INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z

Abitene, 194 Accomplishments, early Roman, 34 “Accountants,” 276 Achæan League, 55, 202 Achaia, 193, 202 Actium, Battle of, 129, 166, 184, 188, 202, 240 Actors, 137 Acts of the Apostles, 200 Aden, 204 Adherbal, 91 Adiabene, 267 Adige, 220 Admirals, 187 Adriatic fleet, 186, 187 Adultery, law against, 226 Advertisements, 285 Ædiles, 30, 32, 134 Ædui, 262 Æsopus (actor), 132 Aetius, 314 Ætolian cavalry, 55 Afranius, 123 Africa, province of, 59, 193, 208, 283; diocese, 312 Agathocles, 45, 61 Agedincum, 212 Agri Decumates, 264 Agricola, Julius, 260, 261 Agriculture, early Roman, 36, 70 Agrippa, General under Augustus, 165; intended successor to Augustus, 174, 175, disciplinarian, 183, overlord in Asia, 195, Herod and, 205; and the worship of Jehovah, 207; and the conquest of Spain, 221; married to Julia, 227, 228, temple erected by, 251 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 129 Agrippa Postumus, 229 Agrippina, 224 Agrippina, (mother of Nero), 256, 272 Alani, 307 Alba Longa, 25 Albinus, Spurius, 92 Alcamenes, 156 Alcantara, Bridge of, 294 Alemanni, 309 Alesia, 116 Alexander the Great, 1, 6 Alexandria, Cæsar at, 122, and convention in literature, 151; rivalry with Rome, 202, 282, Jews in, 268 “Alimenta,” 276 Aliso, 216 “Allies and friends,” 28, 60 Alme, 216 Alpes Cottiæ, 194 Alpes Maritimæ, 194 Alpine tribes, 220 Alps, the, Hannibal’s march, 50, roads over, 220 Amazons, 258, 307 Amphitheatre, the Grand, 282 Amphitheatre displays, 74; butchery, 137 Amphitheatres, 243, 279; in Britain, 261 Ampsaga, river, 208 Amusements, 136, 279 “Analecta,” 137 Anchises, 224 Ancus Martius, 19 Ancyra, 199 Ancyran monument, 188 Andernach, 264 Andronikos, 74 Anglesey, 259, 260 Anna Perenna, 36, 39 Antinous, 293 Antioch, 247, 267, 268, 282 Antiochus of Syria, 54, 55 Antium, 134 Antonine Constitution, 299 Antonine Wall, 261 Antonines, the, 277 Antoninus Pius, 262, 271, 277, column of, 292 Antonius (orator), 104 Antonius, L, 164 Antony, Mark, and Cæsar, 124, and the succession, 126, 127, and Octavian (Augustus), 127, 128, 163, 164, the Triumvirate, 128, victories, 128, and Cleopatra, 128, 129, 164, 203, and Actium, 130, marriages, 138, and Cicero, 148 Antony and Cleopatra, coins of, 155 Aosta, 220 Apelles, 296 Apennines, slave refugees, 106 Apicius, 279 Apollo as a Roman god, 79, temple to, 168 Apollodorus, 266 Apollonia, 201, 202 Apollonius, 290 Appian Way, 34 Appius Claudius, 85 Appius Claudius (censor), 34, 42, 46 Appuleian Laws, 95, 99 Apuleius, 290 Aquæ Mattiacæ (Wiesbaden), 264 Aquæ Sextiæ, 94 Aqueducts, 179, 280, 283, 293 Aquilegia, 220 Aquitania, 210 Arabia, 194, 204, 267 Arabs, 307 Aratus, 234 Arausio (Orange), 94 Arcesilaus, 156, 249 Arch, the, 153, 294 Arch, triumphal, 196 Archelaus, 206 Architecture of the Republic, 151-154, of the Augustan period, 250-252, of the Empire, 293-297, later Roman and early Christian, 316 Arena. See Amphitheatre Aretine pottery, 159 Areus, 209 Arezzo, 120 Argos, 202 Aristocracy, government by, 71, 72, debased, 81, wealth, 132, Augustus and, 224; under the Empire, 254 Domitian and the, 274. See also Patricians Aristotle, 290 Armenia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 267, 268 Arminius, 218, 219, 263 Armour of soldiers, 29, 98 Army, professional, as constituted by Marius, 96-99, and government, 99, under Augustus, 182, soldiering becomes a profession, 184, how constituted, 184, rate of pay, 185; distribution of the legions, 185; pay (finance), 188, bounties to veterans, 189 Arpinum, 134 Art, Etruscan, 20; early Roman, 22, 34, 66, of the Republic, 151-159, of the Augustan period, 243-252, of the Empire, Greek influence, 291, sculpture, 292, history of, 293, influence of Antinous, 293, architecture, 294-297, painting, 296, minor arts, 297, Byzantine, 316 “Art, Roman,” 151, 245 Art collectors under the Republic, 155 Artillery, 280 Artists, 248 Arts, the, and politics, 231 Arusine Plain, 46 “Aryan,” 2 As, the copper (coin), 17, 34, 154 Aschaffenburg, 264 Ashtaroth, 39 Asia Minor, coins of, 249, Jews in, 268, Christianity in, 302 Asia, province of, 59; wealth, 61, 64; taxes, 88, control by Augustus, 178; senatorial province, 193, security in, 200, diocese, 312 “Asiarchs,” 201 Assassins, 268 Assessments for taxes, 276 Assyria, 267 Asturians, 220 Asturica Augusta (Astorga), 221 Athens and Rome, contrast between, 2, allied with Rome, 55, Sulla and, 101, and education, 133, an allied state, 194, position of, under Rome, 201, new quarter, 284 Athletics, 286 Atrium, the, 135 Attalids, the, of Pergamum, 246 Attalus, 55 Attalus III., 59 Attica, 201 Atticus, 131, 233 Attila, 314 Attius, 138 Augsburg, 220 Augurs, 133 Augusta Emerita (Merida), 221 Augusta (legion), 183 “Augustals,” 181 “Augustan” age, the. See Augustus Augustan history, 305 Augusti, 312 Augustine, 316 Augustulus, Romulus, 315 Augustus (Gneius Octavius, Octavianus) adds Egypt to the Empire, 60, Cæsar’s heir, 124, 127, takes up his inheritance, 127; triple alliance, 128, pursues the tyrannicides, 128 master of the West, 129, becomes the Emperor Augustus, 100, 130; health, 136; and literature, 151; and monarchy, 161, statesmanship, 161, 182, Suetonius on, 162; character, 163, and Cleopatra, 164, policy, 164, 165, triumph, 165; and peace 166, and the patricians, 167; takes a census, 167, strengthens the senate, 167; improves Rome, 167, establishes the Empire, 168, senate names him Augustus, 169, “restores the Republic,” 168, 169, constitutional position, 170, wealth, 172, as censor, 172, consulships, 173; tribunician power, 173, successors, 174, age and reign, 175; and the senate, 175, pretended abdication, 177, powers, 177, patron of the people, 180 and the laws, 180; military position, 182, creates a navy, 186, and public finance, 188, his generosity, 188, his provinces, 194, account of condition of Italy, 196, and the Parthians, 197, cult of himself, 201, 225; and Egypt, 203, and the Soudan, 204, and Herod, 206, and the Jews, 207; in Sicily, 209, and Gaul, 209, and Germany, 212, and Spain, 220; results of his rule, 221, his work, 223, aristocracy and, 224, plots against, 224, flattery, 224; and the regeneration of Roman society, 225; as a father, 226; marriages, 226; and the succession, 228, family, 229, his habits, 229, character, 230, education, 231, and literature 232; in Vergil, 234; in Horace, 239, and art, 243, and rebuilding of Rome, 244, 248, culture, 252, and the enlargement of the Empire, 259 Aurelian, 307 Aurelius, Marcus, Antonine dynasty, 277; philosophy fashionable under, 279, Galen, his state physician, 290, portrait, 292, 294; hostile to Christianity, 302, and immortality, 303, Rome under, 305, and the barbarians, 309, 311 Ausonius, 316 Austria, 217, 220 Autonomy, local, 284 Aventine Hill, 280 Avernus, Lake of, 186 Axiomitæ, 307 Ba’albek, 282, 295 Bacchic mysteries, 79 Bacchus, 240 Bactrians, 307 Bætica, 221 Baiæ, 134, 251, 257, 296; Turner’s picture of, 283 Bakery account from Pompeii, 285 Balearic slingers, 98 Balkans, 220 Bank rate, 166 Bankrupts and the senate, 103 Banks, 64 Banquets, 133, 136, 196 Barberini panel, 316 Barcas, the, 49 Barea Soranus, 273, 300 Barristers, 298 Batanæa, 194 Batavian cavalry, 184 Baths, 136, 196, 243, 261, 283 Baths of Titus, the, 293 Battle-array, 29 Beasts for the arena, 133 Bedriacum, 273 Beja, 221 Belgica, 210 Bestia, 91, 92 Bibulus, 111 Bithynia, 60, 193, 200 “Bithyniarchs,” 201 Black Sea, 186, 220, 297 Blemyes, 307 Boadicea, 219, 260 Bœotia, 201 Bohemia, 217 Books, 131, Cicero’s books, 134 Bosco Reale, 249 Bosphorus, 194 Brenner Pass, 263 Brennus, 199 Brescia, 196 Bribery and corruption, 79, 133 Brickwork, 294 Bridge, marble, 196 Brigantes, the, 261, 262 Britain, Cæsar’s expeditions to, 117, Cæsar on, 150; Augustus and, 170, 209, 210, conquest of, 259, empire-building in, 260; and Roman civilisation, 261, roads, 262; walls, 261, 262, and the “Latin right,” 299; and separate unity, 308, diocese, 312, deserted, 314 Britannicus, 272 Britons, the, 114 Bronze-work, 297 Brotherhood of man, 302 Brundisium, 145 Bruttium, 45, 47 Brutus and liberty, 33; as hero, 112, against Cæsar, 124, and the assassination of Cæsar, 126, and the succession, 127, fall of, 128, bust of, 157, as martyr, 173, and Horace, 237 Budgets under Augustus, 192 Buffer states, 198, 199, 214 Building, early, 19, materials (houses), 135, 153, principles of, 153; brickwork, 294; villas, 295 Bureaucracy, 171, 181, 270, 272, 276, 278, 310 Burgundians, 212, 213 Byzantine (Constantinople), 313 Byzantine art, 316 Byzantine Empire, the, 313 Cadiz, 49 Cæcilius, 76 “Cæsar” (Emperor), 112 “Cæsar and the Roman People,” cult of, 207 Cæsar Augusta (Saragossa), 221 Cæsar, Gaius Julius, adds Gaul to the Empire, 60, and the monarchy, 100, birth and lineage, 109, as Pontifex Maximus, 109; and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110, prætor to Spain, 110, the Triumvirate, 110; becomes Consul, 110; conquests of Gaul, 111, 116, honours paid to, by poets and others, 112, account of the Gallic Wars, 112; as historian, 113, 150, his greatness, 113; his work, 114, as a soldier, 116; and Britain, 117, 150, and Pompeius, 114, 119, civil war, 120, devotion of his men, 121, conquers at Pharsalus, 121, 122, in Egypt, 122, and Cleopatra, 122, conquests, 122, 123, supporters, 124, reforms, 125, kingship, 125, slain, 126, his will, 127, wealth of, 132, epileptic, 135, wives, 138, and Roman history, 145, as orator, 149, his Commentaries, 149, portraits, 157, and monarchy, 161, temple to, 166; The Commentaries and Germany, 214, deified, 225, as poet, 232. Cæsar, L., 104 Cæsar-worship, 231, 267, 300 Cæsarea, 206, 268 Cæsarion, 122 Cæsars, the, 254 Calabria, 45 Caledonians, the, 261, 262 Caligula (Gaius Cæsar), 253, 268, 269, 271, 272 Callimachus, 239 Callipolis, 286 Calpurnia, 126 Cameos, 249 Campagna, the Roman, 12, 25, shepherds, 37 Campania, 28, 34, 283 Campanian Road, 134 Campus Martius, 36, 153 Camulodunum (Colchester), 259, 260 Candace, 205 Candlestick, the seven-branched golden, 269 Cannabæ, 310 Cannæ, 51 Canon law, 299 Cantabrians, 220 Capital punishment, 43 Capitol, the, 25, 153, 293, 307 Capitoline Hill, 282 Cappadocia, 194, 267 Capri, 229 Capua, 51 Caracalla, 292, 299, 306 Caradoc, 260 Carbo, 94 Carducci and Catullus, 144 Carrhæ, 119, 197 Carthage, the early Romans and, 13, 17, Roman treaty with, 348 B.C., 26, Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, 46, Carthaginian Wars, 47, First Punic War, 48, Second Punic War, 49, and Hannibal, 50, defeated, 53, Third Punic War, 57, siege and destruction, 58, a province, 59, colony at, 88; refounded as colony by Augustus, 208, Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, 209 Carus, 308 Carving (food), 137 Caspian Sea, 213 Cassius, 112, 126-128, 271 Castle of St. Angelo, 294 Catiline, conspiracy of, 110; Cicero on, 147 Cato (the Censor), prayer on cutting a grove quoted, 40, and Carthage, 57, and slaves, 71; and luxury, 72, and prudishness, 80; policy of, 83 Cato the younger (of Utica), character, 111, and the end of the Republic, 108, 118; death, 123, wives, 138; and Stoicism, 139, and the senate, 147; austerity, 148 Catullus, 104, 142, 232, 243 Caudine Pass, the, 28 Celibacy, tax on, 190, 226 Celtic religion, 221 Celts, the, 115 Censors, 32, 72, 272 Censorship of letters, 232 Census-taking, 32, 167 Ceres, 38, 39 Chalons, Battle of, 314 Chariot-racing, 279, 280, 314 Charlemagne, 112 Chastity, 33 Chatti, 263 Chauci, 216, 263 Cheruscia, 216, 217, 218, 219 Chester, 260 Christianity and Cæsar worship, 201, 300, conflict with Mithraism, 299; Rome and the establishment of, 300, Stoicism and, 300, 302, confounded with Judaism, 300, scruples of Christians, 301, proselytes, 301, inquisitions and martyrdoms, 301, Edict of Milan, 302; hostility of emperors, 302, monotheism, 303, rites and saints taken from paganism, 303, the Church and the Roman political system, 304, Constantine and, 313, Rome and the Church, 315 Chronological summary of Roman history, 317-324 Chrysostom, St. John, 316 Church and state, 315 Churches, Christian, 316 Cicero, Latinity of, 9, the translation of, 10, and pleading in law, 43, and Pompeius, 108, oration on Manilius, 109, and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110, policy, 110, exile, 118, 127, slain, 128, his gains as governor of Cilicia, 131, his wealth, 131, 134, his houses, 134, and library, 134, health, 135, divorces his wife, 138, and Plato, 139; his influence on Latin literature, 144; his policy and rhetoric, 145, his character, 145; creator of Latin prose, 146, 231, his style, 146, as a lawyer, 146; oratory, 147; political life, 148, his end, 148, bust of, 157; and immortality, 231, not a client, 232 Cicero, Quintus, 124, 146 Cilicia, a province, 59, 193, 200; pirate-state at, 106, Cicero’s gains as governor, 131 Cimbri, the invasion by the, 93; defeated by Marius, 94 Cincinnatus, 33 Cineas, 46 Cinna (consul), 104 Circus Maximus, 280 Circuses, 243 Cirta, 91 Citizenship, Roman, 27, 30, 299 “City Legion,” 184 City prefect, 182 City-states, the, 6, 27, 69, 278 Civic ardour, 284 Civil law of Rome, 298 Civil service, the, 276 Civil War, First, 120-123 Civil War, Second, 128, 129 Civil wars, restorations after the, 196 Civilisation, early Roman, 34, under the Republic, 130, under Augustus, 200 Classical education, 291 Classical literature, the golden age of, 150 Classicism, 9 Claudian, 316 Claudian house, the, 227 Claudian law, 132 Claudian Way, 220 Claudii, the, 24, 42, 72 Claudius, Suetonius on, 162, forbids Druidism, 211, his character, 254; best of the Claudian Cæsars, 255, and Messalina, 255, 256, and Germany, 263, and Thrace, 265, as Cæsar, 271, 272; death, 272, building under, 293 Claudius Gothicus, 307 Cleopatra and Cæsar, 122; and Antony, 126, 128, 129, 138, 203, and Augustus, 164, and Herod the Great, 205 Cleopatra’s daughter, 208 Clergy, Christian, 311 Clerks, copying, 131 Client system, 72; in literature, 232 Clodia, 138 Clodius, 108, 111, 118, 119 Clœlia, 33 Cohorts, 98; urban, 186, of watchmen, 186 Coinage, early, 17, copper, 34 Coins under the Republic, 154, portraits on, 158; legionary, 183, with Parthian suppliant, 198; for Judæa, 207, of Asia Minor, 249 Colchester, 259, 260 Collecting art objects, 225, 248 “Collegia,” 284 Collegial system, 31 Colline Gate, the, 105 Coloni (tillers of the soil), 311 Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne), 215, 219, 263 Colonnades, 196, 243, 250 Colosseum, the, 282, 293 Columella, 290 Columns in architectures, 154 Comedy, 75-77 Comitatus, the, 312 Comitia, 25, 30, 36, 86, 174, 179 Commagene, 194, 199 Commander of legions, 134 Commerce, 131 Commodus, 264, 277 Como, 283, 296 Companies, commercial, 131 Consilium, 176 Constantine, Arch of, 280, 316, Basilica of, 282 Constantine, Emperor, Cæsar and, 112, and a new senate, 179; and Christianity, 302, 313, and tillers of the soil, 311, founds Constantinople, 313 Constantinople founded, 313, mosaics of, 316 Constitution of ancient Rome, 30 Consuls, 25, 30, 31, 63, 125, 134, 181, 193 Copper coinage, 34, 154 Coptos, 204 Corduba, 220 Cordus, Cremutius, 271 Corinth destroyed, 57, 58; restored by Julius Cæsar, 302; and Greek art, 247 Corinthian column, the, 250 Corn, duty on, 273 Corn-supply, 69, 109, 181, 188, 190, 209, 308 Corn trust, Sicilian, 109 Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, 84 Cornelia, daughter of Scribonia, 240 Cornelii, the, 72 Corocota (Gaius Julius Caracuttus), 221 “Correctors,” 276 Corsica, 48, 59, 193 Coryphæus, 280 Courage an early Roman virtue, 33 Crassus, Marcus, subdues the rising of the slaves, 106, defeated at Carrhæ, 107, 119, his wealth, 107, 132, and Cæsar, 110, 114, 118, the conspiracy of Catiline, 110 Crassus (orator), 84, 104 Cremera, Battle of, 24 Cremona, 53 Cretan archers, 98 Crete, 38, 60, 193, 208 Cross, the, Constantine and, 313 Cruttwell, C. T., on Ovid, 240 Ctesiphon, 267 Culture and religion, 35 Cumæ, 134 Cura annonæ, 190 “Curators,” 276 Curiales, 311 Curies, 30 Curtius, Quintus, 33 Curule chair, the, 22 Customs duties, 272 Cybele, the worship of, 79 Cyclades, the, 201 Cymbeline, 259 Cynics, the, 302 Cynocephalæ, 55 Cyprus, 178, 193, 200 Cyrenaica, 193, 208 Cyrene, 60, 208, 268 Cytheris, 126, 138 Dacia, 265, 266, 267, 312 Dalmatia, 193, 265 Dalmatian War, 187 Damascus, 268 Danish shores, 213 Dante and Cæsar, 112, Dante’s debt to Roman poets, 289 Danube, the, 197, 218, 219, 220, 263, 264, 265, 306, 309, 314 Danube frontier, 220 Dead, burial of the, 34 Death, 303 Death-duties, 189 Death-masks, 248 Debtors, punishment of, 43 Decebalus, 265 Decemviri, 42 Decius, 301 Decuriones, 195, 311 “Delation,” 204, 272, 275, 277 Delphi, 101, 201 Delphic Amphictyony, the, 202 Demetrius, 51 Democracy, the Gracchi and, 86, 90, Julius Cæsar and, 109 Democritus, 139 Denarius, silver, 207 Despotism, benevolent, 311 Development fund, 276 Diana, 38, 39, 238 Diana of Ephesus, Temple of, 201 Dictator, 125 Dill, Dr. Samuel, on Pliny, 279, 284 Dining, 133 Dinner-parties, 136 Dio Cassius, 168, 182 Dio Chrysostom, 290 “Dioceses,” 312 Diocletian, 271, 301, 310, 311 Diocletian, palace of, 316 Diplomacy, Roman, 26 Discipline, Roman, 26, 183, of army, 97 Divination, Etruscan, 21 Divodurum, 212 Divorce, 80, 136, 226 Docks, 186 Domitian, unpopular, 177, and Britain, 261, and imperial expansion, 264, and Decebalus, 265, a tyrant, 274, and the senate, 274, assassination, 275, and Titus, 293 Doric architecture, 153, column, 250 Drama, beginnings, 73, Greek tragedies translated for Roman stage, 75; comedies, 75, under the Republic, 137 Drinking, 136 Druidism, 114, 211, 259 Drusus, 184, 215, 227, 239 Drusus, M. Livius, 102 Dukes (dux), 312 Durocortorum, 212 Dutch horsemen, 184 Dutch shores, 213 Dutch territory, 216 Duties, customs, 212, 273 Duumviri, 195 Dyarchy, the, 177, 275 Eagle, the silver (standard), 98 Eagles, Roman, captured, 197 East, the, and Roman art, 249 Eating, 136 Eburacum (York), 261 Edict of Milan, 302 Edicts, perpetual, 298, 299 Education beginnings, 74, under the Republic, 132, in Gaul, 211, and schools in 200 a.d., 280; Pliny endows a secondary school, 283, and schools under the Empire, 285-286 Egnatius Rufus, 180 Egypt allied against Philip of Macedon, 55, conquered by Octavian (Augustus), 60, 130, 166, Pompeius and Cæsar in, 122, private possession of Augustus, 170, 172, prefect of, 180, 194, corn-supply, 190; wealth, 202, under Augustus, 203; religion, 203, taxes, 203; canals and irrigation, 203, reservoirs, 204, position of prefect, 204, and Greek art, 247; rebels in the triumph of Aurelian, 307, a diocese, 312 Elagabalus, 306 Elbe, the, 216, 217, 218 Election posters, 285 Electra (sculpture), 249, 250 Elephantine, Nilometer at, 204 Elephants, 46 Eleusinian mysteries, 55, 231 Emesa, 194, 199; fetish-stone, 306 Empire-building, 28, 44, 211 Empire, the early, history, 162; establishment of, 168; illegitimate, 254; during its first century, 259; limits of the, 269, junior colleagues to Cæsar, 276, weak through its vastness, 308; decay, 313; divided, 313; dismembered, 314 Empire, the Eastern, 313 Ems, 216, 264 Ennius, 76, 78, 138, 236 Ephesus, 201, 247, 282 Epictetus, 302 Epicurus, 139 Epirot phalanx, 46 Equality, 33, 71 Equestrian class (Equites), 64, 88, 97, 180 Eros (Egyptian tax-gatherer), 191 Esquiline Camp, 258 Esquiline Hill, 25 Ethics, Christian, 302, 303 Etruria, conquests, 28, Sullan colonists in, 110 Etruscans, the, neighbours at beginning of Rome, 13; piracy, 13, 17, remains, 14, 20, conquest of Rome, 19, their origin, 20, art, 20, 22, character, 21, divination, 21; costumes, 22, decline of the Etruscan power, 23, Etruscan princes of Rome, 20, 23, enemy of Rome, 28; gods, 39, portraiture, 152, 156, and Roman architecture, 153, and Roman art, 248 Eudæmones, 307 Euhemerism, 201 Euphrates, the, 197, 267 Europe, Rome and the making of, 5; Germany and the history of, 213 Extortion, 133, 191, 209, 212, 273 Extravagances, 279 Fabii, the, 24, 72 Fabius, Pictor, 150 Fabius, Quintus, 51 Family, the, 225 Famine, 190 Farnese Palace, 251 “Father of his country,” 179 Fatherhood, 226 Fatherhood of God, 303 Fathers, power of, 25 Fauns, 37 Faustina, 224 Feasting, 133, 136 Felix, 206 Fencing, 98 Ferrero, Signor G., on Cæsar’s character, 112, on Augustus, 199, and Gaul, 210 Festivals, early Roman, 36 Festus, 207 Fever, malarial, 135 Fifth Legion, 215 Finance, beginnings, 66, under Augustus, 187, gifts, 188, property-tax and death-duties, 189, of the senate, 192 Financial corruption, 64 Financiers, 194 Fire-brigade, 181, 186 Flamines, 38 Flaminian Way, 196 Flaminii, the, 72 Flamininus, 55 Flavian age, the, 293 Flavian dynasty, 274 Flax, 212 Flora, 38, 39 Footmen, 137 Fordicidia, 40 Formiæ, 134 Fortifications, frontier, 261, 262, 264 Fortuna Virilis, 39; Temple of, 153, 154 Fortune-hunters, 226 Forum, the, 33, 252 Forum Julii (Fréjus), 187 Forums, 280, 282 Fowler, W. Warde, 35 France, roads of, 211 Frankfort, 264 Franks, 212, 213, 307, 309 Fratres Arvales, 39 Frazer, J. G., 35 “Free” states, 60 Freedmen, 181 Freeman, E. A., 19 Fréjus, 187 French Revolution, the, and the Roman Republic, 71 Frescoes, 296 Friezes, 246 Frisians, 216 Frontiers, 223; fortified, 261, natural, 266 Fulvia, 126, 127, 129, 138, 149 Furniture, 297 Gabii, 25 Gabinian Law, 109 Gadara, 205 Gades, 220, 282 Gætulian nomads, 208 Gaius (Emperor). See Caligula Gaius, over-lord in Asia, 195 and the Parthian king, 200, and the succession, 228, tutor and servants of, 230 Gaius, “Institutes” of, 299 Galatia, 193, 199 Galatians, 184 Galba, 179, 258, 273 Galen, 290 Galilee, 194, 206, 268 Gallia. See Gaul Gallienus, 306, 307 Gallus, Cornelius, 203, 204, 232, 234 Gamaliel, 207 Games, public, 137 Gardening, 296 Gardthausen, Dr., on Augustus, 162, on the Roman Army and the British Empire, 186 Gaul, The Gauls and Etruria, 23, 28, Gallic invasion of 390 b.c., 25, 26, conquest of the Gauls, 49, allies of Hannibal, 50, revolt of the Gauls, 53, 117, Southern Gaul, 59, Cisalpine Gaul, 60; Gallia Narbonensis, 59, 193, 209, Gallia Comata, 60, 210, conquest by Cæsar, 111, Cæsar and the Gallic wars, 112, the Gauls, time of Cæsar, 114, politics, 116; and Augustus, 169, 172, province, 193; Gauls in Galatia, 199; under Augustus, 209-211; gods, 211, tribes, 211; German inroads, 215; revolt against Nero, 257, and Britain, 259; civilisation, 262, nationality, 262, “Empire of the Gauls,” 262, Gallic communities and the “Latin right,” 299; Gallic empire destroyed, 307; unity, 308, diocese, 312 Geese, sacred, 59 Gems, portraits on, 158 Generosity, public, 284 Genius (luck), 37, 156 Geographical knowledge, ancient, 59 Germanicus as General in Germany, 184, 217, 218, 219, 263, Augustus and the children of, 226, the poisoning of, 255 Germany, Cæsar and the Germans, 117, German slaves bodyguard, 184, German revolt, 184, province Germania, 193, Augustus and, 197, 212, and its conquest, 214-220 social system and tribes, 214, inroads into Gaul, 215, unconquered, 263; Germans in the triumph of Aurelian, 307, unity, 308 Ghosts (Lemures), 37 Gibbon, Edward, influence of, on view of Roman history, 3; and the Roman imperial system, 277 Gladiatorial combats, 74 Gladiators, 71, 131, 133, 137, 185, 280, 282 Glaucia, 95 Gluttony, 136, 279 Glycon, 156 Gods, loves of the, in Ovid, 240 Gods, Roman. See Religion Gold mines of Macedon, 54, 58 Golden House, the, of Nero, 256, 293 Goldsmith art, 249 Gordians, the, 306 Goths, the, 213, 299, 307, 309, 314 Government, Roman, benevolent, 61; local autonomy to conquered territories, 62; want of policy by senate, 82 Governors, Roman, 63, 134 Gracchi, the, 84 Gracchus, Gaius, takes up reform, 87; elected a tribune, 88, his policy, 88-89, murdered, 89 Gracchus, Tiberius, 84, training, 85, and the land, 85, 86; and democracy, 86, elected a tribune, 86, murdered, 87 Græco-Roman culture under Augustus, 231, and Roman literature, 288 Gravitas, 43 Greece, resemblances between Rome and, 1, Greece and expansion, 6; influence of, on Rome, 72, 74, 81, influence of, on Roman literature, 151, and Roman architecture, 153, 250, 251, influence of, on portraiture, 157, Roman veneration for Greece, 201, and Roman education, 201, position of, in the Roman Empire, 201, Greek religion, 207, and Roman art, 243-252 Greek cities, 194 Greek culture, extent of, 200, in Rome, 231 Greek drama for the Roman stage, 75, 76 Greek mythology and Roman religion, 35, 39 Greek philosophy in Rome, 139 Greek sculpture in Rome, 155 Grotius, 298 Grove, prayer on cutting down a, 40, sacred, 211 Gruningen, 264 Guilds (collegia), 284, 311 Gundobald, 314 Hadrian visits Britain, 261; strengthens the Limes Trans-Rhenanus, 264 and the Parthians, 267, as Emperor, 275, 276, life under, 279, freedom of letters under, 163, 289, and Greek art, 293, and law, 299; and the army, 310 Hadrian, wall of, 261 Hadrian’s villa, 296 Hamilcar, 49 Hannibal, genius of, 47, and foreign conquest, 49; becomes leader of the Carthaginians, 50; his greatness and character, 50, march over the Alps, 50; as a strategist, 51, defeats, 52, 53, Antiochus and, 56 Harbour dues, 61 Harbours, 187 Hasdrubal, 50, 52 Head, Barclay, on Roman coins, 154 Heating of houses, 280 Heliopolis. See Ba’albek “Helladarch,” 202 Hellenism, 10, 72, 74 Helvetians, the, 94, 111 Heraclea, 46 Herculaneum, 297 Hercules, the Farnese, 156 Hercules, Temple of, 250 Hermann. See Arminius Hermodorus, 153 Herod Antipas, 206 Herod the Great, 184, 198, 205, 206 Herodes Atticus, 284 Hesiod, 234 Hexameter, the Latin, 78, 232 Hiberi, 307 Hiero of Syracuse, 23, 51, 61 Hildesheim, 249 Hippocrates, 290 Hirpinus, 280 Hispania Bætica, 193 Hispania. See Spain Historians, 138, 150, 305 Historical reliefs (sculpture), 248 History, the arts and politics in, 231 History, early Roman, worthlessness of, 24, Tacitus and Roman history, 253, 289, lack of interest, 288 Holland, North, 216 Holy of Holies, 207 Homer’s Odyssey translated, 74 Honoria, 314 Horace quoted on the past of Rome, 7; Latinity of, 9, on Hannibal, 52; his health, 136, on the Portus Julius, 187; and the Parthians, 197, 199, and Arabia Felix, 204; on the conquest of Britain, 209, educated in Greece, 237, and Cæsarism, 237; Satires, 237, lyrical odes, 237; drama, 238, Odes, 238; Century Hymn, 238, Secular Games, 238, celebrates Augustus, 239, pictures the life of Rome, 239; losses in the Civil War, 243, and satire, 289 Horatii, 24 Horatius and the saving of Rome, 19, 33 Hortensius, 138 Houses, 134, 135, 152, 296 Humanitarianism, 303 Huns, the, 214, 314 Iceni, the, 260 Ictinus, 295 Idealism in Greek art, 158 Ides of March, 36, 126 Idistavisus, 219, 263 Illyria, 48 Illyrian War, 166, revolt, 217 Illyricum, 193, 312 Imagines, 156, 158 Immortality, 303 Imperator, 183 Imperial administration centralised, 278, junior colleagues to Cæsar, 276, imperial succession, 306 Imperium, 31 India, trade with, 204, Greek art, 247 Informers. See “Delation” Inquisitions, 301 Inscriptions from Pompeii, 285 International law, 298 Intrigue, 224, 229 Ionic columns, 154 Ireland, 261 “Irene,” 169 Irish, Gallic Celts and the, compared, 115 Isis, 39, 139, 203; priests of, 282 Isthmian games, 55 Italian “allies” and the franchise, 102 Italians, citizen rights for, 88-89 Italian, the modern, and the ancient Roman compared, 13 Italy, divisions of, 12, invasions, 15, Civil War, 106, under Augustus, 196; colonies in, 196, a province, 278, 312; and the barbarians, 314 Ivories, Byzantine, 316 James, Wm., on war, 54 Janus, 38, 154, 166 Jerome and Lucretius, 142 Jerusalem, Cæsar and, 123, under Augustus and the Herods, 205, 206, 207, destruction of, 268 Jesus Christ, 205, 206 Jewellery, 297 Jewish law, 207; religion, 207 Jews in the Roman provinces, 200, 208, under Augustus, 205-207, under the Empire, 267-269 See also Judæa John, St., and Philo, 300 Johnson, Dr., and Latin, 8 Juba, King, 122, 123, 208 Judæa, province, 194, under Augustus, 205-207; government and conquest, 267, 268 Judaism, 300 Jugurtha, 84, 91-93 Julia (daughter of Augustus), 175, 227, 228, 229, 230 Julia (the younger), Ovid and, 241, 242 Julian Alps, 220 Julian laws, 226 Julianus, Salvius, 299 Julii, the, 72 Julius Nicanor, 201 Juno, 39 Jupiter, 38, 39, 79, 139, 240, 307 Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of, 152, 153, 269, 282 Jupiter, Temple of, in Mount Zion, 269 Jurisprudentes, 298 Jus fetiale, 298; jus gentium, 298, jus naturæ, 298 Justice, 270, 272 Justinian, 299, 315 Juvenal and emperors, 11, 138, 163, 242, 278, Latin of, 287; and satire, 289; and ethics, 303 Kent, 150 King, the, 41 Kingship, early, 19 Knuckle-bones, 229 Labienus, 121, 123 Labour, free, and slavery, 71 Lacedæmon, 201 Lacerna, 280 Lacinian Promontory, the, 45 Laconia, Northern, 201 Lahn, river, 264 Lampridius, 305 Land as property, 34, land speculation, 67, 131, neglect of the, 85, Tiberius Gracchus and, 87, Gaius Gracchus and, 88, Marius and, 95, Licinian land law, 86, land-tax in Gaul, 190, land system of Gaul, 211 Langobardi See Lombards Lares, 37 Latin, use of, 9, culture, 9, eclipse of Latin studies, 9 Latin festival, 38 Latin League, the, 25, 26, 27 Latin period, the (literature), 146 “Latin right,” 299 Latin and Teutonic races, contest between, 213 Latinism, 8 Latium, Plain of, 25 Law, Roman devotion to, 33, early Roman, 41-43, in Gaul, 211, Julian laws, 225-226, under the Empire, 297-299, a legacy to the world, 315 Legates, 193 Legion, composition of a, 98, 172 Legionaries, the, 98 Legiones (Leon), 221 Lemures, 37 Leon, 221 Lepidus, 128, 163 Lesbia, 143 Levies for army, 97 Lex, the, 179 Lex Claudia, 67 Liberty, love of, 33, religious, 270 Libraries, 168, 243, 283 Licinian laws, 86 Licinius (tax-gatherer in Gaul), 191, 212 Licinius Macer (annalist), 150 Lictors, 30, 282 Ligurian cavalry, 98 Lilybæum, 46 Limes Trans-Rhenanus, 264, Rhætian, 264 Linz, 264 Lippe, 216 Literature, early Roman, 34, beginnings of, 75; of the Republic, 142-151, in Rome under Augustus, 231, patrons, 232, the State and, 241, 243, golden age of (“Augustan”), 242, popularity of, under the Empire, 286, and tyranny, 287, its eclipse, 287, freedom of, 289, lack of originality, 291 Livia Drusilla, 227, 228 Livia, house of, 296 Livii, the, 72 Livius Andronicus, 74 Livy and the foundation of Rome, 17, and political equality, 30; as historian, 150, 151, freedom accorded to, 232; and Tacitus compared, 289 Loans, 131 Local government in Roman provinces, 61 Logos, the Divine, 300 Lombards, 213, 217 London (Londinium), 260, 282 London, modern, Roman architecture in, 251 Longinus, 94 Lorch, 264 Lucan, Latinity of, 9, and Spain, 220, 290, and republicanism, 242, 273, the Pharsalia, 288 Lucca, conference at, 119 Lucceius, 145 Lucian, 290 Lucilius, 237 Lucius, 228 Lucretia, 33 Lucretius and Epicurean philosophy, 139, quoted, 140, 141, as poet, 141, 142, 243, a free poet, 232, Vergil’s use of, 236 Lucrine Lake, 186 Lucullus, 153 Lucullus, gardens of, 255 Ludians, 307 Lugdunensis, 210 Lugdunum (Lyons), 210, 211, 262, 282 Lupercalia, 125 Lusitania, 221 Lutetia, 211 Luxury, 72, 134, 136 Lycaonia, 193 Lycia, 194 Lyons See Lugdunum Lytton, Lord, 279 Maas, the, 263 Macedonia, 56, 59, 61, 193, 202, 312 Macedonian War, Second, 54 Macedonian War, Third, 65 Macrobius, 133 Mæcenas, Octavian’s agent at Rome, 129, 165, his rank, 181, a poet, 232, and literary patronage, 233, and Vergil, 234, and Horace, 237, 239 Magistracy, the, 41, 72, magistracies, 278 Magistrates, 30, 32, 62, 179, 181, 190, 311 Magnesia, 56 Mainz, 216, 219, 263 Maison Cairée, 251 Mamurra, 135 Manes, 37 Manilius (tribune), 109 Maniples, battle formation, 29, 97; number of men, 98 Mantua, Vergil and, 233, 234 Marble, 188 Marbod, King, 217, 219 Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, 166; probable successor to Augustus, 175; married to Julia, 227; death, 228, in Vergil, 235 Marcellus opposed to Cæsar, 118, 120 Marcellus, Theatre of, 251, 293 Marcomanni, 217 Marcomannia, 309 Marcus, 164 Marius, Gaius, and reform, 90, chosen as officer against Jugurtha, 93; elected consul, 93, commands the army in Africa, 93, re-elected consul, 94, chief magistrate of the state, 94; defeats the Teutons and Cimbri, 94, and the land, 95, and the senate, 95, and a professional army, 96, massacre by, and death, 104, Cæsar and, 109 Marius the younger, 105 Mark Antony. See Antony Marriage, 80, marriage laws, 226 Mars, 36 Mars, priests of See Salii Mars the Avenger, 198, Temple of, 252 Mars’ woodpeckers, 38 Marsians, 13, 28 Martial, 220, 278, 289 Martyrdoms of Christians, 301 Masinissa, 57, 208 Mater Matuta, shrine of, 152, 250 Materialism and religion, 139 Mau, Prof., 296 Mauretania, 194, 208, 269 Mausoleum, friezes of the, 246 Maxentius, 302 Maximin the Thracian, 179, 306 Media Atropatene, 199 Medicine, 290 Mediomatrici, the, 212 Mediterranean fleet, 186 Mediterranean, Roman command of the, 56 Mediterranean worship, prehistoric, 38 Melville, G. J. W., 279 Memmius, 92 Menander, 76 Mercury, 39 Merida, 221 Mesopotamia, 107, 267 Messalina, 138, 224, 255 Messalla, M. Valerius, 233, 240 Messengers, imperial, 196 Messiah, the, 269 “Messianic Eclogue,” Vergil’s, 160 Messina, 47, 209 Metaphysics, 300 Metaurtus, River, 52 Metellus family, 75 Metellus, Q, 92, 95, 153 Metellus, Q Cæcilius, 226 Metz, 212 Meyer, Dr. Edouard, 171 Michael Angelo, 244, 251 Milan, Edict of, 302, 313 Militarism, 302 Military despotism, 183 Military service under Gaius Gracchus, 88, under the Republic, 96-97, Roman citizens and, 184, Italians and, 196, Jews exempt, 268; barbarians and, 311 Milo, 119 Milvian Bridge, 313 Minden, 219 Minerals, 188 Minerva, 39, 79 Mines, 117, 131, 221, in Gaul, 212 Mint at Lyons, 211 Misenum, 186 Mithradates, King of Pontus, 60, 103, massacre by, 65, duration of war against, 107, defeated by Pompeius, 109, portrait on coin, 158 Mithradatic War, 103 Mithraism, 201, 299, 308 Modena, 163 Mœsia, 194, 220, 265 Mogontiacum (Mainz), 263 Moles Hadriani, 294 Mommsen, Theodor, on Greece and Rome, 10; on Roman religion, 40, on Roman luxury, 72, on Cæsar, 112, on the Gauls, 115, on Augustus, 198 Monaco, monument to Augustus at, 220 Monarchy, Cæsar and, 124, hereditary, 175, Augustus and the, 183, growth of, 277 Money, 313 Monotheism, 207, 303 Morality, 79, 136, 138 Morocco See Mauretania Mosaics, 158, 247, 296, 316 Moselle, the, 215 Mucianus, 274 Mule and tent money, 190 Mummius, 155, 247 Munda, 123 Municipal government, 284 Municipal life, 195 Municipal senators, 311 Municipia, 28 Mural painting, 152 Music in schools, 286 Musonius Rufus, 302 Mysia. See Mœsia Mythology, early Roman, 36, 37, 38. See also Religion Nabatæa, 194 Nævius, 75 Naples, 134, 251, 296 Naples, Bay of, 283 Narbonne, 210 Narcissus, 256 Nations, wandering of the, 309 Natural law, 298 Nature-worship, 240 Navy, 48, 186, 187 Neolithic culture, 14 Nepos, 150 Nero, Suetonius on, 162, 256, 306, unpopular, 177; Petronius satirises, 242; the historians and, 254, his Golden House, 256, murders, 256, attempts upon his mother’s life, 257, story of his death, 257; posthumous honours, 259, and the Jews, 268; accession, 272, administration, 272-273, his fall, 273, entertainments, 279, tyranny, 287; and Seneca, 291, Greek curio-hunting, 293, Christian persecution, 301 Nero, Claudius, 227 Nero, colossus of, 282 Nerva, 179, 275, 276, 289 Nicolaus, 206 Nicomedia, 312 Nicopolis, 202 Nile, the, 204 Ninth Legion, 122, 260 Niobe, 241 Nismes, Temple of, 251 Nobility, 223, 224 Nola, 106 Nomads, Northern, 197 Noricum, 194, 220 Northern descents on the Mediterranean peoples, 213 Numa, 19 Numantia, 85 Numidia, 92, 208 Numidian cavalry, 52, 98 Nymphs, 37 Ocean, the, 210, 213, 217 Octavia, 126, 129, 138, 175, 224, 228, 235 Octavius, (tribune), 87 Octavius, Octavian. See Augustus Odenathus, 307 Odoacer, 314 Officialism See Bureaucracy Oil, free, 308 Olympia, 201 Olympian mythology, 207, 240 Omens, 32, 139 Opimius, L., 92 Ops Consiva, 37, 38 Oratory, 144, 147, 148 Orestes (sculpture), 249 Oriens, 312 Ornament in sculpture, 249, painted, 297 Orodes, 200 Osiris, 203 Ostia, 12, 27, 255 Otho, 273 Ovid, Latinity of, 9; and Augustus, 169, and the defeat of Parthia, 199, and the gods, 225, an immoral writer, 240; and the loves of the gods, 240, and nature-worship, 240; typical of the civilisation of his day, 241, as a barrister, 241, banishment, 242; and the younger Julia, 242; his character, 242 Oysters, Lucrine, 187 Pacuvius, 76, 138 Pagan-Christian rites, 304 Painting (art), 152, 296 Pais, Prof. Ettore, 42 Palatine Hill, 25, 280 Palatine, the, 168 Palazzo dei Conservatori, 294 Pales (god), 36 Palestine, 268 Palmyra, 282, 295, 306, 307, 308 Pamphylia, 193 Pannonia, 193, 220 Pannonian and Illyrian revolt, 184, 217 Pantheon, the, 251, 294 Paphlagonia, 193 Parilia, 36 Paris, 211 Parisii, the, 211 Parthenon frieze, 249 Parthia, 247, 266, 267, 269 Parthians, the, 107, 125, 129, 197-200, 259 Party system started by the Gracchi, 90 Pasiteles, 155 Passports, 196 “Patavinity,” 151 Patras, 202 Patriarchal system, 25, 26 Patricians, 14, 25, 30, 43, 167, 272, 314 Patriciate, the, 224 Patriotism, 231 Patronage in literature, 232 Patrons of art, 246, 247 Patronus, or champion, 176, 195 Paul, St., 207, 300, appeal to Cæsar, 194 Paulinus, Suetonius, 260 Pausanias, 290 “Pax,” 166 Pax Augusta, 209 Pax Julia (Beja), 221 Pax Romana, 61, 186 Peace under Augustus, 166, Augustan Altar of Peace (“Tellus Group”), 244, 245, 248, 251; in the Antonine age, 303, and defence, 309 Pelignians, 13 Penates, 37 Pensions for soldiers, 99, 185 People, the, 179 Peræa, 194 Pergamum, 55, Attalids of, 246 Pericles, 157 Perseus, 56 Persians, 307 Perspective in sculpture, 248 Pertinax, 306 Perugia, 129, 196 Perusine War, 227 Peter, St., 300 Petronius Arbiter, 138, 242, 278, 279 Petronius the legate, 205 Pharisaism, 207 Pharisees, the, 269 Pharsalus, Battle of, 121 Philemon, 76 Philip of Macedon, 50, 54 Philip the Arabian, bust of, 292 Philippi, Battles of, 128 Philistine coast towns, 205 Philistinism in Roman art, 246 Philo Judæus, 290, 300 Philomela, 241 Philosophy, 139, 279, 286, 290, 299, 300 Phœbe, 230 Phraates, 198, 200 Phrygian corybants, 139 Piacenza, 53 Piazza, 252 Piety, 235 Pilate, Pontius, 206 Pile-dwellings, 14 Pilum, the, 98 Piracy, 59, 106, 108 Pisidia, 193 Piso C. Calpurnius, 80 Piso (consul with Augustus), 174 Placidia, Empress, 315 Plague, the, 290, 307 Plantation system of slaves, 71 Platæa, 201 Plautius Silvanus, Aulus, 259 Plautus, 76, 77, 138 Plebeians, 14, 25, 30, 43 Plebiscite, the, 174, 179 Plebs, secession of the, 30 Pliny (the elder) and Etruscan art, 20, art critic, 249; as compiler, 290 Pliny (the younger), history in, 195, 278, and the emperors, 242, condition of Italy, 196, letters, 270; benevolence, 283, and schools, 286, and reading, 287, and toleration, 301 Plutarch, 290 Poetry of the Republic, 142, of the Augustan age, 233-243, of the Empire, 288-289 Polemo, 200 Police, 182, 186 Political system, reform of, and the Gracchi, 89 Pollio, Asinius, 160, 168, 232, 234 Polybius, 66, 150 Polycarp, 300 Polygnotus, 296 Pompeian law, 120 Pompeii, 134, 195, 283, 285, 296, 297 Pompeius, Gneius, the Great, and new provinces, 60; and the monarchy, 100, supporter of Sulla, 105, 108, ally of Crassus, 108, ruler of the sea, 109; puts down piracy, 109, defeats Mithradates, 109, and Cæsar, 114, 119; political incapacity, 118, sole consul, 119, flies before Cæsar, 121; murdered, 122, and the walls of Jerusalem, 123, his wealth, 132, Vergil and, 288 Pompeius, Sextus, a pirate, 123, joined by “patriots,” 128, defeat of, 129, his allies against Augustus, 164, and Sicily, 209; reconciliation with Augustus, 226 Pomponius Mela, 290 Pont du Gard, 294 Pontifex maximus, 32. See also Cæsar Pontus, 60, 193, 194, 200, 312 Poor children, Pliny’s benefaction for, 283 Pope, the, 315 Population, decline of, 313 Populus Romanus, 174, 177, 179 Pork, free, 308 Portraiture, Etruscan, 152, dread of, 156, under the Republic, 156-157, under Augustus, 248-250, under the Empire, 292 Portugal, 221 Portus Julius, 187 Post, 196 Postumus, 306 Pottery, Etruscan, 20, Gallic, 114, Aretine, 159 “Præfects, Prætorian,” 312 Præneste, 251, 296 Prætor peregrinus, 298 Prætor urbanus, 298 Prætorian guard, the, Augustus and, 172, dominates politics, 175, commanded by prefects, 182, its strength, 182, 185, murder Caligula and choose Claudius, 271, choose Nero, 272; and the succession, 273, 306, Vespasian and, 274, lawyers as prefects, 309 Prætonum, 206 Prætors, 30, 31, 41, 63, 181, 182, 193, 299 Prasina Factio, 280 Praxiteles, 155 Prefects, of the Fleet, 187; of the City, 182, of the Guard, 182, of Egypt, 203, 204 President of the state, 134 Press censorship, 163, 289 Prices, Edict of, 310 Priests, colleges of, 32, and the law, 41; and dining, 133; High Priests, 201 Primus, M., 177 “Princeps,” 171, origin of the principate, 177, Augustus and the office, 180 “Princes,” 124 “Princes of the Youth,” 181 Principate, the, 177, 270 Principes, the, 29 Priscus, Helvidius, 300 Prisoners, Roman, as slaves, 197 Probus, 179, 308 Proconsuls, 193 Procurators, 194 Proletariat, the, 132. See also Populus Propertius and the Parthians, 199, and Mæcenas, 233, as poet, 239-240; loss of patrimony, 243 Property-tax, 189, in Gaul, 190 Proprætors, 194 Provence, 210 Provinces, early, 58; acquisition and government, 59-65, local autonomy, 61, corruption, 64, self-supporting and profitable, 188, taxes, 190; of the Roman world, 193, under the senate, 193, Cæsar’s provinces, 193, lists of provinces, 193-194, under Diocletian, 312. See also the names of provinces as Spain, Gaul, Africa Provincia, 59 Prudishness, 80 Ptolemy, alliance with, 47 “Publican and sinner,” 64 Publicans (Publicani), 64, 207 Punic War, First, 48, Second, 49, Third, 57 Pupienus, 306 Puteoli, 134 Pyrrhic War, 44 Pyrrhus, 45, 51 Quæstors, 66, 133, 188 Quintilian, 220, 290 Quintus Curtius, 33 Quintus Fabius, 51 “Race-suicide,” 138 Raphael, 244 Rates, 196 Raudine Plain, 94 Ravenna, 187, 315 Reading, 287 Realism in Roman art, 157, 248, 249 Red Sea, 204 Regensburg, 264 Religion, early Roman, 32, 35, and Greek mythology, 35, 39, gods, 36 et seq., its nature, 39, business nature of, 40, becomes cosmopolitan and debased, 79, State religion under the Republic, 133, formal and political, 138, formulæ, 139; materialism and the State religion, 139; superstition and rites, 139, Augustus and, 201, of Gaul, 211, and art, 248, and architecture, 251, Claudius and, 272, in schools, 286, and international law, 298, under the Empire, 299, Christianity, 299 Religions, conflict of, 299 Religious liberty under Trajan, 301 Remi, the, 212 Renaissance, Roman art and the, 244, 251 Republic, the, causes for its end, 100 Republican civilisation, later, 130 Republican constitution, 31 Republicanism, Diocletian and, 311 Revenue, public, 192 Rex, 125 Rhætia, 194, 220 Rhætian limes, 264 Rheims, 210, 212 “Rhetoric,” 286 Rhine, the, Cæsar’s expeditions, 117; flotillas, 187, Augustus crosses, 212, 216, as frontier, 215, 218, 263; Rhine legions, 219, 263, Limes Trans-Rhenanus, 264; invasions of barbarians, 306, 314 Rhodes, 55, 132, 194, 247 Rich and poor under the Republic, 132 Ricimer the Suevian, 314 Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., 2, 14 Riegl, Alois, 244 Rimini, 196 Roads, Italy, 196, France, 211, imperial, 278 Robigus, 37 Roman Church, ritual, &c. of the, 303, a legacy of Rome, 315 Roman conquests, 44 et seq. Roman Empire under Augustus, greatness of the, 221 Roman Government, the, and Christianity, 300-301 Roman history, views of, 3, 4, 5, historians and, 4, 7, 8, worthlessness of much early history, 23, Greek influence in manufacturing, 24, unreliability of, before 390 B.C., 24, chronological summary, 317-324 Roman Peace, the, 61, 186 Roman society, viciousness of, in the age of conquest, 80 Roman suzerainty, 56; annexations, 56, provinces, 58; government, 61 Roman Wall, the (Britain), 261 Romans, origin of the, 13; early Romans as warriors, 26; conquests by, 28; the early Romans, 32, the Roman character 33, 43; virtues, 33, accomplishments, 34, religion, 35, agriculture, 36, law, 41, a fighting people, 54 “Rome and Augustus,” cult of, 201 Rome and Greece, resemblances between, 1, Greek influence, 6, 7, 11. See also Art, Literature Rome, and the making of Europe, 5; as a city-state, 6, its greatness, 10; origin of, 16, under the Etruscans, 17, Etruscan princes expelled, 23; and the Latin plain, 12, and the control of the Mediterranean, 13, the Seven Kings of, 19, legends and early traditions, 17, the earliest city, 25, political equality, 30, constitution, 30, the imperial city, 65; wealth, 65, taxation, 66, finance, 66, the populace, 68, corn-supply, 69, slavery, 70, equality, 71, luxury, 72, civilisation, 72, Greek influence, 73, 74, 81; causes of degeneracy, 80, individual domination, 83, end of the Republic, 118, and Cæsar, 123, wealth and social conditions under the Republic, 132, unhealthy, 135, social life, 136, streets, 152; improvements under Augustus, 167, magistracy, 182, city prefect, 182, reform of, by Augustus, 223, regeneration of Roman society, 225, 231; patriotism, 231, Horace and, 239; and art, 243, rebuilding, 244, 248 architecture, 250; the weakness of the Empire 271, riches and loss of power, 278, life of the city described by satirists, 278, imperial Rome, 278, amusements, 279, advanced civilisation, 280, its splendours, 280, buildings and peoples, 282, as a place of abode, 296, the Eternal City, 304, Aurelian Wall, 307 Romulus and Remus, 17 Romulus, hut of, 153 Roofing, 250 Roumania (Dacia), 265 Roxolani, 307 Rubicon, the, 120 Russia, 197, 213 Saalburg, 264 Saale, the, 216 Sabines, 13 Sacred Mount, 30 Sacred Way, 282 Sacrifices, human, 40, 211 Sadducees, 269 Saguntum, 49 St. Angelo, Castle of, 294 St. Bernard Pass, 220 Saints, Christian, 304 Salamis, 201 Salaries of officials, 190 Salii, 34, 39 Salinator, M. Livius, 74 Sallust, 150 Salt, free, 308 Saltus, Teutoburgiensis, 218 Salvage brigade, 131 Samaria, 205 Samnite Wars, 13, 28, 44, rebellion, 105 Sanhedrin, 207 Saracens, 307 Saragossa, 221 Sarcophagi, 247 Sardinia, 48, 53, 59, 61, 193 Sarmatia, province, 309, Sarmatian cavalry, 266; captive Sarmatians, 307 Sarmatians, the, and Ovid, 243 Sarmizegethusa, 266 Satires, 237 Saturn, 38, Temple of, 251 Saturninus, 95 Saxons, 213, 309 Scævola, 33, 84 Scapula, Ostorius, 260 Scaurus, 91, 92, 94 Sceptre of ivory, the, 22 Schoolmasters, 286 Schools See Education Scipio Africanus, 52, 53, 58 Scipios, the, 76, 83, 123 Scopas, 155, 250 Scotland, 261 Scribonia, 226, 227 Sculpture of the Republic, 155-157, revival of, 200, the Greeks and Roman sculpture, 245, copies and imitations, 291; busts, 292, bas-reliefs, 292; narrative on columns, 292 Sea-power, the Romans and, 187 Sebaste (Samaria), 205 Secession of the Plebs, the, 30 Secular games, 238 Sejanus, 271 Semitic question, the, 268 Sena, victory of, 75 Senate, the, beginnings, 25; wisdom of, 28; its constitution, 31; and Pyrrhus, 46, aristocracy and government, 72; weakness under late Republic, 82; the Gracchi and, 86, 89, 90; and the Jugurthan War, 91; and Marius, 95, under Augustus, 167, 169, 175-179, 224, position and powers under the Empire, 179; military affairs, 184; under Vespasian, 274; under Domitian and later emperors, 275, supplanted by Diocletian, 312 Senators forbidden foreign commerce, 67, 132; as landowners, 67, 132, flee from Cæsar, 121; tax farmers, 132; hereditary, 132, 134 Seneca the younger and Nero, 272, 290, 291; ethics of, 303 Senecas, the, Spaniards, 220, 290 Senones, the, 212 Sens, 212 Serapis, 139 Sergi, G., on the Mediterranean race, 2 Sertorius, 105, 107 Sestertius, 34 Severi, the, 311 Severus, Alexander, 306, 311 Severus, Septimius, 306 Seviri, Augustales, 196 Shakespeare and Cæsar, 112 Shapur, the Persian King, 306 Sheep, 36, 70 Shepherds, 71 Ships, 131 Shophets, 49 Shows, public, 137 Sicily, Pyrrhus and, 46; the Romans and, 47, 51, 52, acquisition of, 59, 60, 61, corn-supply of, 190, a province, 193, colonies in, 195, its history, 208-209 Sidon, 247 Sienckiewicz, Henryk, 279 Siesta, the, 136 Silanus, 94 Silius, 255 Silius Italicus, 287, 288 Silures, the, 260 Silver coinage, 34, 154 Sirmio, 143, 296 Slavery of early Rome, 70, and immorality, 79, Roman society and, 279 Slaves, Sardinian, 53, risings among, 106; Gallic conquest and, 117, training and use of, 131; under Augustus, 181; body-guard, 182, 184, and the fleet, 187; tax on sales, 190, Greek slaves and art, 247 Slavs, 214 Social conditions under the Republic, 132 Social laws, 226 Social war, 102 Society under the Republic, 132, regeneration of, by Augustus, 225; under the Empire, 279, grades of, 284 Soldiers. See Army Soldiers, tribune of the, 133 Solon, 19 Solon’s code, 42 Soudan, the, 204, 205 Spain, Hamilcar Barca and, 49; Roman army in, 51, Scipio reconquers, 52, ceded by Carthage, 53, a province, 59, incessant warfare, 61, defeat of Sertorius, 105, 107, Cæsar and, 121, Augustus and, 169, 172, 193, civilised, 209, Augustus and an outbreak in, 210, under Augustus, 220-221, diocese, 312, the Vandals and, 314 Spalato, 316 Spanish army, revolt of the, against Nero, 258 Sparta, 194, 201 Spartacus the gladiator, 106 Statius, 288 Statues, 243, 291, portraits, 156 Stephanus, 156, 249 Sternness, early Roman, 33 “Stipendiary” states, 60 Stirlingshire, 262 Stoic republicanism, 123, 275 Stoicism, 139, 207, 231, 300, 302 Strabo, 195, 202, 290 Strong, Mrs. A., and Roman art, 157, 244, 292, 294 “Structor,” 137 Strzygowski, Josef, 249 Suabia, 216 Succession, imperial, 229, 251 Suetonius and the early Empire, 4, on Cæsar, 113; as historian, 162, 275, and the cowardice of Augustus, 182; quoted on military science, 184; on the tastes of Augustus, 252; on Nero, 256, 259, studious, 287; freedom allowed to, 289 Suevi, the, 215, 307, 309 Sulla, L. Cornelius, makes Cisalpine Gaul a province, 59; officer to Marius, 93, succeeds Marius, 101; his character, 101, master of Rome, 103, 105, and the Mithradatic War, 104, returns to Rome and defeats the Samnites, 105; death, 105, and the columns of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, 153; failure of, 223 Sulla, Faustus, 123 Sulpicius, Rufus, 103 Sumptuary laws, 226 Sungod, the, 295, 306 Surrentum, 251 Swabians, 213 Switzerland, 220 Sword, the Roman, 98 Sygambri, 216 Syracuse, 209 Syria, 60, 169, 200, 267, 273 Syrian War, 65 Tabularium, the, 153 Tacitus and the imperial régime, 4, 11, 242, 273, and Augustus, 162, 163, 187, and the Senate, 179, the Germania, 214, and Livia, 228, and historians, 253; and Britain, 260, the satire of, 275, the “silver Latin” of, 287, and the history of his own times, 288, as prose writer and historian, 289, 290 Tacitus, Claudius (Emperor), 308 Tanagra, 201 Tarentum, 45 Tarquin, 24 Tarquins, the, 19 Tarraco, 221 Tarraconensis, 221 Tarshish, 49 Tartars, 214, 309 Tax-farming, 132, 191 Tax-gatherers, 191 Taxes (stipendium) from provincial territories, 64, freedom from (tributum), 188, 189; in kind, 190; indirect, 196, under the Empire, 270, 276, collection of, 273; increase of, 311, exemption of certain classes, 311, Constantine’s burden of, 313 Teachers, 286 “Tellus Group,” the, 244, 250 Temple, the, Jerusalem, 268 Temples, 67, 152, 166, 168, 196, 243, 250, 251, 280, 282, 294 Temples to Augustus, 201 Tenth Legion, the, 123, 150, 269 Terence, 76, 77, 138 Terentia, 138 Terentius Lucanus, senator, 76 Terminus, 37 Terra-cotta ornaments, Etruscan, 21, 22 “Terramare” civilisation, 14 Tertullian, 316 Tetricus, 308 Teutonic and Latin races, contrast between, 213, 214. See also Germany Teutons, the, invasion by, 93, defeated by Marius, 94 Thamugadi, 283 Thapsus, 123 Theatre of Marcellus, 251 Theatres, 75 Theatrical performances, 137 Thebes, 202 Theocritus, 144, 233 Theodosius, 313 Thespiæ, 201 Thessalonica, 202 Third Legion, 283 Thrace, 194, 197, 312 Thrasea, Pætus, 273, 300 Thurii, 106 Thusnelda, 219 Tiber, the River, 12, and navigation, 17, 187, offerings to the, 40 Tiberius, Suetonius on, 162, 306, in the triumph of Augustus, 166; suppresses the comitia, 174; nominated to succeed Augustus, 175, 229, as general, 184; overlord in Asia, 195; and Germany, 216, 263, his mother Livia, 227; banishment, 228; rivals, 228; triumphs, 239, character, 253; and enlargement of the Empire, 259; government, 271, retirement, 271, and “delation,” 272; junior and Rome, 235-236, loss of patrimony, 236, 243, position, 288, and epic poetry, 288 Verres, 209 Verulamium, 260 Vespasian and press censorship, 163, in Britain, 259, and Germany, 264, and Mœsia, 265, subdues Palestine, 268, becomes Cæsar, 274, origin, 274, government, 274, Rome under, 279, and Pliny the elder, 287; art under, 293 Vesta, 38, Temple of, 152 Vestals, state, 38 Vetera Castra (Xanten), 216, 219, 263 Via Appia. See Appian Way Via Claudia, 263 Vicars, 312 Vice, 133, 138 Villa Albani, 293 “Villanova” period, 14 Villas, 251, 295 Viminacium, 266 Vindex, 257, 262 Vipsania, 227 Virginia, 33 Viriathus, 84 Virtue, Roman, 33, 80 Visigoths, 314 Vitellius, 262, 273, 289 Vitruvius, 290 Voluptas, 139 Vopiscus, 307 Wales, 260 Walls, Roman, 261, 262 War and culture, 73 Warfare, annals of, in history, 306 Watchmen, 186 Wax images, 156, 248 Wealth under the Republic, 131 Weser, the, 216, 219 Wickhoff, Franz, and Roman art, 157, 244, 293 Wiesbaden (Aquæ Mattiacæ), 264 Wine, 136 Wolf, the, as totem, 19, the mother wolf, 38 Women, influence of, 223, wickedness of, under the Empire, 254 World-state, the, 278, 308 Worth, 264 Xanten. See Vetera Castra York, 261 Zacchæus, 207 Zama, 53 Zealots, the, 268 Zela, 123 Zeno the Stoic, 300 Zenobia, Queen, 306, 307, 308 Zeus, Olympian, Temple of, 153 Zeuxis, 296 Zion, Temple of Jupiter on, 269 Zuyder Zee canal, 216

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