, lands at, taken from Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Legitimacy, growth of the doctrine of, i. 280.

Le Hardy, M. Gaston, quoted, i. 145 (note); his apology for Duke Robert, i. 175 (note).

Leicester, college at, founded by Robert of Meulan, ii. 420; foundation of the abbey, ib.; churches at, ii. 420 (note).

Leicester, earldom of, its origin, ii. 418.

Le Mans, temporal relations of the bishopric, i. 207; under an interdict, ii. 199; claims of the Norman dukes over the bishopric, ii. 200, 212; Howel’s buildings at, ii. 205; Pope Urban’s visit to, ib.; welcomes Duke Robert’s host, i. 209; new municipality of, ii. 226; garrisoned by Fulk, ii. 232, 628; besieged by Rufus, ii. 233–235; siege of, raised, ii. 235; submits to Rufus, ii. 238, 628; fortresses of, ii. 239, 631; entry of Rufus into the town, ii. 240; description of the church, ib.; recovered by Helias, ii. 278; the castles still held for Rufus, ii. 279; compared with the deliverance of York, ib.; burning of, ii. 280; modern destruction at, ii. 281 (note); William’s march against, ii. 287; flight of the citizens, ii. 288; William’s treatment of, ii. 295, 296; orders the destruction of the towers of Saint Julian’s, ii. 297, 654; description of the towers, ii. 299, 655; return of Helias to, ii. 370; action of the garrison, ii. 370–373; palace of the counts at, ii. 632, 656; dates of the building, ii. 632–639, 656; burning of, ii. 638.