Introductory material (continued 58)
Reading edition
Indonesia: general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Iran: general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected
domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches
international: HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat; Internet service available but limited to electronic mail to promote Iranian culture
Iraq: general assessment: reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after the Gulf war; most damaged facilities have been rebuilt
domestic: the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably nonoperational
Ireland: general assessment: modern digital system using cable and microwave radio relay
domestic: microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Israel: general assessment: most highly developed system in the Middle East although not the largest
domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; all systems are digital
international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Italy: general assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services
domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables
Jamaica: general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Japan: general assessment: excellent domestic and international service
domestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam) (1999)
Jersey: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: 3 submarine cables
Johnston Atoll: general assessment: 13 outgoing and 10 incoming commercial lines; adequate telecommunications
domestic: 60-channel submarine cable, 22 DSN circuits by satellite, Autodin with standard remote terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), UHF/VHF air-ground radio, a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network (PCTN) satellite
international: NA
Jordan: general assessment: service has improved recently with the increased use of digital switching equipment, but better access to the telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access to pay telephones is needed by the urban public
domestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use is made of mobile cellular systems; Internet service is available
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals; fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link with Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL; international links total about 4,000
Kazakhstan: general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay; with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
Kenya: general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize except for service to business
domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system
international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
Kiribati: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
note: Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service
Korea, North: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing
Korea, South: general assessment: excellent domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: fiber-optic submarine cable to China; the Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Kuwait: general assessment: the quality of service is excellent
domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire, and fiber-optic cable; a cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well supplied with pay telephones
international: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 2 Arabsat
Kyrgyzstan: general assessment: poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied applications for household telephones
domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider, probably limited to Bishkek region
international: connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line
Laos: general assessment: service to general public is poor but improving, with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an additional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas
domestic: radiotelephone communications
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Latvia: general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to provide an international capability independent of the Moscow international switch; more facilities are being installed for individual use
domestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections, rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied subscriber applications
international: international connections are now available via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling direct connections for most calls (1998)
Lebanon: general assessment: telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding well underway
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay and cable
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations); coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables
Lesotho: general assessment: rudimentary system
domestic: consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Liberia: general assessment: telephone and telegraph service via microwave radio relay network; main center is Monrovia
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Libya: general assessment: telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
Liechtenstein: general assessment: automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay
Lithuania: general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to provide an improved international capability and better residential access
domestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system is nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded; mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber applications
international: landline connections to Latvia and Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite
Luxembourg: general assessment: highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable
international: 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)
Macau: general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
Madagascar: general assessment: system is above average for the region
domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links
international: submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Malawi: general assessment: NA
domestic: fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Malaysia: general assessment: modern system; international service excellent
domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations
international: submarine cables to India, Hong Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001)
Maldives: general assessment: minimal domestic and international facilities
domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service
international: satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Mali: general assessment: domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service
domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Malta: general assessment: automatic system satisfies normal requirements
domestic: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands
international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Man, Isle of: general assessment: NA
domestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system
international: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite earth station, submarine cable
Marshall Islands: general assessment: telex services
domestic: Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular, seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein
Martinique: general assessment: domestic facilities are adequate
domestic: NA
international: microwave radio relay to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Mauritania: general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made)
domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat
Mauritius: general assessment: small system with good service
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries
Mayotte: general assessment: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications
domestic: NA
international: microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communications to Comoros and other international connections
Mexico: general assessment: low telephone density with about 11 main lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990; the opening to competition in January 1997 has brightened prospects for development
domestic: adequate telephone service for business and government, but the population is poorly served; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, and mobile cellular service
international: satellite earth stations - 32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations; linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections; high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy (1997)
Micronesia, Federated States of: general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Moldova: general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way
domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced
international: service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
Monaco: general assessment: modern automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system
Mongolia: general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Montserrat: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
Morocco: general assessment: modern system with all important capabilities; however density is low with only 4.6 main lines available for each 100 persons
domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay
international: 7 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and Tunisia (1998)
Mozambique: general assessment: fair system but not available generally (telephone density is only 3.5 telephones for each 1,000 persons)
domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)
Namibia: general assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for each 100 persons
domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are by open wire; 100% digital
international: fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
Nauru: general assessment: adequate local and international radiotelephone communications provided via Australian facilities
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Nepal: general assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephone network
domestic: NA
international: radiotelephone communications; microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Netherlands: general assessment: highly developed and well maintained
domestic: the existing system of multi-conductor cables is gradually being replaced by fiber-optic cables; the density of cellular telephone traffic is rapidly increasing and further modernization of the system is expected in the year 2001, with the introduction of the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (1996)
Netherlands Antilles: general assessment: generally adequate facilities
domestic: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
international: submarine cables - 2; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
New Caledonia: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
New Zealand: general assessment: excellent domestic and international systems
domestic: NA
international: submarine cables to Australia and Fiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Nicaragua: general assessment: inadequate system being upgraded by foreign investment
domestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Niger: general assessment: small system of wire, radio telephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in the southwestern area of Niger
domestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Nigeria: general assessment: an inadequate system, further limited by poor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been made
domestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19 earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular facilities and the Internet are available
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); coaxial submarine cable SAFE (South African Far East)
Niue: general assessment: primitive system
domestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages on island
international: NA
Norfolk Island: general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: radiotelephone service with Sydney (Australia)
Northern Mariana Islands: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Norway: general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most advanced telecommunications networks in Europe
domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobile systems instead of fixed wire systems
international: 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)
Oman: general assessment: modern system consisting of open wire, microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited coaxial cable
domestic: open wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Pakistan: general assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, but improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity; despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the majority of the rural population
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)
Palau: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Panama: general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System
Papua New Guinea: general assessment: services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services
domestic: mostly radiotelephone
international: submarine cables to Australia and Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); international radio communication service
Paraguay: general assessment: meager telephone service; principal switching center is Asuncion
domestic: fair microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Peru: general assessment: adequate for most requirements
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Philippines: general assessment: good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate
domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
international: 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan
Pitcairn Islands: general assessment: only party line telephone service is available for this small, closely related community
domestic: party line service only
international: radiotelephone
Poland: general assessment: underdeveloped and outmoded system; government aimed to have 10 million telephones in service by 2000; the process of partial privatization of the state-owned telephone monopoly has begun; in 1998 there were over 2 million applicants on the waiting list for telephone service
domestic: cable, open wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular networks; local exchanges 56.6% digital
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Portugal: general assessment: undergoing rapid development in recent years, Portugal's telephone system, by the end of 1998, achieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned
Puerto Rico: general assessment: modern system, integrated with that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data capability
domestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone service
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US
Qatar: general assessment: modern system centered in Doha
domestic: NA
international: tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Reunion: general assessment: adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis
domestic: modern open wire and microwave radio relay network
international: radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Romania: general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving
domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects (1999)
Russia: general assessment: the telephone system has undergone significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; however, a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems
Rwanda: general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
international: international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
Saint Helena: general assessment: can communicate with any place in the world
domestic: automatic network
international: HF radiotelephone from Saint Helena to Ascension which is a major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK ; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: general assessment: good interisland and international connections
domestic: interisland links to Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) are handled by VHF/UHF/SHF radiotelephone
international: international calls are carried by radiotelephone to Antigua and Barbuda and switched there to submarine cable or to Intelsat; or carried to Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) by radiotelephone and switched to Intelsat
Saint Lucia: general assessment: adequate system
domestic: system is automatically switched
international: direct microwave radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond these countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the Grenadines
international: VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through Saint Lucia
Samoa: general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
San Marino: general assessment: adequate connections
domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system
international: connected to Italian international network
Sao Tome and Principe: general assessment: adequate facilities
domestic: minimal system
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Saudi Arabia: general assessment: modern system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable systems
international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Senegal: general assessment: good system
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
international: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Seychelles: general assessment: effective system
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago
international: direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Sierra Leone: general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph service
domestic: national microwave radio relay trunk system, made unserviceable by military activities, is now operating from Freetown to Bo and Kenema (April 2001)
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Singapore: general assessment: major consideration given to serving business interests; excellent international service
domestic: excellent domestic facilities
international: submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Slovakia: general assessment: a modernization and privatization program is increasing accessibility to telephone service, reducing the waiting time for new subscribers, and generally improving service quality
domestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receiving digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been added
international: three international exchanges (one in Bratislava and two in Banska Bystrica) are available; Slovakia is participating in several international telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of external services
Slovenia: general assessment: NA
domestic: 100% digital (2000)
international: NA
Solomon Islands: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Somalia: general assessment: the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own private systems
domestic: recently, local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers
international: international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite
South Africa: general assessment: the system is the best developed and most modern in Africa
domestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria
international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken
Spain: general assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities; teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 persons
domestic: NA
international: 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries
Sri Lanka: general assessment: very inadequate domestic service, particularly in rural areas; some hope for improvement with privatization of national telephone company and encouragement to private investment; good international service (1999)
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)
international: submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)
Sudan: general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)
Suriname: general assessment: international facilities are good
domestic: microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Svalbard: general assessment: probably adequate
domestic: local telephone service
international: satellite earth station - 1 of unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)
Swaziland: general assessment: not a modern system
domestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and low-capacity, microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Sweden: general assessment: excellent domestic and international facilities; automatic system
domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels
international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)
Switzerland: general assessment: excellent domestic and international services
domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)
Syria: general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel
Tajikistan: general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network
domestic: cable and microwave radio relay
international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
Tanzania: general assessment: fair system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture terminal) system under construction
domestic: trunk service provided by open wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Thailand: general assessment: service to general public adequate, but investment in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network
domestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic satellite system being developed
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Togo: general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
Tokelau: general assessment: adequate
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth stations, established in 1997
Tonga: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Trinidad and Tobago: general assessment: excellent international service; good local service
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana
Tunisia: general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
Turkey: general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia, by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems
Turkmenistan: general assessment: poorly developed
domestic: NA
international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat
Turks and Caicos Islands: general assessment: fair cable and radiotelephone services
domestic: NA
international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Tuvalu: general assessment: serves particular needs for internal communications
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands
international: NA
Uganda: general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular systems have been introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines is essential; e-mail and Internet services are available
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular systems for short range traffic
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania
Ukraine: general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding at a high rate
international: two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project which connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems
United Arab Emirates: general assessment: modern system consisting of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai
domestic: microwave radio relay and coaxial cable
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom: general assessment: technologically advanced domestic and international system
domestic: equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems
international: 40 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers
United States: general assessment: a very large, technologically advanced, multipurpose communications system
domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country
international: 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000)
Uruguay: general assessment: some modern facilities
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Uzbekistan: general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of modernization
domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent and Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
international: linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA (1998)
Vanuatu: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Venezuela: general assessment: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services
international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network
Vietnam: general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors
domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; since 1991, main lines in use have been substantially increased and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Virgin Islands: general assessment: NA
domestic: modern, uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
international: submarine cable and satellite communications; satellite earth stations - NA
Wake Island: general assessment: satellite communications; 1 DSN circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS)
domestic: NA
international: NA
Wallis and Futuna: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
West Bank: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
note: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for communication services in the West Bank
Western Sahara: general assessment: sparse and limited system
domestic: NA
international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco
World: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
Yemen: general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone systems
international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
Yugoslavia: general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Zambia: general assessment: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation; Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Zimbabwe: general assessment: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)
Taiwan: general assessment: provides telecommunications service for every business and private need
domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)
======================================================================
@Telephones - main lines in use
Afghanistan: 29,000 (1996)
note: there were 21,000 main lines in service in Kabul in 1998
Albania: 87,000 (1997)
Algeria: 2.3 million (1998)
American Samoa: 13,000 (1997)
Andorra: 32,946 (December 1998)
Angola: 62,000 (1997)
Anguilla: 5,000 (1997)
Antarctica: 0
note: information for US bases only (2001)
Antigua and Barbuda: 28,000 (1996)
Argentina: 7.5 million (1998)
Armenia: 568,000 (1997)
Aruba: 33,000 (1997)
Australia: 9.58 million (1998)
Austria: 4 million (3,600,000 analog main lines plus 400,000 ISDN or Integrated Services Digital Network connections) (1999)
Azerbaijan: 663,000 (1997)
Bahamas, The: 96,000 (1997)
Bahrain: 152,000 (1997)
Bangladesh: 500,000 (2000)
Barbados: 108,000 (1997)
Belarus: 2.313 million (1997)
Belgium: 4.769 million (1997)
Belize: 31,000 (1997)
Benin: 36,000 (1997)
Bermuda: 52,000 (1997)
Bhutan: 6,000 (1997)
Bolivia: 327,600 (1996)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 303,000 (1997)
Botswana: 86,000 (1997)
Brazil: 17.039 million (1997)
British Indian Ocean Territory: NA
British Virgin Islands: 10,000 (1996)
Brunei: 79,000 (1996)
Bulgaria: 3.255 million (2000)
Burkina Faso: 36,000 (1997)
Burma: 250,000 (2000)
Burundi: 16,000 (1997)
Cambodia: 21,800 (mid-1998)
Cameroon: 75,000 (1997)
Canada: 18.5 million (1999)
Cape Verde: 45,644 (2000)
Cayman Islands: 19,000 (1995)
Central African Republic: 10,000 (1997)
Chad: 7,000 (1997)
Chile: 2.603 million (1998)
China: 135 million (2000)
Christmas Island: NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA (1999)
Colombia: 5,433,565 (December 1997)
Comoros: 6,000 (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 21,000 (1997)
Congo, Republic of the: 22,000 (1997)
Cook Islands: 5,000 (1997)
Costa Rica: 450,000 (1998)
note: 584,000 installed in 1997, but only about 450,000 were in use 1998
Cote d'Ivoire: 219,283 (31 December 1999)
Croatia: 1.488 million (1997)
Cuba: 473,031 (2000)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: 405,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 83,162 (1998)
Czech Republic: 3.869 million (2000)
Denmark: 4.785 million (1997)
Djibouti: 8,000 (1997)
Dominica: 19,000 (1996)
Dominican Republic: 709,000 (1997)
Ecuador: 899,000 (1997)
Egypt: 3,971,500 (December 1998)
El Salvador: 380,000 (1998)
Equatorial Guinea: 4,000 (1996)
Eritrea: 23,578 (2000)
Estonia: 476,078 (yearend 1998)
Ethiopia: 157,000 (1997)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA
Faroe Islands: 24,851 (1999)
Fiji: 72,000 (1997)
Finland: 2.861 million (1997)
France: 34.86 million (yearend 1998)
French Guiana: 47,000 (1997)
French Polynesia: 52,000 (1997)
Gabon: 37,000 (1997)
Gambia, The: 31,900 (2000)
Gaza Strip: 95,729 (total for Gaza Strip and West Bank) (1997)
Georgia: 620,000 (1997)
Germany: 45.2 million (1997)
note: 46.5 million main lines were installed by yearend 1998
Ghana: 200,000 (1998)
Gibraltar: 19,000 (1997)
Greece: 5.431 million (1997)
Greenland: 25,617 (end 1999)
Grenada: 27,000 (1997)
Guadeloupe: 171,000 (1996)
Guam: 84,134 (1998)
Guatemala: 665,061 (June 2000)
Guernsey: 44,000 (1996)
Guinea: 20,000 (1997)
Guinea-Bissau: 8,000 (1997)
Guyana: 70,000 (2000)
Haiti: 60,000 (1997)
Holy See (Vatican City): NA
Honduras: 234,000 (1997)
Hong Kong: 3.839 million (1999)
Hungary: 3.095 million (1997)
Iceland: 168,000 (1997)
India: 27.7 million (October 2000)
Indonesia: 5,588,310 (1998)
Iran: 6.313 million (1997)
Iraq: 675,000 (1997)
Ireland: 1.59 million (2001)
Israel: 2.8 million (1999)
Italy: 25 million (1999)
Jamaica: 353,000 (1996)
Japan: 60.381 million (1997)
Jersey: 65,500 (1997)
Jordan: 403,000 (1997)
Kazakhstan: 1.818 million (1997)
Kenya: 290,000 (1998)
Kiribati: 2,000 (1997)
Korea, North: 1.1 million (1997)
Korea, South: 24 million (1999)
Kuwait: 412,000 (1997)
Kyrgyzstan: 351,000 (1997)
Laos: 25,000 (1997)
Latvia: 748,000 (1997)
Lebanon: 700,000 (1999)
Lesotho: 20,000 (1997)
Liberia: 6,000 (1997)
Libya: 380,000 (1996)
Liechtenstein: 20,000 (1997)
Lithuania: 1.048 million (1997)
Luxembourg: 314,700 (1999)
Macau: 176,837 (2000)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 408,000 (1997)
Madagascar: 43,000 (1997)
Malawi: 37,000 (1997)
Malaysia: 4.5 million (1999)
Maldives: 21,000 (1999)
Mali: 23,000 (1997)
Malta: 187,000 (1997)
Man, Isle of: 51,000 (1999)
Marshall Islands: 3,000 (1996)
Martinique: 170,000 (1997)
Mauritania: 26,000 (2000)
Mauritius: 223,000 (1997)
Mayotte: 9,314 (1997)
Mexico: 9.6 million (1998)
Micronesia, Federated States of: 11,000 (2001)
Moldova: 627,000 (1997)
Monaco: 31,027 (1995)
Mongolia: 104,100 (1999)
Montserrat: 4,000 (1997)
Morocco: 1.391 million (1998)
Mozambique: 65,354 (2000)
Namibia: 100,848 (1997)
Nauru: 2,000 (1996)
Nepal: 236,816 (January 2000)
Netherlands: 9,132,400 (1999)
Netherlands Antilles: 76,000 (1995)
New Caledonia: 47,000 (1997)
New Zealand: 1.84 million (1997)
Nicaragua: 140,000 (1996)
Niger: 16,000 (1997)
Nigeria: 500,000 (2000)
Niue: 376 (1991)
Norfolk Island: 1,087 (1983)
Northern Mariana Islands: 21,000 (1996)
Norway: 2.735 million (1998)
Oman: 201,000 (1997)
Pakistan: 2.861 million (March 1999)
Palau: 1,500 (1988)
Panama: 396,000 (1997)
Papua New Guinea: 47,000 (1996)
Paraguay: 290,475 (2001)
Peru: 1.509 million (1998)
Philippines: 1.9 million (1997)
Pitcairn Islands: 1 (there are 17 telephones on one party line) (1997)
Poland: 8.07 million (1998)
Portugal: 5.3 million (end 1998)
Puerto Rico: 1.322 million (1997)
Qatar: 142,000 (1997)
Reunion: 236,500 (1997)
Romania: 3.777 million (1997)
Russia: 30 million (1998)
Rwanda: 15,000 (1995)
Saint Helena: 2,000 (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 17,000 (1997)
Saint Lucia: 37,000 (1997)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 4,000 (1997)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 20,500 (1998)
Samoa: 8,000 (1997)
San Marino: 18,000 (1998)
Sao Tome and Principe: 3,000 (1997)
Saudi Arabia: 3.1 million (1998)
Senegal: 116,000 (1997)
Seychelles: 19,635 (1997)
Sierra Leone: 17,000 (1997)
Singapore: 1.928 million (November 2000)
Slovakia: 1,934,558 (1998)
Slovenia: 722,000 (1997)
Solomon Islands: 8,000 (1997)
Somalia: NA
South Africa: 5.075 million (1999)
Spain: 17.336 million (1999)
Sri Lanka: 494,509 (1998)
Sudan: 400,000 (2000)
Suriname: 64,000 (1997)
Svalbard: NA
Swaziland: 33,500 (2000)
Sweden: 6.017 million (December 1998)
Switzerland: 4.82 million (1998)
Syria: 1.313 million (1997)
Tajikistan: 363,000 (1997)
Tanzania: 127,000 (1998)
Thailand: 5.4 million (1998)
Togo: 25,000 (1997)
Tokelau: NA
Tonga: 8,000 (1996)
Trinidad and Tobago: 243,000 (1997)
Tunisia: 654,000 (1997)
Turkey: 19.5 million (1999)
Turkmenistan: 363,000 (1997)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 3,000 (1994)
Tuvalu: 1,000 (1997)
Uganda: 50,074; however, 80,868 main lines were installed (1998)
Ukraine: 9.45 million (April 1999)
United Arab Emirates: 915,223 (1998)
United Kingdom: 34.878 million (1997)
United States: 194 million (1997)
Uruguay: 850,000 (2000)
Uzbekistan: 1.98 million (1999)
Vanuatu: 4,000 (1996)
Venezuela: 2,600,000.00; however, 3,500,000 were installed (1998)
Vietnam: 2.6 million (2000)
Virgin Islands: 62,000 (1997)
Wallis and Futuna: 1,125 (1994)
West Bank: 95,729 (total for West Bank and Gaza Strip) (1997)
Western Sahara: about 2,000 (1999 est.)
World: NA
Yemen: 291,359 (1999)
Yugoslavia: 2.017 million (1995)
Zambia: 77,935 (in addition there are about 40,000 fixed telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997)
Zimbabwe: 212,000 (in addition there are about 20,000 fixed telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997)
Taiwan: 12.49 million (September 2000)
======================================================================
@Telephones - mobile cellular
Afghanistan: NA
Albania: 3,100 (1999)
Algeria: 33,500 (1999)
American Samoa: 2,550 (1997)
Andorra: 14,117 (December 1998)
Angola: 7,052 (1997)
Anguilla: NA
Antarctica: NA
Antigua and Barbuda: 1,300 (1996)
Argentina: 3 million (December 1999)
Armenia: 6,220 (1997)
Aruba: 3,402 (1997)
Australia: 6.4 million (1998)
Austria: 4.5 million (2000)
Azerbaijan: 40,000 (1997)
Bahamas, The: 6,152 (1997)
Bahrain: 58,543 (1997)
Bangladesh: 283,000 (2000)
Barbados: 8,013 (1997)
Belarus: 8,167 (1997)
Belgium: 974,494 (1997)
Belize: 3,023 (1997)
Benin: 4,295 (1997)
Bermuda: 7,980 (1996)
Bhutan: NA
Bolivia: 116,000 (1997)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 9,000 (1997)
Botswana: NA
Brazil: 4.4 million (1997)
British Virgin Islands: NA
Brunei: 43,524 (1996)
Bulgaria: 596,000 (2000)
Burkina Faso: 1,503 (1997)
Burma: 8,492 (1997)
Burundi: 619 (1997)
Cambodia: 80,000 (2000)
Cameroon: 4,200 (1997)
Canada: 4.207 million (1997)
Cape Verde: 19,729 (1997)
Cayman Islands: 2,534 (1995)
Central African Republic: 570 (1997)
Chad: NA
Chile: 944,225 (1998)
China: 65 million (January 2001)
Christmas Island: 0 (1999)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 0 (1999)
Colombia: 1,800,229 (December 1998)
Comoros: NA
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 8,900 (1997)
Congo, Republic of the: 1,000 (1996)
Cook Islands: 0 (1994)
Costa Rica: 143,000 (2000)
Cote d'Ivoire: 322,500 (May 2000)
Croatia: 187,000 (yearend 1998)
Cuba: 2,994 (1997)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: 68,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 70,000 (1999)
Czech Republic: 4.346 million (2000)
Denmark: 1,444,016 (1997)
Djibouti: 203 (1997)
Dominica: 461 (1996)
Dominican Republic: 130,149 (1997)
Ecuador: 160,061 (1997)
Egypt: 380,000 (1999)
El Salvador: 40,163 (1997)
Equatorial Guinea: NA
Eritrea: NA
Estonia: 475,000 (yearend 2000)
Ethiopia: 4,000 (1999)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA
Faroe Islands: 10,761 (1999)
Fiji: 5,200 (1997)
Finland: 2,162,574 (1997)
France: 11.078 million (yearend 1998)
French Guiana: NA
French Polynesia: 5,427 (1997)
Gabon: 9,500 (1997)
Gambia, The: 5,624 (2000)
Gaza Strip: NA
Georgia: 30,000 (1997)
Germany: 15.318 million (April 1999)
Ghana: 30,000 (yearend 1998)
Gibraltar: 1,620 (1997)
Greece: 937,700 (1997)
Greenland: 12,676 (end 1999)
Grenada: 976 (1997)
Guadeloupe: NA
Guam: 55,000 (1998)
Guatemala: 663,296 (September 2000)
Guernsey: 12,000 (1997)
Guinea: 2,868 (1997)
Guinea-Bissau: NA
Guyana: 6,100 (2000)
Haiti: 0 (1995)
Holy See (Vatican City): NA
Honduras: 14,427 (1997)
Hong Kong: 3.7 million (December 1999)
Hungary: 1.269 million (July 1999)
Iceland: 65,746 (1997)
India: 2.93 million (November 2000)
Indonesia: 1.07 million (1998)
Iran: 265,000 (August 1998)
Iraq: NA; service available in northern Iraq (2001)
Ireland: 2 million (2001)
Israel: 2.5 million (1999)
Italy: 20.5 million (1999)
Jamaica: 54,640 (1996)
Japan: 63.88 million (2000)
Jersey: 4,400 (1997)
Jordan: 11,500 (1995)
Kazakhstan: 11,202 (1997)
Kenya: 5,345 (1997)
Kiribati: NA
Korea, North: NA
Korea, South: 27 million (June 2000)
Kuwait: 210,000 (1997)
Kyrgyzstan: NA
Laos: 4,915 (1997)
Latvia: 77,100 (1997)
Lebanon: 580,000 (1999)
Lesotho: 1,262 (1996)
Liberia: 0 (1995)
Libya: NA
Liechtenstein: NA
Lithuania: 297,500 (November 1998)
Luxembourg: 215,741 (2000)
Macau: 120,957 (2000)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 12,362 (1997)
Madagascar: 4,000 (1997)
Malawi: 7,000 (1997)
Malaysia: 2.698 million (1999)
Maldives: 1,290 (1997)
Mali: 2,842 (1997)
Malta: 17,691 (1997)
Man, Isle of: NA
Marshall Islands: 365 (1996)
Martinique: 15,000 (1997)
Mauritania: NA
Mauritius: 37,000 (1997)
Mayotte: 0 (2000)
Mexico: 2.02 million (1998)
Micronesia, Federated States of: NA
Moldova: 2,200 (1997)
Monaco: NA
Mongolia: 110,000 (2001)
Montserrat: 70 (1994)
Morocco: 116,645 (1998)
Mozambique: 18,500 (2000)
Namibia: NA
Nauru: 450 (1994)
Nepal: NA
Netherlands: 4,081,891 (April 1999)
Netherlands Antilles: 13,977 (1996)
New Caledonia: 13,040 (1998)
New Zealand: 588,000 (1998)
Nicaragua: 7,911 (1997)
Niger: 13,000 (1995)
Nigeria: 26,700 (1997)
Niue: 0 (1991)
Norfolk Island: 0 (1983)
Northern Mariana Islands: 1,200 (1995)
Norway: 2,080,408 (1998)
Oman: 59,822 (1997)
Pakistan: 158,000 (1998)
Palau: 0 (1988)
Panama: 17,000 (1997)
Papua New Guinea: 3,053 (1996)
Paraguay: 510,000 (2001)
Peru: 504,995 (1998)
Philippines: 1.959 million (1998)
Poland: 1.78 million (1998)
Portugal: 3,074,194 (1999)
Puerto Rico: 169,265 (1996)
Qatar: 43,476 (1997)
Reunion: 85,000 (1999)
Romania: 645,500 (1999)
Russia: 2.5 million (October 2000)
Rwanda: NA
note: however, Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2000)
Saint Helena: 0 (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 205 (1997)
Saint Lucia: 1,600 (1997)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 0 (1994)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: NA
Samoa: 1,545 (February 1998)
San Marino: 3,010 (1998)
Sao Tome and Principe: 6,942 (1997)
Saudi Arabia: 1 million
note: in 1998, the government contracted for the installation of 575,000 additional Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular telephone lines over 15 months to raise the total number of subscribers to more than one million; Riyadh planned to further expand the GSM system in 1999 by adding an additional one million lines (1998)
Senegal: 1,149 (1996)
Seychelles: 16,316 (1999)
Sierra Leone: 650 (1999)
Singapore: 2.333 million (November 2000)
Slovakia: 736,662 (April 1999)
Slovenia: 1 million (2000)
Solomon Islands: 658 (1997)
Somalia: NA
South Africa: over 2,000,000 (1999)
Spain: 8.394 million (1999)
Sri Lanka: 228,604 (1999)
Sudan: 20,000 (2000)
Suriname: 4,090 (1997)
Svalbard: NA
Swaziland: 30,000 (2000)
Sweden: 3.835 million (October 1998)
Switzerland: 1.967 million (1999)
Syria: NA
Tajikistan: 2,500 (1997)
Tanzania: 30,000 (1999)
Thailand: 2.3 million (1998)
Togo: 2,995 (1997)
Tokelau: 0 (2001)
Tonga: 302 (1996)
Trinidad and Tobago: 17,411 (1997)
Tunisia: 50,000 (1998)
Turkey: 12.1 million (1999)
Turkmenistan: 4,300 (1998)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 0 (1994)
Tuvalu: 0 (1994)
Uganda: 9,000 (1998)
Ukraine: 236,000 (1998)
United Arab Emirates: 1 million (1999)
United Kingdom: 13 million (yearend 1998)
United States: 69.209 million (1998)
Uruguay: 300,000 (2000)
Uzbekistan: 26,000 (1998)
Vanuatu: 154 (1996)
Venezuela: 2 million (1998)
Vietnam: 730,155 (2000)
Virgin Islands: 2,000 (1992)
Wallis and Futuna: 0 (1994)
West Bank: NA
Western Sahara: 0 (1999)
World: NA
Yemen: 32,042 (2000)
Yugoslavia: 87,000 (1997)
Zambia: 6,000 (1998)
Zimbabwe: 70,000 (1999)
Taiwan: 16 million (September 2000)
======================================================================
@Television broadcast stations
Afghanistan: at least 10 (one government run central television station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 30 provinces; the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997, there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern Afghanistan provinces) (1998)
Albania: 9 (plus 264 repeaters) (1995)
Algeria: 46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995)
American Samoa: 1 (1997)
Andorra: 0 (1997)
Angola: 7 (1999)
Anguilla: 1 (1997)
Antarctica: 1 (the US Navy Antarctic Support Group operates a cable system with six channels for the American Forces Antarctic Network-McMurdo)
note: information for US bases only (2000)
Antigua and Barbuda: 2 (1997)
Argentina: 42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)
Armenia: 4 (1998)
Aruba: 1 (1997)
Australia: 104 (1997)
Austria: 45 (plus 960 repeaters) (1995)
Azerbaijan: 2 (1997)
Bahamas, The: 1 (1997)
Bahrain: 4 (1997)
Bangladesh: 15 (1999)
Barbados: 1 (plus two cable channels) (1997)
Belarus: 47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)
Belgium: 25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)
Belize: 2 (1997)
Benin: 2 (one privately-owned) (1997)
Bermuda: 3 (1997)
Bhutan: 0 (1997)
Bolivia: 48 (1997)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)
Botswana: 0 (1997)
Brazil: 138 (1997)
British Indian Ocean Territory: 1 (1997)
British Virgin Islands: 1 (plus one cable company) (1997)
Brunei: 2 (1997)
Bulgaria: 96 (plus 1,030 repeaters) (1995)
Burkina Faso: 1 (1997)
Burma: 2 (1998)
Burundi: 1 (1999)
Cambodia: 5 (1999)
Cameroon: 1 (1998)
Canada: 80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)
Cape Verde: 1 (1997)
Cayman Islands: NA
Central African Republic: NA
Chad: 1 (1997)
Chile: 63 (plus 121 repeaters) (1997)
China: 3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television, 31 are provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city stations) (1997)
Christmas Island: NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 0 (1997)
Colombia: 60 (includes seven low-power stations) (1997)
Comoros: 0 (1998)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 20 (1999)
Congo, Republic of the: 1 (1999)
Cook Islands: 2 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)
Costa Rica: 6 (plus 11 repeaters) (1997)
Cote d'Ivoire: 14 (1999)
Croatia: 36 (plus 321 repeaters) (September 1995)
Cuba: 58 (1997)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters) (September 1995); Turkish Cypriot area: 4 (plus 5 repeaters) (September 1995)
Czech Republic: 150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000)
Denmark: 26 (plus 51 repeaters) (1998)
Djibouti: 1 (plus 5 low-power repeaters) (1998)
Dominica: 0 (however, there is one cable television company) (1997)
Dominican Republic: 25 (1997)
Ecuador: 15 (including one station on the Galapagos Islands) (1997)
Egypt: 98 (September 1995)
El Salvador: 5 (1997)
Equatorial Guinea: 1 (1997)
Eritrea: 1 (2000)
Estonia: 31 (plus five repeaters) (September 1995)
Ethiopia: 25 (1999)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 2 (operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service) (1997)
Faroe Islands: 3 (plus 43 low-power repeaters) (September 1995)
Fiji: NA
Finland: 130 (plus 385 repeaters) (1995)
France: 584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)
French Guiana: 3 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)
French Polynesia: 7 (plus 17 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Gabon: 4 (plus five low-power repeaters) (1997)
Gambia, The: 1 (government-owned) (1997)
Gaza Strip: 2 (operated by the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation) (1997)
Georgia: 12 (plus repeaters) (1998)
Germany: 373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)
Ghana: 11 (1999)
Gibraltar: 1 (plus three low-power repeaters) (1997)
Greece: 36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)
Greenland: 1 publicly-owned station, some local low-power stations, and three AFRTS (US Air Force) stations (1997)
Grenada: 2 (1997)
Guadeloupe: 5 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)
Guam: 5 (1997)
Guatemala: 26 (plus 27 repeaters) (1997)
Guernsey: 1 (1997)
Guinea: 6 (1997)
Guinea-Bissau: 2 (1997)
Guyana: 3 (one public station; two private stations which relay US satellite services) (1997)
Haiti: 2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)
Holy See (Vatican City): 1 (1996)
Honduras: 11 (plus 17 repeaters) (1997)
Hong Kong: 4 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Hungary: 35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995)
Iceland: 14 (plus 156 low-power repeaters) (1997)
India: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Indonesia: 41 (1999)
Iran: 28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Iraq: 13 (1997)
Ireland: 4 (many low-power repeaters) (2001)
Israel: 17 (plus 36 low-power repeaters) (1995)
Italy: 358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)
Jamaica: 7 (1997)
Japan: 7,108 (plus 441 repeaters; note - in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV stations and 2 TV cable services) (1999)
Jersey: 1 (1997)
Johnston Atoll: commercial satellite television system, with 16 channels (1997)
Jordan: 20 (plus 96 repeaters) (1995)
Kazakhstan: 12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Kenya: 8 (1997)
Kiribati: 1 (1997)
Korea, North: 38 (1999)
Korea, South: 121 (plus 850 repeater stations and the eight-channel American Forces Korea Network) (1999)
Kuwait: 13 (plus several satellite channels) (1997)
Kyrgyzstan: NA (repeater stations throughout the country relay programs from Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey) (1997)
Laos: 4 (1999)
Latvia: 44 (plus 31 repeaters) (1995)
Lebanon: 15 (plus 5 repeaters) (1995)
Lesotho: 1 (2000)
Liberia: 2 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2000)
Libya: 12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1998)
Liechtenstein: NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)
Lithuania: 20 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)
Luxembourg: 5 (1999)
Macau: 0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts) (1997)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)
Madagascar: 1 (plus 36 repeaters) (1997)
Malawi: 1 (1999)
Malaysia: 27 (plus 15 high-power repeaters) (1999)
Maldives: 1 (1997)
Mali: 1 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Malta: 6 (2000)
Man, Isle of: 0 (receives broadcasts from the UK and satellite) (1999)
Marshall Islands: 3 (of which two are US military stations) (1997)
Martinique: 11 (plus nine repeaters) (1997)
Mauritania: 1 (1997)
Mauritius: 2 (plus 11 repeaters) (1997)
Mayotte: 3 (1997)
Mexico: 236 (plus repeaters) (1997)
Micronesia, Federated States of: 2 (1997)
Moldova: 1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)
Monaco: 5 (1998)
Mongolia: 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999)
Montserrat: 1 (1997)
Morocco: 35 (plus 66 repeaters) (1995)
Mozambique: 1 (2000)
Namibia: 8 (plus about 20 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Nauru: 1 (1997)
Nepal: 1 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)
Netherlands: 21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)
Netherlands Antilles: 3 (there is also a cable service which supplies programs received from various US satellite networks and two Venezuelan channels) (1997)
New Caledonia: 6 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1997)
New Zealand: 41 (plus 52 medium-power repeaters and over 650 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Nicaragua: 3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Niger: 10 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Nigeria: 2 government-controlled; note - in addition, in 1993, 14 licenses to operate private television stations were granted (1999)
Niue: 1 (1997)
Norfolk Island: 1 (local programming station plus two repeaters that bring in Australian programs by satellite) (1998)
Northern Mariana Islands: 1 (on Saipan and one station planned for Rota; in addition, two cable services on Saipan provide varied programming from satellite networks) (1997)
Norway: 360 (plus 2,729 repeaters) (1995)
Oman: 13 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1999)
Pakistan: 22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Palau: 1 (1997)
Panama: 38 (including repeaters) (1998)
Papua New Guinea: 3 (1997)
Paraguay: 4 (2001)
Peru: 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
Philippines: 31 (1997)
Pitcairn Islands: 0 (1997)
Poland: 179 (plus 256 repeaters) (September 1995)
Portugal: 62 (plus 166 repeaters)
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995)
Puerto Rico: 18 (plus three stations of the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service) (1997)
Qatar: 2 (plus three repeaters) (1997)
Reunion: 22 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Romania: 48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995)
Russia: 7,306 (1998)
Rwanda: 2 (1997)
Saint Helena: 0 (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 1 (plus three repeaters) (1997)
Saint Lucia: 3 (of which two are commercial stations and one is a community antenna television or CATV channel) (1997)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 0 (there are, however, two repeaters which rebroadcast programs from France, Canada, and the US) (1997)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 1 (plus three repeaters) (1997)
Samoa: 6 (1997)
San Marino: 1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
Sao Tome and Principe: 2 (1997)
Saudi Arabia: 117 (1997)
Senegal: 1 (1997)
Seychelles: 2 (plus 9 repeaters) (1997)
Sierra Leone: 2 (1999)
Singapore: 6 (2000)
Slovakia: 38 (plus 864 repeaters) (1995)
Slovenia: 48 (2001)
Solomon Islands: 0 (1997)
Somalia: 1 (1997)
South Africa: 556 (plus 144 network repeaters) (1997)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: 0 (1997)
Spain: 224 (plus 2,105 repeaters)
note: these figures include 11 television broadcast stations and 88 repeaters in the Canary Islands (1995)
Sri Lanka: 21 (1997)
Sudan: 3 (1997)
Suriname: 3 (plus seven repeaters) (2000)
Svalbard: NA
Swaziland: 10 (2000)
Sweden: 169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)
Switzerland: 115 (plus 1,919 repeaters) (1995)
Syria: 44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)
Tajikistan: 0 (there are, however, repeaters that relay programs from Russia, Iran, and Turkey) (1997)
Tanzania: 3 (1999)
Thailand: 5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997)
Togo: 3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Tokelau: NA
Tonga: 1 (2001)
Trinidad and Tobago: 4 (1997)
Tunisia: 26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)
Turkey: 635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
Turkmenistan: 3 (much programming relayed from Russia and Turkey) (1997)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 0 (broadcasts from The Bahamas are received; cable television is established) (1997)
Tuvalu: 0 (1997)
Uganda: 8 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999)
Ukraine: at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997)
United Arab Emirates: 15 (1997)
United Kingdom: 228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995)
United States: more than 1,500 (including nearly 1,000 stations affiliated with the five major networks - NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, and PBS; in addition, there are about 9,000 cable TV systems) (1997)
Uruguay: 26 (plus ten low-power repeaters for the Montevideo station) (1997)
Uzbekistan: 4 (plus two repeaters that relay Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tadzhik programs) (1997)
Vanuatu: 1 (1997)
Venezuela: 66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)
Vietnam: at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)
Virgin Islands: 2 (1997)
Wake Island: 0 (1997)
Wallis and Futuna: 2 (2000)
West Bank: NA
Western Sahara: NA
World: NA
Yemen: 7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)
Yugoslavia: more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)
Zambia: 9 (1997)
Zimbabwe: 16 (1997)
Taiwan: 29 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
======================================================================
@Televisions
Afghanistan: 100,000 (1999)
Albania: 405,000 (1997)
Algeria: 3.1 million (1997)
American Samoa: 14,000 (1997)
Andorra: 27,000 (1997)
Angola: 150,000 (1997)
Anguilla: 1,000 (1997)
Antarctica: several hundred at McMurdo Sound
note: information for US bases only (2001)
Antigua and Barbuda: 31,000 (1997)
Argentina: 7.95 million (1997)
Armenia: 825,000 (1997)
Aruba: 20,000 (1997)
Australia: 10.15 million (1997)
Austria: 4.25 million (1997)
Azerbaijan: 170,000 (1997)
Bahamas, The: 67,000 (1997)
Bahrain: 275,000 (1997)
Bangladesh: 770,000 (1997)
Barbados: 76,000 (1997)
Belarus: 2.52 million (1997)
Belgium: 4.72 million (1997)
Belize: 41,000 (1997)
Benin: 60,000 (1997)
Bermuda: 66,000 (1997)
Bhutan: 11,000 (1997)
Bolivia: 900,000 (1997)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA
Botswana: 31,000 (1997)
Brazil: 36.5 million (1997)
British Indian Ocean Territory: NA
British Virgin Islands: 4,000 (1997)
Brunei: 201,900 (1998)
Bulgaria: 3.31 million (1997)
Burkina Faso: 100,000 (1997)
Burma: 320,000 (2000)
Burundi: 25,000 (1997)
Cambodia: 94,000 (1997)
Cameroon: 450,000 (1997)
Canada: 21.5 million (1997)
Cape Verde: 2,000 (1997)
Cayman Islands: 7,000 (1997)
Central African Republic: 18,000 (1997)
Chad: 10,000 (1997)
Chile: 3.15 million (1997)
China: 400 million (1997)
Christmas Island: 600 (1997)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA
Colombia: 4.59 million (1997)
Comoros: 1,000 (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 6.478 million (1997)
Congo, Republic of the: 33,000 (1997)
Cook Islands: 4,000 (1997)
Costa Rica: 525,000 (1997)
Cote d'Ivoire: 900,000 (1997)
Croatia: 1.22 million (1997)
Cuba: 2.64 million (1997)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: 248,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 52,300 (1994)
Czech Republic: 3,405,834 (December 2000)
Denmark: 3.121 million (1997)
Djibouti: 28,000 (1997)
Dominica: 6,000 (1997)
Dominican Republic: 770,000 (1997)
Ecuador: 1.55 million (1997)
Egypt: 7.7 million (1997)
El Salvador: 600,000 (1990)
Equatorial Guinea: 4,000 (1997)
Eritrea: 1,000 (1997)
Estonia: 605,000 (1997)
Ethiopia: 320,000 (1997)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 1,000 (1997)
Faroe Islands: 15,000 (1997)
Fiji: 21,000 (1997)
Finland: 3.2 million (1997)
France: 34.8 million (1997)
French Guiana: 30,000 (1997)
French Polynesia: 40,000 (1997)
Gabon: 63,000 (1997)
Gambia, The: 5,000 (2000)
Gaza Strip: NA; note - most Palestinian households have televisions (1997)
Georgia: 2.57 million (1997)
Germany: 51.4 million (1998)
Ghana: 1.73 million (1997)
Gibraltar: 10,000 (1997)
Greece: 2.54 million (1997)
Greenland: 30,000 (1998 est.)
Grenada: 33,000 (1997)
Guadeloupe: 118,000 (1997)
Guam: 106,000 (1997)
Guatemala: 1.323 million (1997)
Guernsey: NA
Guinea: 85,000 (1997)
Guinea-Bissau: NA
Guyana: 46,000 (1997)
Haiti: 38,000 (1997)
Holy See (Vatican City): NA
Honduras: 570,000 (1997)
Hong Kong: 1.84 million (1997)
Hungary: 4.42 million (1997)
Iceland: 98,000 (1997)
India: 63 million (1997)
Indonesia: 13.75 million (1997)
Iran: 4.61 million (1997)
Iraq: 1.75 million (1997)
Ireland: 1.82 million (2001)
Israel: 1.69 million (1997)
Italy: 30.3 million (1997)
Jamaica: 460,000 (1997)
Japan: 86.5 million (1997)
Jersey: NA
Jordan: 500,000 (1997)
Kazakhstan: 3.88 million (1997)
Kenya: 730,000 (1997)
Kiribati: 1,000 (1997)
Korea, North: 1.2 million (1997)
Korea, South: 15.9 million (1997)
Kuwait: 875,000 (1997)
Kyrgyzstan: 210,000 (1997)
Laos: 52,000 (1997)
Latvia: 1.22 million (1997)
Lebanon: 1.18 million (1997)
Lesotho: 54,000 (1997)
Liberia: 70,000 (1997)
Libya: 730,000 (1997)
Liechtenstein: 12,000 (1997)
Lithuania: 1.7 million (1997)
Luxembourg: 285,000 (1998 est.)
Macau: 49,000 (1997)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 510,000 (1997)
Madagascar: 325,000 (1997)
Malawi: 0 (1999)
Malaysia: 10.8 million (1999)
Maldives: 10,000 (1999)
Mali: 45,000 (1997)
Malta: 280,000 (1997)
Man, Isle of: 27,490 (1999)
Marshall Islands: NA
Martinique: 66,000 (1997)
Mauritania: 87,000 (1998)
Mauritius: 258,000 (1997)
Mayotte: 3,500 (1994)
Mexico: 25.6 million (1997)
Micronesia, Federated States of: NA
Moldova: 1.26 million (1997)
Monaco: 25,000 (1997)
Mongolia: 168,800 (1999)
Montserrat: 3,000 (1997)
Morocco: 3.1 million (1997)
Mozambique: 67,600 (2000)
Namibia: 60,000 (1997)
Nauru: 500 (1997)
Nepal: 130,000 (1997)
Netherlands: 8.1 million (1997)
Netherlands Antilles: 69,000 (1997)
New Caledonia: 52,000 (1997)
New Zealand: 1.926 million (1997)
Nicaragua: 320,000 (1997)
Niger: 125,000 (1997)
Nigeria: 6.9 million (1997)
Niue: NA
Norfolk Island: 1,200 (1996)
Northern Mariana Islands: NA
Norway: 2.03 million (1997)
Oman: 1.6 million (1997)
Pakistan: 3.1 million (1997)
Palau: 11,000 (1997)
Panama: 510,000 (1997)
Papua New Guinea: 42,000 (1997)
Paraguay: 990,000 (2001)
Peru: 3.06 million (1997)
Philippines: 3.7 million (1997)
Pitcairn Islands: NA
Poland: 13.05 million (1997)
Portugal: 3.31 million (1997)
Puerto Rico: 1.021 million (1997)
Qatar: 230,000 (1997)
Reunion: 127,000 (1997)
Romania: 5.25 million (1997)
Russia: 60.5 million (1997)
Rwanda: NA; probably less than 1,000 (1997)
Saint Helena: 2,000 (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 10,000 (1997)
Saint Lucia: 32,000 (1997)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 4,000 (1997)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18,000 (1997)
Samoa: 11,000 (1997)
San Marino: 9,000 (1997)
Sao Tome and Principe: 23,000 (1997)
Saudi Arabia: 5.1 million (1997)
Senegal: 361,000 (1997)
Seychelles: 11,000 (1997)
Sierra Leone: 53,000 (1997)
Singapore: 1.33 million (1997)
Slovakia: 2.62 million (1997)
Slovenia: 710,000 (1997)
Solomon Islands: 3,000 (1997)
Somalia: 135,000 (1997)
South Africa: 5.2 million (1997)
Spain: 16.2 million (1997)
Sri Lanka: 1.53 million (1997)
Sudan: 2.38 million (1997)
Suriname: 63,000 (1997)
Svalbard: NA
Swaziland: 21,000 (1997)
Sweden: 4.6 million (1997)
Switzerland: 3.31 million (1997)
Syria: 1.05 million (1997)
Tajikistan: 860,000 (1991)
Tanzania: 103,000 (1997)
Thailand: 15.19 million (1997)
Togo: 73,000 (1997)
Tokelau: NA
Tonga: 2,000 (1997)
Trinidad and Tobago: 425,000 (1997)
Tunisia: 920,000 (1997)
Turkey: 20.9 million (1997)
Turkmenistan: 820,000 (1997)
Turks and Caicos Islands: NA
Tuvalu: 800
Uganda: 315,000 (1997)
Ukraine: 18.05 million (1997)
United Arab Emirates: 310,000 (1997)
United Kingdom: 30.5 million (1997)
United States: 219 million (1997)
Uruguay: 782,000 (1997)
Uzbekistan: 6.4 million (1997)
Vanuatu: 2,000 (1997)
Venezuela: 4.1 million (1997)
Vietnam: 3.57 million (1997)
Virgin Islands: 68,000 (1997)
Wallis and Futuna: NA
West Bank: NA; note - many Palestinian households have televisions (1999)
Western Sahara: 6,000 (1997)
World: NA
Yemen: 470,000 (1997)
Yugoslavia: 2.75 million (1997)
Zambia: 277,000 (1997)
Zimbabwe: 370,000 (1997)
Taiwan: 8.8 million (1998)
======================================================================
@Terrain
Afghanistan: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
Albania: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
Algeria: mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
American Samoa: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)
Andorra: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
Angola: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
Anguilla: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
Antarctica: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 5,140 meters; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent
Antigua and Barbuda: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas
Arctic Ocean: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)
Argentina: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border
Armenia: Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
Aruba: flat with a few hills; scant vegetation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: low with sand and coral
Atlantic Ocean: surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm-water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm-water gyre in the southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin
Australia: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Austria: in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping
Azerbaijan: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea
Bahamas, The: long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills
Bahrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
Baker Island: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
Bangladesh: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast
Barbados: relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region
Bassas da India: volcanic rock
Belarus: generally flat and contains much marshland
Belgium: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast
Belize: flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south
Benin: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains
Bermuda: low hills separated by fertile depressions
Bhutan: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
Bolivia: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
Bosnia and Herzegovina: mountains and valleys
Botswana: predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
Bouvet Island: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 m; coast is mostly inaccessible
Brazil: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
British Indian Ocean Territory: flat and low (most areas do not exceed four meters in elevation)
British Virgin Islands: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly
Brunei: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west
Bulgaria: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast
Burkina Faso: mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast
Burma: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Burundi: hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
Cambodia: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Cameroon: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north
Canada: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
Cape Verde: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
Cayman Islands: low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs
Central African Republic: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest
Chad: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
Chile: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east
China: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east
Christmas Island: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau
Clipperton Island: coral atoll
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: flat, low-lying coral atolls
Colombia: flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains
Comoros: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east
Congo, Republic of the: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin
Cook Islands: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south
Coral Sea Islands: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)
Costa Rica: coastal plains separated by rugged mountains
Cote d'Ivoire: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest
Croatia: geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands
Cuba: mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast
Cyprus: central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast
Czech Republic: Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country
Denmark: low and flat to gently rolling plains
Djibouti: coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
Dominica: rugged mountains of volcanic origin
Dominican Republic: rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed
Ecuador: coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)
Egypt: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
El Salvador: mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau
Equatorial Guinea: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic
Eritrea: dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains
Estonia: marshy, lowlands
Ethiopia: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley
Europa Island: low and flat
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains
Faroe Islands: rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast
Fiji: mostly mountains of volcanic origin
Finland: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
France: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east
French Guiana: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains
French Polynesia: mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: volcanic
Gabon: narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south
Gambia, The: flood plain of the Gambia river flanked by some low hills
Gaza Strip: flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain
Georgia: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
Germany: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
Ghana: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
Gibraltar: a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar
Glorioso Islands: low and flat
Greece: mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands
Greenland: flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast
Grenada: volcanic in origin with central mountains
Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin
Guam: volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in south
Guatemala: mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau (Peten)
Guernsey: mostly level with low hills in southwest
Guinea: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior
Guinea-Bissau: mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east
Guyana: mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south
Haiti: mostly rough and mountainous
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with a quiescent volcano; McDonald Islands - small and rocky
Holy See (Vatican City): low hill
Honduras: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains
Hong Kong: hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north
Howland Island: low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef; depressed central area
Hungary: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
Iceland: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
India: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Indian Ocean: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Indonesia: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Iran: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
Iraq: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Ireland: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
Israel: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley
Italy: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
Jamaica: mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
Jan Mayen: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers
Japan: mostly rugged and mountainous
Jarvis Island: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
Jersey: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast
Johnston Atoll: mostly flat
Jordan: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River
Juan de Nova Island: low and flat
Kazakhstan: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Kenya: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Kingman Reef: low and nearly level
Kiribati: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs
Korea, North: mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east
Korea, South: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south
Kuwait: flat to slightly undulating desert plain
Kyrgyzstan: peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins encompass entire nation
Laos: mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus
Latvia: low plain
Lebanon: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Lesotho: mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains
Liberia: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast
Libya: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
Liechtenstein: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
Lithuania: lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil
Luxembourg: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
Macau: generally flat
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River
Madagascar: narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
Malawi: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains
Malaysia: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
Maldives: flat, with white sandy beaches
Mali: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
Malta: mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs
Man, Isle of: hills in north and south bisected by central valley
Marshall Islands: low coral limestone and sand islands
Martinique: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano
Mauritania: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills
Mauritius: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau
Mayotte: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks
Mexico: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert
Micronesia, Federated States of: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
Midway Islands: low, nearly level
Moldova: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Monaco: hilly, rugged, rocky
Mongolia: vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Montserrat: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Morocco: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains
Mozambique: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
Namibia: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
Nauru: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center
Navassa Island: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 m high)
Nepal: Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north
Netherlands: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast
Netherlands Antilles: generally hilly, volcanic interiors
New Caledonia: coastal plains with interior mountains
New Zealand: predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains
Nicaragua: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
Niger: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north
Nigeria: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north
Niue: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
Norfolk Island: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains
Northern Mariana Islands: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic
Norway: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north
Oman: central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
Pacific Ocean: surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest
Pakistan: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west
Palau: varying geologically from the high, mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs
Palmyra Atoll: very low
Panama: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
Papua New Guinea: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
Paracel Islands: mostly low and flat
Paraguay: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere
Peru: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Philippines: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
Pitcairn Islands: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
Poland: mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Portugal: mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south
Puerto Rico: mostly mountains, with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas
Qatar: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
Reunion: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
Romania: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Russia: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Rwanda: mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east
Saint Helena: Saint Helena - rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
note: the other islands of the group have a volcanic origin
Saint Kitts and Nevis: volcanic with mountainous interiors
Saint Lucia: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: mostly barren rock
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: volcanic, mountainous
Samoa: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior
San Marino: rugged mountains
Sao Tome and Principe: volcanic, mountainous
Saudi Arabia: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Senegal: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Seychelles: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Sierra Leone: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east
Singapore: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve
Slovakia: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south
Slovenia: a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east
Solomon Islands: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
Somalia: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
South Africa: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoes
Southern Ocean: the Southern Ocean is deep, 4,000 to 5,000 meters over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water; the Antarctic continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep - its edge lying at depths of 400 to 800 meters (the global mean is 133 meters); the Antarctic icepack grows from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometers in March to about 18.8 million square kilometers in September, better than a sixfold increase in area; the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (21,000 km in length) moves perpetually eastward; it is the world's largest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers
Spain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north
Spratly Islands: flat
Sri Lanka: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior
Sudan: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west
Suriname: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps
Svalbard: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and north coasts
Swaziland: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
Sweden: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
Switzerland: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes
Syria: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west
Tajikistan: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Tanzania: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
Thailand: central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere
Togo: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Tokelau: low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Tonga: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Trinidad and Tobago: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
Tromelin Island: low, flat, and sandy
Tunisia: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
Turkey: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
Turkmenistan: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Turks and Caicos Islands: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
Tuvalu: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
Uganda: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
Ukraine: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
United Arab Emirates: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
United Kingdom: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast
United States: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii
Uruguay: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
Uzbekistan: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Sirdaryo (Syr Darya), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Vanuatu: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
Venezuela: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Vietnam: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Virgin Islands: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land
Wake Island: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim
Wallis and Futuna: volcanic origin; low hills
West Bank: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east
Western Sahara: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast
World: the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in the Pacific Ocean
Yemen: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula
Yugoslavia: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
Zambia: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
Zimbabwe: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east
Taiwan: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west
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@Total fertility rate
Afghanistan: 5.79 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Albania: 2.32 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Algeria: 2.72 children born/woman (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 3.5 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Andorra: 1.25 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Angola: 6.48 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 1.79 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: 2.31 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Argentina: 2.44 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Armenia: 1.5 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Aruba: 1.8 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Australia: 1.77 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Austria: 1.39 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: 2.24 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: 2.3 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 2.79 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: 2.78 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Barbados: 1.64 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Belarus: 1.28 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Belgium: 1.61 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Belize: 4.05 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Benin: 6.23 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 1.81 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 5.07 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bolivia: 3.51 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1.71 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Botswana: 3.7 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Brazil: 2.09 children born/woman (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 1.72 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Brunei: 2.44 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: 1.13 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: 6.35 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Burma: 2.3 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Burundi: 6.16 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 4.74 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 4.8 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Canada: 1.6 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: 4.05 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 2.04 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Central African Republic: 4.86 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Chad: 6.56 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Chile: 2.16 children born/woman (2001 est.)
China: 1.82 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA children born/woman
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA children born/woman
Colombia: 2.66 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Comoros: 5.32 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 6.84 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: 5 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 2.47 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 5.7 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Croatia: 1.94 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cuba: 1.6 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 1.93 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 1.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Denmark: 1.73 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 5.72 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Dominica: 2.03 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: 2.97 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Ecuador: 3.12 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Egypt: 3.07 children born/woman (2001 est.)
El Salvador: 3.34 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: 4.88 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 5.87 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Estonia: 1.21 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 7 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA children born/woman
Faroe Islands: 2.3 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Fiji: 2.86 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Finland: 1.7 children born/woman (2001 est.)
France: 1.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 3.17 children born/woman (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 2.23 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Gabon: 3.69 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 5.68 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 6.42 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Georgia: 1.45 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Germany: 1.38 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Ghana: 3.82 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: 1.64 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Greece: 1.33 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Greenland: 2.44 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Grenada: 2.54 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: 1.93 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guam: 3.85 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guatemala: 4.58 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 1.36 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guinea: 5.39 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: 5.2 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Guyana: 2.1 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Haiti: 4.4 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Honduras: 4.15 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 1.29 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Hungary: 1.25 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Iceland: 2.01 children born/woman (2001 est.)
India: 3.04 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 2.58 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Iran: 2.02 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Iraq: 4.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Ireland: 1.9 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Israel: 2.57 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Italy: 1.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Jamaica: 2.08 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Japan: 1.41 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Jersey: 1.56 children born/woman (2001 est.)