II. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. (continued 5)

461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn 30naŋ maŋa mansánas. Juan got a chance to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He has got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána akò naŋ usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò naŋ maŋa dáhon, naŋ pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there, I had already 35had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw, hiŋìʾ, sáli.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkàbúhay naŋ médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatwá naŋ kanya ŋ kababáyan. The doctor’s saving of Juan’s life was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Aŋ pagkàtáwag nyà sa médiko ŋ nagligtàs naŋ búhay naŋ kanya 40ŋ anàk ay dahilàn sa pagkàgámit nya naŋ teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who saved his child’s life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the telephone. Aŋ nagìŋ pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay naŋyáre dahilàn sa paggámit nya naŋ guntìŋ naŋ láta. The fact that he was able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Aŋ pagkáhampas nyà sa maŋa bátàʾ ay dahilàn sa kahabáan naŋ kanya ŋ pamáloʾ. He can hit the children 5because of the length of his stick. Aŋ pagkàháraŋ kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ŋ ikinawalá naŋ kanila ŋ salapèʾ. Juan and his party’s having been held up was what deprived them of their money. Aŋ pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí maŋyàyáre kuŋ gumámit sya naŋ mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able to slice the sugar-cane 10down its length (as a game or trick), if he had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kuŋ anò aŋ dápat nya ŋ gawìn sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught, he immediately carried it out. Naŋhináyaŋ aŋ boo ŋ báyan sa 15pagkápatay kay Risàl naŋ maŋa Kastílaʾ. The whole country mourned over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Aŋ ámi ŋ pagkásakay sa baŋkàʾ ay syà ŋ nagligtàs sa ámi ŋ búhay. Our having been able to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Aŋ pagkàsúnog naŋ maŋa magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan naŋ 20gubyèrno. The thieves’ burning the town was punished by the government. Aŋ pagkátayo naŋ isa ŋ báhay-pàmahaláa ŋ batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn naŋ paŋánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building came after all to be built, was due to Juan’s calling attention to the danger from fire. Anu 25ŋ pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has been! So from: sábi, táwag.

462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: aŋ nakàkìkilála, aŋ nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has 30come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána ay syà ŋ ikinátawà naŋ marámi ŋ nakàkàkíta. Juana’s astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.

35Abstract: Malínaw aŋ pagkàkíta ko sa naŋyáre. I had a clear view of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.

463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.

It may correspond regularly to the active type in § 460, and 40denote an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.

Nàáso ko sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I didn’t like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo aŋ tuŋkùl sa súnog? Haven’t you come across the details of the fire in the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ŋ pinaglàlaruwan mò ŋ 5kandeléro. See that you don’t break that candlestick you’re playing with, Juana. Nádala nyà naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ sa kanya ŋ pagalìs aŋ áki ŋ páyoŋ. When he went away he inadvertently carried off my umbrella. Nàgambála ku aŋ pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ŋ pagdatìŋ na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in 10his studying by my untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn aŋ áki ŋ, sombréro dahilàn sa kanyà ŋ pagmamadalí naŋ pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of his departure. Nàgísiŋ nya sa kanya ŋ pagiiŋày aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. What with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs naŋ hindí sinásadyá ni Pédro aŋ bábuy naŋ 15kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit his neighbor’s hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin aŋ kanyà ŋ anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ŋ gawìn. She was also forced to leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày ko naŋ barìl-barílan aŋ manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken with my toy-gun. 20Kánin mo aŋ milòn, kuŋ iyu ŋ gustò, o kayàʾ aŋ ságiŋ, kuŋ sya mo itò ŋ nàpìpíleʾ.—Nàpìpíli ko aŋ milòn. Eat the banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.—I prefer the melon. Nápitas nyà aŋ bulaklàk naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ. She picked the flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ aŋ lúbid na 25itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo màsíraʾ, Hwàn, aŋ patágo sa iyù ŋ kwàlta naŋ iyu ŋ kapatìd. See to it, Juan, that you don’t do away with your brother’s money that is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána aŋ inumìt na siŋsìŋ naŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her 30sister had filched. So from: aŋkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.

464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active described in § 461, and denote an object undergoing an action which a rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of 35outer circumstances.

Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay nàbìbílog naŋ kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan’s playmates are succeeding in making a fool of him (literally: in rounding his head). Nágupit nyà aŋ makapàl na damìt. It turned out that he was able to cut the thick cloth. Hindí ku màípon 40aŋ maŋa karáyum na naŋàsábug sa lúpaʾ. I did not succeed in gathering up all the needles that were scattered over the floor. Hindí ko mápatay aŋ púsa ŋ itò. I cannot kill this cat (i.e. its life is tough, it gets away, etc.) Kapag nàpútol mo aŋ bákal na iyàn, ikàw ay makawáwalàʾ. If you can get a chance to cut through that iron, you can make your escape. Nàpútol nya aŋ káhoy. He got the wood cut all right. Hindí nya màpútol aŋ leèg naŋ manòk. He couldn’t get the chicken’s neck cut through. 5Màpùpútol na raw nyà aŋ púno naŋ káhoy na nabwàl. He says he will be in a position to cut through the tree that has fallen. aŋ kanyà ŋ násiŋìl the money he was able to collect. Similarly, from: bálot, gawàʾ, húli, kúha, kúlam, nákaw, pitàs, sábi, taàs, táwag.

465. Similarly, the direct passive is regularly used to correspond 10to the active in § 462, of objects of sensation. Nàkilála ko si Hwàn doòn sa sàwáyan. I got acquainted with Juan at that dance. So from: alaála, dinìg, inò, kíta, málas, pansìn.

466. Other uses of the direct passive do not regularly correspond to any active, cf. § 440 f.; these have their own abstract 15with pagkà-.

The direct passive is used to denote an object which has accidentally got into such and such a condition; the actor is either indifferent or entirely lacking. There seems to be no abstract principle clearly separating this form from the passive with na- 20described in § 440; where position of the object is involved, the accidental form is preferred.

Nàbúte aŋ kanyà ŋ pagkatákot. His fear reached a high point. Aŋ kanya ŋ baŋkà y patúŋo sa bandà ŋ kalunúran, dátapuwat pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalìʾ ay náiba aŋ kanya ŋ bandáhin. 25His canoe was headed toward the west, but after a while his direction changed. Aŋ ìnumínan naŋ báhay ay dápat málagay sa lugàr na malílim. The shelf for drinking-water of a house should be in a shady place. Násakay sa trèn aŋ ipinahatìd mo ŋ maŋa dalaŋhítaʾ. The tangerines you sent have been shipped. Nàtúlin aŋ pagpapadulàs 30naŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa pútek. Juan’s sliding on the mud got faster and faster (in spite of him).

Similarly from: bágay, balítaʾ, baòn, dápat, doòn, hintòʾ, húsay, kápit, lapàg, látag, ligtàs, liguwàk, lípat, lubòg, lúlan, mána, nákaw, pagítan, pákoʾ, patày, pátuŋ, sábog, taàn, tábon, 35tágoʾ, talàʾ, tanìm, taòn, tayòʾ, tirà, túlos, únat.

Abstract: Pagkásakay naŋ maŋa sáko naŋ kamóte sa trèn ay lumákad itò agàd. As soon as the bags of sweet-potatoes had been put on board the train, the latter started to move. So from: balítaʾ, gámit, ibà, látag, libìŋ, sarà.

40466a. This irregular passive is used also of animate, rational subjects, whose actions, then, are viewed rather as an accidental undergoing; this type is not clearly definable from that with ma- in § 441, except where both forms are used in contrast (-higàʾ); the habit with regard to each root is, however, entirely fixed.

In some cases the accidental actor is imaginable: Náakyàt si Pédro sa itaàs naŋ láŋit dahilàn sa ginawá nya ŋ pagkápit sa 5pinalipàd na lóbo. Pedro got carried up into the air owing to his grip on the loosed balloon. Nàháraŋ sina Hwàn sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan and his company chanced to get held up on the Baliuag road. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk sa sekréta, sapagkàt baká ka máhigàʾ sa ihawàn, kuŋ ikàw ay màhúle. Don’t go as a spy, Juan, for you 10might get laid on the gridiron, if you got caught. Similarly: baŋgìt, barìl, bilaŋgòʾ, distíno, húli, ligtàs, píliʾ, taŋgàp, táwag.

Processes of life: Sya y nábiŋì. He got deaf. Nàbúte si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagkatákot. Juan was bettered by his fright. Si Pédro at si Maryà ay màkàkasàl. Pedro and Maria will get 15married some day. So: himbìŋ, lóko, tahímik, tinìk, túto, wíli.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána sa maíŋay na putòk naŋ kanyòn ay sya nyà ŋ ikinabiŋì. Juana’s shock at the loud report of the cannon was what made her deaf. Malakì aŋ kanila ŋ nagìŋ pagkàgúlat. Their astonishment was great. Aŋ pagkàsúnog sa 20maŋa sundálo sa loòb naŋ báhay ay naŋyári dáhil sa pagkásara naŋ maŋa bintánaʾ. The fact that the soldiers were burned in the house was due to the circumstance that the windows had been closed. Aŋ pagkátinìk sa lalamúnan naŋ bátaʾ ay sya nyà ŋ ikinamatày. The boy’s getting a fishbone into his throat was what 25killed him. Pagkátinik naŋ uŋgòʾ ay sya y nagálit. When the monkey had got a spine into his foot he got angry. Aŋ pagkàwíle ni Hwàn sa báhay ny Andrès ay dahilàn sa anàk na dalága nitò. Juan’s being spell-bound in Andres’ house was due to the latter’s daughter. So: gustò, kasàl, maŋhàʾ.

30Movements, especially the resultant position: Sya y nárapàʾ. He fell on his face. Náriyan kamì sa iyo ŋ báhay kahápon naŋ umága, dátapuwat hindí ka námin dinatnàn. We were at your house yesterday morning, but we did not find you there. Náluhod sya sa kanyà ŋ harapàn. He knelt down in front of her. Nàpàpagítan si Hwàn sa dalawà ŋ dalága. 35Juan chanced to get placed between two young ladies. Sila y nàùupòʾ. They are seated. Similarly from: ákap, alìs, bálot, díne, díto, dulàs, doòn, haràp, kublì, kulòŋ, lákad, lugmòk, padpàd, panhìk, sakày, sísid, tabì, tágoʾ, tayòʾ, tirà, tuŋtòŋ.

Abstract: Aŋ ikinátahol naŋ maŋa áso ay aŋ pagkádapá ni 40Hwàn. What made the dogs bark was Juan’s falling on his face. Pagkásakay ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan was on board the train, it soon started to move. So also: dulàs, kublì, lagày, panhìk, silìd, tabì, tayòʾ.

467. The passive forms an explicit plural in which -aŋ- is infixed into the nà-: Tibáyan mo aŋ maŋa itátayú mo ŋ kúbo sa búkid, sapagkàt baká iyo y maŋágibàʾ kuŋ lumakàs aŋ háŋin. Prop up the huts you are going to build in the fields, for otherwise 5they might break down when the wind gets stronger. Maŋàgìgibàʾ aŋ maŋa báhay na itò, sapagkàt hindí támaʾ aŋ pagkátayòʾ. These houses will break down, because they are not built right. So from: paŋàw, sábog, taluŋkòʾ.

468. An irregular form is nàndon beside ná-roòn.

10469. Accent shift is due to the root: Aŋ pagpapatahòl ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ áso ay nakàtàtawà. Juan’s making his dog bark is a funny sight. So álam, túloy.

Passive: Náabut nyà sa kanyà ŋ paglulundàg na may táŋa ŋ pamáloʾ aŋ ilawàn, kanyàʾ itò y nabásag. In his climbing with 15the stick in hand, he accidentally reached the lamp, and so it got broken. Sya y nábulàg. He went blind. So: gísiŋ, háyag, húli, lápit, láyoʾ, túloy.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkáhuli naŋ susòʾ ay malakè. The snail was left way behind. Aŋ pagkáabot nyà sa bóte ay hindi magálaŋ. The way he reached for the bottle was not polite. So: álam, áyaw, gísiŋ, lápit, úna.

20470. From phrases: Aŋ paánan naŋ hìgáan ay nàbàbandà-ŋ-kataasàn, dátapwat dápat màbanda-ŋ-ibabàʾ. The foot of the bed is turned toward the north, but should be turned to the south (bandà ŋ ibabàʾ, bandà ŋ kataasàn).

From derived words: Passive: Nàtàtagílid aŋ baŋkàʾ. The 25boat has a list to one side (ta-gílid, § 523).

(a) Passives from words with prefix ka- (§ 398) are frequent. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay nàkàkarátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders on Pedro’s. Nàkasále nya sa kanya ŋ paglalaròʾ aŋ kanya ŋ pínsan. He took his cousin for playmate. Si Maryáno ay nàkatálo 30ni Hwàn. Mariano was Juan’s opponent. Si Narsíso aŋ lági ŋ nàkàkatálo ni Pédro sa maŋa pagtatálo ŋ idinàdáos liŋgo-liŋgò sa kanila ŋ sàmáhan. Narcisso is always Pedro’s opponent in the debates which they hold every Sunday at their club. Si Lúkas aŋ màkàkatálo ko. Lucas will be my opponent. nàkàkatúŋo the person 35one happens to be dealing with. nàkaúsap be by chance able to be conversed with.

Underlying word non-existent: Nàkatúlog si Hwàn sa panunoòd naŋ teátro. Juan fell asleep while watching the play. Umulàn kagabì at lumamìg, kaniyàʾ ako nàkatúlog naŋ mahimbìŋ. Last 40night it rained and got cool; in consequence I fell sound asleep, got a sound sleep. Hindí ako màkatúlog. I couldn’t get any sleep. Abstract: aŋ pagkàkatúlog.

(b) Explicit plural of the preceding: Naŋàkàkatúlog sila ŋ lahàt, naŋ pumások sa báhay aŋ magnanákaw. They had all fallen asleep, when the thief came into the house. Pagpilítan ninyò ŋ hwag kayò ŋ maŋàkatúlog sa inyo ŋ pagbabantày sa maŋa háyop at iba pà ŋ árì naŋ pàmahalaàn. See to it that you don’t fall 5asleep when on guard over the animals and other property of the government. Ŋayòn ay maŋàkàkatúlog silà, dahilàn sa maláon nila ŋ pagpupuyàt gabi-gabì. Now they will be able to sleep, owing to their staying up late night after night.

471. Passive with pag- (cf. § 445): the reduplication affects 10the pag-. Hindí ko màpagáway aŋ tamìs at aŋ ásim naŋ limonáda ŋ itò. I cannot produce a balance of sweet and sour in this lemonade. Sa kalaúnan ay nàpagkilála ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ kamàlían. Finally Juan saw where he was wrong. Hindí nya nàpagkúroʾ agàd kuŋ anò aŋ gàgawin nyà. He was not able to decide at once 15what he was going to do. Nàpàpagkúrù mo bà aŋ lahàt naŋ sinábi ko sa iyò kahápon? Are you able to figure out all I said to you yesterday? Hindí ko màpagkúro kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I simply couldn’t make out what he was trying to say.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Áyon sa sábi naŋ marámi 20ay màpàpaghuli na ràw aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. According to what people say, the thieves will soon be caught.

472. Passive with paŋ-: Nàpanagínip niya ŋ nàkíta nya aŋ kanya ŋ amà. He dreamt he saw his father.

473. makà- D is used in prohibitions: Hwag kà ŋ makàláyas-láyas! 25Don’t ever run away! So from tuŋtóŋ.

(a) with paki-: Hwag kà ŋ makàpakikáin-káin kuŋ hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don’t ever take a meal with people unless they invite you.

474. The instrumental passive is rare: badiyà, màilabàs, màipások, 30màitúroʾ.

475. Local passive with mà-.

Nàmàmasdan kò mulá sa banda ŋ itò naŋ bintánaʾ aŋ báhay ni Áli ŋ Maryà. I get a view of Mistress Maria’s house from this side of the window. Pagiŋátan mo aŋ iyo ŋ kwaltà sa bulsà pagluwàs 35mo sa Maynílaʾ, at naŋ hwag kà ŋ mànakáwan. Look carefully to the money in your purse when you go to Manila, so as not to get robbed. Nàpasúkan nya sa kwàrto aŋ magnanákaw. In entering the room he came upon the thief. Nàputúlan ku naŋ tahìd aŋ kátyaw. I managed to cut the game-cock’s spur. Nàpùputúlan 40ko nà naŋ páloŋ aŋ kátyaw. I am succeeding in cutting off the game-cock’s comb. Màpùputúlan daw nyà naŋ maŋa páloŋ aŋ maŋa kátyaw nya ŋ paŋsáboŋ. He will manage to cut off the combs of his pit game-cocks, he says. Nàsagasáan naŋ trèn aŋ isa ŋ táo. A man got run over by the train. Nàsakyan námin aŋ baŋká ni Hwàn. We happened to get into Juan’s canoe. Aŋ kamàtáya ŋ màtagpuàn naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw ay lági ŋ hindí mabúte. The death a robber meets is usually not good. Baká mu 5màtamáan aŋ úlu naŋ bátaʾ. See that you don’t hit the child’s head (and disfigure him).

Similarly: balítaʾ, bukàs, damdàm, datìŋ, gustò, intindì, kamìt, kulápol, ligtàs, málay, pígil, tanìm, túlog, tumpàk, túto, wisìk.

(a) With contraction of prefix and initial: màláman (álam).

10(b) Accent shift lacking: nàmatáan (matà).

(c) Extra accent shift is due to the root: Kamuntí naŋ màtamaàn naŋ kanya ŋ pukòl aŋ bátaʾ. He nearly hit the child with his throw. Baká mu màtamaàn aŋ bátaʾ. See that you don’t hit the child. So also: nàalamàn (álam).

15476. Local passive with mà-pag-: Nàpaghìhinaláan naŋ kápitan aŋ mabaìt na si Hwàn. Even honest Juan falls under the mayor’s suspicion. Nàpàpaghinaláan nilà si Kulàs sa pagkawalá naŋ aláhas. They are capable of suspecting Nicolás in connection with the disappearance of the jewelry. Màpàpaghinaláan ka ŋ kasabuwàt 20naŋ maŋa sundálo sa bundòk, kapag hindí ka tumahímik sa báhay. You will risk suspicion as having connection with the soldiers in the mountains, if you do not stay quietly in your house. Similarly: álam, bintàŋ.

(a) Extra accent shift (plural): mà-pag-alam-àn.

25477. Local passive with mà-paŋ-; the only example lacks accent shift: nà-paŋ-aginàldo-han.

478. Local passive with mà- from underlying word with ka- (cf. § 398): nàkagalítan, màkatuwaàn.

(a) with pagka-, corresponding to an active with magka- 30(§ 405): màpagkalipumpunàn (lipumpòn).

479. Special static words with makà- are formed from numerals in the sense of so many times: makàánim six times; makálawà twice; makálimà five times; makásiyàm nine times. So: makáilàn several times.

35From phrases, the higher numbers: makása-m-pùʾ ten times.

With irregularities: makáitlò, makáyitlò three times; makàápat, makàípat four times.

Reduplicated: makàlìlíbo a thousand times.

4. The prefix pa-.

40480. The general sense of the prefix pa- is to denote something caused or ordered to undergo such and such an action. With accent pà- an increase of the action is expressed.

(1) Simple static forms.

481. The root with prefix pa- denotes an object or person ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action. The person caused to undergo may be the same as the person ordering 5or allowing.

Aŋ paakyàt ni Hwána na púno naŋ kakàw ay aŋ nása súlok naŋ bakúran. The cocoa-tree Juana ordered climbed is the one in the corner of the yard. Aŋ panyo ŋ itò ay paalaála sa ákin niy Áli ŋ Maryà sa anàk nya ŋ dalága. This handkerchief is a souvenir 10to me from Aunt Maria which she sent by her daughter. Inihandá naŋ ámi ŋ kaséra aŋ atsára ŋ papáya úpaŋ siya námi ŋ magìŋ paáyap. Our landlady served some pickled papaws for us to use as condiment. Pabalìk ni Hwàn aŋ lìbru ŋ itò. Juan sends this book back. Itò aŋ pahátiʾ sa ákin ni Pédro. This is what 15Pedro ordered me to deal out. Aŋ maŋa tubò ŋ itò ay papútol sa ákin ni Pédro. Pedro ordered me to cut this sugar-cane. Aŋ táo ŋ itò aŋ pasakày ni Hwàn sa karumáta ko. This is the man whom Juan asked me to take into my carriage. Aŋ binása ni Hwà ŋ kautusàn ay patáwag naŋ kúra. The ordinance Juan read was 20given out for proclamation by the priest. Aŋ báhay na ytò y patayó ni Hwàn. Juan had this house built. Patípon ni Hwàn sa ákin aŋ maŋa nyòg na itò. Juan ordered me to gather up these cocoanuts. Aŋ pauwé ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ inà ay isa ŋ maínam na siŋsìŋ. What Juan sent home to his mother was a beautiful 25ring.

As conjunctive attribute the word with pa- may express manner: aŋ daà ŋ pabalìk sa Balíwag the road back to Baliuag. Papások sya ŋ lumàlákad sa gitná naŋ báhay. He was 30going farther in toward the inside of the house. Pasakày sya ŋ lumuksò sa kabáyo. He jumped on the horse as if mounting to ride. Naŋ mahúlug aŋ bátaʾ sa káhoy, ay paupó sya ŋ lumagpàk sa lúpaʾ. When the boy fell from the tree, he landed on the ground in a sitting position. Pauròŋ sya ŋ lumákad. He went 35backwards.

With movements pa-, reflexive, is often weakened to a mere indication of direction: Paakyàt sa púnù naŋ káhoy aŋ uŋgòʾ naŋ sya y abútan naŋ lóbo. The monkey was just climbing the tree, when he was overtaken by the wolf. Pabalìk si Hwàn. Juan 40is going back. Patúŋo si Hwàn sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan was headed for the town of Baliuag.

Similarly: álam, biglàʾ, bulòŋ, gawàʾ, háraŋ, kálat, lágiʾ, lalàʾ, puntà, sigàw, tágoʾ, takbò, taluŋkòʾ, tayòʾ, túloy.

(a) From a derived word: paitaàs (itaàs, § 373).

(b) The peculiar meaning is weakened in some words: aŋ paága a kind of rice which matures early, aŋ pakinábaŋ profit, advantage, aŋ palabàs a theatrical performance, aŋ palígoʾ a bath, 5aŋ pamagàt an appellation, a nickname. So from: baŋòʾ, bása, bayò, bigàt, daàn, dúsa, háyag, hintúlot, lákad, lígid, lúgit, sákit, talìm.

(c) With retraction of accent and contraction: páno (anò).

(d) Irregular: Aŋ pagkáparoon kò sa bèsbol ay paubáyaʾ 10naŋ áki ŋ guròʾ. My going to the baseball game was by permission of my teacher (báyaʾ).

482. pa- (1) is made from barytone roots when they express manner, or, more especially, direction: Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay hindí paayòn sa ílog. The boat is not headed with the stream. Pahagìs nya ŋ iniyabòt sa ákin aŋ aklàt. He handed me the book by tossing it. Iníwan nya ŋ 15paharàŋ sa daàn aŋ karitòn. He left the wagon blocking the road. Paharàŋ nya ŋ inihágis sa ílog aŋ púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. He threw the banana tree crosswise into the river. Aŋ paglakè naŋ lámat naŋ piŋgàn ay pahatèʾ. The increase in the crack of the dish is going towards halving it. Aŋ búŋa ŋ itò y pahatèʾ kuŋ mapiráso pagkahinòg. 20This fruit goes into halves when it breaks on ripening. Similarly: líhim, pútol.

(a) The accent shift is due to the root and the value of the formation is as in § 481, in: Aŋ paabòt mo ŋ súlat ay tinaŋgàp ko. I have received the letter you sent to me. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ 25báta ŋ pabayàʾ. Juan is a neglectful boy.

(b) The accent shift is like that of a root word in: Paligú na aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. The children are bathed now (pa-lígoʾ).

483. pa- r, as explicit plural: see ábot.

484. pa- D. The action is repeated at short intervals; the 30reflexive value is frequent. Sya y lumàlákad na pahintò-hintòʾ. He goes on, stopping every little while. Pamalí-malìʾ aŋ kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. His count contains repeated errors. Alam nyà aŋ maŋa pasíkot-síkot sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. He knows all the ins and outs of the district of Baliuag. So from: iyàk, lígid, mínsan, pasiyàl, 35túlog.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Patúlog-túlog at pagisìŋ-gisìŋ siyà. He sleeps and wakes by fits and starts. Patawà-tawà at paiyàk-iyàk siyà. She giggles at one moment and weeps the next.

485. pa-pa- has durative-iterative meaning: Papaalìs sya 40naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. He was just going away when I arrived. Papauròŋ sya ŋ lumàlákad. He was going backwards. So from labàs.

(a) papáno (anò) seems equivalent to páno (§ 481,c).

486. As appears in the example of paligòʾ above (§ 482,b), the forms with pa- are apparently capable of all the modifications that are found in simple roots: Thus:

5(a) with prefix paŋ- (§ 347): Paŋpakáin sa bátaʾ aŋ gátas na itò. This milk is for the children’s food. Paŋpakáin sa panaúhin aŋ pinatay kò ŋ túpa. The sheep I have slaughtered is for serving to the guests. Paŋpatukà sa manòk aŋ pálay na itò. These rice-grains are to be given to the chickens to pick (tukàʾ the beak 10of a fowl). So from: dikìt, lígoʾ.

(b) with ka- R (§ 400): Kapàpapútol ko pa lámaŋ naŋ maŋa káhoy na itò. I have just had this firewood cut.

(c) with ka-pag- R (§ 400,a): Kapagpàpapútol ko lámaŋ naŋ siìt kay Hwàn. I have just ordered Juan to cut up the bamboo 15spines.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static words.

487. The root with pa- is sometimes used as a transient contingent punctual, with the value of a reflexive passive; more commonly the form with ma-pa- (§ 506) fulfils this function. There 20are three types:

(a) Genuine reflexive passive: Paábut ka sa maŋà nagsìsihábul sa iyò. Let yourself be overtaken by your pursuers. Paakyat kà kay Hwàn sa itaàs naŋ káhoy. Ask Juan to take you up into the tree. Twì ŋ papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ, ay nasìsiráan 25aŋ mákina. Every time I ask my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show, something goes wrong with the machine. So: kasàl, ligàw.

(b) Reflexive of interest: one who orders that something undergo such and such an action for him: Paakyàt ka kay Hwàn naŋ 30isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. Ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for you.

(c) Reflexive of motion; the pa- has faded value; thus are used the local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns and a few other words. Paríni ka. Come here. Tuwì ŋ aku y paroòn sa kanya ŋ báhay ay hindí ku sya inàabútan. Every time I go to his 35house, I fail to find him in.

(d) If the pa- is accented, the action is more intense: Pàága ka naŋ pagparíto. Be very early in your coming here.

(e) A contingent durative is formed with pa- R. (a) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn sa itaàs naŋ káhoy. I shall ask Juan to take me 40up into the tree with him. Papàpások akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ. I shall ask my brother to take me to the moving-picture show. (b) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. I shall ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Papùpútol akò naŋ buhòk kay Hwàn. I shall ask Juan to cut my hair.

488. For the reflexive of motion (§ 487,c) a set of transients 5and an abstract are formed with -um- and pag-. These also are equivalent to the forms with ma-pa- (§ 506).

(a) Regularly from the four roots serving as locals of the demonstrative pronouns. Pumaríni ka! Come here! Pumaríne ka sa áki ŋ tabì. Come close here to my side.

10Madálaŋ aŋ pagparíto naŋ maŋa bálaŋ. Locusts come here but rarely. Pího ako ŋ pàparíto sa alasìŋko. I will surely come here at five o’clock.

Pápariyàn sána kamì, dátapuwat nagkaroòn kamì naŋ malakì ŋ kaabalahàn, kanyà hindí kami nátuloy. We were coming to you, 15but we had so much trouble that we did not carry out our intention.

Pagparoòn ko ay sàsabíhin ko sa kanyà aŋ ibinalítà mo. When I get there I shall tell him what you have told me. Kità ŋ dalawà ay páparon sa teyátro. We two are going to the theatre.

(b) Occasionally from loòb: pumaloòb.

20(c) Also the abstracts pagpalígoʾ, pagpanáog; these form the transient with ma- from the root (§ 441); and pagpatúŋo, which forms its transient with -um- from the root.

(d) Plurals: magsipalígoʾ, nagsìsipanáog.

489. mag-pa-, pag-pa-pa-. Active with mag- from the root 25with pa- denotes one who causes, orders, or allows such and such an action to be performed on something else or (reflexively) on himself.

Nagpaáyap aŋ ámi ŋ kaséra. Our landlady served a relish. Si Hwàn ay nagpabáyaʾ sa kanya ŋ tuŋkúlin. Juan grew lax 30about his duties. Nagpabyày si Hwàn naŋ isdàʾ sa kanya ŋ palàisdáan. Juan had some fish put into his fishpond. Aŋ médiko aŋ nagpaginháwa sa máy sakìt. The doctor made the patient feel comfortable. Nagpagupìt akò sa barbéro. I had the barber cut my hair. Aŋ pagpapagupìt ko sa barbéro ŋ si Hwàn ay hindí ko 35lubhà ŋ gustò. I don’t like very much to have my hair cut by barber Juan. Paráti aŋ maŋa pagpapaháraŋ ni Andrès sa maŋa táo ŋ naglálakàd. Andrés often orders travellers to be held up. Si Pédro ay nagpaháte sa ákin naŋ pálay. Pedro had rice dealt out to me. Aŋ kàtiwála y syà ŋ nagpahátì naŋ pálay sa maŋa 40kasamà. It was the agent who ordered rice distributed to the field-workers. Aŋ pagpapaháte naŋ kàtiwála sa maŋa lariyò sa maŋa magkakápit-báhay ay hindí iniyútos naŋ paŋinoòn nya ŋ si Hwàn. The agent’s having bricks distributed among the neighbors was not in accordance with the orders of his master Juan. Sya y nagpahíkaw sa kanya ŋ alílaʾ. She had her maid put her earrings on her. (híkaw an earring). Si Pédro ay nagpápahiŋà. Pedro is taking a rest (literally: allowing himself to breathe). Aŋ 5inà y nagpahubàd (or: nagpahubàd naŋ damìt) sa kanya ŋ anàk. The mother ordered her daughter to undress her. Sya y nagpakáin naŋ gúlay sa maŋa panaúhin. She served vegetables to the guests. Sya y nagpàpakaséra. She keeps a boarding-house. Sya y nagpàpalabàs naŋ lamòk. He is driving out the gnats. Nagpápalabàs 10naŋ teyátro aŋ sàmáha-ŋ-ópera. The opera company is producing a play. Nagpalígo si Hwàn naŋ kabáyo. Juan bathed some of the horses. aŋ pagpapalígoʾ the bathing something or someone. Nagpapútol si Hwàn naŋ labòŋ. Juan had some bamboo shoots cut. Nagpàpapútol kamì naŋ káhoy. We are having some 15wood cut. Aŋ pagpapapútol nya sa Intsèk naŋ buhòk ay hindí sinunòd nitò. When he ordered the Chinaman to cut his queue, the latter did not obey. Aŋ pagpapasakày sa trèn ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa kamátis ay hindí nautàs bágo lumákad aŋ trèn. Juan had not finished having his tomatoes loaded on the train, when the train 20started. Si Hwána ay nagpasákit naŋ marámi ŋ maŋlilígaw sa kanyà. Juana caused grief to many who wooed her. Si Hwána ay nagpasuklày sa kanya ŋ alílaʾ. Juana ordered her maid to comb her hair for her. Aŋ pagpapasundú nya sa ákin sa alílaʾ ay ikinagálit ko. His ordering me to fetch the servant made me 25angry. Sya y nagpàpatalìm naŋ isa ŋ gúlok. He is sharpening a bolo. Nagpatáwag akò naŋ isà ŋ kasamà. I had a workman called. Aŋ pagpapatáwag ko sa maŋa alíla ay hindí sinunòd naŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Little Juan did not obey my order to him to call some servants. Aŋ pagpapatáwag naŋ kúra sa léyi ay hindi nátuluy, 30sapagkàt binatò naŋ maŋa táo aŋ magtatawàg. The priest’s order that the law be proclaimed was not carried out, for the crier was stoned by the people. Nagpatayó sya naŋ isa ŋ kúbo. He had a hut built. Aŋ pagpapatayó ni Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ kúbo ay hindí natápus bágo sya nàtáwag sa pagsusundálo. The hut Juan was 35having built was not finished before he was called to military service. Nagpatipìd sya sa maŋa kasamà naŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. He had his workers be sparing with their food. Nagpatípon si Hwàn naŋ káhoy sa kanya ŋ maŋa kasamà. Juan ordered his workmen to gather wood. Aŋ pagpapatípon ni Hwàn sa maŋa kalabàw ay 40hindí sinunòd naŋ kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ. Juan’s order that the carabao be gathered together was not obeyed by his overseer. Sya y nagpatotoò sa úsap ni Maryà at ni Hwána. She gave testimony in the lawsuit between Maria and Juana. Si Hwána ay naparoòn sa ákin at siyà ŋ nagpatotoò na ikàw ay dumalò sa isa ŋ sabuŋàn. Juana came to me and assured me that you had attended a cock-fight. Aŋ pagpapatotoò nyà ay hindí tinaŋgàp naŋ hukòm. The judge did not accept his testimony. Sya y nagpaupòʾ naŋ ilà ŋ 5eskwéla. He had a few of the pupils sit down. Aŋ pagpapaupò naŋ maèstro sa maŋa eskwéla ay hindí nila sinunòd agàd. The teacher’s order to the pupils to sit down was not promptly obeyed. Magpaútaŋ ka naŋ kwaltà sa maŋa mahihírap. Lend money to the poor. Nagpauwí ba si Hwàn naŋ sìlya sa kanya ŋ inà?—Hindìʾ. 10Aŋ kanya ipinauwèʾ ay isa ŋ siŋsìŋ. Did Juan send a chair home to his mother?—No, he sent home a ring.

Similarly: ábot, alaála, balìk, baòn, dalà, dulàs, dúnoŋ, dúsa, galìŋ, gálit, gandà, gawàʾ, háyag, hírap, húli, ísip, iyàk, kilála, kinábaŋ, kintàb, kíta, kulòʾ, kumpisàl, lagày, lákad, laròʾ, láyas, 15láyaw, limòs, lípas, lútoʾ, magàt, mísa, pások, siglà, siŋkàw, sísid, tahòl, tugtòg, túlog, túlos, ulàn.

(a) Plural with magsi- (§ 386); nagsìsipagpalimòs.

(b) From a derived word: Huwag kayò ŋ magpaumága sa inyo ŋ pagsasàlitáan. Don’t let yourselves be overtaken by the 20morning in your conversation (umága, § 358).

(c) Root with accent shift: Sya y nagpaabòt naŋ súlat sa ákin. He had a letter handed to me.

(d) The pa- is accented, expressing extreme degree of action; from shifted root: Nagpáuna si Hwàn sa lakaràn. Juan managed 25to get himself into the very first place in the walking-party. So from: íwan.

(e) Doubled root, shifted: Nagpáuna-unà si Hwàn sa lakaràn naŋ maŋa magkakasáma. Juan got himself too far ahead in the boys’ walking-party.

30(f) Special static word (of the kind in § 358,d): aŋ magpapatawàg a town-crier.

490. pa- (1) -in, p-in-a. The direct passive from words with pa- denotes the person ordered to do so and so, the thing caused to be so and so.

35Padaláŋin mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. Make your coming here infrequent. Pagka pinapútol ka nyà naŋ káhoy ay sumunòd ka ŋ agàd. When he orders you to cut wood, do you obey at once. Pinapùpútol námin naŋ tubò si Pédro. We are having Pedro cut some sugar-cane. Paputúlin mo si Hwàn naŋ kúgon. Have Juan cut 40the cugon-weeds. Papùputúlin námin kayò naŋ yantòk. We shall ask you to cut some rattan. Pinatahòl ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ áso. Juan made his dog bark. Pinatalìm nya itò. He made this sharp. Pinatayó ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pálad aŋ kapatìd nya ŋ maliìt na si Maryáno. Juan stood his little brother Mariano up on his open hand. Hindí ako pinatúlog naŋ pagtahòl naŋ áso. The barking of the dog kept me from sleeping. Patulúgin mo aŋ bátaʾ. Put the child to sleep. Pinaupú nya aŋ maŋa eskwéla. He had the 5pupils sit down. Pinaupú ko aŋ áki ŋ bisíta. I asked my visitors to be seated.

Similarly: alìs, balìk, bilì, bútas, díto, hintòʾ, inòm, káin, kápit, lákad, láyas, lípad, pások, tahàn, takbò, táwad, túlin, túloy, untìʾ, yáman.

10(a) With accented pà-: Pàbusugin mò aŋ maŋa háyop. Feed the animals till they have had enough. Pàhampasìn mo siyà. Whip him harder. Hwag mò ŋ pàputiìn aŋ pintà naŋ báhay. Don’t paint the house too white.

(b) pà- with accent shift: Pàdalaŋin mò aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. 15Come here very rarely.

491. pa-pag- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-. The direct passive has pag- before the root when it corresponds to simple actives with characteristic mag- (§ 351). Màpàpahámak lámaŋ aŋ báta ŋ ito, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral naŋ sapàt. This boy will turn out 20a mere good-for-nothing, if we do not make him study enough. Pinapaghubàd naŋ inà aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa anàk. The mother ordered her children to undress. Pinapagpútol námin naŋ ságiŋ sina Hwàn. We asked Juan and his people to cut bananas. Papagputúlin mo si Hwàn naŋ buhòk. Tell Juan to get a hair-cut. Papagpùputúlin 25nila kamì naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa kawáyan. They will order us to cut all their bamboo. Pinapagsuklày ni Hwána aŋ kanya ŋ alílaʾ. Juana told her maid to comb her (the maid’s) hair.

Similarly, from: bíhis, hintòʾ, trabáho.

(a) From a derived word: Sya y pinapagkalatimbàʾ. He was 30forced to do the well-bucket exercise (kalatimbàʾ, § 519).

(b) With extra accent shift: papagtùtuluyìn (túloy).

492. With paŋ-: Paráti ŋ pinapaŋhàháraŋ ni Andrès aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa kampòn. Andrés often orders his companions to commit highway robberies. Papaŋhiramìn mo si Pédro naŋ lúbid. 35Have Pedro go and borrow some rope. Papamutúlin mo naŋ damò si Pédro. Have Pedro cut grass. Papamùmutúlin silà ni Hwàn naŋ damò. Juan will order them to cut grass.

493. pa-pag-pa- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-pa-. With both pag- and pa- preceding the root the direct passive with pa- denotes someone 40caused to cause something: Pinapagpatotoò naŋ tagapagtaŋgòl ni Andrès aŋ táo ŋ si Mariyáno na syà ŋ nakàkíta sa naŋyáre. Andrés’ lawyer called as a witness the man Mariano, who had seen the occurrence (cf. magpatotoò, § 489).

494. i-pa-, i-p-in-a-. The instrumental passive with pa- denotes the object ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action.

Ipinaálam ko sa kanyà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. I made known to him 5the departure of the children with me. Ipinaalìs nila aŋ háraŋ naŋ daàn. They ordered the obstruction of the road to be removed. Aŋ ipinadala mò ŋ súlat ay tinaŋgàp ku nà. I have received the letter you sent me. Aŋ sapátos na may lapàd na suwélas na yitò ay syà ŋ ipinagàgámit na paŋtayòʾ sa bátaʾ. This flat-soled shoe 10is given children to be used in learning to stand up. Aŋ mayáma ŋ taga iba ŋ báyan na pàparíto ay ipinaháraŋ naŋ púno naŋ tulisàn. The rich stranger who was going to come here was held up by order of the chief of the bandits. Ipinahátì sa ákin ni Pédro aŋ mansánas. Pedro ordered me to divide the apples. Itò y ipinaháte 15ni Pédro parà sa ákin. This was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me as my share. Isinakày sa trèn aŋ ipinahatìd mo ŋ maŋa dalaŋhítaʾ. The tangerines you shipped were put on board the train. Ipinaísip nya sa maŋa eskwéla aŋ fétsa naŋ pagaáway naŋ maŋa Rúso at Hapunès sa Port-Àrtur. He asked his pupils to think of 20the date of the fighting between the Russians and the Japanese at Port Arthur. Ipakíta mo aŋ dílaʾ sa maŋgagamòt. Show the doctor your tongue. Ipinapùpútol ni Hwàn aŋ maŋa káhoy sa kanya ŋ bakúran. Juan is having the trees in his yard cut down. Ipapùpútol ko aŋ maŋgàs naŋ áki ŋ bároʾ. I am going to have the sleeves 25of my blouse cut off. Ipapútol mo, Hwàn, aŋ iyo ŋ kukò. Have your fingernails cut, Juan. Aŋ ipinasakày ni Tátay na maŋa súhaʾ sa trèn ay naŋabúlok sa daàn. The grape-fruit Father sent by train got spoiled on the way. Ipinasundú ko kay Hwàn aŋ médiko. I told Juan to fetch the doctor. Ipinatáwag ko sa alílaʾ si Hwàn. I had 30Juan called by a servant. Ipinatayó ni Hwàn aŋ báhay na itò. Juan had this house built. Ipinatipìd nya sa bátà aŋ pagkáin naŋ lansónes. He made the child eat sparingly of the lansones. Ipinatípon ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ aŋ maŋa kalabàw. Juan had his agent gather the carabao. Ipinatúluy nya aŋ pagkantà, káhit 35na maíŋay aŋ maŋà nakíkinìg. He went on with his singing although the audience was noisy.

So: áhon, balìk, baòn, bilaŋgòʾ, bítay, dápit, dúsa, gamòt, gawàʾ, gupìt, hábol, háyag, hintòʾ, hintúlot, kasàl, kilála, lákad, libàŋ, mána, patày, sákit, tápon, uwìʾ.

40(a) Different in meaning is the corresponding form from díto; it is the primary instrumental passive corresponding to pumaríto, etc. (§ 488): Aŋ pagsákop niyà naŋ táu ŋ makasalánan ay sya nyà ŋ ipinaríto. His saving of sinful man is what he came here for.

(b) Accent shift is due to the root: Ipaalàm ka sa kanyà aŋ áki ŋ patùtuŋúhan. Let him know where I am going. Ipinaalam 5nyà sa ákin aŋ kanya ŋ nilóloòb. He made his intentions known to me. Ipinatulòy ni Pédro aŋ pagpapatayò naŋ báhay. Pedro had them go on with the construction of the house. Similarly: ábot.

(c) With pag- (cf. § 491): ipapagáral.

10(d) With pa- prefixed to the root, the instrumental passive with pa- denotes that ordered to be caused. The only example has radical accent shift: Ipinapatulòy ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ aŋ pagtatanìm naŋ maŋa kasamà. Juan had his agent order the field-workers to go on with the planting.

15495. i-pag-pa-, i-p-in-ag-pa-. When the relation of the object ordered to undergo an action is explicitly that of a thing given forth (§ 368), a kind of double instrumental passive is made by prefixing pag- to the pa- (cf. the explicit use of pag- in primary passives, §§ 369. 375): Ipinagpaháteʾ sa ákin ni Pédro aŋ pálay. 20The rice was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me. Aŋ kwàlta ŋ nàpaŋaginàldohan ni Hwàn ay sya nyà ŋ ipinagpasakày sa tiyobíbo sa kanya ŋ kapatìd na maliìt. Juan used his Christmas money to treat his little brother to a ride on the merry-go-round. Aŋ kautusàn ay ipinagpàpatáwag naŋ kúra. The law is being called out 25by order of the priest.

(a) With additional pa- (as in § 494,d): ipinagpapadalà.

496. i-paki-pa-, i-p-in-aki-pa-. Before a word with pa- the instrumental passive with paki- denotes the thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to undergo such and such an action. Hwag mò ŋ ipakipapútol 30aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy, dátapuwat pakiputúlin mo na mìsmo. Don’t ask someone else to cut down the tree for me, but cut it down for me yourself. Ipakìkipapútol ni Hwàn sa inyò aŋ maŋa tinibàn sa kanya ŋ bakúran. Juan will ask you to have the banana-stumps in his yard cut down. Ipinakipapútol nya kay Hwàn aŋ maŋa 35damò sa bakúran. He asked Juan to have the grass cut in his yard.

(a) The thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to do so and so: Ipinakipakáin lámaŋ niya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk hábaŋ sya y walàʾ. She asked someone else to feed her child while she was away. Ipinakìkipasúso lámaŋ nya kay Maryà aŋ kanya ŋ anàk, sapagkàt walá 40sya ŋ gátas. She is asking Maria to nurse her child for her, because she has no milk.

497. pa- (1) -an, p-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with pa- denotes that caused to undergo an action as local object.

Paaláman mo sa kanyà kuŋ saàn ka páparon. Let him know where you are going. Pinaasuhàn ni Pédro aŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-maŋgà. 5Pedro smoked (i.e. warmed, so as to speed flowering) the mango trees. Pinabayáan ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa tuŋkúlin. Juan neglected his duties. Pabayáan mo syà. Leave him alone. Aŋ pagpatày sa maŋa magnanákaw ay hindí pinarùrusáhan naŋ hukòm. The judge does not punish one for killing robbers. Pinahatían akò 10ni Pédro naŋ pálay sa kàtiwálaʾ. Pedro had the agent give me my share of rice. Pinahubaràn naŋ inà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. The mother had her children undressed. Pakiŋgàn nawá ninyò aŋ áki ŋ pagtáwag. Pray give hearing to my call. Pinalìligúan naŋ pagòŋ aŋ ílog. The turtle bathed in the river. Pinalìligúan naŋ babáye aŋ 15bátaʾ. The woman was bathing the child. Hwag mò ŋ pamaláyan sa marámi na ikàw ay marámi ŋ kayamánan sa báhay, úpaŋ hwag kà ŋ nakáwan. Don’t let people know that you have many valuables in your house, lest you be robbed. Pinanaúgan nya aŋ báhay. He went down from the house. Pinaputúlan ni Hwàn naŋ taíŋa 20aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa biìk, úpaŋ hwag máaŋkin naŋ iba ŋ táo. Juan had the ears of his little pigs cut, so that they might not be inadvertently taken by anyone else. Pinapùputúlan ni Hwàn naŋ buntòt aŋ lahàt naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa manòk. Juan has all his chickens’ tails clipped (for identification). Paputúlan mo naŋ kauntiʾ aŋ 25mahábà mo ŋ buhòk. Have your long hair cut a little. Papùputúlan ko naŋ buntòt aŋ maŋa manòk na bágo ŋ bilè. I shall have the tails clipped of the chickens I have just bought. Aŋ baŋka ŋ itò ay pinasakyàn ko kay Hwàn. I allowed Juan to ride in this canoe. Pinatunáyan sa ákin ni Hwàn na ikàw ay nagsúsugàl. Juan proved 30to me that you are gambling. Ano ŋ bandà aŋ kanilà ŋ pinatùtuŋúhan? What direction are they headed for?

So also: bendisiyòn, dalà, hintúlot, hírap, doòn, kinábaŋ, magàt, mána, panhìk, sákit, tábon, tigàs, walàʾ.

(a) Accent shift, due to the root: pabayaàn, equivalent, however, 35to pabayáan.

(b) pà-: Pàagáhan mo aŋ pagsúloŋ. Get away very early. Pàináman mo aŋ súlat. Write very neatly. Pàitiman mò aŋ kúlay naŋ túbig. Make the color of the water very black. Hwag mò ŋ pàputian aŋ pintà naŋ báhay. Don’t put too much white into the 40paint for the house.

(c) pa- also prefixed to the root: Pinapahatían akò ni Pédro naŋ pálay sa kàtiwálaʾ. Pedro told the agent to have me given my share of rice. Pinapahatían ni Pédro naŋ pálay aŋ maŋa kasamà. Pedro ordered that the laborers be given their share of rice.

498. Special static words are formed with pà- and -an to denote place or plurality of habitual causative action; barytone roots have accent shift of two syllables, sometimes optionally of one 5syllable:

Aŋ maliìt na sápa ŋ itò ay sya ŋ pàbiyáyan ni Alfònso naŋ maliliìt na isdà ŋ nàhùhúli nya sa ílog. This little pool is where Andrés turns loose the little fish he catches in the river. Aŋ pàlaŋúyan naŋ maŋa páto ni Hwàn ay malálim. Juan’s duck-pond is 10deep. Aŋ kanila ŋ pàtagálan naŋ pagsísid ay ginawá nila sa Sibùl. Their diving-contest took place at Sibol.

aŋ pàrusahàn penitentiary; hell. aŋ pàliguàn bathroom, bathtub.

So also: pàkumpisálan, pàaralàn, pàhayagàn pàhayágan, pàmahalaàn 15pàmahaláan.

(a) Derived from these a transient and abstract in mag-: aŋ pagpapàtagálan a contesting for endurance.

(3) Transients and abstracts with pa- and ka-.

499. mag-pa-ka-, pag-pa-pa-ka-. The active with mag-pa- 20(§ 489) from words with ka- expresses a reflexive actor: Aŋ pagpapakahírap sa pagaáral ay máy ganti ŋ pálaʾ. Exerting oneself at studies has its reward. Nagpakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas committed suicide. Magpápakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas will commit suicide. aŋ pagpapakamatày the act of suicide. So also from: walàʾ.

25(a) From forms with ma-, in more intensive sense than mag- alone (§ 352,c): Aŋ pagpapakamarúnoŋ serious effort at learning things.

With irregularities of accent, as in § 353,a.b.: Sya y nagpakamápuri. He praised himself very much. Sya y nagpakamayabàŋ. 30He boasted much.

500. pa-ka- (1) -in, p-in-a-ka-. The direct passive with pa-ka- denotes something caused to be too much so and so: Hwag mò ŋ pakalalímin aŋ gawi ŋ húkay. Don’t make the hole you are to dig too deep. Hwag mò ŋ pakalàlalímin aŋ hùhukáin mo ŋ balòn. 35Don’t make the well you are going to dig too deep. Pinakalálim ni Hwàn aŋ húkay. Juan made the ditch too deep.

(a) The form with p-in-a-ka- occurs as special static word: pinakamahàl most expensive, dearest; pinakamúra cheapest.

(b) More commonly from words with ma- (§ 454): Si Risàl ay 40syà ŋ nagiŋ pinakamarúnoŋ na táo sa kapulua-ŋ-Filipínas. Rizal was the most learned man in the Philippines. pinakamalakàs strongest; pinakamalínis cleanest. So from: búti, hábaʾ, halagà, húsay, kínis.

501. i-kà-pa-, i-k-in-à-pa-. The instrumental passive with i-kà- (§ 417) from words with pa- expresses the thing or circumstance causing someone to be made to do so and so. Ikinàpaalìs sa kanyà sa báhay ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ paŋuŋumìt. His petty thievery caused him to be ordered to leave Juan’s house, to be dismissed from Juan’s house. Ikinàpàpaalìs nila sa kanyà aŋ kanya ŋ pinaggagawà ŋ katampalasánan sa maŋa háyop. His constant cruelty to 10the animals is forcing them to dismiss him. Aŋ kaibigàn nya ŋ màtúto ay sya nyà ŋ ikináparoon sa Espánya. His desire to get an education is what made him go to Spain. Baká mo ikàpahámak aŋ iyo ŋ pagparoòn. I am afraid your going there may cause you to be unfortunate. Ikàpàpahámak nya aŋ kanya ŋ pagsusundálo. 15His military service will cause him to fall into bad ways.

(a) With pag- either before or after the kà- a voluntary actor is implied who is caused to make someone or something do or be so and so. Aŋ ipinagkàpasakày ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ máy sakit na kapatìd sa trèn sa lugàr naŋ sa karumáta ay aŋ katulínan naŋ 20trèn. What made Juan have his brother ride on the train rather than in a carriage was the speed of the train. Nagpaísip sya sa kanya ŋ maŋa eskwéla naŋ maŋa paraà ŋ ikàpagpàpalakè nilà sa kanila ŋ aklátan. He had his students think of means that would help them to make their library (get) larger.

25502. pa-ka- (1) -an. Local passive with pa- (§ 497) from a word with ka- (§ 398): pinakawalàn was allowed to go free.

503. ka-pa- (1) -an. Local passive with ka- (§ 419) from a word with pa- (§ 481): kapàpatuŋúhan the place one will be headed for.

30(a) Static words with ka-pa- -an are forms with ka- -an from words with pa-:

With S (§ 421): Si Hwàn aŋ kapàtagálan ni Maryáno sa pagsísid sa túbig. Juan contends with Mariano in staying under water as long as possible.

35With S (1), (§ 423); accent irregularly placed: Aŋ báta ŋ si Pédro aŋ sya ŋ kàpakitáan ni Maryà naŋ kanyà ŋ larwàn. Little Pedro is the child to whom Maria showed her toys and who showed her his.

With (2), (§ 422): Aŋ kapabayaàn nya sa maŋa tuŋkúlin ay 40syà ŋ malakì nya ŋ kapintásan. His neglectfulness of his duties is his great fault.

504. maka-pa-. With maka- in the usual meanings (§ 433 ff.) a few transients are made from words pa-. Nakapahiŋà sa lílim aŋ maŋa kalabàw. The carabao rested in the shade (irrational actor). Bayáan mo ŋ makapahiŋà aŋ maŋa dalà mo ŋ kalabàw bágu ka bumalìk sa búkid. Let the carabao that brought you rest before you go back to the country. Makapàpahiŋa nà aŋ maŋa 5háyop bágo sya dumatìŋ. The carabao will have rested before he arrives. So from: doòn, lígoʾ.

505. Commoner is maka-pag-pa- (corresponding to mag-pa-); the abstract has pagkapa-. Nakapagpapútol na akò naŋ káhoy na gàgamítin ko sa boò ŋ tagulàn. I have already had wood cut for 10the entire rainy season. Si Lílay ay nakàkapagpapútol naŋ káhoy sa alílà ni Kíkaʾ. Lilay has permission to order Kika’s servant to cut the wood. Hindí ako makapagpapútol naŋ tubò kay Hwàn, sapagkàt marámi sya ŋ trabáho sa ibà. I cannot have Juan cut sugar-cane, because he has already too much work to do for other 15people. Makàkapagpapútol akò naŋ labòŋ, kuŋ iyò ŋ gustò. I can have some bamboo-shoots cut, if you wish.

So from: bilì, kínis, tápon.

506. The passive with ma- from words with pa- varies in meaning, owing chiefly to the various values of words with pa-.

20(a) Genuine passive: Hindí nya napahinòg aŋ maŋa ságiŋ. He did not succeed in getting the bananas to ripen. Mapahíhiram mo ba akò naŋ lima ŋ píso ŋ gintò? Can you let me borrow five dollars gold? Napapások ko sa kuràl aŋ maŋa kalabàw. I succeeded in bringing the carabao into the corral. Napatátalim ni Pédro 25aŋ mapuròl na gúlok. Pedro is able to sharpen dull bolos. So from: alìs, puntà, sáboy, túlog.

(b) Reflexive passive: Aŋ máy sakit ay napadapàʾ sa maŋa nagàalágà sa kanyà, sapagkàt sya hindí makakílos. The sick man had the people who were caring for him lay him on his face, because 30he could not move. Napagísiŋ si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kapatìd sa óras naŋ alaskwátro naŋ umága. Juan had his brother wake him up at four o’clock in the morning. Napapások akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ. I asked my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show. Mapapàpások.... I shall ask to be taken in. 35Silà y napatùtúloŋ. They are asking for help. So: álam, hatìd, tawìd.

(c) Reflexive of interest: Napaakiyàt akò kay Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. I asked Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Napapútol silà naŋ káhoy. They asked to have wood cut for them. 40Napapùpútol aŋ maŋa anàk naŋ kanila ŋ kukò kay Nánay. The children ask Mother to cut their fingernails. Napapùpútol akò naŋ gàgawi ŋ pípa kay Hwàn. I am asking Juan to cut me some wood for a cigarette-mouthpiece. Napatilàd akò naŋ tubò kay Nánay. I asked Mother to slice me some sugar-cane.

(d) Movement: Napabíŋit sya sa malaki ŋ paŋánib. He got into a very dangerous situation. Naparíne sa tabi kò aŋ bátaʾ. The child came up close to me. Aŋ magkaybíga ŋ si Pédro at si 5Maryáno ay naparoòn sa Maynílaʾ. The two friends, Pedro and Mariano, have gone to Manila. Sya y napaóo. He assented. So from: díto, loòb, salámat, túŋo. Also from the derived word luwásan: napaluwásan.

507. Instrumental passive only in: maipabarìl.

10508. Passive with mà- (§ 463 ff.) from words with pa-. Bumitìw aŋ bátà sa lúbid, kanyá nàparapàʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ kahatakàn. As the child let go of the rope, the one who was pulling against him fell on his face. Nàparíto si Hwàn sa kanyà ŋ pagtatagòʾ sa maŋa tiktèk. Juan happened to come here in his hiding from the 15spies. Nàpàparíto sya ŋ madalàs. He often gets round here. Màpàparíto raw syà sa báya ŋ itò. He will get round to our town, he says. Nàpahámak sya sa ginawá nya ŋ pagsusugàl at pagsasáboŋ. He became good-for-nothing through his gambling and cock-fighting. Nàpàpahámak aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, dahilàn sa lubòs na pagpapaláyaw 20sa kanyà naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ. Little Juan is getting spoiled through his parents’ complete indulgence. Hwag kà ŋ duwàg, Hwàn, at naŋ hwàg ka ŋ màpahámak lámaŋ sa iyo ŋ pagsusundálo. Don’t be a coward, Juan, so that you may not merely come to misfortune through your military service. Màpàpahámak 25lámaŋ aŋ báta ŋ itò, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral naŋ sapàt. This boy will turn out a good-for-nothing, if we don’t make him study enough. Hindí nàpahinòg na maága ni Hwàn aŋ maŋa ságiŋ. Juan didn’t get his bananas ripe early enough. Hindí nya nàpahinòg aŋ maŋa ságiŋ, sapagkàt naúbus agàd. He did not get 30his bananas ripe, because they were all eaten up too soon. Si Pédro ay nàpàpahiŋà. Pedro is resting. Nàpatayó si Pédro dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. Pedro leaped to his feet in his surprise. Dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat ay nàpaupú siya. In his surprise he fell into his chair.

35So from: gúlat, halakhàk, hitsà, iyàk, kasàl, lagày, lagpàk, luksò, sigàw, tindìg.

(a) Plural with -aŋ-: Aŋ maŋa kalabàw ay naŋàpàpahiŋà. The carabao are resting. So: naŋápamaŋhàʾ.

(b) Accent shift: Nàpagisìŋ si Hwàn sa kalakasàn naŋ putòk 40naŋ barìl. The report of the gun was so loud that Juan woke up. So: táwa.

(c) Abstract, of movements, pagkàpa-. Aŋ dáhil naŋ kanya ŋ pagkàparíto ay aŋ paniniŋìl. What brought him here was the collecting of debts. Aŋ pagkàpalígo naŋ kabáyo ay marumè. The horse has not been bathed clean. So from: alílaʾ, doòn.

(d) With makà- D (§ 473) from -paríto: Hwag kà ŋ makàparí-paríto. Don’t you ever come round here!

509. Instrumental passive, mà-i-pa-, from: dalà, kilála, kíta, 5túlos.

510. Local passive, mà-pa- (1) -an. Màpàparusáhan kità. I shall have to punish you. So: kinìg.

511. Special static words with nà-pa-ka- denote something having a high degree of such and such a quality. Aŋ sákit na iyo 10ŋ ipinarùrúsa sa ákin ay nápakabigàt. The grief you cause me is very severe. Nàpakabúte aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatákot. Her fear reached a high degree. Aŋ sakày na táo naŋ kutséro sa karumáta ay nàpakatabàʾ. The man the driver has taken into his carriage is very stout. So also: iklìʾ.

15(a) From a phrase: nàpakawala-ŋ-hiyàʾ.

5. The prefix pati-.

512. pati- before a root expresses that such and such a movement (of one’s own person) is suddenly performed.

513. With mag- it denotes the voluntary performer. Barytone 20roots seem to have accent shift. Aŋ báta y nagpatihigàʾ sa sahìg. The child suddenly lay down on the floor. Nagpatihulòg si Pédro sa bintánaʾ sa isa ŋ pagsumpòŋ naŋ kanya ŋ pagkalóko. Pedro suddenly threw himself from the window in an attack of his madness. Nagpàpatihulòg si Hwàn sa hagdánan kuŋ sinúsumpòŋ 25naŋ kalokóhan, kaniyàʾ sya y itináli nilà sa isa ŋ halígi naŋ báhay. They tied Juan to one of the posts of the house, because when he is assailed by a fit of insanity he throws himself down the stairs. Magpàpatihulòg daw sya mulá sa ituktòk naŋ kanya ŋ bìlaŋgúan úpaŋ sya y makataanàn. He says he will throw himself from the 30roof of his prison so as to make an escape. Sya y nagpatiluhòd. He suddenly knelt down. Aŋ pagpapatiluhòd naŋ bátaʾ ay sya ŋ nakasakìt sa kanya ŋ túhod. The boy’s throwing himself on his knees is what injured his knee.

514. The passive with mà- denotes the involuntary performer. 35Nàpàpatihigàʾ aŋ báwat mádulàs sa lugàr na itò. Every one who slips at this place falls on his back. Hwag kà ŋ magpadulàs, sapagkàt baká ka màpatihigàʾ. Don’t slide, for you might fall on your back. Sya y nàpatiluhòd. He fell, landing in a kneeling position. Nàpatiupú sya sa kanya ŋ pagkádulàs. He fell into a sitting 40position when he slipped. Nàpàpatiupòʾ aŋ báwat táo ŋ magdaàn sa lugàr na itò, dahilàn sa madulàs na lúmot naŋ lúpaʾ. Everyone who comes through this place falls and lands in a sitting position, owing to the slippery moss on the ground.

III. Irregular Derivatives.

(1) Transients and abstracts of the particles sa and -giŋ.

5515. The particle sa has transient forms as follows:

(a) A normal transient: with pà-sa, pá-pà-sa, ná-sa, ná-sà-sa. Nása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church. Násàsa simbáhan silà naŋ maŋyáre aŋ súnog. They were at church when the fire occurred. Naŋ pása simbáhan silà.... When they went to 10church.... Pápàsa simbáhan silà. They will go to church.

Plural: Naŋása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church.

(b) An accidental passive (of movement): má-pa-sa, má-pà-pa-sa, ná-pa-sa-, ná-pà-pa-sa-; abstract: pagká-pa-sa. Naŋ mápasa simbáhan silà ay malálim nà aŋ gabì. When they got to the church, 15it was already late at night. Mápàpasa simbáhan silà sa gabì. They will strike the church at nightfall. aŋ pagkápasa simbáhan a chance coming upon the church.

516. The (transient) forms of -giŋ are ma-gìŋ, ma-gí-giŋ, na-gìŋ, na-gí-giŋ; abstract: pa-gi-gìŋ. Magpùpútol daw naŋ buhòk 20aŋ Intsèk na si Yèŋ pagigìŋ binyágan nya. The Chinaman Yeng says he will have his queue cut when he gets baptized.

(2) Odd affixes.

517. ba- seems to appear in ba-lasìŋ.

518. hin-, with irregular nasalization of initials, in one simple 25derivative: Aŋ kanya ŋ himatày ay hindí nalaúnan. Her fainting-fit did not last long (matày). -himagsìk (bagsìk) does not occur, but underlies many derivatives, especially maghimagsìk (§ 352,c) and hìmagsíkan (§ 377,a). Many such underlying forms can be postulated from the various transients with maŋhin- 30(§ 357,b).

(a) With r: aŋ hintutúroʾ the forefinger (túroʾ).

519. kala- in aŋ kalaháteʾ a half; aŋ kalatimbàʾ dipping on the heels and rising, hands holding opposite ears (as trick or imposed as a punishment), from hátiʾ and timbàʾ a well-bucket; these 35have various further derivatives, see Index.

520. kasiŋ- having such and such a quality in common with something else; hence partly equivalent with ka-: Kasiŋkúlay naŋ áki ŋ bároʾ aŋ kanya ŋ salawàl. His trousers are of the same color as my blouse. Aŋ bóla ŋ itò ay kasiŋlakì naŋ itlòg. This ball is the same size as an egg. Si Hwàn ay kasiŋpantày ni Pédro. Juan is of the same height as Pedro.

521. mala- (Spanish ?) derogatory: aŋ malasutsòt a young lout, a half-grown boy (literally: a bad whistler).

5522. pala- expresses extreme tendency to such and such an action:

(a) pala- S -in, from oxytone roots: Sya y isa ŋ palabintáŋin. He is very distrustful. Aŋ maŋa isdà y palabùlúkin sa tagáraw. Fish easily spoil in the hot season. aŋ palaluŋkútin a 10melancholy person, palapùtákin a fowl given to cackling, palasumbúŋin tattle-tale, palasutsútin one who is always whistling, palatuntúnin one who is always trying to follow up his stolen property, palatuwáin palatwáin one who is easily amused.

From root with shifted accent: palasàkítin person who is always 15getting sick. Irregularly: palahùníhin an animal given to neighing, chirping, etc.

Lack of secondary accent: palaiyákin a cry-baby.

(b) pala- (2) -in, from barytone roots: palagalitìn a hot-head, palagisiŋìn a poor sleeper, palagutumìn one who is always 20getting hungry, palagulatìn nervous person, palahilawìn a kind of rice that is hard to cook through; Palaputulìn aŋ maŋa tiŋtìŋ naŋ walìs na ytò. The fibres of this broom are very brittle. palatakutìn a timorous person.

(c) palà- -an the place for such and such a thing: aŋ palàisdáan 25a fish-pond, palàsiŋsíŋan the ring-finger, the fourth finger, palàtuntúnan a set of rules, rules of order.

523. ta- in ta-gílid the side; with retraction of accent: -talíkod.

524. tag- in names of seasons: tagáraw, tagulàn, the two 30Philippine seasons; aŋ taglamìg cold weather, the (American) winter. With accent-shift: taginìt the hot season.

525. taga- person whose duty it is to do so and so, especially upon some particular occasion: aŋ tagaalìs naŋ gwarnisyòn naŋ kabáyo the one detailed to unharness the horses, tagabílaŋ accountant, 35counter, tagaíkid sa gawaàn naŋ lúbid the one who rolls up a rope in the rope-factory; Ikàw ay tagainùm lámaŋ. Your job here is only to drink; so: tagakáin one whose only duty is to eat. Tagapútol naŋ káhoy aŋ katuŋkúlan niyà. He is delegated to cut wood. tagasúlat the one who does the writing; tagatahèʾ one who does the 40sewing. So from: húli, sulsì.

(a) With pag-: tagapagbigày, tagapagtaŋgòl.

(b) With pag-pa- one whose duty it is to oversee the doing of so and so: aŋ tagapagpaalìs naŋ tapòn naŋ maŋa bóte head bottle-opener; tagapagpainùm sa fiyèsta bartender at a fiesta; Isa ŋ tagapagpainùm ay isa ŋ tagapagbigày naŋ inumìn sa maŋa háyop o maŋa bátaʾ. So: aŋ tagapagpakáin who gives food to animals or 5children, tagapagpalígoʾ who bathes children or horses, tagapagpasúlat head writer, tagapagpatotoò witness.

526. tara-, tra- is felt to be a prefix in: aŋ táo ŋ tarabúko, trabúko a bald-headed person, felt as derivative from búko smooth, unripe cocoanut.

10527. -éro (Spanish) as suffix of agent; final vowel (or vowel plus n or glottal stop) is lost: baŋkéro, sabuŋéro, sipéro (sipéros, plural); from derived word: Katipunéros (ka-tipún-an, § 423); from compound word: básag-uléro a brawler, ruffian (básag-úlo).

(3) Pronoun forms.

15528. The various forms of the pronouns and objectivizing particles show some regular derivation.

(a) n- with irregularities, for disjunctive forms: n-aŋ, n-i (si), n-inà n-ilà (sinà silà), n-íno (síno), n-irè, n-itò, n-iyàn, n-oòn (iyòn, yaòn); n-ità (kità), n-iyà (siyà), n-ilà (silà). From the 20prepositive form: n-átin, n-ámin, n-iniyò.

Similarly, the particle nawàʾ, root áwaʾ pity.

(b) ka- for local and prepositive forms: ka-y (si), k-inà (sinà); from the disjunctive form: ka-níno, ka-nità, ka-niyà. ka-nilà.

25(c) With si compare sí-no, with aŋ, a-nò.

(d) Local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns (treated as separate roots): d-íne (irè), d-íto (itò), d-iyàn, d-oòn.

(e) Words of manner with ga-: ga-áno, gá-no (anò), ga-yòn (iyòn). From disjunctive forms: ga-nitò, ga-niyàn, ga-noòn. Cf. 30also gáya like.

Of similar formation: Aŋ butò naŋ haláma ŋ itò y gabútil naŋ pálay. The seed of this plant is as large as a grain of rice (bútil a kernel of grain).

(f) saàn (for sa anò?) is felt as a simple word.