Index
Reading edition
Abitibi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Abitibi River, 132
Abnaki (Indians), 12
canoe, 88-89;
dimensions, 89, 114-115
Admiralty Collection of Draughts, 12, 13
Adney, Edwin Tappan, 4-5, 57, 100;
papers, 4, 5, 6;
parents, 4;
wife, 4;
work and career, 4-5
Adney, Glenn (son of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, H. H. (father of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, Minnie Bell Sharp (wife of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, Ruth Shaw (mother of E. T. A.), 4
Adney papers, 4, 5, 6
Alaska, 5, 181, 182
Alaskan canoe, 55
Alaskan kayak, 154, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196
Alaskan umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
Albany boat, 13
Alberta, 132
Aleutian Islands, 181, 183, 194 ff.
Aleutian kayak, 195 ff.
Algonkian Family, 99
Algonkin (Indians), 99, 107, 113;
canoe, 113-122
America (44-gun ship, RN), 65
American Neptune (periodical), 74
American Museum of Natural History, 89, 195, 204
Androscoggin (Indians), 88
Anson, Lord, 12
Art Students' League of New York, 4
ash, white, 17;
black, 17;
splitting qualities, 17
Asiatic kayak, 192, 195
Assiniboine (Indian tribe), 132
Athabaska, Lake, 132, 155
Athabascan Indians, 154, 156
awl, bone, 19;
steel (canoe), 21
axe, steel, 20, 21;
cedar, 21
Baffin Island, 82, 189, 191, 192, 204, 206, 208;
umiak, 189, 190;
kayak, 204 ff.
baidarka (Russian kayak), 175
bang plate, 208
bark, basswood, 15
birch, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51
butternut, 213
chestnut, 15, 213
cottonwood, 15
elm, 15, 212 ff.
hickory, 15, 213, 217
spruce, 15, 17, 24, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
white pine, 213
bark cover, piecing, 42, 43, 45, 55;
Micmac, 63;
Beothuk, 98;
Algonkin, 120;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 147, 148;
kayak-form, 162
Barrière, Lake, 107, 146
basket (pack), in fur trade, 143
basswood, bark, 15
bateau, 13
bateau-shape canoe, 159-161
batten (in skin boat construction), 186, 188 ff., 195 ff., 199, 204 ff., 208
Beard, Daniel, 4
Beaver (Indians), 154;
kayak-form canoe, 159
Beothuk (Indian tribe), 6, 94-98
canoe, 94, 95;
dimensions, 94, 98;
form, 96;
keel, 96, 97, 98;
reconstruction of, 96 ff.
Bering Sea, 195
Bering Strait, 182, 189, 199
bifid bow, 196, 197
big river canoe, 58, 65
birch bark, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51
bladder, skin (float), 194
Boas, Franz, 189, 204
boat, Arctic skin, 174-212;
Viking, 187;
temporary skin, 219-220;
bull, 220
Bogoras, Vladimir, 183
bola (hunting), 194
bone fittings, kayak, 193, 204, 208, 211
Bonshere River, Ontario, 113
bottom-frame, kayak-form canoe, 160 ff.
bow drill, 19, 20
breakwater, canoe, 162, 166, 167;
kayak, 196
British Columbia, 5;
kayak-form canoe, 165;
sturgeon-nose canoe, 168
bucksaw, 23
building bed, locating, 37;
preparation of, 37;
stakes, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148;
repair to, 41;
of plank, 56, 146, 147;
Micmac, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72, 73, 74;
St. Francis, 91, 92;
Beothuk, 96, 97;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173;
temporary canoe, 216, 219
building frame, 26, 37, 54 ff.;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 115, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 140, 141, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173
bull-boat, 220
butternut bark, 213
camber (rocker of bottom), 28, 37, 38, 41 (see also rocker)
canoe, birch bark, Adney on, 4 ff.;
scale models of, 4, 5;
plans of, 5, 6;
speed of, 7, 29, 137;
origin of name, 13;
requirements for, 27;
types, 27;
forms discussed, 27-36 ff., 59 (see also under tribal types);
tribal classification, 27 ff. (see under tribal names);
effects of bark characteristics on, 29 ff.;
construction discussed, 36-57 (see also under tribal types);
compared with Eskimo skin boat, 193
elm bark, 212, 219
hickory bark, 213, 217
skin, 219-221;
moosehide, 72, 219;
temporary, 219-221
spruce bark, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
temporary, 219-221
canoe awl, 21
canoe birch (see under bark)
canoe brigade, 152
canoe building, Trois Rivières factory, 13, 135, 136;
for fur trade, 135, 136, 146 ff.; 148 ff.;
at Hudson's Bay Company Posts, 151
canoe ends, details of construction, 34, 35, 36;
Micmac, 58, 59;
Malecite, 70, 76, 77, 155, 156;
Chipewyan, 156, 157;
Dogrib, 156, 157;
slave, 157, 158;
kayak-form, 158, 159;
sturgeon-nose, 168
canoe loading, fur-trade, 144, 145, 152, 153
canoe portaging, 122, 151, 152
canoe roads, 138
canoe sails (see sails)
canoe shoes, Malecite, 79, 80
canoe types,
Abnaki, 88-89
Alaskan, 55
Algonkin, 113-122
Beaver, 159
Beothuk, 94-98
Big River, 58, 65
bateau-shape, 159-161
British Columbia, 165, 168
Chipewyan, 155-158
Cree, Central, 34;
Eastern, 101-106;
Western, 132-134, 155
crooked, 99, 100, 106
Dogrib, 155-158
express, 137, 141
fur-trade (see under fur-trade)
hunting (Micmac), 58, 65, 70
kayak-form (see under kayak-form)
light, 137, 141
long nose, 125, 130, 132
Loucheux, 161, 166
Mackenzie Basin, 159, 161, 162
Montagnais, 34, 99, 100, 106
Malecite, 34, 36-57, 70-93, 114, 115, 219, 221
Micmac, 12, 27, 34, 58-69
Nahane, 159
narrow-bottom, 113, 114, 135, 154-158
Northwest, 154, 155-157 (narrow-bottom);
158-168 (kayak-form)
Ojibway, 122-131
one-piece, 212
open-water, 58, 64, 65
Passamaquoddy, 74, 75, 82, 83
Peterborough, 65
porpoise hunting, 74, 75
portage, 58, 65, 123
Restigouche, 65
river (Malecite), 70-79
St. Francis, 88-93, 114, 115
skiff-canoe, 65
Slave, 155-158
straight-bottom, 100, 101, 106, 155
sturgeon-nose, 154, 168-173
temporary, 212-219
Têtes de Boule, 34, 107-112, 116, 122
V-bottom, 74 ff., 89, 96, 98, 100, 107, 113
war, 10, 58, 65, 70
wide-bottom, 54
woods, 58, 65
Western Cree, 72, 132-134, 155
Yukon River, 159, 164, 165, 166, 190
canot (canoe), 13;
du maître (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 135;
du nord (see fur-trade canoe), 151, 153;
léger (see light canoe), 137
Cape York, 208
Carib Indians, 13
Caribou Eskimo kayak, 204
caribou-skin boat, 220
Cartier, Jacques, 7, 68
Cartwright, Lieut. John, 94, 95
cedar, northern white, roots, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 18
Celts, 176
Champlain, Samuel de, 7, 10, 213
Champlain, Lake, 7
Chatham dockyard, 12
chestnut bark, 15, 213
chine, 164, 166, 184, 187, 188, 195, 202, 204, 205, 206
Chippewa (Chippeway; Indian tribe), 122
Chipewyan (Indian tribe), 154, 155
canoe, 155-158;
ends, 156, 157;
spreading gunwales, 158;
dimensions, 158;
kayak-form, 166, 167
chisel, 23
Christopherson, L. A. (Hudson's Bay Company Factor), 145, 146;
on fur-trade canoe construction, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
Chukchi umiak, 182, 183, 188;
kayak, 195
cockpit, kayak, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 208, 211
Coffin, Samuel, 95
Collins, Henry B. (Bureau of American Ethnology), 174
Colliers (magazine), 4
construction methods, Malecite, 36-57, 72-74;
Micmac, 58, 59-64;
St. Francis, 90-93;
Beothuk, 96-98;
Eastern Cree, 104-106;
Têtes de Boule, 108-112;
Algonkin, 115-122;
Ojibway, 125, 127 ff.;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 146-151;
narrow-bottom, 155 ff.;
kayak-form, 160 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168-172;
umiak, 176 ff., 182, 184-187;
kayak, 192-194;
temporary canoes, 212-218;
temporary skin boats, 218-220
Copper Eskimo kayak, 204
Coppermine River, 155
coracle, 176
Coronation Gulf, 193, 204
Coronation Gulf kayak, 204
cottonwood bark, 15
Cowassek (Coosuc; Indian tribe), 88
Crantz, David (missionary), 190, 223
Cree Indians, central, 34;
eastern, 99, 101-106;
western, 132-134, 155
crew, fur-trade canoe, 145
crimping bark (in canoe building), 29, 30, 212, 214, 216, 217
crooked canoe, 99, 100, 106
crooked knife (tool), 21, 23
curragh, 176, 178;
waterproofing skins for, 176;
compared with umiak and kayak, 178
Coosuc (Indian tribe), 88
dart (for hunting), 194
deck, kayak-form canoe, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167;
kayak, 176, 195 ff., 199, 202, 204, 211
decorations, 53;
Micmac, 67, 68;
Malecite, 82 ff.;
St. Francis, 90, 91;
Têtes de Boule, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
fur-trade, 146, 150, 151;
kayak-form, 163;
kayak, 197, 199
Dènè (Indian tribe), 162
Denys, Nicolas, 57, 68, 69
Dibble, Lt. Col. Herbert, 75
dimensions, canoe (see under tribal type); old canoes, 7 ff.
Dogrib Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158
drill (tool), 19
dugout, 10, 213
eastern canoe construction, 54
Eastern Cree Indians, 99, 100, 101-106
canoe, 101-106;
dimensions, 106
Eastport (Maine), 75
Egede, Hans (missionary), 190
elm bark, 8, 15, 212, 213, 214, 215
Encyclopedia Arctica, 6
ends (canoe), 31, 32, 55, 56, 70, 72, 76, 77, 155 ff., 168, 217
engine, outboard gasoline, 175, 187
Eskimo, 154, 159, 175, 176, 182, 190, 191, 195
Eskimo roll, 194, 223-227
Eskimo skin boat (see kayak, umiak)
Espenberg, Cape, kayak, 200
express canoe, 137, 141
Fort Chimo, 99, 100
Foxe Basin, 182, 204
frames (ribs), 19, 32;
number of, 51;
making and bending, 51;
fitting, 51, 52, 56;
temporary, 51, 52;
Micmac, 60, 62;
Malecite, 73, 77;
St. Francis, 90, 91, 92;
Eastern Cree, 104, 105, 106;
Têtes de Boule, 110, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 148, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
umiak, 184 ff., 189, 190;
kayak, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
rough construction of, 213;
for temporary bark canoe, 218;
for temporary skin canoe, 219
Franquet, Colonel (French military engineer-in-chief), 13
froe (steel tool), 20, 21
"frog" (headboard support), 35, 61
fur trade, canoe cargoes in, 142, 145, 147, 152, 153;
handling furs, 142;
pack loads, 142 ff.;
bundles and boxes, 142, 143;
brigades, 152, 153
fur-trade canoe, 5, 10 ff., 36, 37, 99, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 130, 135-153, 156;
described, 135, 153;
names applied to, 135, 147, 150;
forms and categories, 136;
dimensions of, 138, 141, 142;
construction methods, 146 ff.;
gunwales, 136, 148, 150;
sheathing, 149;
stem-pieces, 150;
headboards, 150;
paint, 150, 151
Fury Strait, 204
Gay, John, 94, 96
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 94
gimlet (tool), 21
Golden Lake Algonkin Reserve (Canada), 113
gores (bark canoes), 30, 31, 41, 42, 48, 50;
spacing, 57;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108;
Algonkin, 117;
fur-trade, 148;
in umiak, skin cover, 186
Grand Victoria Lake, 107, 146
great canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
Great Lakes, 5, 8, 10, 12
Great Slave Lake, 155
Greenland, 176, 181, 187, 191, 194
Greenland kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 205;
206 (northern coast, Polar coast), 208 (southern coast), 211 (modern)
Greenland roll, 223 ff.
Greenland umiak, 182, 190
Gulf of Boothia, 204
gum, 17;
spruce, 17, 24, 25;
tempering, 24, 25;
repairs with, 25, 26;
paying seams with, 50, 53
gunwale, making, 19, 38;
profile of, 28, 29;
plan view of, 29;
forms of, 31;
ends of, 31, 38;
inner, 31;
outer, 31, 47 ff., 55, 60, 72, 73, 118, 119, 150, 155, 156, 169;
lashing, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48, 60, 108, 109, 120, 149, 155, 156, 159, 169 (see also under lashing);
securing bark to, 31, 33;
setting up, 37;
use as building frame, 37, 38, 40, 41;
size of, 38;
variations in construction of, 55;
Micmac, 60, 61;
hogged, 55, 59, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72 ff.;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 97, 98;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 112;
spreading, 117, 118, 127, 148, 158;
Algonkin, 116, 117, 118, 119;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136, 148, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160, 164 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169, 172;
umiak, 182, 184 ff., 190;
kayak, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
temporary canoe, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220
gunwale cap, making and fitting, 52, 53;
Micmac, 60, 61;
Malecite, 73;
Eastern Cree, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 118, 119;
fur-trade, 136, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155;
sturgeon-nose, 172
handgrip, 197, 199, 200
Hare (Indian tribe), 154
Harper's Weekly, 4
Harper's Young People Magazine, 4
harpoon (hunting weapon), 194
headboard, 35, 36;
support, 35, 61;
making and fitting, 52;
Micmac, 61;
Malecite, 74, 78, 79;
St. Francis, 89;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 109, 110;
Algonkin, 113, 119;
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 157;
umiak, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
post used as, 217
Hearne, Samuel (explorer), 155, 164
Heath, John, 174, 175, 194, 199, 223
Hecla Strait, 204
Henry, Jr., Alexander, 13
hickory bark, 15, 213
Hill, Frederick (Director, Mariners' Museum), 4
hogged bottom (center upcurved lengthwise), 30, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168
hogged gunwale, 55, 59, 62, 63
hogging brace, umiak, 188
hot water, use of in bending wood, 20, 117
Howley, James Patrick, 95, 96
Hudson Bay, 5, 181, 182, 189, 191
Hudson Strait, 182, 191, 202, 205
Hudson's Bay Company, 4, 13, 99, 107, 136, 144, 151
hunting canoe, Micmac, 58, 65, 70;
kayak-form, 165
hunting screen, kayak, 195
Huron Indians, 132
Huron, Lake, 113
Indian migrations, 5, 27 (see also under tribal names)
ice, skin-boats in, 180
Illinois Indians, 132
Irish, 176;
curragh, 176, 178
"Iroquois canoe," in fur trade, 136 (see fur-trade canoe)
Iroquois Indians, 7, 10, 99, 114
canoe (temporary), 213-219
jack pine roots (for canoe lashings), 16
jacket, watertight, 199, 211
James Bay, 99, 132
Japanese sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
Jochelson, Waldemar, 182
Joliet, Louis, 8
kayak, 174, 176, 190-211;
multi-chine hull, 175, 191, 199;
cockpit, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 200, 205, 208, 211;
deck, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 204, 211;
structure, 178, 180;
keelson, 178, 192, 195, 200, 204, 206, 211;
gunwales, 178, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
geographic distribution, 190, 191;
v-bottom, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211;
risers, 190;
flat bottom, 190 ff., 204 ff.;
Alaskan, 190 ff., 195, 196;
distribution, 190, 191;
design, 191, 192;
handling and use, 191, 194, 195, 199;
portaging, 191, 199;
construction, 192-194;
keel, 192;
frames, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
bone fittings, 193, 204, 208, 211;
seat, 194;
skin cover, 194;
paddle, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 205;
as catamaran, 194;
righting, 194, 223-227;
hunting screen, 195;
thwarts, 195 ff., 199, 208;
Koryak, 195;
Kodiak Island, 195, 196;
breakwater, 196;
decorations, 197, 199;
Aleutian, 196, 197;
Unalaska, 196, 197;
two-passenger, 197;
three-passenger, 197;
Nunivak Island, 197, 199;
King Island, 199, 200;
Cape Krusenstern, 200;
Cape Espenberg, 200;
Point Barrow, 200;
Norton Sound, 200;
Mackenzie Delta, 200, 202;
Kotzebue Sound, 200;
sheer, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211;
Copper Eskimo, 204;
Coronation Gulf, 204;
Caribou, 204;
Netsilik, 204;
Baffin Island, 204, 205;
Labrador, 205, 206;
rocker (camber) of bottom, 205, 206, 211;
Greenland, 206, 208, 211;
flare, 206;
rake of ends, 208
kayak-form canoe, 154, 158-168;
Sekani, 159;
Nahane, 159;
bateau-shaped, 159;
rake of ends, 159, 164;
Loucheux, 161, 166;
bottom frame of, 160 ff.;
paddler's seat, 163;
hunting, 165;
British Columbia, 165;
family, 165, 166;
keel, 166;
Chipewyan, 166, 167
keel, Beothuk canoe, 96, 97, 98;
kayak-form canoe, 166;
kayak, 192
keelson, umiak, 184, 186, 188;
kayak, 192, 195, 200, 202, 204, 206, 211
keg (in fur trade), 142
Kennebec Indians, 70
King Island kayak, 194, 199, 200
King Island umiak, 187
Kipewa Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
knife, stone, 19;
crooked, 21, 23
Kodiak Island, 181, 192
Kodiak Island kayak, 195, 196, 197, 199
Koryak umiak, 182, 189
Koryak kayak, 192, 195
Kotzebue Sound, 188, 200;
kayak, 200
Krusenstern, Cape, 200, 204
Krusenstern kayak, 200, 204
Kutenai (Kootenay) Indians, 168, 172
Labrador, 99, 191, 192, 205, 206
Labrador kayak, 205, 206
Laet, Joann de, 94
LaFiteau, 12, 215
LaHontan, Baron de, 8, 10, 215
larch, splitting qualities, 17
La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 8
lashing, canoe gunwale, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48;
Micmac, 60;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160-166;
sturgeon-nose, 169
lashing skin cover, 186, 188, 190 (see also sewing, stitching)
lathing (see sheathing)
light (express) canoe, 137, 141
London Chronicle, 4
long-nose canoe, 125, 130, 132
longitudinal strength (see gunwale, keelson chine, keel, stringers, etc.)
Loucheux Indians, 154;
kayak-form canoe, 161, 166
MacKenzie, Alexander, 13
MacKenzie Basin canoe, 159, 161, 162
Mackenzie River, 154, 181, 191
Mackenzie River kayak, 202, 204
maître canot (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 122, 135, 138, 151, 153
Malecite Indians, 4, 10;
composition of tribe, 70;
canoe, 114, 115;
sheathing, 34;
construction, 36-57;
bark covers over gunwale ends, 48;
described, 70-88;
ends, 70, 76, 77;
of spruce bark, 72;
temporary (skin), 219, 221;
dimensions of, 73 ff., 78, 79
Manitoba, 99, 132
maple, hard, splitting qualities, 17
Marquette, Father Jacques, 8
Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.), 4, 5, 187
mast, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
tripod, 182
Matachewan Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Matagama Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
maul, 19, 23
McGill University Museum, 4
measurement, of canoes, early, 7, 8, 9;
units of (French), 8, 36;
Indian, 36, 37, 50, 51, 92, 93
Melville Peninsula, 204
Memphremagog, Lake, 88
Menominee Indians, 122, 123
Micmac Indians, 10, 12, 58
canoe, 12, 27;
sheathing, 34;
described, 58-69;
ends, 58, 59;
form, 59;
construction, 62, 63;
range, 65
migrations, Indian, 5;
effect on canoes, 27
Missinaibi River, 132
Missinaibi Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Mohigan Indians, 88
Montagnais Indian canoe, 34, 99, 100, 106
Montreal, 8, 10, 13
Moose Factory (Hudson's Bay Company Post), 132
moosehide canoe, 72, 219
multi-chine hull, kayak, 154, 175, 191, 199
nabiska (rabeska; see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
nadowé chiman (see fur-trade canoe), 136
Nahane Indian kayak-form canoe, 159
nail, in canoe construction, 66, 69, 117
narrow-bottom canoe, 113, 114, 135, 154-158;
Northwest, 155, 157;
spruce bark, 158
Nascapee Indians, 99, 100
National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, England), 12
Netsilik kayak, 204
New Bedford whaleboat, 187
Nipigon, Lake, 123
North Alaskan whaling umiak, 187, 188
North Bay (Ontario), 125
north canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
North West Company, 136, 138, 143, 152
North West narrow-bottom canoe (see narrow-bottom), 155-157
Norton Sound kayak, 200
Nunivak Island kayak, 192, 197, 199, 200
Oar, umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
Ojibway Indians, 122
canoe, sheathing, 34;
construction, 122-131, 171
Oka, Lake, 113
one-piece bark canoe, 212
open-water canoe, 58;
sails, 64;
dimensions, 65
Ossipee Indians, 88
Ottawa River, 12, 113
Outing Magazine, 4
outwale (see gunwale)
owner's mark, 83, 84, 85
overhang, in ends of kayak-form canoe, 159
paddle, material and manufacture, 53;
Micmac, 66, 67, 69;
Malecite, 80, 81, 82;
Beothuk, 96;
Eastern Cree, 116;
Têtes de Boules, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 133;
fur-trade, 152;
kayak-form, 163;
umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
kayak, 195
paddle guard, Micmac, 64
paddler's seat, kayak-form canoe, 163;
kayak, 194
paint (on canoes), Malecite, 77;
fur-trade, 150, 151
Passamaquoddy Indians, 70
canoe, 74, 75, 82, 83
Peabody Museum (Salem, Mass.), 5, 74, 168
peg, outwale, 48, 117;
keel, 96
Peterborough canoe, 65
Pennacook Indians, 88
Penobscot Bay, 7
Penobscot Indians, 70
Pepysian Library, 176
Pequawket Indians, 88
Perrot, Nicholas, 215
Pillagers (Indian tribe), 122
pine, white, bark, 213
plane, smoothing (tool), 21
planking (see sheathing)
Plains Indians, 220
Point Barrow (village), 187
Point Barrow kayak, 200, 204
Point Hope (village), 188
Pond Inlet, 206
porpoise-hunting canoe, 74, 75
portage canoe, 58, 65, 123 (Ojibway)
portaging, canoe, 122, 151, 152;
Umiak, 188;
kayak, 191, 199
Poterie, Bacqueville de la, 12, 215
prah, Malay, 189
Pribilof Islands, 196
Prince William Sound, 196
quill decoration, Micmac, 68
rabeska (see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
rake of ends, kayak-form canoe, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 187, 190;
kayak, 208
ram-form, 34, 168
Ramezay, chateau de, 78
rawhide, sewing with, 132, 158 (see sewing; stitching; lashing)
Red Paint People (Indian tribe), 94
Repulse Bay, 204
Restigouche canoe, 65
ribs (see frames)
risers, umiak, 182, 187 ff.,
kayak, 190
river canoe, Malecite, 70-79
Rivière du Loup, 78
rocker (camber; convex lengthwise curve of keel), 28, 37, 38, 41;
effect of gores on, 57;
Micmac, 59, 63:
Labrador, 99, 100;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 113;
Ojibway, 125;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136;
Northwest, 155;
kayak-form, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 184, 188, 189;
kayak, 205, 206, 211;
elm-bark canoe, 214
roots, for sewing, 15, 16;
varieties used, 16;
splitting and peeling, 20
Ross, Sir James Clark, 208
rudder, umiak, 187, 189
Russian influence on skin boat design, 175, 189, 192, 197
Saginaw (Michigan), 123
Saguenay River, 99
sails, canoe, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
Passamaquoddy, 75;
Malecite, 75;
Eastern Cree, 106;
fur-trade, 152;
narrow-bottom, 158;
blanket (Iroquois), 219;
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189
kayak, 195
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190
St. Croix River, 70
St. Francis Abnaki Indians, 88
canoe, 88-93;
dimensions, 89, 114, 115
St. John Lake, 99
St. John River, 70
St. Joseph Lake, 132
St. Lawrence Island, 197
St. Lawrence River, 5, 13, 70, 78
St. Matthew (Alaska), 196
St. Maurice River, 107
St. Michaels kayak, 200
Salish Indians, 168, 172
Saltreaux (Indian tribe), 122
sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
scale-model canoe, 4, 5
Schenectady boat, 13
scow, 13
scraper (tool), 19
sea otter hunting, 197
seal, bearded, 188, 195
Sekani Indians, kayak-form canoe, 159
setting up canoe (on building bed), 37, 38, 40, 44, 45
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 4
sewing (stitching, lashing), 15, 29, 30;
on building bed, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50;
Micmac, 63;
Malecite, 79;
St. Francis Abnaki, 91;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
rawhide, 132, 158;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 162;
sturgeon-nose, 168;
skin cover, 186, 188, 190;
kayak, 193, 194, 196;
temporary canoe, 220
Sharp, Minnie Bell (Mrs. Edwin Tappan Adney), 4
Sharpie (boat type), 191, 206, 208
shaving horse (tool), 22
sheathing, 19, 73, 77;
fitting of, 32 ff., 51, 52;
Malecite, 50, 51, 75;
Micmac, 63, 64;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 105;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 121, 122;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
temporary canoe, 218, 220
sheer (rise in lengthwise line of gunwale), 47, 52, 56;
hogged, 55, 62, 63;
Micmac, 59;
Malecite, 70;
Beothuk, 94, 96 ff.;
Algonkin, 114, 117;
fur-trade, 136, 148;
Northwest, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167;
umiak, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
kayak, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211
shelter, Malecite canoe as, 71, 72
Sioux (Dakotas), 122, 130, 133
skiff-canoe (3-board), 65
skin boat arctic, 174-211;
seagoing, 174, 175;
voyages, 176;
shape and size, 176;
in ice, 180;
loading, 180, 181;
umiak, 181-189;
kayak, 190-211;
compared with bark canoe, 193, 221;
temporary, 219, 221;
caribou skin, 220
skin cover, umiak, 176, 178, 186, 188;
kayak, 192 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204;
for temporary canoe, 219
skin canoe, temporary, construction of, 219-221
Siberia, 181
Slave Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158
sledge, for transporting umiak, 188;
for transporting Nunivak Island kayak, 199
Sokoki Indians, 88
Southampton Island, 191, 204
Spars, Micmac, 65, 66, 67
Spruce, black, bark, 15, 17, 24, 212, 213;
roots for sewing, 15, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 19;
in kayaks, 192
red, 17
spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, 72;
Western Cree, 132;
narrow-bottom, 158
spruce gum, 17;
preparation, 24;
tempering, 24, 25
stakes, building bed, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148
stanchion, 195
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, 174
stem-piece, 34, 35, 36;
construction, 48, 49;
root as, 55, 132;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 109;
Algonkin, 113, 114, 119
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
plank, 125, 155, 156, 160, 164;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 156, 157;
kayak-form, 164;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169;
temporary skin canoe, 218
stitching bark cover, 43, 44;
temporary canoe, 220 (see also sewing, lashing)
stone tools, 17-20;
use of, 18;
cutting edge, 18
straight-bottom canoe, 100, 101, 106, 155
Strut (headboard brace), 123, 150
sturgeon-nose canoe, 154, 168-173;
British Columbia, 168;
ends, 168;
size, 172, 173
Superior, Lake, 113, 122, 123, 125
Taconnet Indians, 88
tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, 16
Tanana Indians, 154
tapering wooden members, 19, 118
tarpaulin (in fur trade), 142, 143
Temiscaming, Lake, 147
temporary canoe, 212-219
Têtes de Boule Indians, 107
canoe, 107-112, 116, 122;
sheathing, 34;
described, 107-112;
dimensions, 107;
construction, 108 ff., 112
Teton Indians, 133
thong braces, umiak, 186, 187, 190
throwing stick, 194
thwarts, 19, 38, 40;
fitting of ends, 32, 56;
location, 32, 37, 40;
supporting on building bed, 46, 47;
Micmac, 61, 62;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 117, 121;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 147, 150;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162, 166, 167;
sturgeon-nose, 169;
umiak, 182, 187;
kayak, 195 ff., 199, 208;
rough construction of, 213, 216;
temporary skin canoe, 219
Timagami (Ontario), Lake, 125, 131, 151
tomahawk, 21
tongs, wooden, 20
topsail, umiak, 183
Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, 8
tools, primitive, 17-20;
modern, 20-24
tree felling, 18
treenail, 190, 192
Trois Rivières, 13
tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac, 60;
Malecite, 73, 75, 78
tump line, 122, 143
Two Mountains, Lake of, 113
Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190;
qualities, 175, 176, 178;
use, 175, 176;
design, 176, 178, 182-183;
compared with curragh, 176, 178;
skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188;
construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188;
oars and paddles, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
headboards, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
flare of sides, 182, 183, 188;
sheer, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
rake of ends, 182, 187, 190;
rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189;
thwarts, 182, 187;
risers, 182, 187 ff.;
v-bottom, 182, 184, 189;
gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190;
Alaskan, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188;
Koryak, 182, 189;
Greenland, 182, 189;
frames (ribs), 184 ff., 189, 190;
keelson, 184, 186, 188;
thong brace, 186, 187, 190;
rudder, 187, 189;
whaling, 187, 188;
King Island, 187;
hogging brace, 188;
portaging, 188;
Baffin Island, 189, 190
Unalaska kayak, 196
United States Fish Commission, 202
United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204
V-bottom canoe, Malecite, 74, 75, 76, 77;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 96, 98, 100;
Têtes de Boule, 107;
Algonkin, 113
kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211
umiak, 182, 184, 189
V-Form (see V-bottom)
Viking boat, 187
voyageur, 143;
loads carried by, 143, 144;
number required for a canoe, 145;
paddle requirement, 152
wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 114, 119, 131
walrus skin, for umiak, 183;
for kayak, 194
war canoe, 10;
Micmac, 58, 65;
Malecite, 70
war party, Malecite, 71;
traveling, 212;
Iroquois, 214
Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
water, Indian methods of boiling, 20
weapons, for kayaks, 194, 211
weather cloth, 183
wedge, 38, 156
Western Cree Indians, 132, 155;
canoe, 72, 132-134, 155
Wewenoc Indians, 88
Weymouth, Captain George, 7
whaleboat, 187
whaling umiak, 187, 188
Whitbourne, Captain Richard, 94
White Fish People (Indian tribe), 107
wide-bottom canoe, 54
willow, 17
Winnipeg, Lake, 132
wood (for kayaks), 192, 200, 204
wood bending, by hot water, 20;
over a fire, 69
wood splitting, 17, 18, 19
woods canoe, 58, 65
Woodstock, New Brunswick, 4, 75
wulegessis, 72, 73, 77, 82, 90, 120, 121
York boat, 220
Yukon Indians, 190
Yukon River canoe, 159;
kayak-form, 164, 165, 166, 190
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 O—491-230