Introductory material (continued 54)
Reading edition
Moldova: 18 years of age
Mongolia: 18 years of age
Morocco: 18 years of age
Nepal: 17 years of age
Netherlands: 20 years of age
Netherlands Antilles: 20 years of age
New Zealand: 20 years of age
Nicaragua: 18 years of age
Niger: 18 years of age
Nigeria: 18 years of age
Norway: 20 years of age
Oman: 14 years of age
Pakistan: 17 years of age
Paraguay: 17 years of age
Peru: 20 years of age
Philippines: 20 years of age
Poland: 19 years of age
Portugal: 20 years of age
Qatar: 18 years of age
Reunion: 18 years of age
Romania: 20 years of age
Russia: 18 years of age
Saudi Arabia: 17 years of age
Senegal: 18 years of age
Slovakia: 18 years of age
Slovenia: 19 years of age
South Africa: 18 years of age
Spain: 20 years of age
Sri Lanka: 18 years of age
Sudan: 18 years of age
Sweden: 19 years of age
Switzerland: 20 years of age
Syria: 19 years of age
Tajikistan: 18 years of age
Thailand: 18 years of age
Tunisia: 20 years of age
Turkey: 20 years of age
Turkmenistan: 18 years of age
Ukraine: 18 years of age
United Arab Emirates: 18 years of age
United States: 18 years of age
Uzbekistan: 18 years of age
Venezuela: 18 years of age
Vietnam: 17 years of age
Yemen: 14 years of age
Yugoslavia: 19 years of age
Taiwan: 19 years of age
======================================================================
@Military manpower - reaching military
Military manpower - reaching military age annually
Country profile category: Military
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y
Afghanistan: males: 252,869 (2001 est.)
Albania: males: 35,792 (2001 est.)
Algeria: males: 388,939 (2001 est.)
Angola: males: 103,807 (2001 est.)
Argentina: males: 335,085 (2001 est.)
Armenia: males: 34,998 (2001 est.)
Australia: males: 138,971 (2001 est.)
Austria: males: 50,580 (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: males: 77,099 (2001 est.)
Bahrain: males: 5,926 (2001 est.)
Belarus: males: 86,396 (2001 est.)
Belgium: males: 63,247 (2001 est.)
Belize: males: 2,847 (2001 est.)
Benin: males: 70,088
females: 73,618 (2001 est.)
Bhutan: males: 21,167 (2001 est.)
Bolivia: males: 90,120 (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: males: 29,757 (2001 est.)
Botswana: males: 19,479 (2001 est.)
Brazil: males: 1,762,740 (2001 est.)
Brunei: males: 3,005 (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: males: 56,104 (2001 est.)
Burma: males: 470,667
females: 479,691 (2001 est.)
Burundi: males: 79,360 (2001 est.)
Cambodia: males: 162,643 (2001 est.)
Cameroon: males: 174,308 (2001 est.)
Canada: males: 215,627 (2001 est.)
Chad: males: 82,003 (2001 est.)
Chile: males: 136,830 (2001 est.)
China: males: 10,089,458 (2001 est.)
Colombia: males: 379,295 (2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: males: 32,350 (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: males: 39,411 (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: males: 188,411 (2001 est.)
Croatia: males: 30,037 (2001 est.)
Cuba: males: 79,562
females: 85,650 (2001 est.)
Cyprus: males: 6,616 (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: males: 69,393 (2001 est.)
Denmark: males: 29,212 (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: males: 87,404 (2001 est.)
Ecuador: males: 132,978 (2001 est.)
Egypt: males: 712,983 (2001 est.)
El Salvador: males: 68,103 (2001 est.)
Estonia: males: 11,164 (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: males: 703,625 (2001 est.)
Fiji: males: 9,471 (2001 est.)
Finland: males: 33,883 (2001 est.)
France: males: 390,064 (2001 est.)
Gabon: males: 11,304 (2001 est.)
Georgia: males: 41,561 (2001 est.)
Germany: males: 482,318 (2001 est.)
Ghana: males: 213,237 (2001 est.)
Greece: males: 77,976 (2001 est.)
Guatemala: males: 140,358 (2001 est.)
Haiti: males: 87,049 (2001 est.)
Honduras: males: 72,335 (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: males: 47,139 (2001 est.)
Hungary: males: 64,121 (2001 est.)
India: males: 10,879,384 (2001 est.)
Indonesia: males: 2,263,706 (2001 est.)
Iran: males: 823,040 (2001 est.)
Iraq: males: 274,035 (2001 est.)
Ireland: males: 32,287 (2001 est.)
Israel: males: 49,206
females: 53,379 (2001 est.)
Italy: males: 304,369 (2001 est.)
Jamaica: males: 27,729 (2001 est.)
Japan: males: 765,817 (2001 est.)
Jordan: males: 57,131 (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: males: 163,628 (2001 est.)
Korea, North: males: 179,136 (2001 est.)
Korea, South: males: 394,397 (2001 est.)
Kuwait: males: 18,309 (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: males: 50,590 (2001 est.)
Laos: males: 64,437 (2001 est.)
Latvia: males: 19,114 (2001 est.)
Libya: males: 61,694 (2001 est.)
Lithuania: males: 28,506 (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: males: 2,565 (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: males: 17,905 (2001 est.)
Madagascar: males: 153,856 (2001 est.)
Malaysia: males: 196,042 (2001 est.)
Mexico: males: 1,077,536 (2001 est.)
Moldova: males: 42,268 (2001 est.)
Mongolia: males: 30,230 (2001 est.)
Morocco: males: 348,380 (2001 est.)
Nepal: males: 292,589 (2001 est.)
Netherlands: males: 96,082 (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: males: 1,610 (2001 est.)
New Zealand: males: 26,480 (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: males: 58,232 (2001 est.)
Niger: males: 108,993 (2001 est.)
Nigeria: males: 1,375,112 (2001 est.)
Norway: males: 27,341 (2001 est.)
Oman: males: 26,469 (2001 est.)
Pakistan: males: 1,657,723 (2001 est.)
Paraguay: males: 58,359 (2001 est.)
Peru: males: 276,458 (2001 est.)
Philippines: males: 848,181 (2001 est.)
Poland: males: 344,781 (2001 est.)
Portugal: males: 71,404 (2001 est.)
Qatar: males: 6,797 (2001 est.)
Reunion: males: 6,243 (2001 est.)
Romania: males: 179,951 (2001 est.)
Russia: males: 1,242,778 (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: males: 233,402 (2001 est.)
Senegal: males: 114,189 (2001 est.)
Slovakia: males: 45,502 (2001 est.)
Slovenia: males: 14,513 (2001 est.)
South Africa: males: 466,399 (2001 est.)
Spain: males: 281,043 (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: males: 193,522 (2001 est.)
Sudan: males: 398,294 (2001 est.)
Sweden: males: 51,506 (2001 est.)
Switzerland: males: 42,597 (2001 est.)
Syria: males: 200,859 (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: males: 72,056 (2001 est.)
Thailand: males: 567,659 (2001 est.)
Tunisia: males: 105,146 (2001 est.)
Turkey: males: 674,805 (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: males: 48,292 (2001 est.)
Ukraine: males: 390,823 (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: males: 25,482 (2001 est.)
United States: males: 2,039,414 (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: males: 274,602 (2001 est.)
Venezuela: males: 246,185 (2001 est.)
Vietnam: males: 961,124 (2001 est.)
Yemen: males: 238,690 (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: males: 82,542 (2001 est.)
Taiwan: males: 198,766 (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@National holiday
Afghanistan: Independence Day, 19 August (1919)
Albania: Independence Day, 28 November (1912)
Algeria: Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)
American Samoa: Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
Andorra: Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)
Angola: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
Anguilla: Anguilla Day, 30 May
Antigua and Barbuda: Independence Day, 1 November (1981)
Argentina: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)
Armenia: Independence Day, 21 September (1991)
Aruba: Flag Day, 18 March
Australia: Australia Day, 26 January (1788)
Austria: National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality
Azerbaijan: Founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaidzhan, 28 May (1918)
Bahamas, The: Independence Day, 10 July (1973)
Bahrain: National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from British protection
Bangladesh: Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh
Barbados: Independence Day, 30 November (1966)
Belarus: Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Belgium: Independence Day, 21 July (1831)
Belize: Independence Day, 21 September (1981)
Benin: National Day, 1 August (1960)
Bermuda: Bermuda Day, 24 May
Bhutan: National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)
Bolivia: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: National Day, 25 November (1943)
Botswana: Independence Day, 30 September (1966)
Brazil: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
British Virgin Islands: Territory Day, 1 July
Brunei: National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection
Bulgaria: Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)
Burkina Faso: Republic Day, 11 December (1958)
Burma: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
Burundi: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Cambodia: Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Cameroon: Republic Day, 20 May (1972)
Canada: Independence Day/Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Cape Verde: Independence Day, 5 July (1975)
Cayman Islands: Constitution Day, first Monday in July
Central African Republic: Republic Day, 1 December (1958)
Chad: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
Chile: Independence Day, 18 September (1810)
China: Founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949)
Christmas Island: NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA
Colombia: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)
Comoros: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Independence Day, 30 June (1960)
Congo, Republic of the: Independence Day, 15 August (1960)
Cook Islands: Constitution Day, first Monday in August (1965)
Costa Rica: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Cote d'Ivoire: Independence Day, 7 August (1960)
Croatia: Republic Day/Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)
Cuba: Independence Day, 10 October (1868); note - 10 October 1868 is the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of independence from US administration
Cyprus: Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriot area celebrates 15 November (1983) as Independence Day
Czech Republic: Czech Founding Day, 28 October (1918)
Denmark: none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June is generally viewed as the National Day
Djibouti: Independence Day, 27 June (1977)
Dominica: Independence Day, 3 November (1978)
Dominican Republic: Independence Day, 27 February (1844)
Ecuador: Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)
Egypt: Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
El Salvador: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Equatorial Guinea: Independence Day, 12 October (1968)
Eritrea: Independence Day, 24 May (1993)
Estonia: Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 6 September 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Ethiopia: National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
Faroe Islands: Olaifest, 29 July
Fiji: Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)
Finland: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
France: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
French Guiana: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
French Polynesia: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Gabon: Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March (1968)
Gambia, The: Independence Day, 18 February (1965)
Georgia: Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 is the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Germany: Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
Ghana: Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
Gibraltar: Commonwealth Day, second Monday of March
Greece: Independence Day, 25 March (1821)
Greenland: June 21 (longest day)
Grenada: Independence Day, 7 February (1974)
Guadeloupe: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Guam: Discovery Day, first Monday in March (1521)
Guatemala: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Guernsey: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
Guinea: Independence Day, 2 October (1958)
Guinea-Bissau: Independence Day, 24 September (1973)
Guyana: Republic Day, 23 February (1970)
Haiti: Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
Holy See (Vatican City): Coronation Day of Pope JOHN PAUL II, 22 October (1978)
Honduras: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Hong Kong: National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
Hungary: St. Stephen's Day, 20 August
Iceland: Independence Day, 17 June (1944)
India: Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
Indonesia: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Iran: Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
Iraq: Revolution Day, 17 July (1968)
Ireland: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March
Israel: Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May
Italy: Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
Jamaica: Independence Day, first Monday in August (1962)
Japan: Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)
Jersey: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
Jordan: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
Kazakhstan: Republic Day, 25 October (1990)
Kenya: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Kiribati: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)
Korea, North: Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9 September (1948)
Korea, South: Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)
Kuwait: National Day, 25 February (1950)
Kyrgyzstan: Independence Day, 31 August (1991)
Laos: Republic Day, 2 December (1975)
Latvia: Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 is the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 18 November 1991 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Lebanon: Independence Day, 22 November (1943)
Lesotho: Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
Liberia: Independence Day, 26 July (1847)
Libya: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Liechtenstein: Assumption Day, 15 August
Lithuania: Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 is the date of independence from German, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian occupation, 11 March 1990 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Luxembourg: National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June
Macau: National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Uprising Day, 2 August (1903)
Madagascar: Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
Malawi: Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
Malaysia: Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)
Maldives: Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
Mali: Independence Day, 22 September (1960)
Malta: Independence Day, 21 September (1964)
Man, Isle of: Tynwald Day, 5 July
Marshall Islands: Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)
Martinique: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Mauritania: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
Mauritius: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)
Mayotte: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Mexico: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
Micronesia, Federated States of: Constitution Day, 10 May (1979)
Moldova: Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Monaco: National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November
Mongolia: Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
Montserrat: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Morocco: Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMED VI to the throne), 30 July (1999)
Mozambique: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Namibia: Independence Day, 21 March (1990)
Nauru: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
Nepal: Birthday of King GYANENDRA, 7 July (1946)
Netherlands: Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April
Netherlands Antilles: Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April
New Caledonia: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
New Zealand: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Nicaragua: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Niger: Republic Day, 18 December (1958)
Nigeria: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)
Niue: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Norfolk Island: Pitcairners Arrival Day, 8 June (1856)
Northern Mariana Islands: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
Norway: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814); note - 17 May 1814 is the date of independence from Sweden, 7 June 1905 is the date Norway declared the union with Sweden was dissolved
Oman: Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)
Pakistan: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
Palau: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
Panama: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
Papua New Guinea: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
Paraguay: Independence Day, 14 May (1811)
Peru: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Philippines: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 is the date of independence from Spain, 4 July 1946 is the date of independence from the US
Pitcairn Islands: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Poland: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Portugal: Portugal Day, 10 June (1580)
Puerto Rico: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
Qatar: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
Reunion: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Romania: Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Russia: Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Rwanda: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Saint Helena: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
Saint Lucia: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
Samoa: Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship, 1 June 1962 is the date that independence is celebrated
San Marino: Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)
Sao Tome and Principe: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Saudi Arabia: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Senegal: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Seychelles: Constitution Day, 18 June (1993)
Sierra Leone: Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Singapore: Independence Day, 9 August (1965)
Slovakia: Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)
Slovenia: Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)
Solomon Islands: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
Somalia: Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960)
South Africa: Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
Spain: Hispanic Day, 12 October
Sri Lanka: Independence Day, 4 February (1948)
Sudan: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
Suriname: Independence Day, 25 November (1975)
Svalbard: NA
Swaziland: Independence Day, 6 September (1968)
Sweden: Flag Day, 6 June
Switzerland: Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)
Syria: Independence Day, 17 April (1946)
Tajikistan: Independence Day, 9 September (1991)
Tanzania: Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)
Thailand: Birthday of King PHUMIPHON, 5 December (1927)
Togo: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Tokelau: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Tonga: Independence Day, 4 June (1970)
Trinidad and Tobago: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
Tunisia: Independence Day, 20 March (1956)
Turkey: Independence Day, 29 October (1923)
Turkmenistan: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Turks and Caicos Islands: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Tuvalu: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Uganda: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Ukraine: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
United Arab Emirates: Independence Day, 2 December (1971)
United Kingdom: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, celebrated on the second Saturday in June (1926)
United States: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
Uruguay: Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
Uzbekistan: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Vanuatu: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
Venezuela: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Vietnam: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Virgin Islands: Transfer Day (from Denmark to the US), 27 March (1917)
Wallis and Futuna: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Yemen: Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
Yugoslavia: Republic Day, 29 November
Zambia: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
Zimbabwe: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
Taiwan: Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)
======================================================================
@Nationality
Afghanistan: noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan
Albania: noun: Albanian(s)
adjective: Albanian
Algeria: noun: Algerian(s)
adjective: Algerian
American Samoa: noun: American Samoan(s)
adjective: American Samoan
Andorra: noun: Andorran(s)
adjective: Andorran
Angola: noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan
Anguilla: noun: Anguillan(s)
adjective: Anguillan
Antigua and Barbuda: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)
adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan
Argentina: noun: Argentine(s)
adjective: Argentine
Armenia: noun: Armenian(s)
adjective: Armenian
Aruba: noun: Aruban(s)
adjective: Aruban; Dutch
Australia: noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian
Austria: noun: Austrian(s)
adjective: Austrian
Azerbaijan: noun: Azerbaijani(s)
adjective: Azerbaijani
Bahamas, The: noun: Bahamian(s)
adjective: Bahamian
Bahrain: noun: Bahraini(s)
adjective: Bahraini
Bangladesh: noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi
Barbados: noun: Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)
adjective: Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)
Belarus: noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian
Belgium: noun: Belgian(s)
adjective: Belgian
Belize: noun: Belizean(s)
adjective: Belizean
Benin: noun: Beninese (singular and plural)
adjective: Beninese
Bermuda: noun: Bermudian(s)
adjective: Bermudian
Bhutan: noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Bhutanese
Bolivia: noun: Bolivian(s)
adjective: Bolivian
Bosnia and Herzegovina: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Botswana: noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Brazil: noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian
British Virgin Islands: noun: British Virgin Islander(s)
adjective: British Virgin Islander
Brunei: noun: Bruneian(s)
adjective: Bruneian
Bulgaria: noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective: Bulgarian
Burkina Faso: noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)
adjective: Burkinabe
Burma: noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective: Burmese
Burundi: noun: Burundian(s)
adjective: Burundi
Cambodia: noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian
Cameroon: noun: Cameroonian(s)
adjective: Cameroonian
Canada: noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian
Cape Verde: noun: Cape Verdean(s)
adjective: Cape Verdean
Cayman Islands: noun: Caymanian(s)
adjective: Caymanian
Central African Republic: noun: Central African(s)
adjective: Central African
Chad: noun: Chadian(s)
adjective: Chadian
Chile: noun: Chilean(s)
adjective: Chilean
China: noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese
Christmas Island: noun: Christmas Islander(s)
adjective: Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: noun: Cocos Islander(s)
adjective: Cocos Islander
Colombia: noun: Colombian(s)
adjective: Colombian
Comoros: noun: Comoran(s)
adjective: Comoran
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo
Congo, Republic of the: noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo
Cook Islands: noun: Cook Islander(s)
adjective: Cook Islander
Costa Rica: noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican
Cote d'Ivoire: noun: Ivorian(s)
adjective: Ivorian
Croatia: noun: Croat(s)
adjective: Croatian
Cuba: noun: Cuban(s)
adjective: Cuban
Cyprus: noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot
Czech Republic: noun: Czech(s)
adjective: Czech
Denmark: noun: Dane(s)
adjective: Danish
Djibouti: noun: Djiboutian(s)
adjective: Djiboutian
Dominica: noun: Dominican(s)
adjective: Dominican
Dominican Republic: noun: Dominican(s)
adjective: Dominican
Ecuador: noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian
Egypt: noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
El Salvador: noun: Salvadoran(s)
adjective: Salvadoran
Equatorial Guinea: noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)
adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean
Eritrea: noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean
Estonia: noun: Estonian(s)
adjective: Estonian
Ethiopia: noun: Ethiopian(s)
adjective: Ethiopian
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): noun: Falkland Islander(s)
adjective: Falkland Island
Faroe Islands: noun: Faroese (singular and plural)
adjective: Faroese
Fiji: noun: Fijian(s)
adjective: Fijian
Finland: noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish
France: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French
French Guiana: noun: French Guianese (singular and plural)
adjective: French Guianese
French Polynesia: noun: French Polynesian(s)
adjective: French Polynesian
Gabon: noun: Gabonese (singular and plural)
adjective: Gabonese
Gambia, The: noun: Gambian(s)
adjective: Gambian
Gaza Strip: noun: NA
adjective: NA
Georgia: noun: Georgian(s)
adjective: Georgian
Germany: noun: German(s)
adjective: German
Ghana: noun: Ghanaian(s)
adjective: Ghanaian
Gibraltar: noun: Gibraltarian(s)
adjective: Gibraltar
Greece: noun: Greek(s)
adjective: Greek
Greenland: noun: Greenlander(s)
adjective: Greenlandic
Grenada: noun: Grenadian(s)
adjective: Grenadian
Guadeloupe: noun: Guadeloupian(s)
adjective: Guadeloupe
Guam: noun: Guamanian(s)
adjective: Guamanian
Guatemala: noun: Guatemalan(s)
adjective: Guatemalan
Guernsey: noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander
Guinea: noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean
Guinea-Bissau: noun: Guinean (s)
adjective: Guinean
Guyana: noun: Guyanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Guyanese
Haiti: noun: Haitian(s)
adjective: Haitian
Holy See (Vatican City): noun: none
adjective: none
Honduras: noun: Honduran(s)
adjective: Honduran
Hong Kong: noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese
Hungary: noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian
Iceland: noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic
India: noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian
Indonesia: noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Iran: noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian
Iraq: noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi
Ireland: noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural)
adjective: Irish
Israel: noun: Israeli(s)
adjective: Israeli
Italy: noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian
Jamaica: noun: Jamaican(s)
adjective: Jamaican
Japan: noun: Japanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Japanese
Jersey: noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander
Jordan: noun: Jordanian(s)
adjective: Jordanian
Kazakhstan: noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani
Kenya: noun: Kenyan(s)
adjective: Kenyan
Kiribati: noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural)
adjective: I-Kiribati
Korea, North: noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean
Korea, South: noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean
Kuwait: noun: Kuwaiti(s)
adjective: Kuwaiti
Kyrgyzstan: noun: Kyrgyzstani(s)
adjective: Kyrgyzstani
Laos: noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)
adjective: Lao or Laotian
Latvia: noun: Latvian(s)
adjective: Latvian
Lebanon: noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Lebanese
Lesotho: noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
adjective: Basotho
Liberia: noun: Liberian(s)
adjective: Liberian
Libya: noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan
Liechtenstein: noun: Liechtensteiner(s)
adjective: Liechtenstein
Lithuania: noun: Lithuanian(s)
adjective: Lithuanian
Luxembourg: noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg
Macau: noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian
Madagascar: noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)
adjective: Malagasy
Malawi: noun: Malawian(s)
adjective: Malawian
Malaysia: noun: Malaysian(s)
adjective: Malaysian
Maldives: noun: Maldivian(s)
adjective: Maldivian
Mali: noun: Malian(s)
adjective: Malian
Malta: noun: Maltese (singular and plural)
adjective: Maltese
Man, Isle of: noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)
adjective: Manx
Marshall Islands: noun: Marshallese (singular and plural)
adjective: Marshallese
Martinique: noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural)
adjective: Martiniquais
Mauritania: noun: Mauritanian(s)
adjective: Mauritanian
Mauritius: noun: Mauritian(s)
adjective: Mauritian
Mayotte: noun: Mahorais (singular and plural)
adjective: Mahoran
Mexico: noun: Mexican(s)
adjective: Mexican
Micronesia, Federated States of: noun: Micronesian(s)
adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese
Moldova: noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan
Monaco: noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective: Monegasque or Monacan
Mongolia: noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian
Montserrat: noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian
Morocco: noun: Moroccan(s)
adjective: Moroccan
Mozambique: noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican
Namibia: noun: Namibian(s)
adjective: Namibian
Nauru: noun: Nauruan(s)
adjective: Nauruan
Nepal: noun: Nepalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Nepalese
Netherlands: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective: Dutch
Netherlands Antilles: noun: Dutch Antillean(s)
adjective: Dutch Antillean
New Caledonia: noun: New Caledonian(s)
adjective: New Caledonian
New Zealand: noun: New Zealander(s)
adjective: New Zealand
Nicaragua: noun: Nicaraguan(s)
adjective: Nicaraguan
Niger: noun: Nigerien(s)
adjective: Nigerien
Nigeria: noun: Nigerian(s)
adjective: Nigerian
Niue: noun: Niuean(s)
adjective: Niuean
Norfolk Island: noun: Norfolk Islander(s)
adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)
Northern Mariana Islands: noun: NA
adjective: NA
Norway: noun: Norwegian(s)
adjective: Norwegian
Oman: noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani
Pakistan: noun: Pakistani(s)
adjective: Pakistani
Palau: noun: Palauan(s)
adjective: Palauan
Panama: noun: Panamanian(s)
adjective: Panamanian
Papua New Guinea: noun: Papua New Guinean(s)
adjective: Papua New Guinean
Paraguay: noun: Paraguayan(s)
adjective: Paraguayan
Peru: noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian
Philippines: noun: Filipino(s)
adjective: Philippine
Pitcairn Islands: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s)
adjective: Pitcairn Islander
Poland: noun: Pole(s)
adjective: Polish
Portugal: noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese
Puerto Rico: noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)
adjective: Puerto Rican
Qatar: noun: Qatari(s)
adjective: Qatari
Reunion: noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)
adjective: Reunionese
Romania: noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Russia: noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian
Rwanda: noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan
Saint Helena: noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian
Saint Kitts and Nevis: noun: Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s)
adjective: Kittitian, Nevisian
Saint Lucia: noun: Saint Lucian(s)
adjective: Saint Lucian
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)
adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian
Samoa: noun: Samoan(s)
adjective: Samoan
San Marino: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sammarinese
Sao Tome and Principe: noun: Sao Tomean(s)
adjective: Sao Tomean
Saudi Arabia: noun: Saudi(s)
adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Senegal: noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese
Seychelles: noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective: Seychelles
Sierra Leone: noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean
Singapore: noun: Singaporean(s)
adjective: Singapore
Slovakia: noun: Slovak(s)
adjective: Slovak
Slovenia: noun: Slovene(s)
adjective: Slovenian
Solomon Islands: noun: Solomon Islander(s)
adjective: Solomon Islander
Somalia: noun: Somali(s)
adjective: Somali
South Africa: noun: South African(s)
adjective: South African
Spain: noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish
Sri Lanka: noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan
Sudan: noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sudanese
Suriname: noun: Surinamer(s)
adjective: Surinamese
Swaziland: noun: Swazi(s)
adjective: Swazi
Sweden: noun: Swede(s)
adjective: Swedish
Switzerland: noun: Swiss (singular and plural)
adjective: Swiss
Syria: noun: Syrian(s)
adjective: Syrian
Tajikistan: noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective: Tajikistani
Tanzania: noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective: Tanzanian
Thailand: noun: Thai (singular and plural)
adjective: Thai
Togo: noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese
Tokelau: noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan
Tonga: noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan
Trinidad and Tobago: noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Tunisia: noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective: Tunisian
Turkey: noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
Turkmenistan: noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen
Turks and Caicos Islands: noun: none
adjective: none
Tuvalu: noun: Tuvaluan(s)
adjective: Tuvaluan
Uganda: noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan
Ukraine: noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian
United Arab Emirates: noun: Emirati(s)
adjective: Emirati
United Kingdom: noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
adjective: British
United States: noun: American(s)
adjective: American
Uruguay: noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective: Uruguayan
Uzbekistan: noun: Uzbekistani(s)
adjective: Uzbekistani
Vanuatu: noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)
adjective: Ni-Vanuatu
Venezuela: noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan
Vietnam: noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
adjective: Vietnamese
Virgin Islands: noun: Virgin Islander(s)
adjective: Virgin Islander
Wallis and Futuna: noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders
adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
West Bank: noun: NA
adjective: NA
Western Sahara: noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)
adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian
Yemen: noun: Yemeni(s)
adjective: Yemeni
Yugoslavia: noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin
Zambia: noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian
Zimbabwe: noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean
Taiwan: noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese
======================================================================
@Natural hazards
Afghanistan: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
Albania: destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; drought
Algeria: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mud slides
American Samoa: typhoons common from December to March
Andorra: snowslides, avalanches
Angola: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
Anguilla: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)
Antarctica: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf
Antigua and Barbuda: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts
Arctic Ocean: ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
Argentina: San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and northeast; heavy flooding
Armenia: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
Aruba: lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards
Atlantic Ocean: icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December)
Australia: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts
Austria: NA
Azerbaijan: droughts; some lowland areas threatened by rising levels of the Caspian Sea
Bahamas, The: hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood and wind damage
Bahrain: periodic droughts; dust storms
Baker Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Bangladesh: droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
Barbados: infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides
Bassas da India: maritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones
Belarus: NA
Belgium: flooding is a threat in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes
Belize: frequent, devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding (especially in south)
Benin: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter
Bermuda: hurricanes (June to November)
Bhutan: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
Bolivia: flooding in the northeast (March-April)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: destructive earthquakes
Botswana: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
Bouvet Island: NA
Brazil: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
British Indian Ocean Territory: NA
British Virgin Islands: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)
Brunei: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are very rare
Bulgaria: earthquakes, landslides
Burkina Faso: recurring droughts
Burma: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
Burundi: flooding, landslides, drought
Cambodia: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Cameroon: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases
Canada: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow
Cape Verde: prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; volcanically and seismically active
Cayman Islands: hurricanes (July to November)
Central African Republic: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common
Chad: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
Chile: severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis
China: frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts
Christmas Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Clipperton Island: NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: cyclones may occur in the early months of the year
Colombia: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts
Comoros: cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: periodic droughts in south; volcanic activity
Congo, Republic of the: seasonal flooding
Cook Islands: typhoons (November to March)
Coral Sea Islands: occasional tropical cyclones
Costa Rica: occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
Cote d'Ivoire: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible
Croatia: destructive earthquakes
Cuba: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
Cyprus: moderate earthquake activity; droughts
Czech Republic: flooding
Denmark: flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes
Djibouti: earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods
Dominica: flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months
Dominican Republic: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
Ecuador: frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; periodic droughts
Egypt: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms
El Salvador: known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity
Equatorial Guinea: violent windstorms, flash floods
Eritrea: frequent droughts; locust swarms
Estonia: flooding occurs frequently in the spring
Ethiopia: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
Europa Island: NA
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): strong winds persist throughout the year
Faroe Islands: NA
Fiji: cyclonic storms can occur from November to January
Finland: NA
France: flooding; avalanches
French Guiana: high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding
French Polynesia: occasional cyclonic storms in January
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes
Gabon: NA
Gambia, The: drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)
Gaza Strip: droughts
Georgia: earthquakes
Germany: flooding
Ghana: dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
Gibraltar: NA
Glorioso Islands: periodic cyclones
Greece: severe earthquakes
Greenland: continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
Grenada: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November
Guadeloupe: hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere is an active volcano
Guam: frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)
Guatemala: numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms
Guernsey: NA
Guinea: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season
Guinea-Bissau: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires
Guyana: flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons
Haiti: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Heard Island is dominated by a dormant volcano called Big Ben
Holy See (Vatican City): NA
Honduras: frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes and floods along Caribbean coast
Hong Kong: occasional typhoons
Howland Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Iceland: earthquakes and volcanic activity
India: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; earthquakes
Indian Ocean: occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
Indonesia: occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes
Iran: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast
Iraq: dust storms, sandstorms, floods
Ireland: NA
Israel: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts
Italy: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
Jamaica: hurricanes (especially July to November)
Jan Mayen: dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970
Japan: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons
Jarvis Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Jersey: NA
Johnston Atoll: NA
Jordan: droughts
Juan de Nova Island: periodic cyclones
Kazakhstan: earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
Kenya: recurring drought in northern and eastern regions; flooding during rainy seasons
Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
Kiribati: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level
Korea, North: late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall
Korea, South: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest
Kuwait: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April; they bring inordinate amounts of rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August
Kyrgyzstan: NA
Laos: floods, droughts, and blight
Latvia: NA
Lebanon: dust storms, sandstorms
Lesotho: periodic droughts
Liberia: dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)
Libya: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Liechtenstein: NA
Lithuania: NA
Luxembourg: NA
Macau: typhoons
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: high seismic risks
Madagascar: periodic cyclones
Malawi: NA
Malaysia: flooding, landslides
Maldives: low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise
Mali: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts
Malta: NA
Man, Isle of: NA
Marshall Islands: occasional typhoons
Martinique: hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one major natural disaster every five years)
Mauritania: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts
Mauritius: cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards
Mayotte: cyclones during rainy season
Mexico: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts
Micronesia, Federated States of: typhoons (June to December)
Midway Islands: NA
Moldova: landslides (57 cases in 1998)
Monaco: NA
Mongolia: dust and snow storms, grassland and forest fires, drought and "zud", which is a combination of drought followed by harsh winter conditions
Montserrat: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (full-scale eruptions of the Soufriere Hills volcano occurred during 1996-97)
Morocco: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
Mozambique: severe droughts and floods occur in central and southern provinces; devastating cyclones
Namibia: prolonged periods of drought
Nauru: periodic droughts
Navassa Island: NA
Nepal: severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons
Netherlands: flooding
Netherlands Antilles: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October
New Caledonia: cyclones, most frequent from November to March
New Zealand: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity
Nicaragua: destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes
Niger: recurring droughts
Nigeria: periodic droughts
Niue: typhoons
Norfolk Island: typhoons (especially May to July)
Northern Mariana Islands: active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)
Norway: rockslides, avalanches
Oman: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
Pacific Ocean: surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
Pakistan: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
Palau: typhoons (June to December)
Palmyra Atoll: NA
Panama: NA
Papua New Guinea: active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Rim of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis
Paracel Islands: typhoons
Paraguay: local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
Peru: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
Philippines: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis
Pitcairn Islands: typhoons (especially November to March)
Poland: NA
Portugal: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Puerto Rico: periodic droughts; hurricanes
Qatar: haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
Reunion: periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano
Romania: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Russia: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula
Rwanda: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
Saint Helena: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
Saint Kitts and Nevis: hurricanes (July to October)
Saint Lucia: hurricanes and volcanic activity
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat
Samoa: occasional typhoons; active volcanism
San Marino: NA
Sao Tome and Principe: NA
Saudi Arabia: frequent sand and dust storms
Senegal: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Seychelles: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible
Sierra Leone: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Singapore: NA
Slovakia: NA
Slovenia: flooding and earthquakes
Solomon Islands: typhoons, but they are rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity
Somalia: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season
South Africa: prolonged droughts
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism
Southern Ocean: huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue
Spain: periodic droughts
Spratly Islands: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals
Sri Lanka: occasional cyclones and tornadoes
Sudan: dust storms
Suriname: NA
Svalbard: ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic
Swaziland: NA
Sweden: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
Switzerland: avalanches, landslides, flash floods
Syria: dust storms, sandstorms
Tajikistan: NA
Tanzania: flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
Thailand: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts
Togo: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
Tokelau: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Tonga: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Trinidad and Tobago: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
Tromelin Island: NA
Tunisia: NA
Turkey: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
Turkmenistan: NA
Turks and Caicos Islands: frequent hurricanes
Tuvalu: severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level
Uganda: NA
Ukraine: NA
United Arab Emirates: frequent sand and dust storms
United Kingdom: NA
United States: tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development
Uruguay: seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes in weather fronts
Uzbekistan: NA
Vanuatu: tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes
Venezuela: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
Vietnam: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding
Virgin Islands: several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes
Wake Island: occasional typhoons
Wallis and Futuna: NA
West Bank: droughts
Western Sahara: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility
World: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)
Yemen: sandstorms and dust storms in summer
Yugoslavia: destructive earthquakes
Zambia: tropical storms (November to April)
Zimbabwe: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
Taiwan: earthquakes and typhoons
======================================================================
@Natural resources
Afghanistan: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Albania: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel, hydropower
Algeria: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
American Samoa: pumice, pumicite
Andorra: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
Angola: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Anguilla: salt, fish, lobster
Antarctica: iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries
Antigua and Barbuda: NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism
Arctic Ocean: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Argentina: fertile plains of the Pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Armenia: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Aruba: NEGL; white sandy beaches
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: fish
Atlantic Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones
Australia: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Austria: iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower
Azerbaijan: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina
Bahamas, The: salt, aragonite, timber, arable land
Bahrain: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Baker Island: guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Bangladesh: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Barbados: petroleum, fish, natural gas
Bassas da India: none
Belarus: forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas
Belgium: coal, natural gas
Belize: arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower
Benin: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Bermuda: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Bhutan: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide
Bolivia: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Bosnia and Herzegovina: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydropower
Botswana: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Bouvet Island: none
Brazil: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
British Indian Ocean Territory: coconuts, fish, sugarcane
British Virgin Islands: NEGL
Brunei: petroleum, natural gas, timber
Bulgaria: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Burkina Faso: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
Burma: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Burundi: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower
Cambodia: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Cameroon: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower
Canada: iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
Cape Verde: salt, basalt rock, pozzuolana (a siliceous volcanic ash used to produce hydraulic cement), limestone, kaolin, fish
Cayman Islands: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Central African Republic: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower
Chad: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Chile: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower
China: coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)
Christmas Island: phosphate
Clipperton Island: fish
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: fish
Colombia: petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower
Comoros: NEGL
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower, timber
Congo, Republic of the: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas, hydropower
Cook Islands: NEGL
Coral Sea Islands: NEGL
Costa Rica: hydropower
Cote d'Ivoire: petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydropower
Croatia: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower
Cuba: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Cyprus: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment
Czech Republic: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Denmark: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand
Djibouti: geothermal areas
Dominica: timber, hydropower, arable land
Dominican Republic: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Ecuador: petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower
Egypt: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
El Salvador: hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land
Equatorial Guinea: oil, petroleum, timber, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium
Eritrea: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Estonia: shale oil (kukersite), peat, phosphorite, amber, cambrian blue clay, limestone, dolomite, arable land
Ethiopia: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
Europa Island: NEGL
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): fish, wildlife
Faroe Islands: fish, whales, hydropower
Fiji: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Finland: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish
French Guiana: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
French Polynesia: timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: fish, crayfish
Gabon: petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower
Gambia, The: fish
Gaza Strip: arable land, natural gas
Georgia: forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Germany: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land
Ghana: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower
Gibraltar: NEGL
Glorioso Islands: guano, coconuts
Greece: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropower potential
Greenland: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Grenada: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
Guadeloupe: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism
Guam: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)
Guatemala: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
Guernsey: cropland
Guinea: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
Guinea-Bissau: fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploited deposits of petroleum
Guyana: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Haiti: bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: none
Holy See (Vatican City): none
Honduras: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
Hong Kong: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
Howland Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Hungary: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Iceland: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
India: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
Indian Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Indonesia: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Iran: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Iraq: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Ireland: zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver
Israel: timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand, oil
Italy: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal, arable land
Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Jan Mayen: none
Japan: negligible mineral resources, fish
Jarvis Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jersey: arable land
Johnston Atoll: guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jordan: phosphates, potash, shale oil
Juan de Nova Island: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Kazakhstan: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Kenya: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Kingman Reef: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Kiribati: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Korea, North: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
Korea, South: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Kuwait: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
Kyrgyzstan: abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Laos: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Latvia: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower, arable land
Lebanon: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land
Lesotho: water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds and other minerals
Liberia: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower
Libya: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Liechtenstein: hydroelectric potential, arable land
Lithuania: peat, arable land
Luxembourg: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Macau: NEGL
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land
Madagascar: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Malawi: limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Malaysia: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Maldives: fish
Mali: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Malta: limestone, salt, arable land
Man, Isle of: none
Marshall Islands: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals
Martinique: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
Mauritania: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold
Mauritius: arable land, fish
Mayotte: NEGL
Mexico: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Micronesia, Federated States of: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Midway Islands: wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic
Moldova: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land
Monaco: none
Mongolia: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate
Montserrat: NEGL
Morocco: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Mozambique: coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
Namibia: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore
Nauru: phosphates
Navassa Island: guano
Nepal: quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Netherlands: natural gas, petroleum, arable land
Netherlands Antilles: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
New Caledonia: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
New Zealand: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
Nicaragua: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Niger: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum
Nigeria: natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, arable land
Niue: fish, arable land
Norfolk Island: fish
Northern Mariana Islands: arable land, fish
Norway: petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
Oman: petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Pacific Ocean: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Pakistan: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Palau: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Palmyra Atoll: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Panama: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Papua New Guinea: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Paracel Islands: none
Paraguay: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Peru: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower
Philippines: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Pitcairn Islands: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore
Poland: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, arable land
Portugal: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble, arable land, hydro power
Puerto Rico: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Qatar: petroleum, natural gas, fish
Reunion: fish, arable land, hydropower
Romania: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Russia: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Rwanda: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Saint Helena: fish
Saint Kitts and Nevis: arable land
Saint Lucia: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fish, deepwater ports
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: hydropower, cropland
Samoa: hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
San Marino: building stone
Sao Tome and Principe: fish, hydropower
Saudi Arabia: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Senegal: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Seychelles: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Sierra Leone: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Singapore: fish, deepwater ports
Slovakia: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Slovenia: lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower
Solomon Islands: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
Somalia: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
South Africa: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: fish
Southern Ocean: probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs, squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fishes
Spain: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
Spratly Islands: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Sri Lanka: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
Sudan: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
Suriname: timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore
Svalbard: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
Swaziland: asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Sweden: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower
Switzerland: hydropower potential, timber, salt
Syria: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Tajikistan: hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Tanzania: hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Thailand: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
Togo: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Tokelau: NEGL
Tonga: fish, fertile soil
Trinidad and Tobago: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Tromelin Island: fish
Tunisia: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Turkey: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower
Turkmenistan: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Turks and Caicos Islands: spiny lobster, conch
Tuvalu: fish
Uganda: copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land
Ukraine: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
United Arab Emirates: petroleum, natural gas
United Kingdom: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land
United States: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber
Uruguay: arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries
Uzbekistan: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Vanuatu: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Venezuela: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Vietnam: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Virgin Islands: sun, sand, sea, surf
Wake Island: none
Wallis and Futuna: NEGL
West Bank: arable land
Western Sahara: phosphates, iron ore
World: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Yemen: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Yugoslavia: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land
Zambia: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
Zimbabwe: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Taiwan: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
======================================================================
@Net migration rate
Afghanistan: 11.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania: -3.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria: -0.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra: 6.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 17.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: -6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia: -3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba: NEGL
Australia: 4.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria: 2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados: -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium: 0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia: -1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 8.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil: -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 11.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei: 4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: -4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: -0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Canada: 6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: -12.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 12.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US
Central African Republic: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China: -0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Colombia: -0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: one million refugees fled into Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo or DROC) in 1994 to escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis; fighting in the DROC between rebels and government forces in October 1996 caused 875,000 refugees to return to Rwanda in late 1996 and early 1997; an additional 173,000 Rwandan refugees disappeared in early 1997 and are assumed to have been killed by Zairian forces; fighting between the Congolese government and Uganda- and Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese displaced in DROC and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding countries
Congo, Republic of the: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: after Liberia's civil war started in 1990, more than 350,000 refugees fled to Cote d'Ivoire; by the end of 1999 most Liberian refugees were assumed to have returned
Croatia: 13.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba: -1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark: 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica: -20.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: -3.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador: -0.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt: -0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador: -3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 7.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, about 150,000 Eritrean refugees in Sudan have registered for voluntary repatriation, following the restoration of diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Sudan in January 2000
Estonia: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several years; small numbers of Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Faroe Islands: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji: -3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland: 0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 2.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia: -2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany: 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana: -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece: 1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada: -15.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 3.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea: -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: as a result of civil war in neighboring countries, Guinea is host to almost half a million Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
Guinea-Bissau: -1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti: -2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras: -2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 7.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary: 0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland: -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran: -4.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland: 4.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel: 2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy: 1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica: -7.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey: 2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan: 7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya: -1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 1999 Kenya was host to 223,700 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 141,000 and Sudan 64,250
Kiribati: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait: 14.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: -2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia: -1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia: -11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999, all Liberian refugees, who had fled the domestic strife, were assumed to have returned
Libya: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein: 4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: 9.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau: 9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region
Maldives: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta: 2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of: 5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius: -0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte: 10.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico: -2.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova: -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco: 7.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat: 123.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco: -1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands: 2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: -0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand: 4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger: -0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria: 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Norfolk Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands: 18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman: 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan: -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau: 4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama: -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay: -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines: -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Poland: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal: 0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico: -2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar: 20.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia: 0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda: -1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: -10.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia: -4.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: -4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: -7.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Samoa: -11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino: 11.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal: 0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles: -6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone: 10.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed to be returning
Singapore: 26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia: 5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa: -1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan: 0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname: -8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Swaziland: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden: 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland: 1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: -3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania: -0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Tonga: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: -9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia: -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: -1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 13.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda: -0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 1999, Uganda was host to 218,000 refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including: Sudan 200,600, Rwanda 8,000, and Democratic Republic of the Congo 8,000
Ukraine: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom: 1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States: 3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay: -0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: -2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
West Bank: 3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: -4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia: -0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment
Taiwan: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@People - note
Cuba: illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrived overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami
======================================================================
@Pipelines
Afghanistan: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km
Albania: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)
Algeria: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km
Angola: crude oil 179 km
Argentina: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km
Armenia: natural gas 900 km (1991)
Australia: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km
Austria: crude oil 777 km; natural gas 840 km (1999)
Azerbaijan: crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 1,240 km
Bahrain: crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Bangladesh: natural gas 1,250 km
Belarus: crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas 1,980 km (1992)
Belgium: crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas 3,300 km
Bolivia: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)
Brazil: crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas 4,246 km (1998)
Brunei: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km
Bulgaria: petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)
Burma: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Canada: crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
Chile: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km
China: crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas 9,383 km (1998)
Colombia: crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: petroleum products 390 km
Congo, Republic of the: crude oil 25 km
Costa Rica: petroleum products 176 km
Croatia: crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992)
Czech Republic: natural gas 3,550 km (2000)
Denmark: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km
Dominican Republic: crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km
Ecuador: crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km
Egypt: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km
Estonia: natural gas 420 km (1992)
Finland: natural gas 580 km
France: crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km
Gabon: crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km
Georgia: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 km (1992)
Germany: crude oil 2,500 km (1998)
Ghana: 0 km
Gibraltar: 0 km
Greece: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
Guatemala: crude oil 275 km
Hungary: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
India: crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km; natural gas 1,700 km (1995)
Indonesia: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
Iran: crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km
Iraq: crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km
Ireland: natural gas 7,592 km (transmission 1,158 km; distribution 6,434 km) (2000)
Israel: crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km
Italy: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km
Jamaica: petroleum products 10 km
Japan: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Jordan: crude oil 209 km; note - may not be in use
Kazakhstan: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992)
Kenya: petroleum products 483 km
Korea, North: crude oil 37 km; petroleum product 180 km
Korea, South: petroleum products 455 km; note - additionally, there is a parallel petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) pipeline being completed
Kuwait: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km
Kyrgyzstan: natural gas 200 km
Laos: petroleum products 136 km
Latvia: crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560 km (1992)
Lebanon: crude oil 72 km (none in operation)
Libya: crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Lithuania: crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)
Luxembourg: petroleum products 48 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 10 km
Malaysia: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Mexico: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km
Midway Islands: 7.8 km
Moldova: natural gas 310 km (1992)
Morocco: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km (abandoned); natural gas 241 km
Mozambique: crude oil 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
note: not operating
Netherlands: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km
New Zealand: petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km; liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 150 km
Nicaragua: crude oil 56 km
Nigeria: crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km
Norway: refined petroleum products 53 km
Oman: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
Pakistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987)
Panama: crude oil 130 km (2001)
Peru: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Philippines: petroleum products 357 km
Poland: crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas 17,000 km (1996)
Portugal: crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700 km
note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be 300 km long have not yet been built
Qatar: crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km
Romania: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992)
Russia: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Slovakia: petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
Slovenia: crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km
Somalia: crude oil 15 km
South Africa: crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; natural gas 322 km
Spain: crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km
Sri Lanka: crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)
Sudan: refined products 815 km
Sweden: natural gas 84 km
Switzerland: crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km
Syria: crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km
Tajikistan: natural gas 400 km (1992)
Tanzania: crude oil 982 km
Thailand: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Trinidad and Tobago: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 km
Tunisia: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km
Turkey: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Turkmenistan: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ukraine: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km (1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
United Arab Emirates: crude oil 830 km; natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km
United Kingdom: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km; petroleum products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km
United States: petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991)
Uzbekistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)
Venezuela: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km
Vietnam: petroleum products 150 km
Yemen: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Yugoslavia: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Zambia: crude oil 1,724 km
Zimbabwe: petroleum products 212 km
Taiwan: petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)
======================================================================
@Political parties and leaders
Afghanistan: Taliban (Religious Students Movement) [Mullah Mohammad OMAR]; United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or UNIFSA [Burhanuddin RABBANI, chairman; Gen. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM, vice chairman; Ahmad Shah MASOOD, military commander; Mohammed Yunis QANUNI, spokesman]; note - made up of 13 parties opposed to the Taliban including Harakat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party), Hizb-i-Wahdat-i-Islami (Islamic Unity Party), Jumaat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Afghan Society), Jumbish-i-Milli (National Front), Mahaz-i-Milli-i-Islami (National Islamic Front)
Albania: Albanian National Front (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Abaz ERMENJI]; Albanian Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Albanian Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albania Workers Party) [Fatos NANO, chairman]; Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI]; Democratic Alliance or PAD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Group of Reformist Democrats [Leonard NDOKA]; Liberal Union Party [Teodor LACO]; note - Teodor LACO of the Liberal Union Party was leader of the Social Democratic Union of Albania or PBSD; Movement of Legality Party or PLL [Nderim KUPI]; OMONIA [Vagjelis DULES]; Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO, chairman]
Algeria: Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI (imprisoned), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany)]; Movement of a Peaceful Society or MSP [Mahfoud NAHNAH, chairman]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Boualem BENHAMOUDA, secretary general]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in Switzerland)]; Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA]; Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a party law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997
American Samoa: Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party [leader NA]
Andorra: Liberal Union or UL [Marc Forne MOLNE] (renamed Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA); National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau BARO SOLA]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc MATEU Zamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU Cassany]; Union of the People of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO Coma]
note: there are two other small parties
Angola: Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]; UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but won few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly
Anguilla: Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The United Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA
Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD]; Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP, Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor Movement or PLM)
Argentina: Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Front for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) [Carlos ALVAREZ]; Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM] (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Raul ALFONSIN]; several provincial parties
Armenia: Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Party or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party [Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [Ruben MNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Mission Party [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN]; Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Gayane SARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN]; Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of National Self-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)
Aruba: Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; Aruban Democratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Tico CROES]; Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [leader NA]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]
Australia: Australian Democratic Party [Meg LEES]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Green Party [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; National Party [John ANDERSON]; One Nation Party [Pauline HANSON]
Austria: Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Susanne RIESS-PASSER]; Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens Alternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]
Azerbaijan: Alliance for Azerbaijan Party [Abutalyb SAMADOV]; Azerbaijani Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALAL]; Azerbaijani Independent Democratic Party or AMDP [Leyla YUNUSOVA]; Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KERIMOV, leader of "reform faction"; Mirmahmud FATTAYEV, leader of "traditionalist" faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz AHMADOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA-2 [Firudin HASANOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Enlightenment Party [Mammadhanifu MUSAYEV]; Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA [Ilyus ISMAILOV and Rasul QULIYEV, co-chairman]; Democratic World Party of Azerbaijan [Mamnad ALIZADE]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shvkat HAJIYEVA]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; National Congress Party of Azerbaijan [Ihtiyar SHIRIN]; National Movement Party [Samir JAFAROV]; National Statehood Party [Sabir TARIVERDIYEV]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or PDPA [Rafig TURABKHANOGLU]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardusht ALIZADE, chairman]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties
Bahamas, The: Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrain: political parties prohibited
Bangladesh: Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIAur Rahman]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Azizol HAQ]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]
Barbados: Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Richard HAYNES]
Belarus: Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman]; Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV]; Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH, chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy NETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA]; Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson]
Belgium: AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dos GEYSELS]; ECOLO (Francophone Greens) [no president]; Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP (Christian People's Party) [Stefaan DE CLERCK, president]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT, president]; Flemish Socialist Party or SP [Patrick JANSSENS, president]; Francophone Christian Democrats or PSC (Social Christian Party) [Joelle MILQUET, president]; Francophone Liberal Reformation Party or PRL [Daniel DUCARME, president]; Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO, president]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Vlaams Blok or VB [Frank VANHECKE]; Volksunie or VU [leader vacant]; other minor parties
Belize: People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean BARROW, Doug SINGH]
Benin: African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Sylvain Adekpedjou AKINDES]; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress or UNSP [Bruno AMOUSSOU]; Cameleon Alliance or AC [leader NA]; Car-DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; Communist Party of Benin or PCB [Pascal FANTONDJI, first secretary]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten or RDL-Vivoten [Severin ADJOVI]; Movement for Citizens' Commitment and Awakening or MERCI [Severin ADJOVI]; New Generation for the Republic or NGR [Paul DOSSOU]; Our Common Cause or NCC [Francois Odjo TANKPINON]; Party Democratique du Benin or PDB [Col. Soule DANKORO]; Rally for Democracy and Pan-Africanism or RDP [Dominique HOYMINOU, Dr. Giles Auguste MINONTIN]; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union for National Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Adamou N'Diaye MAMA]
note: the Coalition of Democratic Forces is an alliance of parties and organizations supporting President KEREKOU [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]
Bermuda: National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda Party or UBP [Pamela GORDON]
Bhutan: no legal parties
Bolivia: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Hugo BANZER Suarez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [leader NA]; Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE]; United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC]
note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party of BiH or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic Union or HKDU BiH [Ante PASALIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH or HDZ-BiH [leader vacant]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRSTIC]; Croatian Peasants Party of BiH or HSS-BiH [Ilija SIMIC]; Democratic Action Party or SDA [Alija IZETBEGOVIC]; Democratic National Alliance or DNS [Dragan KOSTIC]; Democratic Party of Pensioners or DPS [Alojz KNEZOVIC]; Democratic Party of RS or DSRS [Dragomir DUMIC]; Democratic Peoples Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Democratic Socialist Party or DSP [Nebojsa RADMANOVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croatian Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Party of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Pensioners' Party of FBiH [Husein VOJNIKOVIC]; Pensioners' Party of SR [Stojan BOGOSAVAC]; Republican Party of BiH or RP [Stjepan KLJUIC]; Serb Democratic Party or Serb Lands or SDS [Dragan KALINIC]; Serb National Alliance (Serb People's Alliance) or SNS [Biljana PLAVSIC]; Social Democratic Party BIH or SDP-BiH [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Zivko RADISIC]
Botswana: Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Michael DINGAKE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim SETSHWAELO, chairman] but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Botswana Peoples Party, the Independence Freedom Party [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
Brazil: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO, president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]
British Virgin Islands: Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]
Brunei: Brunei Solidarity National Party or PPKB in Malay [Haji Mohd HATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin, president]; the PPKB is the only legal political party in Brunei; it was registered in 1985, but became largely inactive after 1988, it was revived in 1995 and again in 1998; it has less than 200 registered party members; other parties include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in 1962) and Brunei National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965, deregistered by the Brunei Government in 1988)
Bulgaria: Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition led mainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN]; Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL (bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [Aleksander KARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movement for Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria [Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St. George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (an alliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]
Burkina Faso: African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Noyabtigungu Congo KABORE]; Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]
Burma: National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties
Burundi: Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]
Cambodia: Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Cameroon: Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA]; Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA]; Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [leader NA]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MLJC [Marcel YONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA, chairman]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations has two sections UPC-N [Ndeh NTUMAZAH] and UPC-K [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]