GOMES EANNES DE AZURARA; (continued 6)

CHAPTER XCVI. Wherein the Author declareth how many souls were brought to this Kingdom from the beginning of this Conquest.

At the commencement of this book I assigned five reasons by which our high-souled Prince was moved to send his ships so often in the toil of this Conquest, and because me seemeth I have given you a plentiful understanding of the first four in the chapters wherein I spake of the different parts into which those Eastern lands may be divided, it remaineth for me to tell of the fifth reason, and to fix the certain number of the souls of infidels who have come from those lands to this, through the virtue and talents of our glorious Prince. And I counted these souls and found they were nine hundred twenty and seven, of whom, as I have said before, the greater part were turned into the true path of salvation.^[221] See now how numerous would be the generation that could issue from these, and what taking of a city or of a town could yield greater honour than that of which I have spoken up to now; for leaving out these first and those who have descended, and until the end of the world may descend, from them, many more came afterwards, as in the following book you will learn. For it was needful that we should here make an end at the deeds of this year 1448 from the birth of Christ; because at this time the King Don Affonso of Portugal, 5th of that name and 12th in the number of Kings, had the entire rule of his kingdoms, being then of the age of 17 years, and married to the very virtuous and illustrious princess, the Queen Donna Isabel, who was daughter to the Infant Don Pedro, Duke of Coimbra and Lord of Montemor, the same that in the past years had governed the Kingdom in the King's name, as in some parts of this history we have recorded, and as you will find much more perfectly in the general Chronicle of the Kingdom. So considering how that all other things, as it were, became new with the new ruler, it appeared to us fitting that all books of his acts and histories should here commence. And, moreover, as it seemeth to us that the volume we have already written is of reasonable size, we have here made an end, intending, as hath been said, to make another book that shall reach to the end of the Infant's deeds, although the matters that follow were not accomplished with such toil and bravery as in the past. For after this year, the affairs of these parts were henceforth treated more by trafficking and bargaining of merchants than by bravery and toil in arms.^[222]

CHAPTER XCVII. In which the Author putteth a final conclusion to his work.

Every work to be perfect requireth to be placed in the ternary number, that is to say, it must have a beginning, a middle, and an end; and for the more perfect understanding of this, it is well we should know that there are three ternaries in the General Universal of the world, and the first of these we call "super-excellent," and we can find no certain name to signify its perfection to us, for it is unknown of sensuality, and common natures cannot understand it; but an obedient faith, with great humility, rendered more lively by the grace of God, placeth in it a steadfast strength. And therefore that philosopher and theologian, Albert the Great,^[223] in the 1st chapter of the Celestial Hierarchy, giveth three degrees of understanding by which God may be known.

And the first he compareth to the birds that fly by night, such as bats, owls, and other such, whose sight can in no way endure the sun's brightness; which also the prince of philosophers affirmeth in his Metaphysics, saying that our understanding is such (compared to the things that in their essence, as far as Nature runneth, are manifest) as the eye of the owl or bat in comparison with the brightness of the Sun. For such a vision have those who involve themselves in the desires of the earth, placing all their affection in what they receive from the images that are felt, and by this obstruct their understanding, so that it knoweth nothing of the Divine Being. And in the second he maketh comparison of the other birds that have a stronger sense and endure the heat of the Sun, but when they regard its splendour their eyes do constantly tremble; and in this manner do some act, who, withdrawing themselves far from external objects follow after Speculation by Understanding, and removing their minds far from Materiality see the Deity from afar with trembling; but as they desire to understand with human reason, it faileth them frequently and they fall into error, even as fell a part of the great philosophers who were not illumined by the light of Faith. The third vision is possessed by the beauteous eagles, which can gaze with the organ of vision upon the resplendent orb of this Planet, and by these we may principally understand those that read in the book of life and know all things as far as their understanding extendeth without other investigation. And so the men, who in the knowledge of God wish to obtain entire strength, subdue themselves to the Holy Gospel, and taking solace from what they understand, adore with humble and great reverence that which by subtlety they cannot embrace, and faithfully confess with the Doctor Saint Thomas in the ninth article of the 10th question of the book called De Potentia Dei, that in God there is one real circle wholly enclosed in a perfect ternary, because He comprehendeth Himself and speaketh and begetteth an Eternal Word in which He vieweth Himself and all things. And from the Father and Son there is breathed forth a tender issue by which the Divine essence is beloved and all that proceedeth from it. And so where was the Commencement of Understanding, there the Loving Will maketh its End. And we have an example of this in ourselves; for, if we consider what we understand, a certain knowledge is generated in the soul, and then the understanding offereth to the will that it may freely take what pleaseth it most; and it, receptive of the tender object, inclineth by affection to that by which the understanding was first moved.

In this manner is finished the circle which is super-spiritual and infinite in height, and in itself cannot proceed beyond the ternary in which it endeth. The second circular ternary is that of nature which includeth in it all the creatures, and it may be imagined in this wise: let us take some fountain that never faileth, from which a certain river taketh its birth, and following its course according to the vigour that it received in the commencement, it returneth to that fount at last from which it originally proceeded. And so all things have their commencement in the Lord God, the general cause and continuing in the Life they receive from Him, they have their last end in that from which they had their first beginning.

And by this ternary (which is in them of beginning, middle, and final end), saith the Philosopher, in the book that he made in which he discoursed of the Heaven and the World, that the ternary is the number in everything, and that it encloseth in itself the like perfection and middle and certain end, and that from it no creature is exempt. And on this account it was anciently established that God should be praised as a ternary.

The third ternary circle we call Moral, and it belongeth to the works that are done by us, the which commence in the credit that the Lord God willeth to give them, for He doeth them chiefly, and we are instruments set in the midst, which He useth at His pleasure, working His will and accomplishing them as He pleaseth; and for the confirming of this it is written in the Gospel of St. Luke that if we do all that is commanded of us, we may know that we are unprofitable servants, for we only perform that to which we are constrained. And of a certainty all that we can do is vanity, since it can be accomplished without us, and we deserve nothing in it except as far as it pleaseth the Creator to grant us of His mercy, by doing us the excellent favour of making use of us in His actions, and willing that we be instruments in some of the things that He doeth. And this pleaseth His goodness, because He findeth in us some work of His by which we may earn a good reward. And therefore wise men perceiving this infinite mercy, that maketh them to be what they are, and understanding that all good works proceed from Him by His imperial pleasure, confess that they deserve nothing for what they may do; and they labour to fulfil this circle, so that their every act may terminate in that beginning where it commenced.

* * * * *

And because you, most high and excellent Prince, among mortals, and according to my thinking, most virtuous lord, chiefly for the sake of thanksgiving didst order me, Gomez Eannes de Azurara, your servant and creature, and through your munificence, Knight and Commander in the Order of Christ, to compose this book, with good reason it seemeth fit that in thanksgiving I should make an end of it. And since the Apostle Saint Paul teacheth us in all things to give thanks to God, as is contained in the Epistle which he sent to the men of Thessalonica; so, making the circle of my work, I put the final term in that Helper who was invoked by my will in the commencement; and I offer to the Infinite Personal Ternary whatsoever thanks I can, for I have not the power to give as many as I owe: firstly, to the Father super-essential, from whom universally proceed all things, to Him I give thanks for the talent he gave me to commence this work; and then to the Son super-spiritual, who had no commencement of being, to Him I give thanks for the help He bestowed on me to continue what I had commenced; and then to the Holy Spirit super-natural, from whom we have all good things by His benevolence, to Him I give thanks for the inspiration by which He moved your Highness to lay this command upon me and not on any other of your countrymen and subjects, of whom you could have had many. And jointly to all the Three Persons who compose the Ineffable Trinity and Super-essential Unity, our one only true Lord God, I offer thanks for the ending, because all things have concluded better than I thought before.

* * * * *

And this work was finished in the Library that this King Don Affonso made in Lisbon, on the 18th day of February, being written in this first volume by John Gonçalvez, Esquire and Scrivener of the books of the said Lord King. And to this lord may the most infinite, benign, and merciful God ever grant increase of good works and virtues better and better all the days and years of his life, and give him the fruit of His blessing that he may ever render Him thanks and praise, because He is his Maker and Creator. In the year of Jesus Christ 1453.

Deo Gracias.

NOTES.

[N.B.—The page references are to the Hakluyt Society's translation].

APPENDIX.

ADDENDA TO INTRODUCTION TO VOL. I.

Dr. Sousa Viterbo, writing on Azurara in the Revista Portugueza Colonial e Maritima (October 20th, 1898), supplies the following fresh facts relating to the life of the Chronicler, gleaned by him from the Chartulary of the Convent of the Order of St. Bernard at Almoster, near Santarem. On December 27th, 1465, Azurara was appointed Procurator of that famous convent by the Abbess, and in this capacity his name appears in various documents, e.g., of January 21st, 1471, and February 22nd, 1472. The post was an important, and doubtless also a lucrative, one. He had a residence in Santarem, and no doubt lived there for a portion of each year during the last eight years of his life. On December 1st, 1473, we find him in Lisbon on convent business, and on April 2nd, 1474, his servant, one Gonçalo Pires, was named Procurator in his stead. It seems, therefore, that the Chronicler died between the last two dates.

Azurara, though he was forbidden to marry owing to his position as a Knight of the Order of Christ, nevertheless had a son and two daughters by one Inez Gonçalves, as appears from certain Royal letters of legitimation. Their names were:—

(1) Caterina da Silveira—of the household of the Countess of Loulé—legitimated by letters of June 22nd, 1482 (v. Torre do Tombo Liv^o 2 D. João II, f. 138).

(2) Gonçalo Gomez de Azurara—Squire of the household of King John II—legitimated by letters of April 14th, 1483 (v. Torre do Tombo, Liv^o I, Legitim. de Leitura Nova, f. 243).

(3) Filipa Gomez—legitimated on the same day as her brother, Gonçalo Gomez (same reference as No. 2).

The foregoing information was kindly supplied by General Brito Rebello, who had discovered these letters during his researches in the Torre.

* * * * *

As to the date when the Chronicle of Guinea was written, vide vol. ii of the standard work of Dr. Gama Barros, entitled Historia da Administração Publica em Portugal nos Seculos XII a XV, note 14, pp. 396-9, where the question is fully discussed.

As to the history of the MS. of the same Chronicle, vide the Boletim de Bibliographia Portugueza, vol. i, p. 41, etc. Art. by Senhor Ernesto do Canto.

In support of the reliability of the events recorded in the same Chronicle, it should be remembered that Affonso de Cerveira, from whose notes the book was compiled, was factor at Benim, and was thus enabled to obtain information at first hand.

CORRIGENDA TO VOL. I.

P. xxiii, line 23, instead of "for many years" read "many years ago."

P. 82, line 29, instead of "separating the captives" read "quarrelling."

P. 106, line 16, instead of "course" read "speed."

INDEX.

Abdul-Mumin ben Ali, Intr. ii, lv

Abu Ishak es Sahili, Intr. ii, lvi

Achoreus, "Bishop," 190, 341

Adahu, 48

Affonseannes, 265

Affonso I of Portugal (Affonso Henriques), 327

Affonso IV of Portugal, Intr. ii, lxxix, lxxx; 313

Affonso V of Portugal, Intr. i, i, v, x, xi, xiv, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxviii, xli, xliii. Intr. ii, xi, xvi, xvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, lxxxix, ci, cii, cxl; 1, 3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 39, 98, 280, 288, 293, 301, 305, 306, 316, 371, 318, 323

Affonso, Diego, Intr. i, xvi, xvii; 95, 101, 102, 103, 118, 194

Affonso, Stevam, 63, 152, 178-182, 262, 264, 266, 320

Agrippa, Intr. ii, xli

Ahmad Gragne, Intr. ii, lii, liii

Ahude Meymam (Meimom), 110, 234, 235, 261

Aires, G., Intr. i, xxiv

Albert the Great, 289, 353

Alcaforado, F., Intr. ii, lxxxiv

Alexander the Great, 187, 192, 226

Algarve, Prov. of, 9, 300, 303

Allemam, Pero, 169

"Almanzor," 298

Almeida, E. d', 254

Alvarez, R., 63

Alvarez, Fr., Intr. ii, lii

Alvellos, L. d', 91

Amallam, 283

Annes, J., Intr. ii, ix

Arguim, Bight and Islands of, Intr. ii, xi; 58, 63, 68, 87, 96, 104, 107, 320, 321

Aristotle, "The Philosopher," Intr. ii, xxxvii; 22, 44, 183, 301, 309, 317

Atayde, A. G. d', Intr. ii, xcvii; 153, 206

Atlas, 13, 301-2

Augustine, St., 44, 92, 93

Augustus, Emperor, Intr. ii, xli, xliii; 297

Avezac, Intr. ii, lxviii, lxxvii, xciii

Avienus, Intr. ii, xxxvii

Avranches, Count of, 19

Ayala, Intr. ii, lxxxiii

Azambuga, Intr. ii, xxxi

Azanegues, 49, 317-8

Azevedo, F. L. d', 52

Azevedo, R. d', Intr. i, ii, iv, xxxii

Azurara, G. E. d', Intr. i, l-lxvii, passim, Intr. ii, i, iii, v, xiii, xvii, xix, xx, lxxxvii, lxxxviii, xcvii, xcviii, cvi, cvii, cxiii; 1-10, 98, 103, 289, 292-3

Azurara, J. E. d', Intr. i, ii

Bakui, Intr. ii, lviii

Balbus, C., Intr. ii, xliii, 297

Baldaya, A. G., Intr. i, xi. Intr. ii, x; 34, 35-8

Balthasar, 55, 319

Banner of Crusade, 164

Barcellos, Count, Duke of Braganza, Intr. ii, xvii, xx, xci; 16

Barreto, D., Intr. ii, lxxxix

Barros, J., Intr. i, ii, xxviii, xlvi. Intr. ii, vii, x, xiv, xxxiii, lviii, lxvi, lxxxix, xcviii, cvii-viii, cxix; 319-20, 325, 328-9

Beatus, Intr. ii, cxix

Becarra, A., Intr. ii, lxix, lxxxiii

Beccario, B., Intr. ii, cxxxi

Behaim, M., Intr. ii, ii, xxxii, xc

Belem, 19, 307

Benedict XII, Pope, Intr. ii, lxxix

Benincasa, G., Intr. ii, cx, cxxxi-ii, cxxxix; 300

Bernaldez, J., 63, 73, 262

Bernard, 144

Bertollemeu, J., 274

Béthencourt, J. de, Intr. ii, lxviii-lxx, lxxxii-iv, lxxxix, xcvi-vii; 237-8

Béthencourt, M. de, Intr. ii, lxxxiii-iv, xcvi-vii; 238, 287, 347

Béthencourt, R. de, Intr. ii, xcvii

Bezeghichi, Intr. ii, xxv

Bianco, A., Intr. ii, lxxxvi, cxviii, cxxiv, cxxx-iv, cxxxviii-cxl

Bicanço, 174

Blaeuw, Intr. ii, xcvi

Boccaccio, G., Intr. i, ix. Intr. ii, lxxx

Boniface, St., Intr. ii, lv

Bontier, P., Intr. ii, lxix

Boor (Bor), 282-4

Braga, T., Intr. i, ix

Braganza, Lord of = D. Fernando, nephew of John I of Portugal, 16

Brandan, St., Intr. ii, cxxiv, cxxvii, 27, 310-12

Braun, Intr. ii, lxvi

Briaticho, C. de, Intr. ii, cxxxi

Brito, S. de, Intr. i, iii

Bruco, Intr. ii, xcvii; 207

Bugia, 17, 304

Buondelmonte, C. (Ensenius), Intr. ii, cxxviii

Cabot, Map, etc., Intr. ii, xcix

Cabral, G. V., Intr. ii, ix, lxxxvi, lxxxviii, xci, cxv; 247-8, 347-8

Cadamosto, A., Intr. ii, iii, xiii-xiv, xxi-vi, xxix-xxx, xcii-vi, xcviii-c, cii, cxii, cxxxv, cxxxviii, cxl; 319, 328

Cadiz, 21, 307

Cæsar, C. J., 24, 93, 192, 309, 321

Caius (Caligula), Emperor, Intr. ii, lxxiii

Caldeira, L., 91

Calixtus III, Pope, Intr. ii, xiv; 318

Camara, R. G. de, Intr. ii, civ

Campos, P. B. de, Intr. ii, xcvi-vii

Cão, D., Intr. ii, xxxi-ii

Carignano, G., Intr. ii, cxvii, cxxi, cxxiii

Carpini, J. de P., Intr. ii, lxxviii, cxxix

Castilha, J. de, Intr. ii, xcvii; 206, 212

Castro, A. de, 214

Castro, F. de, Intr. ii, xcvii

Catalan Atlas of 1375, Intr. ii, cxxvi-vii, cxxxvii-viii, cl

Catalan Atlas of fifteenth century, Intr. ii, cxxvii

Cayado, L. A., 129

Cecco d'Ascoli, Intr. ii, lxi

Cerveira, A., Intr. i, xvii. Intr. ii, cx; 103, 167, 248, 314-5, 325

Cesani, F. de, Intr. ii, cxxxi

Ceuta, Intr. ii, iii, iv, viii, liii-iv, lvii-ix; 15-18, 303, 305-7

Charles V of France, Intr. ii, lxvi, cxxvi

Charles VI of France, Intr. ii, lxvii

Charles V, Emperor, Intr. ii, lv

Chaucer, 298

Chrysostom, St., 26, 310

Cicero, 14, 24, 25, 303, 310, 321

Cid, The = Ruy Diaz de Bivar, 4, 296

Cisfontes, M., 277

Claudian, Intr. ii, cxlv

Clavus, Claudius, Intr. ii, cxxxi

Clement VI, Pope, Intr. ii, lxxix

Cocles, Horatius, 24, 309

Columbus, Christr., Intr. ii, xxxv, ci, cv, cvi

Columbus, F., Intr. ii, xxxv

Combitis, N. de, Intr. ii, lxxxiv, cxxviii

"Conosçimiento, The," Intr. ii, lxix-lxx, cxxv, cxxxvii

Cordeiro, Fr., Intr. ii, lxxxviii-xci, ci, cxiv

Correa, J., 254

Cortereal, J. V. da C., Intr. ii, cvi

Costa, A. da, 254

Costa, S. da, Intr. ii, xxix; 151, 152, 157, 161, 165, 165, 173, 203, 331

Coutinho, G. V., 16

Covilhão, P. de, Intr. ii, xxxii, xxxiv, lii

Cunha, P. C. da, Intr. ii, c

Daedalus, 299

Dapper, Intr. ii, lxvi, xcvi

Delgado, J., Intr. ii, xxvi

Delvas, L., 262

Diaz, A., 254

Diaz, B., Intr. ii, xxxii-iv, cxxv

Diaz, D., Intr. i, xvii. Intr. ii, v, xii, cxxxviii; 98-100, 135, 153, 176, 191, 202, 214-15, 218-20, 244, 323

Diaz, J., 63, 173

Diaz, L., 106, 154-6, 174, 193, 262-3

Diaz, V., Intr. ii, xxii; 173-4, 178, 182, 185, 197

Diniz (Denis, Dionysius), of Portugal, Intr. i, v, xxv. Intr. ii, lxxx, cxv

Diegaffonso, 264

Doelter, C., Intr. ii, xcv

Dollanda, D., 254

Doria, T., Intr. ii, lxi, lxiii, lxxix; 351

Dornellas, A., Intr. ii, xcvii; 213, 249-252

Dornellas, J., 249-252

Duarte (Edward), of Portugal, Intr. i, v, vii, ix, xiv. Intr. ii, xi, xvi, cii; 3, 11, 18, 28, 39, 151, 249, 315-16, 331

Dulcert, A., Intr. ii, cxxiii-iv, cxxxvii-viii

Eannes, Gil, Intr. i, xiv. Intr. ii, iii, x, cxxxviii; 32-4, 63, 69-71, 74-5, 152, 157, 164, 173, 262, 263

Eannes, Gil, 122 [152, 157]

Eannes, M., Intr. i, xxxii-iii

Eannes, R., of Travaços, 152

Edrisi, Intr. ii, xliv, xlviii-ix, lvii, lix, lxx, lxxv-vii, cxxix; 305, 319

Edward III of England, Intr. ii, ii

"Emosaids," Intr. ii, xliii-iv

Eratosthenes, Intr. ii, xxxvi

Erlandsson, H., Intr. ii, cxlviii

Escobar, P. de, Intr. ii, xxix, xxx

Esteves, A., Intr. ii, xxix, xxx

Eudoxus of Cyzicus, Intr. ii, xxxix-xl, lxxii

Eugenius IV, Pope, Intr. ii, xiv, xviii; 53, 318

Falcom, P., 257

Ferreira, A., Intr. ii, ci

Ferreira, G., Intr. ii, xxvi, xxvii

Fernandaffonso, 280-6

Fernandeannes, 265

Fernandez, A., Intr. i, xix. Intr. ii, xii; 225-8, 258-261

Fernandez, D. = Dinis Diaz, Intr. ii, xiii

Fernandez, J., Intr. i, xix. Intr. ii, xii; 95, 101, 107-11, 117, 232, 234-6, 273-4, 278, 324-5, 351

Fernandez, M., Intr. ii, xxix-xxx; (another), 57

Fernandez, V., Intr. ii, lxxxiv

Fernando, Prince, brother of Henry the Navigator, Intr. ii, xviii

Fernando, "O Formoso," King of Portugal, Intr. i, xxix; Intr. ii, lxxxv

Fernando of Aragon, 151, 331

Fernando, nephew and heir of Henry the Navigator, Intr. ii, xix, xx, xci, xcviii, cvi, cxiv

Ferrer, J. = "J. Ferne," Intr. ii, lxiii-lxiv, cxxvi, cxxx

Fez, Intr. ii, lv; 17, 304

Flaccus, S., Intr. ii, xliii; 297

Foscarini, F., Intr. ii, cxxxv, cxl

Freitas, A. de, 152, 157-8, 161, 165-6, 174, 194-5, 197, 334-5

Frode, A., Intr. ii, cxlviii

Fructuoso, G., Intr. ii, lxxxv, xcix, cii, cxiv

Gadifer de la Salle, Intr. ii, lxxix, lxxxiii-iv

Galvano, A., Intr. ii, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, lxxxiv-v, cv, cxiv; 296

Gama, V. da, Intr. i, xxvii. Intr. ii, xxxv; 349

Garamantes, 7, 296-8

Genoese, in connection with Spain and Portugal, Intr. ii, lxxx-ii; 21, 308

George, 91

Gibraltar, 17, 305

Gil, A., 117, 145

Gil, D., 121, 131, 277-8

Gil, L., 169

Gil de Roma, Fra, 167, 333

Gioja, F., Intr. ii, cxlix

Giroldis, J., Intr. ii, cxxx-i

Giustiniani, Intr. ii, lxi

Goes, D. de, Intr. i, ii, xxxi, xliv, xlv. Intr. ii, cxii

Gomez, D., Intr. ii, ii, iv, xiv, xxv-vii, xcii-vi, cl

Gomez, F., Intr. ii, xxix, xxx, xxxi

Gonçalvez, A., Intr. i, xiv, xv, xvi. Intr. ii, v, xi, xcvii; 39-51, 52, 54-7, 95, 101-7, 109-13, 117, 118, 169, 194, 232, 278-9, 286-7, 325

Gonçalvez, D., Intr. ii, xcvii; 169, 170, 210, 265, 266

Gonçalvez, Gil, 169

Gonçalvez, George, 279

Gonçalvez, J., 117; (another?) 293

Gonçalvez, L., Intr. ii, xxx

Gondofre (Gondolfo?), 184, 340

Gorizo, J., 267, 271

Goterres, A., 40, 42

Graa, D. E. de, 117, 126, 130, 131, 161, 166, 327

Granada, 17, 304

Gregory I, Pope, St., 7, 296

Gregory II, Pope, Intr. ii, lv

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), Intr. ii, lv, lvi

Gregory IX, Pope, Intr. ii, lvi

Grynaeus, Intr. ii, xcix

Guarcia, A., Intr. i, xxiv

Guérand, J., Intr. ii, lxviii

Guitanye, 281-5

Haagen, W. Van der = "Da Silveira," Intr. ii, lxxxix, xc-ii

Hakluyt, R., Intr. ii, lxvii, lxxxiv

Hami-ibnu'l Jalil, Intr. ii, l

Hannibal, 94, 322

Hanno, Intr. ii, xxix, xxxvi-ix, lxxv

Henry, "The Navigator," Prince of Portugal, Intr. i, viii, x-xx, xxvii, l, lii, lvii, lxiii. Intr. ii, i-xxviii, xxxv, li, liii, liv, lvi-ix, lx, lxii, lxiii, lxxxvii-cxvi, cxxix-cxxxvi, cxxxviii, cxl, cxliv; 1, 3, 6-35, 38-9, 40, 51-4, 55, 60-62, 79-87, 95, 98, 100, 101, 106-7, 116, 147-151, 174, 206-7, 212-13, 225-6, 229-30, 232, 236-8, 241, 244-8, 253, 257, 258, 261-3, 279-81, 285-8, 300, 302, 303, 305-8, 309-10, 315-16, 318, 323-4, 326, 348, 352

Henry III, of Castille, Intr. ii, lxxxiii; 237

Henry V, of England, Intr. ii, xv; 310

Henry VI, of England, Intr. ii, xv; 299, 310

Henry, Prince of Galilee, Intr. ii, xix, 301

Henry, Master of Santiago, 150

Herculano, Intr. i, ii, xlii

Hermes (Hermas), 224, 334

Herodotus, Intr. ii, xxxvi, xxxix; 296

Heurter, J. Van = Joz de Utra, Intr. ii, xc-ii

Himilco, Intr. ii, xxxvii

Homem, G., Intr. i, xvii; 101-2, 118, 263

Homem, H., 37

Homer, 183

Ibn-al-Wardi, Intr. ii, xlix, lxxv-vi

Ibn-Batuta, Intr. ii, xlix, l, lii, lvi, lix

Ibn-Fatima, Intr. ii, xliv, lviii

Ibn-Khordadbeh, 297

Ibn-Said, Intr. ii, xliv

Icarus, 341

Iffante, J., Intr. ii, xxxiii, xxxiv

Innocent III, Pope, Intr. ii, lvi

Innocent IV, Intr. ii, lvi

Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Henry the Navigator, Intr. ii, lxxxix-xci; 11, 301

Isabel, wife of Affonso V, 288

Isidore, St., 183, 298

"Islands of the Ocean," 9, 300

"Italian Wisdom," 8, 299, 300

Jacome, Jacob, James, "Master," Intr. ii, cviii, cxi, cxix

James, St., of Compostella (Santiago), 5, 296, 298, 317

Jerome, St., Intr. ii, cxxix; 22, 309

John I, of Portugal, Intr. i, viii, ix, xxv. Intr. ii, ii, x, xvi, xviii, xcvii, cv; 3, 11, 17, 98, 249, 295

John II, of Portugal, Intr. ii, xxviii, xxx-v, lii

John, Prince of Portugal, Intr. ii, c; 17, 245

John I, of Castille, 237

John II, of Castille, Intr. ii, xv; 150, 310

John, of Gaunt, Intr. ii, ii

John, of Lançon, 4, 295

Josephus, 54, 184, 340

Josua Van der Berge=Jacques de Bruges, Intr. ii, lxxxix

Juba, King of Numidia, Intr. ii, xlii, lxxii-iv; 184

Khoshkhash, Intr. ii, xliv, lxxv

Kunkur Musa, Intr. ii, xlvii

"Labyrinth," 8, 299

La Cosa, Map, Intr. ii, cx

Ladislaus, 152, 331

Lagos, Intr. ii, xii; 61, 70

Lançarote, Intr. i, xv-xviii; 60-80, 83, 86, 147-174, 194-200, 320

Las Casas, Intr. ii, cv

Las Casas, G. de, Intr. ii, xcvii

Latini, B., Intr. ii, cxlvii-viii

"Laurentian Portolano," "Mediceum," Intr. ii, cxxv, cxxxvii, cxlii

Leo Africanus, John, Intr. ii, xlix, lvi; 305, 345-6, 351

Leardo, G., Intr. ii, cxxxii, cxxxiv, cxlii

Leo IX, Pope, Intr. ii, lv

Leonor, of Aragon and Portugal, Intr. ii, xi, xvi; 315-6

Lisbon, 50, 115, 317, 327

Livy, 44, 93

Lopes, Fernam, Intr. i, v, vii, viii, xxi, xxix, xlv

Lopez, F., Intr. ii, lxix, lxxxii

Louis, of Provence, 152, 331

Lourençeannes, 274

Lourenço, H., 265

Lucan, 24, 183, 190

Luis de la Cerda, Intr. ii, lxxix-lxxx

Luna, A. de, 151, 331

Luxoro, Tammar, Intr. ii, cxxi-ii

Machado, D., 254

Macham, Intr. ii, ix, lxx-i, lxxxiv-v; 347-8

Machico, Intr. ii, lxx, lxxxiv-v

Macrobius, Intr. ii, cxxix

Mafaldo, 117-123, 136-8, 145, 328

Maghrurin, Intr. ii, lxxv-vii

Major, H. N., Intr. ii, ii, xix, xxii, xxxvii, lxv, lxix, lxxiii, lxxix, lxxxi

Malocello, L., Intr. ii, lxi, lxiii, lxxviii, lxxix

Manuel, Intr. ii, xx

Marinus, of Tyre, Intr. ii, xlii-iii, cxxxiv; 297

Marocco, Intr. ii, lv; 17, 304

Marta, A., Intr. ii, xcvii, 249

Martin V., Pope, Intr. ii, xv; 310

Martins, O., Intr. ii, viii-xii

Masudi, Intr. ii, xliv, lxxv; 296

Maternus, J., Intr. ii, xliii; 297

Mauro, Fra, Intr. ii, lxx, cxi, cxxii, cxxviii, cxxxii, cxxxv, cxl-iv

Mela, Pomponius, Intr. ii, xxxvii, xxxix, xl

Mello, F. M. de, Intr. ii, lxxxiv

Menezes, P. de, Intr. i, xxv, xxvi, xxxv, xl

Menezes, D. de, Intr. i, xxxviii

Menezes, H. de, Intr. i, xxxix-xl

Meyrelles, V. de, Intr. i, iv

Minef, 282

Mohammed, 10, 300, 301

Morales, Intr. ii, lxxxv

Moses, 184

Necho, Pharoah, Intr. ii, xxxvi; 298-9

Neckam, A., Intr. ii, cxlv-vi

Nepos, C., Intr. ii, xxxix

Nicholas V., Pope, Intr. ii, xiv, lviii; 318-9

Niebla, Intr. ii, xcvii

Nile, 174, 176-191, 193, 195, 214, 225, 341-2

Noli, A., Intr. ii, xxvii; 351

Nordenskjöld, Intr. ii, xxiv, xxviii, xxx, lxii, lxiv, lxix, lxx, lxxxvi, lxxxvii, cix, cx, cxviii, cxix, cxxviii, cxxxvi, cxxxvii, cxxxix, cxl

Nuñes, P., Intr. ii, cviii

Ogané, Intr. ii, xxxii

Oldham, Intr. ii, xcii-vi

Order of Christ, 19, 306-7

Orosius, P., 183, 339

Osorio, Intr. ii, cxii

Ovid, 299

Pacheco, G., Intr. i, xviii. Intr. ii, xii; 116, 145, 327-8

Paleologus, M., Intr. ii, xv

Pallenço, 152, 153, 214, 215, 218

Pareto, B., Intr. ii, cxxxii, cxxxiv-v

Paul, St., 292

Payva, A. de, Intr. ii, xxxii, lii

Pedro, D., Regent of Portugal, brother of Henry Navigator, Intr. i, viii, xiv, xv. Intr. ii, xi, xii, xiv, xvi-xviii, liv, xc-xci, xcviii, cxiv; 19, 53, 95, 150-1, 247, 248, 261, 288, 303

Pedro, D., nephew of Henry Navigator, Intr. i, i; 150, 330-1

Pedro, D., of Aragon, Intr. i, xxxvi

Peraza, F., Intr. ii, xcvii

Pereira, Nun'Alvares, Intr. i, vii, xi, liii-iv; 4, 296

Pereira, M., 221

Pereira, D. P. (author of "Esmeraldo"), Intr. ii, cxii; 309, 317, 325

Perez, F., Intr. ii, xcvii

Perestrello, B., Intr. ii, x, c, ci; 245-6

Perestrello, B., the younger, Intr. ii, c, ci

Perestrello, F. M. de, Intr. ii, ci

Pessanha (Pezagno), E., Intr. ii, lxxx; 300, 308

Peter Lombard, 295

"Peter Master," Intr. ii, cviii; (another), 184, 340

Petrarch, Intr. ii, lxxix

Pharaoh, 184

Phidias, 22, 309

Philippa, mother of Henry Navigator, Intr. i, xlvi. Intr. ii, ii; 11

Picanço, 174, 206; cf. Bicanço

Pietro d'Abano, Intr. ii, lxii

Pillito, A. G., 91

Pina, R. de, Intr. i, vi, viii

Pinelli-Walckenaer (Atlas), Intr. ii, cxxvii, cl

Pirez, G., Intr. i, xvi, xx; 152, 157, 173, 192, 194, 267-277, 350

Pisano, M. de, Intr. i, i, iv, xxxv

Piste, Intr. ii, xcvii; 207

Pizigani, F. and M., Intr. ii, cxxv-vi, cxxxvii

Plato, Intr. ii, lxxii, cxlv; 317

Pliny, Intr. ii, xxxvii, xxxix-xli, lxxii-iii, cxlv; 297

Plutarch, Intr. ii, lxxii

Po, Fernando, Intr. ii, xxx

Polo, Marco, Intr. ii, lx, cxiv, cxxix; 146, 297, 330

Polybius, Intr. ii, xl, xli

Portocarreiro, D. V., 250

Pory, J., Intr. ii, xlvii

Posidonius, Intr. ii, xxxix

Prado, de, Intr. ii, xxvii

Prester John, Intr. ii, iv, xxxii, li-liii, liv, lxii; 55, 319

Provins, G. de, Intr. ii, cxlvi, cxlvii

Prunaut, J., Intr. ii, lxv-vii

Ptolemy, C., Intr. ii, xli, xlii, lxxii-v, lxxxvii, cxxi, cxxii, cxlv; 183, 297

Ptolemy Euergetes II, Intr. ii, xxxix, xl

Purbach, G., Intr. ii, cxiv

Rabanus, J., 184

Ramiro, D., 5, 296

Raymond Lulli, Intr. ii, lx, cxviii

Recco, N. de, Intr. ii, lxxxi

Regiomontanus, Intr. ii, cxiv

Ribeiro, J. P., Intr. i, xxviii, xxx-i, xliv

Richard, 144

Robert of Haldingham (? Hereford Map), Intr. ii, cxix

Roderic of Toledo, 54, 319

Rodrigueannes, see Travaços

Romulus, 24, 309

Rubruquis, Intr. ii, lxxviii, cxxix

Sacrobosco = John of Holywood, Intr. ii, lxi

Sa-ka-ssi, Intr. ii, xlix

Sagres, Intr. ii, viii, xii, cvi-x; 21, 307-8

Sallam, 297

Sallust, Intr. ii, cxxix; 22, 309

Santarem, Viscount, Intr. i, xi. Intr. ii, lxvii, cx, cxxiii, cxxxv, cxl, notes passim

Santarem, J. de, Intr. ii, xxix, xxx

Sanudo, M., Intr. ii, cxxii, cxxiii

Satam, 282

Sataspes, Intr. ii, xxxix

Scipio, Æ., Intr. ii, xl

Sebosus, S., Intr. ii, xlii, lxxii-iv

Seneca, 25, 26, 94, 310

Serra, C. de, Intr. i, iii

Sertorius, Intr. ii, lxxii

Sevill, D. de, Intr. ii, ix, lxxxvi, lxxxviii, cxiv; 348

Sidi Yahia, Intr. ii, xlvi

Sigismund (Siegmund), Intr. ii, xv; 24, 310

Sigurd of Norway, Intr. ii, lxxvii-viii

Simon of St. Quentin, Intr. ii, lxxviii

Sintra, G. de, Intr. i, xvi, xviii. Intr. ii, xii; 87-91, 94, 146, 148, 321

Sintra, P. de, Intr. ii, xxviii, xxix, cxxxix, cxl

Socrates, 45, 317

Sodré, V. G., Intr. ii, lxxxix

Soleri, G., Intr. ii, cxxvii

Solinus, Intr. ii, xxxvii, lxxiii

"Spanish, Friar, The," Intr. ii, lxix-lxx

Strabo, Intr. ii, xxxix, lxxii

Tacfarinas, 297

Tacitus, 297

Tangier, Intr. ii, xi; 14, 302

Tavarez, F. de S., Intr. ii, cxiv

Tavilla, 206

Teive, D. de, Intr. ii, cii

Teixeira, Tristam Vaz, Intr. ii, ix, x, xcix; 153, 213, 246, 247

Temporal, Intr. ii, lxvii, xciii

Thomas Aquinas, St., 2, 7, 290, 295, 296

Tiberius, Emperor, 297

Tinoco, A., 255, 257

Torquatus, M., 24, 93, 309

Trajan, Emperor, Intr. ii, xliii; 297

Trasto, J. de, Intr. ii, ii

Travaços, R. A. de, 174, 191 [202, 218, 219, 220, 224, 278, under "Rodrigueannes"]

Trevigiano, S., Intr. ii, cxl

Tristam, N., Intr. i, xiv-xvii, xix. Intr. ii, v, xi, xii; 44-51, 58-9, 63, 96-8, 252-7, 262, 320, 321, 348-9

Tunis, 17, 304

Uso di Mare, A., Intr. ii, xxii, xxiii, lxii, lxiii; 351

"Vadinus," Intr. ii, lxii

Valerius Maximus, 23, 44, 309, 317

Valladores, D. A. de, 47

Vallarinho, F., 262

Vallarte, Intr. i, xx. Intr. ii, xiii; 280-5, 351, 352

Valsecca, G., Intr. ii, lxxxvi, cxiv, cxxxi, cxxxiv, cxxxviii-ix; 347-8

Vasconcellos, C. M. de, Intr. i, vii

Vasquez, A., 122, 124-5, 130-3, 329

Vasquez, G., 63

Vegetius, 93, 262

Vergerio, P., 116, 327

Verrier, J. le, Intr. ii, lxix

Vesconte, P., Intr. ii, cxviii, cxxiii, cxxxii

Vespasian, 297

Vicente, M., 63, 64, 173

Viladestes, M. de, Intr. ii, cxxx

Vilhena, M. de, Intr. ii, xci-ii

Villes, J., 264

Vinagre, G., 48

Virgil, 297

Vitry, J. de, Intr. ii, cxlvii

Vivaldo, U. de, Intr. ii, lxi, lxxix; 351, 352

Walter, 54, 319

Zarco, J. G., Intr. i, xviii. Intr. ii, ix, x, lxxxv, xcix, cii; 153, 192, 225, 229, 246, 247, 258, 263

Zeno, M., Intr. ii, xxii

africa, etc., in the laurentian portolano of 1351. hakluyt. s. i. v. c

s. africa, according to fra mauro (1457-9). hakluyt.