Introductory material (continued 40)

South Africa: South Africa is a middle-income, developing country with an abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange that ranks among the 10 largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region. However, growth has not been strong enough to cut into the 30% unemployment, and daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era, especially the problems of poverty and lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups. Other problems are crime, corruption, and HIV/AIDS. At the start of 2000, President MBEKI vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment, and to reduce poverty by relaxing restrictive labor laws, stepping up the pace of privatization, and cutting unneeded governmental spending.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK.

Southern Ocean: Fisheries in 1998-99 (1 July to 30 June) landed 119,898 metric tons, of which 85% was krill and 14% Patagonian toothfish. International agreements were adopted in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 1998-99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery. In the 1999-2000 antarctic summer 13,193 tourists, most of them seaborne, visited the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, compared to 10,013 the previous year. Nearly 16,000 tourists are expected during the 2000-01 season.

Spain: Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. Its center-right government successfully worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European single currency on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR administration has continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and has introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment has been steadily falling under the AZNAR administration but remains the highest in the EU at 14%. The government intends to make further progress in changing labor laws and reforming pension schemes, which are key to the sustainability of both Spain's internal economic advances and its competitiveness in a single currency area. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic policies of an integrated Europe - and further reducing unemployment - will pose challenges to Spain in the next few years.

Spratly Islands: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.

Sri Lanka: In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an annual average rate of 5.5% throughout the 1990s until a drought and a deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The economy rebounded in 1997-98 with growth of 6.4% and 4.7% - but slowed to 4.3% in 1999. Growth increased to 5.6% in 2000, with growth in tourism and exports leading the way. But a resurgence of civil war between the Sinhalese and the minority Tamils and a possible slowdown in tourism dampen prospects for 2001. For the next round of reforms, the central bank of Sri Lanka recommends that Colombo expand market mechanisms in nonplantation agriculture, dismantle the government's monopoly on wheat imports, and promote more competition in the financial sector.

Sudan: Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic instability, adverse weather, weak world agricultural prices, a drop in remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture (which employs 80% of the work force), trading, and light industry which is mostly processing of agricultural goods. Most of the 1990s were characterized by sluggish economic growth as the IMF suspended lending, declared Sudan a non-cooperative state, and threatened to expel Sudan from the IMF. Starting in 1997, Sudan began implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms which have successfully stabilized inflation at 10% or less. Sudan continues to have limited international credit resources as over 75% of Sudan's debt of $24.9 billion is in arrears and Khartoum's continued prosecution of the civil war works to isolate Sudan. In 1999, Sudan began exporting oil and in 1999-2000 had recorded its first trade surpluses. Current oil production stands at 185,000 barrels per day, of which about 70% is exported and the rest refined for domestic consumption. Despite its many infrastructure problems, Sudan's increased oil production, the return of regular rainfall, and recent investments in irrigation schemes should allow the country to achieve economic growth of 6% in 2001.

Suriname: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for more than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings. After assuming power in the fall of 1996, the WIJDENBOSCH government ended the structural adjustment program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer elements of society. Tax revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of 1997, the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth slowed in 1998, with decline in the mining, construction, and utility sectors. Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated civil service, and reduced foreign aid in 1999 contributed to the fiscal deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in inflation and exchange rate depreciation. Suriname's economic prospects for the medium term will depend on renewed commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. The new government of Ronald VENETIAAN has begun an austerity program, raised taxes, and attempted to control spending. the exchange rate has responded by stabilizing. The Dutch Government has restarted the aid flow, which will allow Suriname to access international development financing.

Svalbard: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.

Swaziland: In this small landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture occupies more than 60% of the population. Manufacturing features a number of agroprocessing factories. Mining has declined in importance in recent years: diamond mines have shut down because of the depletion of easily accessible reserves; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted by 1978; and health concerns have cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of soft drink concentrate, sugar, and wood pulp are the main earners of hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa from which it receives four-fifths of its imports and to which it sends two-thirds of its exports. Remittances from the Southern African Customs Union and Swazi workers in South African mines substantially supplement domestically earned income. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign investment. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and sometimes floods persist as problems for the future. Prospects for 2001 are strengthened by government millennium projects for a new convention center, additional hotels, an amusement park, a new airport, and stepped-up roadbuilding and factory construction plans.

Sweden: Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole twentieth century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and 2% of the jobs. In recent years, however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been somewhat clouded by budgetary difficulties, high unemployment, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. Sweden has harmonized its economic policies with those of the EU, which it joined at the start of 1995. GDP growth is forecast for 4% in 2001.

Switzerland: Switzerland, a prosperous and stable modern market economy with a per capita GDP 20% above that of the big western European economies, experienced solid growth of 3% in 2000, but growth is expected to fall back to about 2% in 2001. The Swiss in recent years have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their international competitiveness. Although the Swiss are not pursuing full EU membership in the near term, in 1999 Bern and Brussels signed agreements to further liberalize trade ties, and the agreements should come into force in 2001. Switzerland is still considered a safe haven for investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and has kept up the franc's long-term external value.

Syria: Syria's predominantly statist economy is on a shaky footing because of Damascus's failure to implement extensive economic reform. The dominant agricultural sector remains underdeveloped, with roughly 80% of agricultural land still dependent on rain-fed sources. Although Syria has sufficient water supplies in the aggregate at normal levels of precipitation, the great distance between major water supplies and population centers poses serious distribution problems. The water problem is exacerbated by rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and increased water pollution. Private investment is critical to the modernization of the agricultural, energy, and export sectors. Oil production is leveling off, and the efforts of the nonoil sector to penetrate international markets have fallen short. Syria's inadequate infrastructure, outmoded technological base, and weak educational system make it vulnerable to future shocks and hamper competition with neighbors such as Jordan and Israel. The government recognizes the need to open the economy to additional domestic and foreign investment.

Tajikistan: Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15 former Soviet republics. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The Tajikistani economy has been gravely weakened by six years of civil conflict and by the loss of subsidies from Moscow and of markets for its products. Most of its people live in abject poverty. Tajikistan depends on aid from Russia and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. The future of Tajikistan's economy and the potential for attracting foreign investment depend upon stability and continued progress in the peace process.

Tanzania: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for half of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-2000 featured a pick up in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Natural gas exploration in the Rufiji Delta looks promising and production could start by 2002. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and investment. Continued donor support and solid macroeconomic policies should allow Tanzania to achieve real GDP growth of 6% in 2001 and in 2002.

Thailand: After enjoying the world's highest growth rate from 1985 to 1995 - averaging almost 9% annually - increased speculative pressure on Thailand's currency in 1997 led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the government to float the baht. Long pegged at 25 to the dollar, the baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.2% that same year. Thailand entered a recovery stage in 1999, expanding 4.2% and grew about the same amount in 2000, largely due to strong exports - which increased about 20% in 2000. An ailing financial sector and the slow pace of corporate debt restructuring, combined with a softening of global demand, is likely to slow growth in 2001.

Togo: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Together, cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate some 40% of export earnings, with cotton being the most significant cash crop despite falling prices on the world market. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity. Togo is the world's fourth largest producer, and geological advantages keep production costs low. The recently privatized mining operation, Office Togolais des Phosphates (OTP), is slowly recovering from a steep fall in prices in the early 1990's, but continues to face the challenge of tough foreign competition, exacerbated by weakening demand. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. It continues to expand its duty-free export-processing zone (EPZ), launched in 1989, which has attracted enterprises from France, Italy, Scandinavia, the US, India, and China and created jobs for Togolese nationals. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress towards legislative elections, and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of foreign aid, deterioration of the financial sector, energy shortages, and depressed commodity prices continue to constrain economic growth; however, Togo did realize a 3% gain in GDP in 1999. The takeover of the national power company by a Franco-Canadian consortium in 2000 should ease the energy crisis and if successful legislative elections pave the way for increased aid, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2001-02.

Tokelau: Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.

Tonga: Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services.

Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for international businesses. Successful economic reforms were implemented in 1995, and foreign investment and trade are flourishing. Persistently high unemployment remains one of the chief challenges of the government. The petrochemical sector has spurred growth in other related sectors, reinforcing the government's commitment to economic diversification. Tourism is growing, especially in the pleasure boat sector. New investment and construction also will continue to drive the economy.

Tromelin Island: no economic activity

Tunisia: Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.5% in the past four years, and inflation is slowing. Growth in tourism and increased trade have been key elements in this steady growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union entered into force on 1 March 1998, the first such accord between the EU and Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the challenges for the future.

Turkey: Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with traditional agriculture that still accounts for nearly 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest exporter - is textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands. In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in most years, but this strong expansion was interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994 and 1999. Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which now account for more than 40% of central government spending - while inflation has remained in the high double digit range. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion annually. Prospects for the future are improving, however, because the ECEVIT government since June 1999 has been implementing an IMF-backed reform program, including a tighter budget, social security reform, banking reorganization, and accelerated privatization. As a result, the fiscal situation is greatly improved and inflation has dropped below 40% - the lowest rate since 1987. The country experienced a financial crisis in late 2000, including sharp drops in the stock market and foreign exchange reserves, but is recovering rapidly, thanks to additional IMF support and the government's commitment to a specific timetable of economic reforms.

Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth largest reserves in the world) and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. With an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In 1998-2000, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose sharply because of higher international oil and gas prices. Prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty and the burden of foreign debt. IMF assistance would seem to be necessary, yet the government is not as yet ready to accept IMF requirements. Turkmenistan's 1999 deal to ship 20 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas through Russia's Gazprom pipeline helped alleviate the 2000 fiscal shortfall. Inadequate fiscal restraint and the tenuous nature of Turkmenistan's 2001 gas deals, combined with a lack of economic reform, will limit progress in the near term.

Turks and Caicos Islands: The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most capital goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US was the leading source of tourists in 1996, accounting for more than half of the 87,000 visitors; tourist arrivals had risen to 93,000 by 1998. Major sources of government revenue include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts.

Tuvalu: Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund has grown from an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu, with 1999 payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries at about $9 million, a total which is expected to rise annually. In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the sale of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new technology sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next decade. In 1999, with merchandise exports falling and financing reaching less than 5% of imports, continued reliance was placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and investment income from overseas assets to cover the trade deficit.

Uganda: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-2000, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Ongoing Ugandan involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, corruption within the government, and slippage in the government's determination to press reforms raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth. In 2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced HIPC debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original Highly Indebted Poor Countries HIPC debt relief add up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001 should be somewhat lower than in 2000, because of a decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's principal export.

Ukraine: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements. Shortly after independence in late 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output in 1992-99 fell to less than 40% the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Now in his second term, President KUCHMA has pledged to reduce the number of government agencies and streamline the regulation process, create a legal environment to encourage entrepreneurs and protect ownership rights, and enact a comprehensive tax overhaul. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms and have threatened to withdraw financial support. GDP in 2000 showed strong export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence - and industrial production grew 12.9%. As the capacity for further export-based economic expansion diminishes, GDP growth in 2001 is likely to decline to around 3%.

United Arab Emirates: The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is based on oil and gas output (about 33% of GDP), and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, oil and gas reserves should last for more than 100 years. Despite higher oil revenues in 1999-2000, the government has not drawn back from the economic reforms implemented during the 1998 oil price depression. The government has increased spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening up its utilities to greater private-sector involvement.

United Kingdom: The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, deploys an essentially capitalistic economy, one of the quartet of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the past two decades the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. The economy has grown steadily, at just above or below 3%, for the last several years. The BLAIR government has put off the question of participation in the euro system until after the next election, in June of 2001; Chancellor of the Exchequer BROWN has identified some key economic tests to determine whether the UK should join the common currency system, but it will largely be a political decision. A serious short-term problem is foot-and-mouth disease, which by early 2001 had broken out in nearly 600 farms and slaughterhouses and had resulted in the killing of 400,000 animals.

United States: The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $36,200. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and government buys needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy considerably greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, lay off surplus workers, and develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to entry in their rivals' home markets than the barriers to entry of foreign firms in US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment, although their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. The years 1994-2000 witnessed solid increases in real output, low inflation rates, and a drop in unemployment to below 5%. Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs of an aging population, sizable trade deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. Growth weakened in the fourth quarter of 2000; growth for the year 2001 almost certainly will be substantially lower than the strong 5% of 2000. The outlook for 2001 is further clouded by the continued economic problems of Japan, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, and many other countries.

Uruguay: Uruguay's economy is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, relatively even income distribution, and high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-98, in 1999-2000 the economy suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together account for about half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more stable than those of its neighbors, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating - one of only two in Latin America. Challenges for the government of President Jorge BATLLE include expanding Uruguay's trade ties beyond its MERCOSUR trade partners and reducing the costs of public services. GDP fell by 1.1% in 2000 and will grow by perhaps 1.5% in 2001.

Uzbekistan: Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 10% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the world's third largest cotton exporter, a large producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery. Following independence in December 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Faced with high rates of inflation, however, the government began to reform in mid-1994, by introducing tighter monetary policies, expanding privatization, slightly reducing the role of the state in the economy, and improving the environment for foreign investors. The state continues to be a dominating influence in the economy and has so far failed to bring about much-needed structural changes. The IMF suspended Uzbekistan's $185 million standby arrangement in late 1996 because of governmental steps that made impossible fulfillment of Fund conditions. Uzbekistan has responded to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial crises by tightening export and currency controls within its already largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign investment are a major factor in the economy's stagnation. A growing debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led to stagnant growth in 2000, with little improvement predicted for 2001.

Vanuatu: The economy is based primarily on subsistence or small-scale agriculture which provides a living for 65% of the population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with about 50,000 visitors in 1997, are other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main markets and between constituent islands. The most recent natural disaster, a severe earthquake in November 1999 followed by a tsunami, caused extensive damage to the northern island of Pentecote and left thousands homeless. GDP growth has risen less than 3% on average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the government is moving to tighten regulation of its offshore financial center.

Venezuela: The petroleum sector dominates the economy, accounting for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more than half of government operating revenues. Venezuelan officials estimate that GDP grew by 3.2% in 2000. A strong rebound in international oil prices fueled the recovery from the steep recession in 1999. Nevertheless, a weak nonoil sector and capital flight undercut the recovery. The bolivar is widely believed to be overvalued by as much as 50%. The government is still rebuilding after massive flooding and landslides in December 1999 caused an estimated $15 billion to $20 billion in damage.

Vietnam: Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 in moving forward from an extremely low starting point - growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems existing in the Vietnamese economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the government's belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads to disaster. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth continued at the moderately strong level of 5.5%, a level that should be matched in 2001. These numbers mask some major difficulties in economic performance. Many domestic industries, including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have reported large stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more efficient foreign producers; this problem apparently eased in 2000. Foreign direct investment fell dramatically, from $8.3 billion in 1996 to about $1.6 billion in 1999. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have moved slowly in implementing the structural reforms needed to revitalize the economy and produce more competitive, export-driven industries.

Virgin Islands: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The islands normally host 2 million visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food being imported. International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are subject to substantial damage from storms. The government is working to improve fiscal discipline, support construction projects in the private sector, expand tourist facilities, and protect the environment.

Wake Island: Economic activity is limited to providing services to contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna: The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank: Economic output in the West Bank is governed by the Paris Economic Protocol of April 1994 between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Real per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) declined by 36.1% between 1992 and 1996 owing to the combined effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid population growth. The downturn in economic activity was largely the result of Israeli closure policies - the imposition of border closures in response to security incidents in Israel - which disrupted established labor and commodity market relationships between Israel and the WBGS. The most serious social effect of this downturn was rising unemployment; unemployment in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by 1995 it had risen to over 20%. Since 1997 Israel's use of comprehensive closures has decreased and, in 1998, Israel implemented new policies to reduce the impact of closures and other security procedures on the movement of Palestinian goods and labor. These changes fueled an almost three-year long economic recovery in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; real GDP grew by 5% in 1998 and 6% in 1999. Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with the outbreak of Palestinian violence, which triggered tight Israeli closures of Palestinian self-rule areas and a severe disruption of trade and labor movements.

Western Sahara: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and lacking sufficient rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of living are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World: Growth in global output (gross world product, GWP) rose to 4.8% in 2000 from 3.5% in 1999, despite continued low growth in Japan, severe financial difficulties in other East Asian countries, and widespread dislocations in several transition economies. The US economy continued its remarkable sustained prosperity, growing at 5% in 2000, although growth slowed in fourth quarter 2000; the US accounted for 23% of GWP. The EU economies grew at 3.3% and produced 20% of GWP. China, the second largest economy in the world, continued its strong growth and accounted for 10% of GWP. Japan grew at only 1.3% in 2000; its share in GWP is 7%. As usual, the 15 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations experienced widely different rates of growth. The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that eat up gains in output. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, and in Canada. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. Continued financial difficulties in East Asia, Russia, and many African nations, as well as the slowdown in US economic growth, cast a shadow over short-term global economic prospects; GWP probably will grow at 3-4% in 2001. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses serious economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. (For specific economic developments in each country of the world in 2000, see the individual country entries.)

Yemen: Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in 1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and implement additional components of the IMF program. A high population growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political dissension complicate the government's task.

Yugoslavia: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 was followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output in Yugoslavia dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to problems. All sanctions now have been lifted. Yugoslavia is in the first stage of economic reform. Severe electricity shortages are chronic, the result of lack of investment by former regimes, depleted hydropower reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds. GDP growth in 2000 was perhaps 15%, which made up for a large part of the 20% decline of 1999.

Zambia: Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's economy has a long way to go. Privatization of government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth. In late 2000, Zambia was determined to be eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Inflation and unemployment rates remain high, but the GDP growth rate should rise in 2001.

Zimbabwe: The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier moves to develop a market-oriented economy. Its involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, has already drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in part because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999 and 60% in 2000. The economy is being steadily weakened by excessive government deficits and AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection in the world. Per capita GDP, which is twice the average of the poorer sub-Saharan nations, will increase little if any in the near-term, and Zimbabwe will suffer continued frustrations in developing its agricultural and mineral resources.

Taiwan: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have grown even faster and have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are low; the trade surplus is substantial; and foreign reserves are the world's fourth largest. Agriculture contributes 3% to GDP, down from 35% in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of labor markets has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998-99. Growth in 2001 will depend largely on conditions in Taiwan's export markets and may be about 5%.

======================================================================

@Electricity - consumption

Afghanistan: 480.6 million kWh (1999)

Albania: 5.379 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria: 21.613 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa: 120.9 million kWh (1999)

Andorra: NA kWh

Angola: 1.372 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla: NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda: 88.4 million kWh (1999)

Argentina: 77.111 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia: 6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba: 418.5 million kWh (1999)

Australia: 178.306 billion kWh (1999)

Austria: 53.231 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan: 15.432 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The: 1.362 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain: 5.752 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh: 11.216 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados: 667.7 million kWh (1999)

Belarus: 27.647 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium: 75.089 billion kWh (1999)

Belize: 172.1 million kWh (1999)

Benin: 510.2 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda: 511.5 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan: 191.1 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia: 3.377 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2.684 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana: 1.517 billion kWh (1999)

Brazil: 353.674 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory: NA kWh

British Virgin Islands: 39.1 million kWh (1999)

Brunei: 2.274 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria: 33.182 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso: 265.1 million kWh (1999)

Burma: 4.476 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi: 160.1 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia: 136.7 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon: 3.227 billion kWh (1999)

Canada: 497.532 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde: 37.2 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands: 306.9 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic: 94.9 million kWh (1999)

Chad: 83.7 million kWh (1999)

Chile: 35.426 billion kWh (1999)

China: 1.084 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island: NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA kWh

Colombia: 40.532 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros: 15.8 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 4.55 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: 406.9 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands: 19.5 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica: 5.303 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: 3.183 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia: 13.643 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba: 13.353 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus: 2.744 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic: 52.898 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark: 32.916 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti: 167.4 million kWh (1999)

Dominica: 57.7 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic: 6.78 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador: 9.386 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt: 60.157 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador: 3.638 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: 19.5 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea: 153.5 million kWh (1999)

Estonia: 6.807 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia: 1.511 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 11.2 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands: 158.1 million kWh (1999)

Fiji: 474.3 million kWh (1999)

Finland: 81.611 billion kWh (1999)

France: 398.752 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana: 409.2 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia: 399.9 million kWh (1999)

Gabon: 948.6 million kWh (1999)

Gambia, The: 69.8 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip: NA kWh

Georgia: 7.117 billion kWh (1999)

Germany: 495.181 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana: 5.573 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar: 88.4 million kWh (1999)

Greece: 43.343 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland: 232.5 million kWh (1999)

Grenada: 111.6 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe: 1.209 billion kWh (1999)

Guam: 744 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala: 3.295 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey: NA kWh

Guinea: 697.5 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: 51.2 million kWh (1999)

Guyana: 423.2 million kWh (1999)

Haiti: 625 million kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City): NA kWh

Honduras: 3.232 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong: 32.202 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary: 35.234 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland: 6.574 billion kWh (1999)

India: 424.032 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia: 73.167 billion kWh (1999)

Iran: 95.84 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq: 27.361 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland: 18.414 billion kWh (1999)

Israel: 31.899 billion kWh (1999)

Italy: 272.35 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica: 6.073 billion kWh (1999)

Japan: 947.038 billion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll: NA kWh

Jordan: 6.594 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan: 44.132 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya: 4.075 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati: 6.5 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North: 26.598 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South: 232.767 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait: 29.357 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: 10.236 billion kWh (1999)

Laos: 173.6 million kWh (1999)

Latvia: 4.316 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon: 7.86 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho: 55 million kWh (1999)

Liberia: 401.8 million kWh (1999)

Libya: 17.577 billion kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein: NA kWh

Lithuania: 9.817 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg: 6.149 billion kWh (1999)

Macau: 1.422 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 5.992 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar: 753.3 million kWh (1999)

Malawi: 950 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia: 54.872 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives: 93.9 million kWh (1999)

Mali: 413.9 million kWh (1999)

Malta: 1.534 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique: 1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania: 140.4 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius: 1.172 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte: NA kWh

Mexico: 170.754 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of: NA kWh

Moldova: 5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco: NA kWh

Mongolia: 2.767 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat: 9.3 million kWh (1999)

Morocco: 13.441 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique: 307 million kWh (1999)

Namibia: 1.948 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru: 27.9 million kWh (1999)

Nepal: 1.309 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands: 97.76 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: 1.032 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia: 1.414 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand: 35.295 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua: 2.265 billion kWh (1999)

Niger: 401 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria: 17.372 billion kWh (1999)

Niue: 2.8 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island: NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands: NA kWh

Norway: 110.795 billion kWh (1999)

Oman: 8.026 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan: 57.732 billion kWh (1999)

Panama: 4.049 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea: 1.693 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay: 1.915 billion kWh (1999)

Peru: 17.565 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines: 37.893 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands: NA kWh

Poland: 120.007 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal: 37.915 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico: 15.587 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar: 8.37 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion: 1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Romania: 44.768 billion kWh (1999)

Russia: 728.2 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda: 191.8 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena: 5.6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: 83.7 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia: 102.3 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 37.2 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 76.3 million kWh (1999)

Samoa: 93 million kWh (1999)

San Marino: NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe: 15.8 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia: 111.6 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal: 1.181 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles: 148.8 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone: 223.2 million kWh (1999)

Singapore: 25.464 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia: 21.471 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia: 10.024 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands: 27.9 million kWh (1999)

Somalia: 241.8 million kWh (1999)

South Africa: 172.393 billion kWh (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: NA kWh

Spain: 189.57 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka: 5.604 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan: 1.637 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname: 1.801 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard: NA kWh

Swaziland: 198 million kWh (1999)

Sweden: 128.819 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland: 51.862 billion kWh (1999)

Syria: 16.684 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan: 14.729 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania: 2.134 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand: 83.991 billion kWh (1999)

Togo: 511.6 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau: NA kWh

Tonga: 32.6 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: 4.557 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia: 8.677 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey: 119.5 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: 4.785 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 4.6 million kWh (1999)

Uganda: 1.06 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine: 146.675 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates: 34.131 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom: 333.012 billion kWh (1999)

United States: 3.45 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay: 5.89 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan: 43.455 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu: 32.6 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela: 75.53 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam: 21.376 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands: 948.6 million kWh (1999)

Wallis and Futuna: NA kWh

West Bank: NA kWh

Western Sahara: 83.7 million kWh (1999)

Yemen: 2.232 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia: 33.006 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia: 5.926 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe: 6.939 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan: 129.899 billion kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - exports

Afghanistan: 0 kWh (1999)

Albania: 100 million kWh (1999)

Algeria: 307 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa: 0 kWh (1999)

Andorra: NA kWh

Angola: 0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda: 0 kWh (1999)

Argentina: 1.08 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia: 0 kWh (1999)

Aruba: 0 kWh (1999)

Australia: 0 kWh (1999)

Austria: 13.507 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan: 600 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The: 0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain: 0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh: 0 kWh (1999)

Barbados: 0 kWh (1999)

Belarus: 2.62 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium: 8.207 billion kWh (1999)

Belize: 0 kWh (1999)

Benin: 0 kWh (1999)

Bermuda: 0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan: 1.55 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia: 4 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 150 million kWh (1999)

Botswana: 0 kWh (1999)

Brazil: 5 million kWh (1999)

British Virgin Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Brunei: 0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria: 2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso: 0 kWh (1999)

Burma: 0 kWh (1999)

Burundi: 0 kWh (1999)

Cambodia: 0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon: 0 kWh (1999)

Canada: 42.911 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde: 0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic: 0 kWh (1999)

Chad: 0 kWh (1999)

Chile: 0 kWh (1999)

China: 7.2 billion kWh (1999)

Colombia: 27 million kWh (1999)

Comoros: 0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 404 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: 0 kWh (1999)

Cook Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica: 165 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: 593 million kWh (1999)

Croatia: 1 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba: 0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus: 0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic: 18.744 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark: 7.28 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti: 0 kWh (1999)

Dominica: 0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic: 0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador: 0 kWh (1999)

Egypt: 0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador: 208 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea: 0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia: 530 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia: 0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Fiji: 0 kWh (1999)

Finland: 232 million kWh (1999)

France: 68.7 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana: 0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia: 0 kWh (1999)

Gabon: 0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The: 0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip: 0 kWh (1999)

Georgia: 850 million kWh (1999)

Germany: 39.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana: 400 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar: 0 kWh (1999)

Greece: 1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland: 0 kWh (1999)

Grenada: 0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe: 0 kWh (1999)

Guam: 0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala: 435 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey: NA kWh

Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: 0 kWh (1999)

Guyana: 0 kWh (1999)

Haiti: 0 kWh (1999)

Honduras: 0 kWh (1999)

Hong Kong: 633 million kWh (1999)

Hungary: 2.35 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland: 0 kWh (1999)

India: 200 million kWh (1999)

Indonesia: 0 kWh (1999)

Iran: 0 kWh (1999)

Iraq: 0 kWh (1999)

Ireland: 50 million kWh (1999)

Israel: 1.061 billion kWh (1999)

Italy: 530 million kWh (1999)

Jamaica: 0 kWh (1999)

Japan: 0 kWh (1999)

Jordan: 4 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan: 200 million kWh (1999)

Kenya: 0 kWh (1999)

Kiribati: 0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North: 0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South: 0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait: 0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: 2.02 billion kWh (1999)

Laos: 705 million kWh (1999)

Latvia: 400 million kWh (1999)

Lebanon: 0 kWh (1999)

Lesotho: 0 kWh (1999)

Liberia: 0 kWh (1999)

Libya: 0 kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein: NA kWh

Lithuania: 3.2 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg: 655 million kWh (1999)

Macau: 3 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 30 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar: 0 kWh (1999)

Malawi: 3 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia: 50 million kWh (1999)

Maldives: 0 kWh (1999)

Mali: 0 kWh (1999)

Malta: 0 kWh (1999)

Martinique: 0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania: 0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius: 0 kWh (1999)

Mexico: 11 million kWh (1999)

Moldova: 0 kWh (1999)

Mongolia: 80 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat: 0 kWh (1999)

Morocco: 0 kWh (1999)

Mozambique: 1.9 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia: 56 million kWh (1999)

Nauru: 0 kWh (1999)

Nepal: 68 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands: 3.97 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: 0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia: 0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand: 0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua: 20 million kWh (1999)

Niger: 0 kWh (1999)

Nigeria: 19 million kWh (1999)

Niue: 0 kWh (1999)

Norway: 8.28 billion kWh (1999)

Oman: 0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan: 0 kWh (1999)

Panama: 95 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay: 46.03 billion kWh (1999)

Peru: 0 kWh (1999)

Philippines: 0 kWh (1999)

Poland: 8.43 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal: 4.49 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico: 0 kWh (1999)

Qatar: 0 kWh (1999)

Reunion: 0 kWh (1999)

Romania: 1.935 billion kWh (1999)

Russia: 20 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda: 1 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 0 kWh (1999)

Samoa: 0 kWh (1999)

San Marino: 0 kWh

note: electric power supplied by Italy (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe: 0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia: 0 kWh (1999)

Senegal: 0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles: 0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone: 0 kWh (1999)

Singapore: 0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia: 930 million kWh (1999)

Slovenia: 2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Somalia: 0 kWh (1999)

South Africa: 3.884 billion kWh (1999)

Spain: 6.23 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka: 0 kWh (1999)

Sudan: 0 kWh (1999)

Suriname: 0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland: 852 million kWh (1999)

Sweden: 15.9 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland: 31.955 billion kWh (1999)

Syria: 0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan: 3.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania: 0 kWh (1999)

Thailand: 200 million kWh (1999)

Togo: 0 kWh (1999)

Tonga: 0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: 0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia: 19 million kWh (1999)

Turkey: 350 million kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: 4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Uganda: 174 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine: 2.3 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates: 0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom: 265 million kWh (1999)

United States: 14 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay: 215 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan: 3.92 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu: 0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela: 0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam: 0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Western Sahara: 0 kWh (1999)

Yemen: 0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia: 960 million kWh (1999)

Zambia: 1.6 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe: 0 kWh (1999)

Taiwan: 0 kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - imports

Afghanistan: 90 million kWh (1999)

Albania: 600 million kWh (2000)

Algeria: 330 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa: 0 kWh (1999)

Andorra: NA kWh

note: most electricity supplied by Spain and France; Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola: 0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda: 0 kWh (1999)

Argentina: 6.5 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia: 0 kWh (1999)

Aruba: 0 kWh (1999)

Australia: 0 kWh (1999)

Austria: 11.605 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan: 800 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The: 0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain: 0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh: 0 kWh (1999)

Barbados: 0 kWh (1999)

Belarus: 7.1 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium: 9.055 billion kWh (1999)

Belize: 0 kWh (1999)

Benin: 300 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda: 0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan: 15 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia: 10 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 430 million kWh (1999)

Botswana: 950 million kWh (1999)

Brazil: 39.86 billion kWh

note: supplied by Paraguay (1999)

British Virgin Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Brunei: 0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria: 1.7 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso: 0 kWh (1999)

Burma: 0 kWh (1999)

Burundi: 29 million kWh

note: supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999)

Cambodia: 0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon: 0 kWh (1999)

Canada: 12.953 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde: 0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic: 0 kWh (1999)

Chad: 0 kWh (1999)

Chile: 0 kWh (1999)

China: 90 million kWh (1999)

Colombia: 35 million kWh (1999)

Comoros: 0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 55 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: 126 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica: 69 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: 0 kWh (1999)

Croatia: 4.45 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba: 0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus: 0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic: 8.735 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark: 4.963 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti: 0 kWh (1999)

Dominica: 0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic: 0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador: 25 million kWh (1999)

Egypt: 0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador: 460 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea: 0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia: 100 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia: 0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Fiji: 0 kWh (1999)

Finland: 11.356 billion kWh (1999)

France: 5 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana: 0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia: 0 kWh (1999)

Gabon: 0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The: 0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip: NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia: 550 million kWh (1999)

Germany: 40.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana: 890 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar: 0 kWh (1999)

Greece: 1.811 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland: 0 kWh (1999)

Grenada: 0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe: 0 kWh (1999)

Guam: 0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala: 210 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey: NA kWh

Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: 0 kWh (1999)

Guyana: 0 kWh (1999)

Haiti: 0 kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City): NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras: 145 million kWh (1999)

Hong Kong: 7.05 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary: 3.406 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland: 0 kWh (1999)

India: 1.49 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia: 0 kWh (1999)

Iran: 0 kWh (1999)

Iraq: 0 kWh (1999)

Ireland: 290 million kWh (1999)

Israel: 4 million kWh (1999)

Italy: 42.539 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica: 0 kWh (1999)

Japan: 0 kWh (1999)

Jersey: NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France

Jordan: 407 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan: 3.077 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya: 146 million kWh (1999)

Kiribati: 0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North: 0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South: 0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait: 0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: 184 million kWh (1999)

Laos: 142 million kWh (1999)

Latvia: 1 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon: 654 million kWh (1999)

Lesotho: 55 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia: 0 kWh (1999)

Libya: 0 kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein: NA kWh

Lithuania: 400 million kWh (1999)

Luxembourg: 6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Macau: 165 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 75 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar: 0 kWh (1999)

Malawi: 0 kWh (1999)

Malaysia: 11 million kWh (1999)

Maldives: 0 kWh (1999)

Mali: 0 kWh (1999)

Malta: 0 kWh (1999)

Martinique: 0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania: 0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius: 0 kWh (1999)

Mexico: 1.047 billion kWh (1999)

Moldova: 1.916 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco: NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France (1999)

Mongolia: 363 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat: 0 kWh (1999)

Morocco: 705 million kWh (1999)

Mozambique: 68 million kWh (1999)

Namibia: 890 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Nauru: 0 kWh (1999)

Nepal: 210 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands: 22.407 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: 0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia: 0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand: 0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua: 100 million kWh (1999)

Niger: 215 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria: 0 kWh (1999)

Niue: 0 kWh (1999)

Norway: 6.467 billion kWh (1999)

Oman: 0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan: 0 kWh (1999)

Panama: 40 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea: 0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay: 0 kWh (1999)

Peru: 1 million kWh (1999)

Philippines: 0 kWh (1999)

Poland: 3.491 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal: 3.628 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico: 0 kWh (1999)

Qatar: 0 kWh (1999)

Reunion: 0 kWh (1999)

Romania: 1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Russia: 6 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda: 70 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 0 kWh (1999)

Samoa: 0 kWh (1999)

San Marino: NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by Italy

Sao Tome and Principe: 0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia: 0 kWh (1999)

Senegal: 0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles: 0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone: 0 kWh (1999)

Singapore: 0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia: 1.4 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia: 645 million kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Somalia: 0 kWh (1999)

South Africa: 2.457 billion kWh (1999)

Spain: 11.945 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka: 0 kWh (1999)

Sudan: 0 kWh (1999)

Suriname: 0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland: 701 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Sweden: 8.35 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland: 21.723 billion kWh (1999)

Syria: 0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan: 4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania: 43 million kWh (1999)

Thailand: 1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Togo: 426 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)

Tonga: 0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: 0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia: 165 million kWh (1999)

Turkey: 3.35 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: 1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

Uganda: 1 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine: 2.2 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates: 0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom: 14.5 billion kWh (1999)

United States: 43 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay: 800 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan: 7.5 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu: 0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela: 0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam: 0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands: 0 kWh (1999)

West Bank: NA kWh

Western Sahara: 0 kWh (1999)

Yemen: 0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia: 1.923 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia: 419 million kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe: 1.564 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan: 0 kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - production

Afghanistan: 420 million kWh (1999)

Albania: 5.332 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria: 23.215 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa: 130 million kWh (1999)

Angola: 1.475 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla: NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda: 95 million kWh (1999)

Argentina: 77.087 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia: 6.668 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba: 450 million kWh (1999)

Australia: 191.727 billion kWh (1999)

Austria: 59.283 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan: 16.378 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The: 1.465 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain: 6.185 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh: 12.06 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados: 718 million kWh (1999)

Belarus: 24.911 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium: 79.829 billion kWh (1999)

Belize: 185 million kWh (1999)

Benin: 226 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda: 550 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan: 1.856 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia: 3.625 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2.585 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana: 610 million kWh (1999)

Brazil: 337.44 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory: NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military

British Virgin Islands: 42 million kWh (1999)

Brunei: 2.445 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria: 36.217 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso: 285 million kWh (1999)

Burma: 4.813 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi: 141 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia: 147 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon: 3.47 billion kWh (1999)

Canada: 567.193 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde: 40 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands: 330 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic: 102 million kWh (1999)

Chad: 90 million kWh (1999)

Chile: 38.092 billion kWh (1999)

China: 1.173 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island: NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA kWh

Colombia: 43.574 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros: 17 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 5.268 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: 302 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands: 21 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica: 5.805 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: 4.06 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia: 10.96 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba: 14.358 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus: 2.951 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic: 67.642 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark: 37.885 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti: 180 million kWh (1999)

Dominica: 62 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic: 7.29 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador: 10.065 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt: 64.685 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador: 3.641 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: 21 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea: 165 million kWh (1999)

Estonia: 7.782 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia: 1.625 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 12 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands: 170 million kWh (1999)

Fiji: 510 million kWh (1999)

Finland: 75.792 billion kWh (1999)

France: 497.26 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana: 440 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia: 430 million kWh (1999)

Gabon: 1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Gambia, The: 75 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip: NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia: 7.975 billion kWh (1999)

Germany: 531.377 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana: 5.466 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar: 95 million kWh (1999)

Greece: 46.432 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland: 250 million kWh (1999)

Grenada: 120 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe: 1.3 billion kWh (1999)

Guam: 800 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala: 3.785 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey: NA kWh

Guinea: 750 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: 55 million kWh (1999)

Guyana: 455 million kWh (1999)

Haiti: 672 million kWh (1999)

Honduras: 3.319 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong: 27.726 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary: 36.75 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland: 7.069 billion kWh (1999)

India: 454.561 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia: 78.674 billion kWh (1999)

Iran: 103.054 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq: 29.42 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland: 19.542 billion kWh (1999)

Israel: 35.437 billion kWh (1999)

Italy: 247.679 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica: 6.53 billion kWh (1999)

Japan: 1.018 trillion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll: approximately 1,000,000 kWh weekly; note - there are six 25,000 kWh generators supplied by the base operating support contractor (1999)

Jordan: 6.657 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan: 44.36 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya: 4.225 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati: 7 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North: 28.6 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South: 250.287 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait: 31.567 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: 12.981 billion kWh (1999)

Laos: 792 million kWh (1999)

Latvia: 3.996 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon: 7.748 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho: 0 kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia: 432 million kWh (1999)

Libya: 18.9 billion kWh (1999)

Lithuania: 13.567 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg: 648 million kWh (1999)

Macau: 1.355 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 6.395 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar: 810 million kWh (1999)

Malawi: 1.025 billion kWh (1999)

Malaysia: 59.044 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives: 101 million kWh (1999)

Mali: 445 million kWh (1999)

Malta: 1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique: 1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania: 151 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius: 1.26 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte: NA kWh

Mexico: 182.492 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of: NA kWh

Moldova: 4.155 billion kWh (1999)

Mongolia: 2.671 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat: 10 million kWh (1999)

Morocco: 13.695 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique: 2.3 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia: 1.198 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru: 30 million kWh (1999)

Nepal: 1.255 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands: 85.294 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: 1.11 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia: 1.52 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand: 37.952 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua: 2.349 billion kWh (1999)

Niger: 200 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria: 18.7 billion kWh (1999)

Niue: 3 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island: NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands: NA kWh

Norway: 121.084 billion kWh (1999)

Oman: 8.63 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan: 62.078 billion kWh (1999)

Panama: 4.413 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea: 1.82 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay: 51.554 billion kWh (1999)

Peru: 18.886 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines: 40.745 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands: NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a small diesel-powered generator

Poland: 134.351 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal: 41.696 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico: 16.76 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar: 9 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion: 1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Romania: 49.036 billion kWh (1999)

Russia: 798.065 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda: 132 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena: 6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: 90 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia: 110 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 40 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 82 million kWh (1999)

Samoa: 100 million kWh (1999)

San Marino: NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe: 17 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia: 120 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal: 1.27 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles: 160 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone: 240 million kWh (1999)

Singapore: 27.381 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia: 22.582 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia: 12.451 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands: 30 million kWh (1999)

Somalia: 260 million kWh (1999)

South Africa: 186.903 billion kWh (1999)

Spain: 197.694 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka: 6.026 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan: 1.76 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname: 1.937 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard: NA kWh

Swaziland: 375 million kWh (1999)

Sweden: 146.633 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland: 66.768 billion kWh (1999)

Syria: 17.94 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan: 15.623 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania: 2.248 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand: 89.431 billion kWh (1999)

Togo: 92 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau: NA kWh

Tonga: 35 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: 4.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia: 9.173 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey: 125.3 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: 8.371 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 5 million kWh (1999)

Uganda: 1.326 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine: 157.823 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates: 36.7 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom: 342.771 billion kWh (1999)

United States: 3.678 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay: 5.704 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan: 42.876 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu: 35 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela: 81.215 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam: 22.985 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands: 1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Wake Island: NA kWh

Wallis and Futuna: NA kWh

West Bank: NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara: 90 million kWh (1999)

Yemen: 2.4 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia: 34.455 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia: 7.642 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe: 5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan: 139.676 billion kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - production by source

Afghanistan: fossil fuel: 35.71%

hydro: 64.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Albania: fossil fuel: 3.81%

hydro: 96.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Algeria: fossil fuel: 99.14%

hydro: 0.86%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

American Samoa: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Andorra: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Angola: fossil fuel: 32.2%

hydro: 67.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Anguilla: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Argentina: fossil fuel: 60.3%

hydro: 30.7%

nuclear: 8.75%

other: 0.25% (1999)

Armenia: fossil fuel: 45.56%

hydro: 23.25%

nuclear: 31.19%

other: 0% (1999)

Aruba: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Australia: fossil fuel: 89.93%

hydro: 8.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.71% (1999)

Austria: fossil fuel: 29.53%

hydro: 67.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Azerbaijan: fossil fuel: 86.46%

hydro: 13.54%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahamas, The: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahrain: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bangladesh: fossil fuel: 93.7%

hydro: 6.3%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Barbados: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belarus: fossil fuel: 99.9%

hydro: 0.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belgium: fossil fuel: 40.01%

hydro: 0.42%

nuclear: 58.33%

other: 1.24% (1999)

Belize: fossil fuel: 56.76%

hydro: 43.24%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Benin: fossil fuel: 24.78%

hydro: 75.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bermuda: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bhutan: fossil fuel: 0.05%

hydro: 99.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bolivia: fossil fuel: 56.61%

hydro: 41.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.79% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: fossil fuel: 38.68%

hydro: 61.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Botswana: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brazil: fossil fuel: 5.28%

hydro: 90.66%

nuclear: 1.12%

other: 2.94% (1999)

British Virgin Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brunei: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bulgaria: fossil fuel: 51.52%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 40.12%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Burkina Faso: fossil fuel: 71.93%

hydro: 28.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burma: fossil fuel: 68.56%

hydro: 31.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burundi: fossil fuel: 0.71%

hydro: 99.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cambodia: fossil fuel: 59.18%

hydro: 40.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cameroon: fossil fuel: 2.59%

hydro: 97.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Canada: fossil fuel: 26.38%

hydro: 60%

nuclear: 12.31%

other: 1.31% (1999)

Cape Verde: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cayman Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Central African Republic: fossil fuel: 20.59%

hydro: 79.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chad: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chile: fossil fuel: 61%

hydro: 35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 4% (1999)

China: fossil fuel: 79.82%

hydro: 18.98%

nuclear: 1.2%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Christmas Island: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Colombia: fossil fuel: 22.27%

hydro: 76.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.54% (1999)

Comoros: fossil fuel: 88.24%

hydro: 11.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: fossil fuel: 2.05%

hydro: 97.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: fossil fuel: 0.66%

hydro: 99.34%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cook Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Costa Rica: fossil fuel: 2.41%

hydro: 83.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 14.27% (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: fossil fuel: 75.37%

hydro: 24.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Croatia: fossil fuel: 40.89%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.11% (1999)

Cuba: fossil fuel: 94.2%

hydro: 0.7%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.1% (1999)

Cyprus: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Czech Republic: fossil fuel: 77.8%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 18.77%

other: 0% (2000)

Denmark: fossil fuel: 88.4%

hydro: 0.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 11.53% (1999)

Djibouti: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominica: fossil fuel: 48.39%

hydro: 51.61%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominican Republic: fossil fuel: 87.19%

hydro: 12.4%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Ecuador: fossil fuel: 29.51%

hydro: 70.49%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Egypt: fossil fuel: 76.59%

hydro: 23.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

El Salvador: fossil fuel: 45.65%

hydro: 41.01%

nuclear: 0%

other: 13.34% (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: fossil fuel: 85.71%

hydro: 14.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Eritrea: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Estonia: fossil fuel: 99.72%

hydro: 0.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.19% (1999)

Ethiopia: fossil fuel: 3.08%

hydro: 96.92%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Faroe Islands: fossil fuel: 58.82%

hydro: 41.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Fiji: fossil fuel: 17.65%

hydro: 82.35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Finland: fossil fuel: 41.88%

hydro: 16.77%

nuclear: 28.82%

other: 12.53% (1999)

France: fossil fuel: 9.69%

hydro: 14.39%

nuclear: 75.43%

other: 0.49% (1999)

French Guiana: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

French Polynesia: fossil fuel: 51.16%

hydro: 48.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gabon: fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gambia, The: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Georgia: fossil fuel: 20.38%

hydro: 79.62%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Germany: fossil fuel: 63.29%

hydro: 3.59%

nuclear: 30.3%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Ghana: fossil fuel: 26.82%

hydro: 73.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gibraltar: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Greece: fossil fuel: 89.6%

hydro: 9.72%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.68% (1999)

Greenland: fossil fuel: 41%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0%

note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil fuel to hydroelectric power production (1999)

Grenada: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guadeloupe: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guam: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guatemala: fossil fuel: 38.31%

hydro: 61.69%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guernsey: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Guinea: fossil fuel: 46.67%

hydro: 53.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guyana: fossil fuel: 98.9%

hydro: 1.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Haiti: fossil fuel: 52.83%

hydro: 47.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City): fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Honduras: fossil fuel: 44.71%

hydro: 55.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hong Kong: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hungary: fossil fuel: 61.09%

hydro: 0.51%

nuclear: 38.4%

other: 0% (1999)

Iceland: fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 84.64%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.29% (1999)

India: fossil fuel: 79.41%

hydro: 17.77%

nuclear: 2.52%

other: 0.3% (1999)

Indonesia: fossil fuel: 80.36%

hydro: 14.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.01% (1999)

Iran: fossil fuel: 93.16%

hydro: 6.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Iraq: fossil fuel: 97.96%

hydro: 2.04%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ireland: fossil fuel: 94.42%

hydro: 4.23%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.35% (1999)

Israel: fossil fuel: 99.89%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Italy: fossil fuel: 79.09%

hydro: 18.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.83% (1999)

Jamaica: fossil fuel: 92.28%

hydro: 1.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 6.36% (1999)

Japan: fossil fuel: 58.91%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 30.31%

other: 2.43% (1999)

Jordan: fossil fuel: 99.79%

hydro: 0.21%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kazakhstan: fossil fuel: 87.12%

hydro: 12.65%

nuclear: 0.23%

other: 0% (1999)

Kenya: fossil fuel: 31%

hydro: 67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2% (1999 est.)

Kiribati: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, North: fossil fuel: 34.62%

hydro: 65.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, South: fossil fuel: 59.22%

hydro: 1.64%

nuclear: 39.12%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Kuwait: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: fossil fuel: 6.67%

hydro: 93.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Laos: fossil fuel: 2.78%

hydro: 97.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Latvia: fossil fuel: 31.78%

hydro: 68.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lebanon: fossil fuel: 91.29%

hydro: 8.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lesotho: fossil fuel: 0%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liberia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Libya: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liechtenstein: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Lithuania: fossil fuel: 23.89%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 72.68%

other: 0% (1999)

Luxembourg: fossil fuel: 36.88%

hydro: 53.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 10.03% (1999)

Macau: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: fossil fuel: 82.25%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Madagascar: fossil fuel: 37.04%

hydro: 62.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malawi: fossil fuel: 2.44%

hydro: 97.56%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malaysia: fossil fuel: 91.61%

hydro: 8.39%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Maldives: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mali: fossil fuel: 44.94%

hydro: 55.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malta: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Marshall Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Martinique: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritania: fossil fuel: 82.78%

hydro: 17.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritius: fossil fuel: 91.27%

hydro: 8.73%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mayotte: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Mexico: fossil fuel: 74.12%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 5.21%

other: 2.92% (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Moldova: fossil fuel: 93.62%

hydro: 6.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mongolia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Montserrat: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Morocco: fossil fuel: 89.19%

hydro: 10.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mozambique: fossil fuel: 13.04%

hydro: 86.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Namibia: fossil fuel: 2%

hydro: 98%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nauru: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nepal: fossil fuel: 9.56%

hydro: 90.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Netherlands: fossil fuel: 90.25%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 4.27%

other: 5.37% (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Caledonia: fossil fuel: 78.95%

hydro: 21.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Zealand: fossil fuel: 30.49%

hydro: 61.42%

nuclear: 0%

other: 8.09% (1999)

Nicaragua: fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 17.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.03% (1999)

Niger: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nigeria: fossil fuel: 52.94%

hydro: 47.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Niue: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Norfolk Island: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Norway: fossil fuel: 0.63%

hydro: 99.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.26% (1999)

Oman: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Pakistan: fossil fuel: 63.38%

hydro: 36.51%

nuclear: 0.11%

other: 0% (1999)

Panama: fossil fuel: 27.78%

hydro: 71.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.57% (1999)

Papua New Guinea: fossil fuel: 54.95%

hydro: 45.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Paraguay: fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 99.79%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.15% (1999)

Peru: fossil fuel: 23.04%

hydro: 76.43%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.53% (1999)

Philippines: fossil fuel: 61.03%

hydro: 18.68%

nuclear: 0%

other: 20.29% (1999)

Poland: fossil fuel: 96.43%

hydro: 3.16%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Portugal: fossil fuel: 79.97%

hydro: 17.25%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.78% (1999)

Puerto Rico: fossil fuel: 98.45%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Qatar: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Reunion: fossil fuel: 54.55%

hydro: 45.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Romania: fossil fuel: 53.99%

hydro: 36.18%

nuclear: 9.81%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Russia: fossil fuel: 66.31%

hydro: 19.79%

nuclear: 13.9%

other: 0% (1999)

Rwanda: fossil fuel: 3.03%

hydro: 96.97%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Helena: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Lucia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: fossil fuel: 73.17%

hydro: 26.83%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Samoa: fossil fuel: 60%

hydro: 40%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

San Marino: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe: fossil fuel: 41.18%

hydro: 58.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saudi Arabia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Senegal: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Seychelles: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sierra Leone: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Singapore: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovakia: fossil fuel: 37.56%

hydro: 18.27%

nuclear: 44.17%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovenia: fossil fuel: 34.44%

hydro: 29.58%

nuclear: 35.98%

other: 0% (1999)

Solomon Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Somalia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

South Africa: fossil fuel: 92.74%

hydro: 0.39%

nuclear: 6.87%

other: 0% (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Spain: fossil fuel: 57.71%

hydro: 12.1%

nuclear: 28.28%

other: 1.91% (1999)

Sri Lanka: fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sudan: fossil fuel: 42.05%

hydro: 57.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Suriname: fossil fuel: 25.92%

hydro: 74.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Svalbard: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Swaziland: fossil fuel: 53.33%

hydro: 46.67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sweden: fossil fuel: 5.53%

hydro: 47.24%

nuclear: 45.42%

other: 1.81% (1999)

Switzerland: fossil fuel: 3.44%

hydro: 59.16%

nuclear: 35.43%

other: 1.97% (1999)

Syria: fossil fuel: 57.64%

hydro: 42.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tajikistan: fossil fuel: 1.9%

hydro: 98.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tanzania: fossil fuel: 22.24%

hydro: 77.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Thailand: fossil fuel: 91.17%

hydro: 3.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.02% (1999)

Togo: fossil fuel: 97.83%

hydro: 2.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tokelau: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Tonga: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: fossil fuel: 99.59%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Tunisia: fossil fuel: 99.2%

hydro: 0.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turkey: fossil fuel: 71%

hydro: 29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: fossil fuel: 99.94%

hydro: 0.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tuvalu: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Uganda: fossil fuel: 0.98%

hydro: 99.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ukraine: fossil fuel: 47.67%

hydro: 9.65%

nuclear: 42.67%

other: 0.01% (1999)

United Arab Emirates: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

United Kingdom: fossil fuel: 69.38%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 26.68%

other: 2.39% (1999)

United States: fossil fuel: 69.64%

hydro: 8.31%

nuclear: 19.8%

other: 2.25% (1999)

Uruguay: fossil fuel: 3.86%

hydro: 95.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.7% (1999)

Uzbekistan: fossil fuel: 86.4%

hydro: 13.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vanuatu: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Venezuela: fossil fuel: 32.16%

hydro: 67.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vietnam: fossil fuel: 47.71%

hydro: 52.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Virgin Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Wallis and Futuna: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

West Bank: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Western Sahara: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

World: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Yemen: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Yugoslavia: fossil fuel: 70%

hydro: 30%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zambia: fossil fuel: 0.55%

hydro: 99.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zimbabwe: fossil fuel: 69.98%

hydro: 30.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Taiwan: fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 6.32%

nuclear: 26.42%

other: 0% (1999)

======================================================================

@Elevation extremes

Afghanistan: lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m

highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Albania: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,753 m

Algeria: lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m

highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

American Samoa: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Lata 966 m

Andorra: lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m

highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Angola: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m

Anguilla: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m

Antarctica: lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point: Vinson Massif 5,140 m

note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under sea water

Antigua and Barbuda: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

Arctic Ocean: lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Argentina: lowest point: Salinas Chicas -40 m (located on Peninsula Valdes)

highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m

Armenia: lowest point: Debed River 400 m

highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m

Aruba: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Atlantic Ocean: lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench -8,605 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Australia: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m

highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

Austria: lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m

highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

Azerbaijan: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m

Bahamas, The: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m

Bahrain: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Baker Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 8 m

Bangladesh: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

Barbados: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m

Bassas da India: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m

Belarus: lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m

highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Belgium: lowest point: North Sea 0 m

highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Belize: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m

Benin: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Bermuda: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Bhutan: lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m

highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Bolivia: lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m

highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Bosnia and Herzegovina: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Botswana: lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m

highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Bouvet Island: lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Olav Peak 935 m

Brazil: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

British Indian Ocean Territory: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m

British Virgin Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Brunei: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Bulgaria: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Burkina Faso: lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m

highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m

Burma: lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m

highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

Burundi: lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m

highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m

Cambodia: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Cameroon: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Fako 4,095 m

Canada: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Cape Verde: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)

Cayman Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: The Bluff 43 m

Central African Republic: lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m

highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m

Chad: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Chile: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

China: lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Christmas Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

Clipperton Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Colombia: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m

note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation

Comoros: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m

Congo, Republic of the: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Cook Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Te Manga 652 m

Coral Sea Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m

Costa Rica: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m

Cote d'Ivoire: lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m

highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Croatia: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Dinara 1,830 m

Cuba: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Cyprus: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Olympus 1,951 m

Czech Republic: lowest point: Elbe River 115 m

highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

Denmark: lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m

highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m

Djibouti: lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m

highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m

Dominica: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m

Dominican Republic: lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m

highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m

Ecuador: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Egypt: lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m

highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

El Salvador: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m

Equatorial Guinea: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m

Eritrea: lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75 m

highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Estonia: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Ethiopia: lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m

highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m

Europa Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 24 m

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Faroe Islands: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Fiji: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m