Introductory material (continued 35)
Reading edition
South Africa: After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The resulting Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid - the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule.
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: The islands lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands. Grytviken, on South Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. The famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses a small military garrison. The islands have large bird and seal populations and, recognizing the importance of preserving the marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the exclusive fishing zone from 12 miles to 200 miles around each island.
Southern Ocean: A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean).
Spain: Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating Civil War (1936-39). In the second half of the 20th century, it has played a catch-up role in the western international community. Continuing concerns are large-scale unemployment and the Basque separatist movement.
Spratly Islands: Rich fishing grounds and the potential for gas and oil deposits have caused this archipelago to be claimed in its entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. All five parties have occupied certain islands or reefs, and occasional clashes have occurred between Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces
Sri Lanka: Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded to the British in 1802. As Ceylon it became independent in 1948; its name was changed in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted in violence in the mid-1980s. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic war that continues to fester.
Sudan: Military dictatorships promulgating an Islamic government have mostly run the country since independence from the UK in 1956. Over the past two decades, a civil war pitting black Christians and animists in the south against the Arab-Muslims of the north has cost at least 1.5 million lives in war- and famine-related deaths, as well as the displacement of millions of others.
Suriname: Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to rule through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally brought about a democratic election. In 1989, the military overthrew the civilian government, but a democratically elected government returned to power in 1991.
Svalbard: First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years later it officially took over the territory.
Swaziland: Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted 1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s have pressured the monarchy (one of the oldest on the continent) to grudgingly allow political reform and greater democracy.
Sweden: A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements has recently been undermined by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs, and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's role in the political and economic integration of Europe caused Sweden not to join the EU until 1995, and to forgo the introduction of the euro in 1999.
Switzerland: Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, may be rendering obsolete the country's concern for neutrality.
Syria: Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Since 1976, Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon, ostensibly in a peacekeeping capacity. In recent years, Syria and Israel have held occasional peace talks over the return of the Golan Heights.
Tajikistan: Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implementation reportedly completed by late 1999. Part of the agreement required the legalization of opposition political parties prior to the 1999 elections, which occurred, but such parties have made little progress in successful participation in government. Random criminal and political violence in the country remains a complication impairing Tajikistan's ability to engage internationally.
Tanzania: Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.
Thailand: A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century; it was known as Siam until 1939. Thailand is the only southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict.
Togo: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. General Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-serving head of state. Despite the facade of multiparty elections that resulted in EYADEMA's victory in 1993, the government continues to be dominated by the military. In addition, Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen.
Tokelau: Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925. According to a UN report, these low-lying islands will disappear in the 21st century, if global warming continues to raise sea levels.
Tonga: The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Trinidad and Tobago: The islands came under British control in the 19th century; independence was granted in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing.
Tromelin Island: First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological station.
Tunisia: Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGIUBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to diffuse rising pressure for a more open political society.
Turkey: Turkey was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Soon thereafter the country instituted secular laws to replace traditional religious fiats. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain strained. Periodic military offensives against Kurdish separatists have dislocated part of the population in southeast Turkey and have drawn international condemnation.
Turkmenistan: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out.
Turks and Caicos Islands: The islands were part of the UK's Jamaican colony until 1962, when they assumed the status of a separate crown colony upon Jamaica's independence. The governor of The Bahamas oversaw affairs from 1965 to 1973. With Bahamian independence, the islands received a separate governor in 1973. Although independence was agreed upon for 1982, the policy was reversed and the islands are presently a British overseas territory.
Tuvalu: In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years.
Uganda: Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed another 100,000 lives. During the 1990s the government promulgated non-party presidential and legislative elections.
Ukraine: Richly endowed in natural resources, Ukraine has been fought over and subjugated for centuries; its 20th-century struggle for liberty is not yet complete. A short-lived independence from Russia (1917-1920) was followed by brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died, and World War II, in which German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 million more deaths. Although independence was attained in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, true freedom remains elusive as many of the former Soviet elite remain entrenched, stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civic liberties.
United Arab Emirates: The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the UAE. They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is not far below those of the leading West European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed it to play a vital role in the affairs of the region.
United Kingdom: Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside of the European Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. Regional assemblies with varying degrees of power opened in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 1999.
United States: The United States became the world's first modern democracy after its break with Great Britain (1776) and the adoption of a constitution (1789). During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation-state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.
Uruguay: A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement, the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to agree to military control of his administration in 1973. By the end of the year the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold throughout the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
Uzbekistan: Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1925. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include insurgency by Islamic militants based in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, a non-convertible currency, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
Vanuatu: The British and French who settled the New Hebrides in the 19th century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which administered the islands until independence in 1980.
Venezuela: Venezuela was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Ecuador). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Current concerns include: drug-related conflicts along the Colombian border, increasing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.
Vietnam: France occupied all of Vietnam by 1884. Independence was declared after World War II, but the French continued to rule until 1954 when they were defeated by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the north. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later North Vietnamese forces overran the south. Economic reconstruction of the reunited country has proven difficult as aging Communist Party leaders have only grudgingly initiated reforms necessary for a free market.
Virgin Islands: During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.
Wake Island: The US annexed Wake Island in 1899 for a cable station. An important air and naval base was constructed in 1940-41. In December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese and held until the end of World War II. In subsequent years, Wake was developed as a stopover and refueling site for military and commercial aircraft transiting the Pacific. Since 1974, the island's airstrip has been used by the US military and some commercial cargo planes, as well as for emergency landings. There are over 700 landings a year on the island.
Wallis and Futuna: Although discovered by the Dutch and the British in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the French who declared a protectorate over the islands in 1842. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a French overseas territory.
West Bank: The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Permanent status is to be determined through direct negotiations, which resumed in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus. An intifadah broke out in September 2000; the resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability in the Palestinian Authority are undermining progress toward a permanent settlement.
Western Sahara: Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire; a referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed and is not expected to occur until at least 2002.
World: Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about the environment, including loss of forests, shortages of energy and water, the drop in biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1988, and 6 billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war).
Yemen: North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.
Yugoslavia: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various partisan bands that fought themselves as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although communist in name, his new government successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their independence in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" in 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the autonomous republic of Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO and Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo. Blatant attempts to manipulate presidential balloting in October of 2000 were followed by massive nationwide demonstrations and strikes that saw the election winner, Vojislav KOSTUNICA, replace MILOSEVIC.
Zambia: The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until takeover by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties.
Zimbabwe: The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated to keep whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence.
Taiwan: In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan, however it reverted to Chinese control after World War II. Following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Over the next five decades, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the native population within its governing structure. Throughout this period, the island has prospered to become one of East Asia's economic "Tigers." The dominant political issue continues to be the relationship between Taiwan and China and the question of eventual reunification.
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@Birth rate
Afghanistan: 41.42 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania: 19.01 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria: 22.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 24.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra: 10.29 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola: 46.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 15.17 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: 19.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina: 18.41 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia: 11.47 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba: 12.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Australia: 12.86 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria: 9.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: 18.44 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: 19.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 20.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: 25.3 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados: 13.47 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus: 9.57 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium: 10.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize: 31.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin: 44.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 12.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 35.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia: 27.27 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 12.86 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana: 28.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil: 18.45 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 15.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei: 20.45 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: 8.06 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: 44.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma: 20.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi: 40.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 33.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 36.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Canada: 11.21 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: 28.71 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 13.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Central African Republic: 37.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad: 48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile: 16.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China: 15.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA births/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA births/1,000 population
Colombia: 22.41 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros: 39.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 46.02 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: 38.24 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 20.27 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 40.38 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Croatia: 12.82 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba: 12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 13.08 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 9.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark: 11.96 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 40.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica: 17.81 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: 24.77 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador: 25.99 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt: 24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador: 28.67 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: 37.72 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 42.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Estonia: 8.7 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 44.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA births/1,000 population
Faroe Islands: 13.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji: 23.33 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland: 10.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France: 12.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 22.02 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 18.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon: 27.42 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 41.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 42.48 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia: 11.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany: 9.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana: 28.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: 11.25 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece: 9.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland: 16.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada: 23.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: 16.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam: 25.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala: 34.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 9.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea: 39.78 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: 39.29 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana: 17.92 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti: 31.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras: 31.94 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 11.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary: 9.32 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland: 14.62 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India: 24.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 22.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran: 17.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq: 34.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland: 14.57 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel: 19.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy: 9.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica: 18.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan: 10.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey: 11.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan: 25.44 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: 17.3 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya: 28.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kiribati: 31.98 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North: 19.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South: 14.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait: 21.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: 26.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos: 37.84 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia: 8.03 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon: 20.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho: 31.24 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia: 46.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Libya: 27.67 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein: 11.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania: 10 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: 12.25 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau: 12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 13.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar: 42.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi: 37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia: 24.75 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Maldives: 38.15 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali: 48.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta: 12.75 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of: 11.58 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands: 45.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique: 15.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania: 42.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius: 16.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte: 44.39 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico: 22.77 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova: 13.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco: 9.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia: 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat: 17.43 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco: 24.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique: 37.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia: 34.71 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru: 27.22 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal: 33.4 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands: 11.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: 16.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia: 20.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand: 14.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: 27.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger: 50.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria: 39.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue: NA births/1,000 population
Norfolk Island: NA births/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands: 20.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway: 12.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman: 37.96 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan: 31.21 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau: 19.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama: 19.06 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 32.15 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay: 30.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru: 23.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines: 27.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA births/1,000 population
Poland: 10.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal: 11.51 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico: 15.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar: 15.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion: 21.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania: 10.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia: 9.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda: 33.97 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena: 13.49 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18.78 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia: 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 15.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 17.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Samoa: 15.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino: 10.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: 42.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 37.34 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal: 37.46 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles: 17.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone: 45.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Singapore: 12.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia: 10.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia: 9.32 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands: 34.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia: 47.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa: 21.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain: 9.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: 16.58 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan: 37.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname: 20.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard: NA births/1,000 population
Swaziland: 40.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden: 9.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland: 10.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria: 30.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: 33.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania: 39.65 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand: 16.63 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo: 37.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau: NA births/1,000 population
Tonga: 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: 13.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia: 17.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey: 18.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: 28.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu: 21.56 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda: 47.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ukraine: 9.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 18.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom: 11.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States: 14.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay: 17.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: 26.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu: 25.4 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela: 20.65 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam: 21.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands: 15.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: NA births/1,000 population
West Bank: 35.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
World: 21.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen: 43.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: 12.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia: 41.46 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe: 24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Taiwan: 14.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@Budget
Afghanistan: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Albania: revenues: $393 million
expenditures: $676 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Algeria: revenues: $15.8 billion
expenditures: $16 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.3 billion (2001 est.)
American Samoa: revenues: $121 million (37% in local revenue and 63% in US grants)
expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY96/97)
Andorra: revenues: $385 million
expenditures: $342 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Angola: revenues: $928 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992 est.)
Anguilla: revenues: $20.4 million
expenditures: $23.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.8 million (1997 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: revenues: $122.6 million
expenditures: $141.2 million, including capital expenditures of $17.3 million (1997 est.)
Argentina: revenues: $44 billion
expenditures: $48 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Armenia: revenues: $360 million
expenditures: $566 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Aruba: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $541 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Australia: revenues: $94 billion
expenditures: $103 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Austria: revenues: $56.3 billion
expenditures: $60.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: revenues: $777 million
expenditures: $995 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Bahamas, The: revenues: $766 million
expenditures: $845 million, including capital expenditures of $97 million (FY97/98)
Bahrain: revenues: $1.8 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: revenues: $4.9 billion
expenditures: $6.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Barbados: revenues: $725.5 million
expenditures: $750.6 million, including capital expenditures of $126.3 million (FY97/98 est.)
Belarus: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1997 est.)
Belgium: revenues: $114.8 billion
expenditures: $117 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.6 billion (1999)
Belize: revenues: $157 million
expenditures: $279 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Benin: revenues: $299 million
expenditures: $445 million, including capital expenditures of $14 million (1995 est.)
Bermuda: revenues: $504.6 million
expenditures: $537 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY97/98)
Bhutan: revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96 est.)
note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures
Bolivia: revenues: $2.7 billion
expenditures: $2.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: revenues: $1.9 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Botswana: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $560 million (FY96)
Brazil: revenues: $151 billion
expenditures: $149 billion, including capital expenditures of $36 billion (1998)
British Virgin Islands: revenues: $121.5 million
expenditures: $115.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Brunei: revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.35 billion (1997 est.)
Bulgaria: revenues: $4.85 billion
expenditures: $4.92 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: revenues: $277 million
expenditures: $492 million, including capital expenditures of $233 million (1995 est.)
Burma: revenues: $7.9 billion
expenditures: $12.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7 billion (FY96/97)
Burundi: revenues: $125 million
expenditures: $176 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cambodia: revenues: $363 million
expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
Cameroon: revenues: $2.1 billion
expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Canada: revenues: $126.1 billion
expenditures: $125.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.8 billion (2000)
Cape Verde: revenues: $188 million
expenditures: $228 million, including capital expenditures of $116 million (1996)
Cayman Islands: revenues: $265.2 million
expenditures: $248.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Central African Republic: revenues: $638 million
expenditures: $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $888 million (1994 est.)
Chad: revenues: $198 million
expenditures: $218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
Chile: revenues: $16 billion
expenditures: $17 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
China: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Christmas Island: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Colombia: revenues: $22 billion
expenditures: $24 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Comoros: revenues: $48 million
expenditures: $53 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: revenues: $269 million
expenditures: $244 million, including capital expenditures of $24 million (1996 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: revenues: $870 million
expenditures: $970 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Cook Islands: revenues: $25 million
expenditures: $23 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY 99/00)
Costa Rica: revenues: $1.95 billion
expenditures: $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $420 million (2000 est.)
Croatia: revenues: $6 billion
expenditures: $4.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Cuba: revenues: $13.5 billion
expenditures: $14.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cyprus: revenues: Greek Cypriot area - $2.9 billion (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area - $294 million (2000 est.)
expenditures: Greek Cypriot area - $3.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $324 million (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot $495 million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (2000 est.)
Czech Republic: revenues: $16.7 billion
expenditures: $18 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Denmark: revenues: $52.9 billion
expenditures: $51.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (2001 est.)
Djibouti: revenues: $133 million
expenditures: $187 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Dominica: revenues: $72 million
expenditures: $79.9 million, including capital expenditures of $11.5 million (FY97/98)
Dominican Republic: revenues: $2.3 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $867 million (1999 est.)
Ecuador: revenues: planned $5.1 billion (not including revenue from potential privatizations)
expenditures: $5.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Egypt: revenues: $22.6 billion
expenditures: $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99)
El Salvador: revenues: $1.8 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $43 million, including capital expenditures of $7 million (1996 est.)
Eritrea: revenues: $283.9 million
expenditures: $351.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Estonia: revenues: $1.37 billion
expenditures: $1.37 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Ethiopia: revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $1.48 billion, including capital expenditures of $415 million (FY96/97)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): revenues: $66.2 million
expenditures: $67.9 million, including capital expenditures of $23.2 million (FY98/99 est.)
Faroe Islands: revenues: $488 million
expenditures: $484 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1999)
Fiji: revenues: $610 million
expenditures: $501 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Finland: revenues: $36.1 billion
expenditures: $31 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
France: revenues: $210 billion
expenditures: $240 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
French Guiana: revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1996)
French Polynesia: revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $900 million, including capital expenditures of $185 million (1996)
Gabon: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $302 million (1996 est.)
Gambia, The: revenues: $90.5 million
expenditures: $80.9 million, including capital expenditures of $4.1 million (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
note: includes West Bank (1999 est.)
Georgia: revenues: $437 million
expenditures: $626 million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (1999)
Germany: revenues: $996 billion
expenditures: $1.036 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Ghana: revenues: $1.39 billion
expenditures: $1.47 billion, including capital expenditures of $370 million (1996 est.)
Gibraltar: revenues: $307 million
expenditures: $284 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Greece: revenues: $45 billion
expenditures: $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Greenland: revenues: $646 million
expenditures: $629 million, including capital expenditures of $85 million (1999)
Grenada: revenues: $85.8 million
expenditures: $102.1 million, including capital expenditures of $28 million (1997)
Guadeloupe: revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1996)
Guam: revenues: $605.3 million
expenditures: $654.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000)
Guatemala: revenues: $2.2 billion
expenditures: $1.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Guernsey: revenues: $381.3 million
expenditures: $368.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Guinea: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $417.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Guyana: revenues: $220.1 million
expenditures: $286.4 million, including capital expenditures of $86.6 million (1998)
Haiti: revenues: $317 million
expenditures: $362 million, including capital expenditures of $84 million (FY99/00 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City): revenues: $209.6 million
expenditures: $198.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Honduras: revenues: $607 million
expenditures: $411.9 million, including capital expenditures of $106 million (1999 est.)
Hong Kong: revenues: $20.8 billion
expenditures: $24.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00)
Hungary: revenues: $13 billion
expenditures: $14.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Iceland: revenues: $3.5 billion
expenditures: $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $467 million (1999)
India: revenues: $44.3 billion
expenditures: $73.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Indonesia: revenues: $26 billion
expenditures: $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Iran: revenues: $27 billion
expenditures: $27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Iraq: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Ireland: revenues: $25.7 billion
expenditures: $19.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (2000)
Israel: revenues: $40 billion
expenditures: $42.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Italy: revenues: $488 billion
expenditures: $501 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Jamaica: revenues: $2.23 billion
expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of $232.5 million (FY99/00 est.)
Japan: revenues: $441 billion
expenditures: $718 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of about $84 billion (FY01/02 est.)
Jersey: revenues: $601 million
expenditures: $588 million, including capital expenditures of $98 million (2000 est.)
Jordan: revenues: $2.8 billion
expenditures: $3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: revenues: $3.1 billion
expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Kenya: revenues: $2.91 billion
expenditures: $2.97 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Kiribati: revenues: $33.3 million
expenditures: $47.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1996 est.)
Korea, North: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Korea, South: revenues: $81.8 billion
expenditures: $94.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.1 billion (1999)
Kuwait: revenues: $11.5 billion
expenditures: $17.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY01/02)
Kyrgyzstan: revenues: $207.4 million
expenditures: $238.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Laos: revenues: $211 million
expenditures: $462 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY98/99 est.)
Latvia: revenues: $1.33 billion
expenditures: $1.27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Lebanon: revenues: $3.31 billion
expenditures: $5.55 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Lesotho: revenues: $76 million
expenditures: $80 million, including capital expenditures of $15 million (FY99/00 est.)
Liberia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Libya: revenues: $6.85 billion
expenditures: $4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: revenues: $424.2 million
expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Lithuania: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Luxembourg: revenues: $5.6 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Macau: revenues: $1.26 billion
expenditures: $1.22 billion, including capital expenditures of $175 million (1999 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: revenues: $1.06 billion
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of $107 million (1996 est.)
Madagascar: revenues: $553 million
expenditures: $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Malawi: revenues: $490 million
expenditures: $523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Malaysia: revenues: $16.4 billion
expenditures: $17.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $43 billion (2000 est.)
Maldives: revenues: $166 million (excluding foreign grants)
expenditures: $192 million, including capital expenditures of $80 million (1999 est.)
Mali: revenues: $730 million
expenditures: $770 million, including capital expenditures of $320 million (1997 est.)
Malta: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $265.4 million (1999)
Man, Isle of: revenues: $485 million
expenditures: $463 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Marshall Islands: revenues: $80.1 million
expenditures: $77.4 million, including capital expenditures of $19.5 million (FY95/96 est.)
Martinique: revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $140 million (1996)
Mauritania: revenues: $329 million
expenditures: $265 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (1996 est.)
Mauritius: revenues: $1.1 billion
expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Mayotte: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Mexico: revenues: $125 billion
expenditures: $130 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: revenues: $161 million ($69 million less grants)
expenditures: $160 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Moldova: revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Monaco: revenues: $518 million
expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995)
Mongolia: revenues: $262 million
expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Montserrat: revenues: $31.4 million
expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4 million (1997 est.)
Morocco: revenues: $9.6 billion
expenditures: $8.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.1 billion (2001 est.)
Mozambique: revenues: $466.9 million
expenditures: $1.004 billion, including capital expenditures of $502.5 million (2000 est.)
Namibia: revenues: $883 million
expenditures: $950 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)
Nauru: revenues: $23.4 million
expenditures: $64.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96)
Nepal: revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $818 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY96/97 est.)
Netherlands: revenues: $134 billion
expenditures: $134 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: revenues: $710.8 million
expenditures: $741.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
New Caledonia: revenues: $861.3 million
expenditures: $735.3 million, including capital expenditures of $52 million (1996 est.)
New Zealand: revenues: $19.2 billion
expenditures: $19.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Nicaragua: revenues: $734 million
expenditures: $836 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Niger: revenues: $377 million, including $146 million from foreign sources
expenditures: $377 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1999 est.)
Nigeria: revenues: $3.4 billion
expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Niue: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Norfolk Island: revenues: $4.6 million
expenditures: $4.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92/93)
Northern Mariana Islands: revenues: $221 million
expenditures: $213 million, including capital expenditures of $17.7 million (1996)
Norway: revenues: $71.7 billion
expenditures: $57.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Oman: revenues: $4.7 billion
expenditures: $5.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $490 million (1999)
Pakistan: revenues: $8.9 billion
expenditures: $11.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Palau: revenues: $57.7 million
expenditures: $80.8 million, including capital expenditures of $17.1 million (FY98/99 est.)
Panama: revenues: $2.8 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $471 million (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Paraguay: revenues: $1.3 billion
expenditures: $2 billion, including capital expenditures of $700 million (1999 est.)
Peru: revenues: $8.5 billion
expenditures: $9.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (1996 est.)
Philippines: revenues: $14.5 billion
expenditures: $12.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: revenues: $729,884
expenditures: $878,119, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY94/95 est.)
Poland: revenues: $49.6 billion
expenditures: $52.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Portugal: revenues: $48.6 billion
expenditures: $50.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.7 billion (2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: revenues: $6.7 billion
expenditures: $9.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00)
Qatar: revenues: $3.9 billion
expenditures: $4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Reunion: revenues: NA
expenditures: NA
Romania: revenues: $11.7 billion
expenditures: $12.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Russia: revenues: $40 billion
expenditures: $33.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Rwanda: revenues: $198 million
expenditures: $411 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: revenues: $64.1 million
expenditures: $73.3 million, including capital expenditures of $10.4 million (1997 est.)
Saint Lucia: revenues: $141.2 million
expenditures: $146.7 million, including capital expenditures of $25.1 million (FY97/98 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: revenues: $70 million
expenditures: $60 million, including capital expenditures of $24 million (1996 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: revenues: $85.7 million
expenditures: $98.6 million, including capital expenditures of $25.7 million (1997 est.)
Samoa: revenues: $74.8 million
expenditures: $81.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
San Marino: revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: revenues: $58 million
expenditures: $114 million, including capital expenditures of $54 million (1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia: revenues: $66 billion
expenditures: $66 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Senegal: revenues: $885 million
expenditures: $885 million, including capital expenditures of $125 million (1996 est.)
Seychelles: revenues: $249 million
expenditures: $262 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Sierra Leone: revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Singapore: revenues: $18.1 billion
expenditures: $17.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.5 billion (FY99/00 est.)
Slovakia: revenues: $5.2 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Slovenia: revenues: $8.11 billion
expenditures: $8.32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Solomon Islands: revenues: $147 million
expenditures: $168 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Somalia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
South Africa: revenues: $31.1 billion
expenditures: $34.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY01/02)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: revenues: $291,777
expenditures: $451,000, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
Spain: revenues: $105 billion
expenditures: $109 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.8 billion (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: revenues: $3 billion
expenditures: $3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Sudan: revenues: $1.2 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Suriname: revenues: $393 million
expenditures: $403 million, including capital expenditures of $34 million (1997 est.)
Svalbard: revenues: $11.5 million
expenditures: $11.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Swaziland: revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $450 million, including capital expenditures of $115 million (FY96/97)
Sweden: revenues: $133 billion
expenditures: $125.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Switzerland: revenues: $32.66 billion
expenditures: $34.89 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.3 billion (1998 est.)
Syria: revenues: $2.25 billion
expenditures: $5.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $196 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Tanzania: revenues: $1.21 billion
expenditures: $1.36 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Thailand: revenues: $19 billion
expenditures: $21 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Togo: revenues: $232 million
expenditures: $252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Tokelau: revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)
Tonga: revenues: $49 million
expenditures: $120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: revenues: $1.54 billion
expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $117.3 million (1998)
Tunisia: revenues: $7.5 billion
expenditures: $8.1 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.6 billion (2000 est.)
Turkey: revenues: $54.5 billion
expenditures: $75.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.3 billion (2000)
Turkmenistan: revenues: $588.6 million
expenditures: $658.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $33.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997-1998 est.)
Tuvalu: revenues: $6.2 million
expenditures: $6.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Uganda: revenues: $959 million
expenditures: $1.04 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY98/99 est.)
Ukraine: revenues: $8.3 billion
expenditures: $8.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
United Arab Emirates: revenues: $6.5 billion
expenditures: $7.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: revenues: $555.2 billion
expenditures: $510.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37.7 billion (FY00)
United States: revenues: $1.828 trillion
expenditures: $1.703 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Uruguay: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Vanuatu: revenues: $94.4 million
expenditures: $99.8 million, including capital expenditures of $30.4 million (1996 est.)
Venezuela: revenues: $26.4 billion
expenditures: $27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Vietnam: revenues: $5.3 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands: revenues: $364.4 million
expenditures: $364.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $17 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
West Bank: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
note: includes Gaza Strip (1999 est.)
Western Sahara: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Yemen: revenues: $3 billion
expenditures: $3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Zambia: revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA million (1999 est.)
Zimbabwe: revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279 million (FY96/97 est.)
Taiwan: revenues: $42.74 billion
expenditures: $48.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@Capital
Afghanistan: Kabul
Albania: Tirana
Algeria: Algiers
American Samoa: Pago Pago
Andorra: Andorra la Vella
Angola: Luanda
Anguilla: The Valley
Antigua and Barbuda: Saint John's
Argentina: Buenos Aires
Armenia: Yerevan
Aruba: Oranjestad
Australia: Canberra
Austria: Vienna
Azerbaijan: Baku (Baki)
Bahamas, The: Nassau
Bahrain: Manama
Bangladesh: Dhaka
Barbados: Bridgetown
Belarus: Minsk
Belgium: Brussels
Belize: Belmopan
Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital; Cotonou is the seat of government
Bermuda: Hamilton
Bhutan: Thimphu
Bolivia: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
Botswana: Gaborone
Brazil: Brasilia
British Virgin Islands: Road Town
Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria: Sofia
Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou
Burma: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)
Burundi: Bujumbura
Cambodia: Phnom Penh
Cameroon: Yaounde
Canada: Ottawa
Cape Verde: Praia
Cayman Islands: George Town
Central African Republic: Bangui
Chad: N'Djamena
Chile: Santiago
China: Beijing
Christmas Island: The Settlement
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: West Island
Colombia: Bogota
Comoros: Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the: Brazzaville
Cook Islands: Avarua
Costa Rica: San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the administrative center; the US, like other countries, maintains its Embassy in Abidjan
Croatia: Zagreb
Cuba: Havana
Cyprus: Nicosia
Czech Republic: Prague
Denmark: Copenhagen
Djibouti: Djibouti
Dominica: Roseau
Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo
Ecuador: Quito
Egypt: Cairo
El Salvador: San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea: Malabo
Eritrea: Asmara (formerly Asmera)
Estonia: Tallinn
Ethiopia: Addis Ababa
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Stanley
Faroe Islands: Torshavn
Fiji: Suva
Finland: Helsinki
France: Paris
French Guiana: Cayenne
French Polynesia: Papeete
Gabon: Libreville
Gambia, The: Banjul
Georgia: T'bilisi
Germany: Berlin
Ghana: Accra
Gibraltar: Gibraltar
Greece: Athens
Greenland: Nuuk (Godthab)
Grenada: Saint George's
Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre
Guam: Hagatna (Agana)
Guatemala: Guatemala
Guernsey: Saint Peter Port
Guinea: Conakry
Guinea-Bissau: Bissau
Guyana: Georgetown
Haiti: Port-au-Prince
Holy See (Vatican City): Vatican City
Honduras: Tegucigalpa
Hungary: Budapest
Iceland: Reykjavik
India: New Delhi
Indonesia: Jakarta
Iran: Tehran
Iraq: Baghdad
Ireland: Dublin
Israel: Jerusalem; note - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv
Italy: Rome
Jamaica: Kingston
Japan: Tokyo
Jersey: Saint Helier
Jordan: Amman
Kazakhstan: Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana in December 1998
Kenya: Nairobi
Kiribati: Tarawa
Korea, North: P'yongyang
Korea, South: Seoul
Kuwait: Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek
Laos: Vientiane
Latvia: Riga
Lebanon: Beirut
Lesotho: Maseru
Liberia: Monrovia
Libya: Tripoli
Liechtenstein: Vaduz
Lithuania: Vilnius
Luxembourg: Luxembourg
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Skopje
Madagascar: Antananarivo
Malawi: Lilongwe
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Maldives: Male
Mali: Bamako
Malta: Valletta
Man, Isle of: Douglas
Marshall Islands: Majuro
Martinique: Fort-de-France
Mauritania: Nouakchott
Mauritius: Port Louis
Mayotte: Mamoutzou
Mexico: Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of: Palikir
Moldova: Chisinau
Monaco: Monaco
Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar
Montserrat: Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades, in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat)
Morocco: Rabat
Mozambique: Maputo
Namibia: Windhoek
Nauru: no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal: Kathmandu
Netherlands: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
Netherlands Antilles: Willemstad
New Caledonia: Noumea
New Zealand: Wellington
Nicaragua: Managua
Niger: Niamey
Nigeria: Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially transferred from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices have now made the move to Abuja
Niue: Alofi
Norfolk Island: Kingston
Northern Mariana Islands: Saipan
Norway: Oslo
Oman: Muscat
Pakistan: Islamabad
Palau: Koror; note - a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast of Koror
Panama: Panama
Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby
Paraguay: Asuncion
Peru: Lima
Philippines: Manila
Pitcairn Islands: Adamstown
Poland: Warsaw
Portugal: Lisbon
Puerto Rico: San Juan
Qatar: Doha
Reunion: Saint-Denis
Romania: Bucharest
Russia: Moscow
Rwanda: Kigali
Saint Helena: Jamestown
Saint Kitts and Nevis: Basseterre
Saint Lucia: Castries
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Saint-Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Kingstown
Samoa: Apia
San Marino: San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe: Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia: Riyadh
Senegal: Dakar
Seychelles: Victoria
Sierra Leone: Freetown
Singapore: Singapore
Slovakia: Bratislava
Slovenia: Ljubljana
Solomon Islands: Honiara
Somalia: Mogadishu
South Africa: Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center and Bloemfontein the judicial center
Spain: Madrid
Sri Lanka: Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital
Sudan: Khartoum
Suriname: Paramaribo
Svalbard: Longyearbyen
Swaziland: Mbabane; note - Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital
Sweden: Stockholm
Switzerland: Bern
Syria: Damascus
Tajikistan: Dushanbe
Tanzania: Dar es Salaam; note - legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National Assembly now meets there on regular basis
Thailand: Bangkok
Togo: Lome
Tokelau: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Tonga: Nuku'alofa
Trinidad and Tobago: Port-of-Spain
Tunisia: Tunis
Turkey: Ankara
Turkmenistan: Ashgabat
Turks and Caicos Islands: Cockburn Town (on Grand Turk)
Tuvalu: Funafuti
Uganda: Kampala
Ukraine: Kiev (Kyyiv)
United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom: London
United States: Washington, DC
Uruguay: Montevideo
Uzbekistan: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Vanuatu: Port-Vila
Venezuela: Caracas
Vietnam: Hanoi
Virgin Islands: Charlotte Amalie
Wallis and Futuna: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)
Western Sahara: none
Yemen: Sanaa
Yugoslavia: Belgrade
Zambia: Lusaka
Zimbabwe: Harare
Taiwan: Taipei
======================================================================
@Climate
Afghanistan: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Albania: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
American Samoa: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
Andorra: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Arctic Ocean: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Armenia: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: tropical
Atlantic Ocean: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
Australia: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Austria: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan: dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Baker Island: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Bangladesh: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados: tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Bassas da India: tropical
Belarus: cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
Belgium: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
Benin: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Bhutan: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Bolivia: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Botswana: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island: antarctic
Brazil: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
Brunei: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Burundi: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Cambodia: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Canada: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Cape Verde: temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic
Cayman Islands: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Chad: tropical in south, desert in north
Chile: temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
China: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Clipperton Island: tropical, humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall
Colombia: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Congo, Republic of the: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands: tropical; moderated by trade winds
Coral Sea Islands: tropical
Costa Rica: tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
Cuba: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, winters
Czech Republic: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Djibouti: desert; torrid, dry
Dominica: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Ecuador: tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea: tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert
Estonia: maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Island: tropical
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
Fiji: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland: cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
French Polynesia: tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: antarctic
Gabon: tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind
Ghana: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islands: tropical
Greece: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupe: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
Guam: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
Guinea: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
Haiti: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City): temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong: tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Island: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Hungary: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
India: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Ireland: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Israel: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Jamaica: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Island: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jersey: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atoll: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordan: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Island: tropical
Kazakhstan: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Kenya: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reef: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribati: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwait: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
Latvia: maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania: transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Madagascar: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi: sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Malaysia: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Maldives: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Malta: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
Man, Isle of: cool summers and mild winters; temperate; overcast about one-third of the time
Marshall Islands: wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt
Martinique: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritania: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Mexico: varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islands: subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Moldova: moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Montserrat: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique: tropical to subtropical
Namibia: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
Navassa Island: marine, tropical
Nepal: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand: temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
Niue: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Northern Mariana Islands: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers causing glaciers to grow; rainy year-round on west coast
Oman: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Palau: wet season May to November; hot and humid
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panama: tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Paracel Islands: tropical
Paraguay: subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Philippines: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands: tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Portugal: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Puerto Rico: tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Qatar: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Romania: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Rwanda: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Helena: Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)
San Marino: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Saudi Arabia: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Senegal: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Seychelles: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Slovakia: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Solomon Islands: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
Somalia: principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
South Africa: mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean: sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
Spain: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Spratly Islands: tropical
Sri Lanka: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)
Suriname: tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Swaziland: varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
Syria: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus
Tajikistan: midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togo: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Island: tropical
Tunisia: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Turkey: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Turkmenistan: subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
United States: mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
Uruguay: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
Venezuela: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Virgin Islands: subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
Wake Island: tropical
Wallis and Futuna: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
World: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
Yemen: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Yugoslavia: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Zambia: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Zimbabwe: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
Taiwan: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
======================================================================
@Coastline
Afghanistan: 0 km (landlocked)
Albania: 362 km
Algeria: 998 km
American Samoa: 116 km
Andorra: 0 km (landlocked)
Angola: 1,600 km
Anguilla: 61 km
Antarctica: 17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda: 153 km
Arctic Ocean: 45,389 km
Argentina: 4,989 km
Armenia: 0 km (landlocked)
Aruba: 68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: 74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean: 111,866 km
Australia: 25,760 km
Austria: 0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan: 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)
Bahamas, The: 3,542 km
Bahrain: 161 km
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Bangladesh: 580 km
Barbados: 97 km
Bassas da India: 35.2 km
Belarus: 0 km (landlocked)
Belgium: 66 km
Belize: 386 km
Benin: 121 km
Bermuda: 103 km
Bhutan: 0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia: 0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 20 km
Botswana: 0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island: 29.6 km
Brazil: 7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory: 698 km
British Virgin Islands: 80 km
Brunei: 161 km
Bulgaria: 354 km
Burkina Faso: 0 km (landlocked)
Burma: 1,930 km
Burundi: 0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia: 443 km
Cameroon: 402 km
Canada: 243,791 km
Cape Verde: 965 km
Cayman Islands: 160 km
Central African Republic: 0 km (landlocked)
Chad: 0 km (landlocked)
Chile: 6,435 km
China: 14,500 km
Christmas Island: 138.9 km
Clipperton Island: 11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 2.6 km
Colombia: 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)
Comoros: 340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 37 km
Congo, Republic of the: 169 km
Cook Islands: 120 km
Coral Sea Islands: 3,095 km
Costa Rica: 1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire: 515 km
Croatia: 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba: 3,735 km
Cyprus: 648 km
Czech Republic: 0 km (landlocked)
Denmark: 7,314 km
Djibouti: 314 km
Dominica: 148 km
Dominican Republic: 1,288 km
Ecuador: 2,237 km
Egypt: 2,450 km
El Salvador: 307 km
Equatorial Guinea: 296 km
Eritrea: 2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km
Estonia: 3,794 km
Ethiopia: 0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island: 22.2 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 1,288 km
Faroe Islands: 1,117 km
Fiji: 1,129 km
Finland: 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)
France: 3,427 km
French Guiana: 378 km
French Polynesia: 2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: 1,232 km
Gabon: 885 km
Gambia, The: 80 km
Gaza Strip: 40 km
Georgia: 310 km
Germany: 2,389 km
Ghana: 539 km
Gibraltar: 12 km
Glorioso Islands: 35.2 km
Greece: 13,676 km
Greenland: 44,087 km
Grenada: 121 km
Guadeloupe: 306 km
Guam: 125.5 km
Guatemala: 400 km
Guernsey: 50 km
Guinea: 320 km
Guinea-Bissau: 350 km
Guyana: 459 km
Haiti: 1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: 101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City): 0 km (landlocked)
Honduras: 820 km
Hong Kong: 733 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Hungary: 0 km (landlocked)
Iceland: 4,988 km
India: 7,000 km
Indian Ocean: 66,526 km
Indonesia: 54,716 km
Iran: 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq: 58 km
Ireland: 1,448 km
Israel: 273 km
Italy: 7,600 km
Jamaica: 1,022 km
Jan Mayen: 124.1 km
Japan: 29,751 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Jersey: 70 km
Johnston Atoll: 10 km
Jordan: 26 km
Juan de Nova Island: 24.1 km
Kazakhstan: 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya: 536 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Kiribati: 1,143 km
Korea, North: 2,495 km
Korea, South: 2,413 km
Kuwait: 499 km
Kyrgyzstan: 0 km (landlocked)
Laos: 0 km (landlocked)
Latvia: 531 km
Lebanon: 225 km
Lesotho: 0 km (landlocked)
Liberia: 579 km
Libya: 1,770 km
Liechtenstein: 0 km (landlocked)
Lithuania: 99 km
Luxembourg: 0 km (landlocked)
Macau: 40 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar: 4,828 km
Malawi: 0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia: 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Maldives: 644 km
Mali: 0 km (landlocked)
Malta: 196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Man, Isle of: 160 km
Marshall Islands: 370.4 km
Martinique: 350 km
Mauritania: 754 km
Mauritius: 177 km
Mayotte: 185.2 km
Mexico: 9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of: 6,112 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Moldova: 0 km (landlocked)
Monaco: 4.1 km
Mongolia: 0 km (landlocked)
Montserrat: 40 km
Morocco: 1,835 km
Mozambique: 2,470 km
Namibia: 1,572 km
Nauru: 30 km
Navassa Island: 8 km
Nepal: 0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands: 451 km
Netherlands Antilles: 364 km
New Caledonia: 2,254 km
New Zealand: 15,134 km
Nicaragua: 910 km
Niger: 0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria: 853 km
Niue: 64 km
Norfolk Island: 32 km
Northern Mariana Islands: 1,482 km
Norway: 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)
Oman: 2,092 km
Pacific Ocean: 135,663 km
Pakistan: 1,046 km
Palau: 1,519 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Panama: 2,490 km
Papua New Guinea: 5,152 km
Paracel Islands: 518 km
Paraguay: 0 km (landlocked)
Peru: 2,414 km
Philippines: 36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands: 51 km
Poland: 491 km
Portugal: 1,793 km
Puerto Rico: 501 km
Qatar: 563 km
Reunion: 207 km
Romania: 225 km
Russia: 37,653 km
Rwanda: 0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena: 60 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 135 km
Saint Lucia: 158 km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 84 km
Samoa: 403 km
San Marino: 0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe: 209 km
Saudi Arabia: 2,640 km
Senegal: 531 km
Seychelles: 491 km
Sierra Leone: 402 km
Singapore: 193 km
Slovakia: 0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia: 46.6 km
Solomon Islands: 5,313 km
Somalia: 3,025 km
South Africa: 2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: NA km
Southern Ocean: 17,968 km
Spain: 4,964 km
Spratly Islands: 926 km
Sri Lanka: 1,340 km
Sudan: 853 km
Suriname: 386 km
Svalbard: 3,587 km
Swaziland: 0 km (landlocked)
Sweden: 3,218 km
Switzerland: 0 km (landlocked)
Syria: 193 km
Tajikistan: 0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania: 1,424 km
Thailand: 3,219 km
Togo: 56 km
Tokelau: 101 km
Tonga: 419 km
Trinidad and Tobago: 362 km
Tromelin Island: 3.7 km
Tunisia: 1,148 km
Turkey: 7,200 km
Turkmenistan: 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 389 km
Tuvalu: 24 km
Uganda: 0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine: 2,782 km
United Arab Emirates: 1,318 km
United Kingdom: 12,429 km
United States: 19,924 km
Uruguay: 660 km
Uzbekistan: 0 km; note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu: 2,528 km
Venezuela: 2,800 km
Vietnam: 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands: 188 km
Wake Island: 19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna: 129 km
West Bank: 0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara: 1,110 km
World: 356,000 km
Yemen: 1,906 km
Yugoslavia: 199 km
Zambia: 0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe: 0 km (landlocked)
Taiwan: 1,566.3 km
======================================================================
@Communications - note
Bouvet Island: automatic meteorological station
Coral Sea Islands: there are automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs relaying data to the mainland
Europa Island: 1 meteorological station
Glorioso Islands: 1 meteorological station
Juan de Nova Island: 1 meteorological station
Saint Helena: Gough Island has a meteorological station
Tromelin Island: important meteorological station
======================================================================
@Constitution
Afghanistan: none
Albania: a new constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted the vote
Algeria: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996; note - referendum approving the revisions of 28 November 1996 was signed into law 7 December 1996
American Samoa: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
Andorra: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993
Angola: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
Anguilla: Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda: 1 November 1981
Argentina: 1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Armenia: adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Aruba: 1 January 1986
Australia: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria: 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
Azerbaijan: adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The: 10 July 1973
Bahrain: adopted late December 2000 (new constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
Bangladesh: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times
Barbados: 30 November 1966
Belarus: 30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996
Belgium: 7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state
Belize: 21 September 1981
Benin: December 1990
Bermuda: 8 June 1968, amended 1989
Bhutan: no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers
Bolivia: 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force
Botswana: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil: 5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands: 1 June 1977
Brunei: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Bulgaria: adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso: 2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted
Burma: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; progress has since been stalled
Burundi: 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
Cambodia: promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon: 20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996
Canada: 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Cape Verde: new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president
Cayman Islands: 1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Central African Republic: passed by referendum 29 December 1994; adopted 7 January 1995
Chad: passed by referendum 31 March 1995
Chile: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997
China: most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island: Christmas Island Act of 1958
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
Colombia: 5 July 1991
Comoros: 20 October 1996
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994; in November 1998, a draft constitution was approved by former President Laurent KABILA but it has not been ratified by a national referendum
Congo, Republic of the: Draft constitution approved by transitional parliament in September 2000
Cook Islands: 4 August 1965
Costa Rica: 7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire: 3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last time 27 July 1998
Croatia: adopted on 22 December 1990
Cuba: 24 February 1976, amended July 1992
Cyprus: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Czech Republic: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Denmark: 1849 was the original constitution; there was a major overhaul 5 June 1953, allowing for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
Djibouti: multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
Dominica: 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic: 28 November 1966
Ecuador: 10 August 1998
Egypt: 11 September 1971
El Salvador: 23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea: approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
Eritrea: the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
Estonia: adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia: ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji: 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level