II. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. (continued 4)

10Other roots: akmàʾ, ámot, apòy, balàt, báyaʾ, báyad, bigày, bendisiyòn, búti, dagán, retráto, gámit, gawàʾ, gupìt, halimhìm, hatìd, háwak, higàʾ, hitsà, húkay, húlog, íŋat, kamìt, kantà, labàs, lagày, láloʾ, lápit, lígaw, ligtàs, limòs, mulàʾ, pagakpàk, palìt, panhìk, pások, prubà, puntà, putòk, sabày, sáboy, sagásaʾ, sákit, salákay, 15silakbò, subò, súbok, sunòd, suŋgàb, soòt, táliʾ, támaʾ, táŋaʾ, táŋan, tíbay, tibàʾ, tiŋìn, túboʾ, tugtòg, túlad, túlog, túloŋ, tuŋtóŋ, umpisà, úpa, útos, wisìk.

(a) From derived words: Sya y tinagilíran ni Pédro. Pedro hit him in the side (ta-gílid, § 523), but: Tinaligdàn ni Hwàn si 20Pédro pagdadaàn nitò sa kanya ŋ harapàn. Juan turned away from Pedro when the latter came before him. Tinalikdàn ni Hwàn si Pédro. Juan turned his back on Pedro (talíkod, § 523).

(b) Irregularly without accent shift before the suffix: Áki ŋ binitáwan (or: binitíwan) aŋ bóte. I let go my hold on the bottle. 25Bitíwan mo aŋ lúbid. Let go of the rope. Dinaánan siyà naŋ isa ŋ silakbò naŋ gálit. A fit of anger came upon him. ... naŋ isa ŋ masamà ŋ pagiísip. An evil thought came to him. Dinàdaánan sya naŋ isa ŋ malakì ŋ kaluŋkútan. A great grief is upon him. ... naŋ pagkaulòl. He is under an attack of madness. Cf. daanàn, 30above. Minatáan naŋ bágo ŋ táo aŋ aswàŋ. The young man looked round for the vampire. Matáan mo aŋ magnanákaw. Keep an eye open for the thief. So from: sèrmon.

(c) From root with accent shift (so that the total shift is two syllables): Aŋ utusàn naŋ kapitàn ay tinamaàn naŋ bála. The 35captain’s orderly was hit by a bullet. Aŋ lulòd ni Pédro ay tinamaàn naŋ bála. Pedro got shot in the shin. Tinamaàn naŋ kulòg (naŋ lintìk) aŋ isa ŋ púnu-ŋ-maŋgà. A mango tree was struck by the thunder (by lightning). Tamaàn ka naŋ lintìk! May the lightning strike you! (curse.)

40375. The local passive is formed from the root with pag- when it corresponds to an active in which mag- is contrasted with -um- (§ 351) or when the local relation, especially of person for whom, is highly explicit: pag-putúl-an, pag-pù-putúl-an, p-in-ag-putúl-an, p-in-ag-pù-putúl-an. Examples: Aŋ pagsakày sa kabáyo ay hindí magaà ŋ pagarálan kuŋ salbáhe aŋ kabáyo. Riding horseback is not easy to learn if the horse is unruly. Hindí káya ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ pinagàarálan. Juan’s studies are too hard 5for him. Pagbàbalikàn kità. I will come back to you. Pagbalikàn mo akò. Come back to me. Aŋ útaŋ ni Maryà ay pinagbayáran naŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd na babáye. Maria’s debt was paid off by her sister. Aŋ áki ŋ kapatìd na laláki aŋ pinagbilhàn ko nito ŋ báhay. I sold this house to my brother. Napatìd aŋ lúbid na kanya 10ŋ pinagbìbiyabúhan. The rope on which he was swinging broke. Aŋ pinagharáŋan kina Hwàn ay isa ŋ lugàr na malápit sa maŋgáhan sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. The place where Juan and his company were held up was a spot near the mango-grove on the Baliuag road. Pagharían mo ŋ mabúte aŋ pulò ŋ itò. Rule righteously over this 15island. Paghasáan mo naŋ maŋa paŋáhit aŋ hasaà ŋ itò. Use this whetstone to sharpen razors on. Aŋ pinaghatdan kò naŋ gátas ay maláyoʾ. The place to which I delivered the milk was a long way off. Sa pasíga ŋ itò y walà ŋ lugàr na pinaghùhubaràn naŋ damìt. At this beach there is no place for undressing. aŋ pinagibhàn the 20point of difference, the difference. Pagiŋátan mo ŋ dalhìn aŋ túbo ŋ kristàl na iyàn, sapagkàt baká magkàputòl-putòl iyàn kuŋ hindí ka maíŋat naŋ pagdadalà. Carry that glass tube carefully, because it might get smashed if you are not careful about the carrying it. Pinagkabyawàn nilà aŋ lugàr na itò. This place is where they 25pressed sugar-cane. Aŋ pinagkàkabyawàn námin ay isa ŋ lugàr na mataàs káy sa tubúhan. The place where we press sugar-cane is a place higher than the cane-field. Pagkabyawàn ninyò naŋ tubò aŋ bágo ŋ kabyáwan. Press the cane in the new press. Pagkàbyawàn nilà aŋ bágo ŋ tayò ŋ kabyáwan. They will press sugar-cane 30in the newly-erected press. Aŋ hwátaw aŋ sya mò ŋ pagkánan. The Chinese bowl is what you are to eat from. Si Pédro aŋ pinagkúnan naŋ maŋa kasaŋkápa ŋ itò. Pedro is the one from whom we got these tools. Si Migèl aŋ pinagkùkúnan nya naŋ kwàlta ŋ paŋbilè naŋ kalabàw. Miguel is the one from whom he gets money 35to buy carabao. Aŋ pagkúnan mo naŋ pálay ay aŋ sáko ŋ may kúlaŋ. The place for you to take rice is the sack that is already broken. Hwag mò ŋ paglaruwàn, Hwàn, aŋ kutìŋ, sapagkàt baká mo iyàn màbúlag. Don’t play with the kitten, Juan, for you might inadvertently blind it. Paglarwan mò aŋ bóla. Play (with the) 40ball. Aŋ kutìŋ ay nàbálot sa pinaglàlaruwàn nya ŋ damìt. The kitten got wrapped up in the piece of cloth with which it was playing. Pagmasdan mò aŋ bwàn. Look carefully at the moon. Hwag mò ŋ pagputúlan naŋ ano màn aŋ saŋkála ŋ iyàn. Don’t cut anything on that cutting-block. Pinagsalitaàn ni Hwàn aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa báta ŋ kapatìd. Juan gave his little brothers a talking-to.

5Similarly: bintàŋ, daàn, daràs, dasàl, hátiʾ, hinálaʾ, katàm, kublì, patày, pílit, sábi, silbì, sísi, tagpòʾ, tipàn, úsap.

(a) From a phrase: pinagsa-ulàn (sa ulèʾ).

(b) From a derived word: Maŋà pinagpìpìtagánan ko ŋ ginoò! Respected sirs, Dear sirs (in oral or written address).

10(c) Irregularly without accent shift: pinagdaánan (daàn), cf. § 374,b.

(d) With extra accent shift, corresponding to active with mag- (1): Pagputulàn mo, Hwàn, naŋ maŋa usbòŋ aŋ kalabása. Cut a bundle of shoots from the pumpkin, Juan.

15As bitìw lacks the accent shift before -an (§ 374,b), the form with pag- and shift of one syllable belongs here: Pinagbitiwan nyà aŋ maŋa manùk na kanya ŋ táŋan. She let go of all the chickens she was holding.

(e) With reduplication of the root, corresponding to the 20active with mag- r (§ 354): pinagsisiglàn (silìd).

(f) With both extra accent shift and reduplication, corresponding to § 355: Pinagdàdadagukàn nya aŋ maŋa kaáway niyà. He was dealing blows to his enemies right and left (dágok a blow with the fist).

25(g) From doubled root (cf. the active, § 356): pinagtùtulùŋ-tulúŋan (túloŋ).

376. The local passive with paŋ- corresponds to actives with maŋ-: pa-mutúl-an, pa-mù-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mù-mutúl-an.

30Saàn aŋ pinaŋgalíŋan mo?—Aŋ pinaŋgalíŋan ko ay an báya-ŋ-Maynílaʾ. Where have you come from?—I come from Manila. Aŋ maŋa pinítak na kadátig naŋ sápaʾ ay sya nyà ŋ pinaŋgágapásan (or: sya nyà ŋ pinamùmutúlan naŋ pálay). The sections of the rice-field bordering on the ditch are the ones he is cutting rice 35from. Pinaŋitlugàn naŋ manòk aŋ kahò ŋ itò. The hen laid its eggs in this box. Hwag mò ŋ pamitasàn naŋ búŋa aŋ átis na nása tabì naŋ balòn. Don’t pick the fruits from the atis tree by the side of the well. Siya kò ŋ pamìmitasàn naŋ búŋa aŋ byábas na nása gitná naŋ bakúran. I shall pick fruits from the guava tree 40in the middle of the yard. Ali ŋ lugàr aŋ iyo ŋ pinamutúlan naŋ damò? Which place did you cut grass from? Sinundó ni Pédro aŋ kapatìd na babáye sa báhay na pinanànahían. Pedro fetched his sister from the house where she was working as seamstress. So also from: tálo, tiwálaʾ.

(a) With paŋ-hin- the local passive corresponds to the active with maŋ-hin- (§ 357,b); the reduplication affects the hin- which, 5theoretically, we may regard as part of the underlying word. “Magáral ka ŋ mabúti at paŋhinayáŋan mo aŋ mahalagà ŋ panahòn,” sinábi ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ anàk. “Study hard and take account of the precious time,” said Juan to his son. Káylan pa kayá paŋhìhinayáŋan naŋ maŋa táo aŋ maŋa áni ŋ taòn-taò y nàsìsírà 10naŋ luktòn o naŋ túyot? When will the people at last regret the harvests that are every year destroyed by locusts or by drought? Pinaŋhinayáŋan nilà aŋ nálubog na baŋkàʾ. They were sorry about the canoe that had sunk. Pinaŋhìhinayáŋan námin aŋ marámi ŋ búhay na ginúgol naŋ báyan sa pagtataŋgòl sa katwíran. 15We regret the many lives lost by the country in the defense of its rights. (sáyaŋ); similarly from gantì: paŋhigantihàn.

(10) Special static words.

377. With S -an special static words are formed from oxytone roots, without the irregularities described in § 334. In meaning 20they fall into two types, which, however, are not always clearly distinct.

(a) They express an action by two or more actors, a kind of plural of root words of the type described at § 341,3,a. Aŋ àlísan naŋ maŋa aluwáge ay sa lúnes naŋ hápon. The leaving of the carpenters 25is fixed for Monday afternoon. aŋ ìnúman a drinking party. Aŋ ìyákan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay nárinig ko sa kalsáda. I heard on the street the crying of the children. Aŋ kàlabúgan naŋ maŋa nalaglàg na nyòg dahilàn sa malakàs na háŋin ay nárinig haŋgàŋ sa maláyo ŋ lugàr. The thud of the cocoanuts that were 30thrown down by the strong wind was audible for some distance away. Aŋ kàlasíŋan naŋ maŋa kwaltà ŋ laglàg sa bulsà ni Hwàn ay sya ŋ nakàgísiŋ kay Pédro. The rattling of the coins falling from Juan’s purse was what woke Pedro up. Aŋ kantáhan naŋ maŋa íbon ay ginágawà nila kuŋ umága. The birds sing together 35in the morning. Aŋ kùrútan nilà sa nilúto ko ŋ isdàʾ ay lubhà ŋ madalàs. They often pinched pieces out of the fish I had cooked. Aŋ litsúnan nila Hwàn ay hindí nátulòy. The barbecue of Juan and his friends did not come off. Aŋ luksúhan naŋ maŋa luktòn ay totoò ŋ maiiklèʾ. The leaps of the small grasshoppers are very 40short. Aŋ pàgakpákan naŋ maŋa táo pagkaraàn naŋ talumpáteʾ ay lubhà ŋ mahábaʾ. The applause of the people after the speech was very long. Aŋ pintásan ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay parého ŋ hindí totoò. The criticisms of Juana and Maria make of each other are equally untrue. Aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa lalagyàn naŋ tubaʾ ay pùnúa ŋ lahàt. His containers for the sap are all full. Aŋ kanila ŋ sàkáyan sa trèn ay sa liŋgò naŋ umága. They are all to take the train Sunday morning. Naparoòn akò kagabè sa isa ŋ sàyáwan. 5I went to a dance last night. Aŋ sìgáwan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ sa kalsáda ay nakabíbiŋì. The shouting of the children on the street is deafening. aŋ tàhúlan naŋ maŋa áso the baying together of the dogs. aŋ tàyáan a staking, a putting up of stakes (aŋ tayàʾ a stake in a bet or game). Nárinig sa isa ŋ ùpúan naŋ maŋa Intsèk aŋ 10kwènto ŋ itò. This story was heard in a gathering of Chinamen.

Similarly, from: kaluskòs, patày, pustà, putàk, salitàʾ, sugàl, takbò, tipàn, tugtòg, umpòk.

From derived word: Aŋ hìmagsíkan sa Filipínas ay natápus nà. The fighting in the Philippines is over. (as though from a form 15-himagsìk, see § 518).

This formation underlies further derivatives, see §§ 352,d. 357,a.

(b) The other meaning of the formation S -an is that of an object viewed, rather explicitly (cf. § 380), as the scene of plural 20action or the place of things. So: aŋ bìgásan the place where hulled rice is made, threshing floor for rice, rice-mill. Si Hwàn aŋ bìgáyan nilà naŋ kanilà ŋ maŋa ninákaw na aláhas. Juan is the one to whom they give the jewelry they have stolen. aŋ bìlangúan a prison (aŋ bilaŋgòʾ a prisoner). Aŋ kanila ŋ bìlíhan naŋ pálay 25ay sa kamálig ni Hwàn. The place where they buy rice is in Juan’s storehouse. Aŋ dàánan naŋ maŋa sundálo ay aŋ landàs na itò. The usual route of the soldiers is this path. aŋ hampásan the whipping-bench. Aŋ maŋa magkakápit-báhay na si Andrès, Kulàs, at Pédro ay nagtàtálo tuŋkùl sa kaní-kanilà ŋ haŋgáhan naŋ bakúran. 30The neighbors Andrés, Nicolás, and Pedro are disputing about the boundaries of their grounds. Sa pagítan naŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag at báya-ŋ-San-Migèl ay máy-roo ŋ isa lámaŋ na hintúan aŋ maŋa naglálakad. Pedestrians have only one stopping-place between the towns of Baliuag and San Miguel. Si Pédro ay sya ŋ hìráman naŋ 35salapìʾ naŋ maŋa táo sa báyan. Pedro is the one from whom the people in the town borrow money. aŋ huŋkúyan a machine for fanning the pounded rice. Aŋ isa ŋ taburéte lámaŋ aŋ ginawá nila ŋ làgáyan naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa sombréro, sapagkàt aŋ sabitàn ay punú nà. A chair was all they had to lay their hats on, for the 40hat-rack was already full. Aŋ làŋúyan sa ílog ay bumábaw. The swimming-place in the river grew shallow. aŋ làrúan the playground. Aŋ lìbáŋan sa maŋa bátaʾ sa maŋa bapòr na naglálayag sa dágat naŋ Pasífiko ay lubhà ŋ malilínis na lugàr. The play-rooms for children on the steamers that ply on the Pacific Ocean are very neat places. aŋ nyúgan a cocoanut grove. Aŋ pàtáyan naŋ bábuy ay nasúnog. The pork slaughter-house burned down. 5aŋ pàtísan a factory for shrimp-sauce (patìs, made of the small shrimp called hípon). Aŋ báro ŋ punìt-punìt ay sya nyà ŋ ginawà ŋ tagpían naŋ maŋa retáso. She sewed the patches all on to the ragged blouse. Aŋ kanila ŋ tagpúan ay aŋ daà-ŋ-Balíwag. Their meeting-place is the Baliuag road. aŋ tanyágan an exhibition, exposition. 10aŋ timbáŋan a pair of scales. aŋ tindáhan a shop, store (aŋ tindà the goods for sale in a store).

Similarly, from: aklàt, bantày, bigtì, biniyàg, bukàs, buntòt, dasàl, gawàʾ, hagdàn, higàʾ, hukòm, kabiyàw, kublì, kulòŋ, libìŋ, luksò, maŋgà, pintà, pintò, pitàg, punlàʾ, sampày, saŋlàʾ, simbà, 15sahàn, taŋgàp, taraŋkà, tirà, upòʾ.

A very few show irregularities: eskwèl-han, paá-nan, tòto-hánan the truth (totoò); the secondary accent is lacking in damú-han, tubú-han; irregular in kumpìsál-an.

From a compound word: úbus-làkásan (úbos-lakàs).

20From a phrase: sà-lawáhan changeable, fickle, as though from sa lawà; for the latter see § 345.

From derived words: aŋ ìnumínan place for drinking-water, water-shelf (inum-ìn, § 367,a); aŋ sìlaŋán-an the east (silaŋ-àn, § 379.

25378. The formation (1) S -an is made from barytone roots and corresponds in meaning to (a) in the preceding type; the suffix is added as a rule without irregularity.

Aŋ ìbígan ni Maryà at ni Hwàn ay natápus sa pagtatampúhan. The love-affair of Maria and Juan ended through their contrariness. 30Aŋ làyásan naŋ maŋa sundálo ay hindí maampàt naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa pinúnoʾ. The deserting of the soldiers could not be stopped by their officers. Sa miyèrkules aŋ lùlánan nilà sa trèn. On Wednesday they are to embark on the train. Aŋ pùlútan nilà naŋ kwaltà ay náhintòʾ naŋ márinig nilà aŋ putòk. Their scrambling 35for money ceased when they heard the crash. aŋ tìpúnan a meeting.

So: háyag, húni, káin, kílos, sáma, túloy.

Irregular in form is: Aŋ tàwánan nila Hwàn ay náhinto dahilàn sa kanila ŋ pagkàgúlat. The laughter of Juan’s crowd stopped on account of their surprise (táwa).

40Irregular in meaning, as though local instead of plural, is: Aŋ gulòd na itò ay sya ŋ sìláŋan naŋ áraw. This hill is the place where the sun rises (sílaŋ).

379. The form from barytone roots corresponding to the type in § 377,b and often also to type a, is: (2) -an, without irregularities: Aŋ agawàn naŋ maŋa uŋgòʾ ay magulò. The grabbing by the monkeys was confused. aŋ basahàn a reading-room, library. 5Bulakàn Bulacán (name of a province, if from búlak a cluster of capoc cotton). Aŋ maliìt na úna ŋ itò ay sya kò ŋ duruàn naŋ maŋa aspilè. This little cushion is where I stick my needles. aŋ haluàn a mixing-vessel. aŋ hugasàn a place for washing dishes. aŋ hulihàn naŋ isdàʾ a fishing-expedition. Si Hwána ay isa ŋ babáye 10ŋ kutuhàn. Juana is a lousy woman. Aŋ labanàn naŋ maŋa Tùrkos at Iŋgléses ay kasulukúyan pa lámaŋ. The warfare between the Turks and the English is only now taking place. Aŋ kanila ŋ lakaràn ay lubhà ŋ masayà. Their walking party is very merry. Aŋ kanila ŋ lusuŋàn ay hindí natápus na mabúte, sapagkàt marámi 15sa maŋa táo ay matamàd. Their cooperative scheme did not turn out well, because most of the people were lazy. Aŋ murahàn ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay nárinig naŋ boò ŋ báyan. The revilings of Juana and Maria were heard by the whole town. Sa báya-ŋ-San-Migèl ay naŋyáre aŋ isa ŋ nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a 20robbery took place. Aŋ tablà ŋ itò ay ginawà ŋ pakuàn naŋ maŋa bátaʾ sa maŋa páku ŋ aspilè na kinúha nilà. The children used this board for hammering in the tacks they had taken. Aŋ bútas naŋ baŋkaʾ ay sya ŋ ginawà ŋ pasakàn ni Pédro naŋ pagkìt. The leak in the canoe was where Pedro calked in the wax. aŋ putikàn a clay-pit; 25a person or thing covered with mud. Aŋ isà ŋ labaŋàn ay syà ŋ nagìŋ silaŋàn kay Hesùs. Jesus was born in a manger; aŋ kátri ŋ silaŋàn ni Hwána the bed in which Juana’s children were born. Sya y sugatàn He is wounded; aŋ sugatàn the wounded (as, after a battle). aŋ sulatàn a writing-desk. Aŋ síloŋ naŋ báhay ay sya nyà ŋ 30taguàn naŋ maŋa kasaŋkápan sa pagaalwáge. The ground-floor of his house is where he keeps his carpentry tools. Aŋ kuwàrto ŋ itò ay sya kò ŋ tulugàn. This room is my sleeping-place. Aŋ tulugàn naŋ báhay ni Hwàn ay nása bubuŋàn. The sleeping-quarters in Juan’s house are on the roof. aŋ utusàn a servant, a waiter, an 35orderly.

Similarly: áral, búkol, dáhil, háraŋ, hásaʾ, íhaw, ílaw, káin, lútoʾ, sábit, sáboŋ, tápon, túlis, úlo, úpa, óras.

With irregularities: hàlamanàn garden, flower-pot (haláman) has secondary accent on the first of three syllables; aŋkàn the members 40of a given person’s immediate family, not including himself: aŋ aŋkàn ni Hwàn Krùs Juan Cruz’ wife and children (from -ának, cf. mag-ának, § 358,a); kwayanàn, beside kawayanàn (kawáyan).

With irregularity and reduplication: ka-kan-àn (-káin).

380. (1) -an with irregularities forms static words denoting objects by the action for which they are locally used or by the things they are the place of; the local meaning is less explicit, and 5the object has more fixed identity apart from its local relation than is the case in the preceding forms. This distinction is very clear where both forms occur from the same root (cf. kulòŋ, lagày); it may disappear where only one form is made (sagíŋan, atísan have the same value as nyúgan).

10aŋ atísan a grove of atis trees. Aŋ asuhàn naŋ báhay ni Pédro ay nasúnog. The chimney in Pedro’s house burned out. Bigasàn aŋ kanya ŋ sináiŋ. Her boiled rice has raw rice in it, is not done. Aŋ kanya ŋ damìt ay pulahàn. Her clothes are all red. Sya y isà ŋ pulahàn. He is a Red, a member of the Red party. aŋ siláŋan the east, also Siláŋan Silangan (name of a town). aŋ taanàn a fugitive. aŋ manòk na talúnan 15the defeated game-cock; lúto ŋ talúnan a dish in which the defeated game-cock is cooked with ginger. Similarly: bákod, bubòŋ, dúlo, gawàʾ, haŋgà, haràp, kulòŋ, labàŋ, laròʾ, likòd, lulòd, paà, ságiŋ, tintéro.

(a) Some roots which begin with l and most of those whose 20irregularity involves contraction, have reduplication in this form: Aŋ lalagyàn ko naŋ librò ay aŋ mésa ŋ itò. This table is my bookstand. Aŋ uupà ŋ itò ay gàgamítin naŋ maŋa panaúhin. The guests will sit on these seats. Aŋ uupà ŋ itò ay sa háreʾ. This seat is for the king. luluràn shin. Similarly: hihigàn (higàʾ), lalamúnan (lámon), 25lalawígan (láwig), sasakyàn (sakày), titirhàn (tirà).

(b) From derived words: Napútol nilà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy sa kalahatían. They cut the tree at the middle. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid sa kalahatían. The rope broke at the middle. (kalahátiʾ, § 519). Aŋ bútas naŋ baŋkàʾ ay nása tagilíran. The leak in the canoe is in the 30side. Nilagyàn ni Hwàn naŋ tagilíran aŋ kanya ŋ báhay. Juan put side-walls on his house. (tagílid, § 523).

381. D -an, with accent shift if the root is barytone, forms words denoting an object which is an imitation or miniature of such and such: aŋ dagat-dagátan a lake; aŋ kabá-kabayúhan a play-horse; 35aŋ tao-taúhan a manikin, doll; the pupil of the eye; aŋ baril-barílan a toy-gun. Further derivatives from this formation, see § 352,d.

382. Many roots here treated, because felt, as simple, end in -an: baŋàn, batalàn, dalandàn, hagdàn, haláman, kánan, kápitan, 40kapitàn, kawáyan, laráwan, pagítan, pakuwàn, paŋnàn a hand-basket, pasígan (Pásig is the name of a river), piŋgàn, saguwàn a paddle, saŋkálan, tampalásan, tahílan.

383. Similar formations with paŋ- prefixed add the element of meaning present in the transient formations with maŋ- and paŋ-; they have secondary accent on the prefix, as though it formed part of the underlying word:

(a) pàŋ- -an (cf. § 377): Aŋ kahò ŋ itò ay sya ŋ pàŋitlúgan 5naŋ manòk. This box is the place where the hen lays its eggs.

(b) pàŋ- (1) -an (cf. § 378): Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ paráti ŋ pàmunúan naŋ básag-úlo. Juan is the one who always starts the fighting.

(c) pàŋ- (2) -an (cf. § 379): pàŋaserahàn boarding-place.

10II. Secondary groups.

1. Prefix si-.

384. The prefix si- is used only in active transient forms, and is always preceded by mag- or nag-: mag-si-pútol, mag-sì-si-pútol, nag-si-pútol, nag-sì-si-pútol. In meaning these forms are explicit 15plurals of the primary active forms. Occasionally the plural value is emphasized by infixation of -aŋ- into the mag- or nag-.

385. From the simple root the explicit plural with si- corresponds to the primary actives with -um- or, in many cases, with mag-. Nagsiílag sila sa báyan naŋ itò y pasúkin naŋ maŋa kaáway. 20They all fled from the town when the enemy entered it. Aŋ maŋa áso ay nagsìsilámon. The dogs are eating. Magsiligáya kayò. Rejoice, Be glad. Aŋ maŋa laŋgàm ay nagsìsilipumpòn (or: nagsìsilípon) sa nápatay nila ŋ gagambà. The ants are crowding all over the spider they have killed. Nagsìsipútol sila ŋ lahàt naŋ tubò 25naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They were cutting sugar-cane when we arrived. Magsipútol kayò naŋ tubò. Do you all cut sugar-cane.

So from: akiyàt, alìs, dálaw, dalò, datìŋ, húli, húsay, iyàk, kantà, kápit, lakì, lípat, lúlan, pígil, puntà, pustà, sáyad, tindìg, tugtòg, túloŋ, túŋo, uwìʾ.

30(a) Plurality emphasized: Naŋagsiúroŋ aŋ maŋa sundálo. The soldiers retreated. So also from alìs.

386. This formation is made from the root with pag- prefixed when it corresponds to primary actives with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ 351). Nagsìsipagáral silà. They are studying. Magsipagáral 35kayò. Study. Aŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay áyaw magsipagbíhis. The children don’t want to change their clothes, get dressed up. Aŋ maŋa laŋgàm ay nagsìsipagípon (or: nagsìsipaglípon) naŋ pagkáin kuŋ tagáraw. The ants store up food in the hot season. Magsipagpútol kayò, Pédro, naŋ káhoy na gàgamítin sa paglilitsòn. Pedro, 40do you folks cut some wood to be used in the barbecue. “Magsìsipagpútol dàw sila naŋ dikóla,” aŋ sábi ni Hwána. “They say they are going to cut off the trains of their skirts,” said Juana. Napsipagpútol naŋ buhòk aŋ maŋa Intsèk. The Chinamen cut off their queues. Nagsìsipagpútol naŋ buhòk aŋ maŋa Intsèk na si Yèŋ at Tsàŋ, naŋ sila y datnàn ko sa kanila ŋ tindáhan. The Chinamen 5Yeng and Chang were cutting their queues when I came upon them in their shop. Nagsipagtipìd aŋ sundálo. The soldiers economized.

So from: basàʾ, dasàl, hintòʾ, laròʾ, pasiyàl, sísi, sugàl, takbò, tindìg, yukayòk.

10(a) Plurality emphasized: naŋagsipagtakbò.

(b) The pag- is used when the underlying word is a derived word: Aŋ maŋa sundálo ŋ Tagálog ay nagsipaghimagsìk. The Tagalog soldiers revolted (-himagsìk, § 518). Nagsipaghìmagsíkan silà. They fought each other (hìmagsíkan, § 377,a). So 15from: agawàn (§ 379), -bugtúŋan (§ 377,a), labanàn (§ 379), takbúhan (§ 377,a). Cf. § 406.

(c) The same formation with accent shift of the root corresponds to primary actives with mag- (1), § 353. It occurs from: bálot, lákad, líbot.

20387. With paŋ- prefixed to the root, this formation corresponds to the primary active with maŋ- (§ 357). Magsipamaŋká táyo. Let’s all go canoeing. Magsìsipamiyábas kamì sa maŋa gúbat na malápit. We are going guava-picking in the jungles near here. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay umáhon sa bundòk úpaŋ magsipamútol 25naŋ káhoy na asanàʾ. Pedro and Juan went up into the mountains to cut asana. Àáhon kamì sa bundòk at magsìsipamútol kamì naŋ muláwin. We are going up into the mountains to cut molave.

So from: barìl, hínaʾ, hiŋìʾ, noòd, tahímik, tálo.

30(a) With paŋ-hin-, cf. § 357,b: Silà y nagsipaŋhimagsìk. They made a revolution.

2. The prefix paki-.

388. The prefix paki-, which forms simple static forms, transients, and abstracts, expresses that the subject of the sentence 35performs or undergoes the action along with others that were involved in it before,—this either through interference or by favor of someone else.

389. Simple static form: aŋ pakikinábaŋ the obtaining of profit (kinábaŋ) in trade with others; also: holy communion. So 40pakipútol, in command (cf. § 341,3,c), cut as a favor.

390. The active transient and the abstract have the forms: maki-pútol, makì-ki-pútol, naki-pútol, nakì-ki-pútol, paki-ki-pútol, i. e. the reduplication affects the syllable -ki-.

Aŋ kapitàn ay nagpadalà naŋ isa ŋ sekréta sa lúpà naŋ kaáway úpaŋ makiramdàm naŋ kanila ŋ kìlúsan. The captain sent 5a spy to the enemy’s country to spy out (literally: perceive along) their movements. Makìkikáin akò kina Lílay. I am going to Lilay’s for a meal. Si Pédro ay nakikáin kina Hwàn. Pedro took a meal at Juan’s house. Nakipútol akò naŋ damò sa lúpà ni Mariyáno. I obtained permission to cut grass from Mariano’s 10land. Sila y nàròroòn sa búkid ni Pédro at nakìkipútol naŋ damò. They have gone to Pedro’s field and are cutting grass there by his permission. Pumaroòn ka t makipútol naŋ damò. Go and ask them to let you cut some grass. Pakikipútol díto ni Hwàn naŋ damò ay siŋilìn mo aŋ útaŋ nya. When Juan asks to be allowed 15to cut grass here, dun him for his debt. Sila y nakisúno kay Mariyà. They had Maria let them live in her house with her.

So: sakày, sáma, túloy, túlog.

(a) With accent shift of the root (§ 337): makialàm look after someone, nose into others’ affairs (álam).

20391. The root has pag- when the formation corresponds to a primary active with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ 351): Nakìkipagáway aŋ báta ŋ itò, kanyàʾ hindí dápat pahintulúta ŋ madalàs na manáog naŋ báhay. As this boy gets into fights, he should not often be allowed to leave the house. Nakipagáway si Pédro. 25Pedro got into the fight. Nasaktàn si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pakikipaglaròʾ. Juan got hurt when he joined into the game. So from: bunòʾ, dalamhátiʾ, lában, tagpòʾ, úsap.

(a) From derived words: Hwag kà ŋ makipaglàŋúyan, Hwàn, at baká ka malúnod. Don’t go swimming with the crowd, 30Juan, I am afraid you might get drowned. Makìkipaglàŋúyan ka bà, Pédro? Are you going along swimming, Pedro? Nakipagluksúhan si Hwàn naŋ idáos aŋ maŋa laròʾ. Juan entered in the jumping-contest when the games were held. Similarly, from: pustá-han, siksík-an, takbú-han. All these belong under § 377,a. 35See also § 427,b.

(b) Corresponding to primary active with mag- (1) § 353: Nakipagbabàg si Pédro. Pedro got into a free fight (bábag).

392. The root has paŋ-, corresponding to a primary active with maŋ-: Sya y hindí pinahintulútan sa kanya ŋ pakikipamútol 40naŋ tubò. His request to be allowed to cut cane was not granted.

393. In the passive the paki- expresses that the subject undergoes the action along with others, often as a favor on the part of the actor. So direct passive: paki-putúl-in be cut, as a favor on the part of the one who does the cutting; the recipient of the favor is the speaker.

394. In the instrumental passive the meaning is similar; sometimes, however, the instrumental passive is used with the person 5asking the favor as agent.

Maárì mo ŋà ŋ ipakihúlog sa kuréyo aŋ súlat? Will you please mail my letter for me? (literally: Can my letter please be thrown-along-with-yours or thrown-as-a-favor into the mail by you?). Ipinakihúlog ni Pédro aŋ áki ŋ súlat. Pedro mailed my 10letter (along with his or as a favor) for me. Ipinakìkihúlog ko lámaŋ kay Pédro aŋ áki ŋ maŋa súlat. I am asking Pedro to mail my letters for me; here ipinakìkihúlog is not that thrown as a favor, but that asked to be thrown as a favor. Ipakìkipútol daw ni Hwàn aŋ buhòk naŋ alílà nya ŋ Intsèk. Juan says he will ask 15someone to cut his Chinese servant’s hair; ipakìkipútol is here that asked to be cut as a favor, and the relation of asking is the only thing expressed by the instrumental (rather than the direct) passive.

395. The root has pag-, corresponding to § 351: Ipakipagpútol 20mo ŋàʾ naŋ buhòk aŋ guntìŋ na itò, úpaŋ áti ŋ masubúkan aŋ húsay naŋ talìm. Please use this shears in cutting hair, so that we may test the quality of the edge (genuine instrumental passive). Ipakìkipagpútol daw nya akò naŋ búhòʾ pagáhon nya sa bundòk. He says he will cut some bamboo for me when he goes 25up into the mountains. (genuine instrumental passive). Ipinakipagpútol akò ni Hwàn naŋ tubò. Juan had someone cut me some sugar-cane (literally: I was asked to be cut for as a favor). Ipinakìkipagpútol daw ni Hwàn si Pédro naŋ labòŋ. Juan says he is having someone cut bamboo-shoots for Pedro.

30396. Local passive with paki-: pinakibalitáan was ascertained by the actor getting people to tell him as a favor.

(a) From shifted root: pinakialamàn.

(b) With pag- (cf. § 352): pinakìkipagtakbuhàn.

3. The prefix ka-.

35397. Secondary forms with the prefix ka- are of most varied meaning; the principal types express association of two individuals or groups and involuntary action. In accented form the prefix kà- expresses chiefly accidental occurrence. In certain passives associated with this group the prefix itself does not appear.

40(1) Simple static forms.

398. Words with prefix ka- denote objects (or groups) standing in such and such a relation to another object (or group). Sya y áki ŋ nagìŋ kabaláe. He (she) has become my fellow-parent-in-law, i. e. Our children have intermarried; the form ka-baláe merely makes explicit the element of relation present in the simple word: 5Si Bantùg ay áki ŋ baláe. Bantug’s son (daughter) has married my daughter (son). Aŋ maŋa áso ay nása kabilá naŋ bákod. The dogs are on the other side of the fence (the simple -bilàʾ does not occur; the idea of other side is always envisaged as relative). Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay karátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders 10on Pedro’s. Aŋ mésa ŋ itò y kakúlay naŋ kahòn. This table is of the same color as the chest. Si Hwàn aŋ kalában ny Andrès sa larò ŋ dáma. Juan is Andres’ opponent at checkers. Kamatà si Hwàn ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro took to each other from first sight. Aŋ tagpí naŋ báro ni Pédro ay hindí kamukhá naŋ bároʾ. 15The patch on Juan’s blouse does not match the blouse. aŋ áki ŋ kapatìd na si Hwàn my brother Juan. aŋ áki ŋ kapútol na si Hwàn my brother Juan; aŋ kapútol naŋ tubò a piece (broken off) of the sugar-cane. Aŋ kasánib naŋ áki ŋ banìg ay aŋ banìg ni Manuwèl. Manuel’s sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib one 20of two things of which one overlaps the other). walà ŋ kasaŋkàp without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno aŋ kasunod kò ŋ lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind me on the street; aŋ kasunod kò ŋ naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who followed me in going to church (kasunòd 25one of two persons one of whom is following the other). aŋ katúŋo the person one is dealing with, the other party. Si Pédro aŋ kaugáli naŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan.

Similarly from: áway, báyan, biyàk, bunòʾ, ribàl, haràp, kilála, 30kláse, lákip, laròʾ, pantày, partè, sabuwàt, sáli, sálo, sáma, súnoʾ, tapàt, timbàʾ, untìʾ, úsap, walàʾ.

Divergent in meaning are katáo (§ 255), kagabì, kahápon (§ 259). Cf. also § 520.

(a) From derived words: Syà y isa kò ŋ kamagának. He is 35a relative of mine (mag-ának, § 358,a), and kamakalawà (§ 259, from maka-lawà, § 453).

(b) From a phrase: aŋ kasa-ŋ-báhay a person dwelling in the same house with another, a housemate (isà ŋ báhay).

(c) From shifted root (§ 337): Si Hwàn ay kagalìt ni Pédro 40at ni Kulàs. Juan is at odds with Pedro and Nicolás. aŋ kanyà ŋ kagalìt the person or persons with whom he is at odds. Si Pédro aŋ nagìŋ kasirá ni Hwàn. It is Pedro with whom Juan is angry. Hindí ko katalò si Párì Hwàn. I don’t play winning-and-losing games with Father Juan. Similarly from álam, sáma.

(d) The root is reduplicated in a few cases: Si Pédro aŋ áki ŋ kababáyan. Pedro is my fellow-townsman (beside kabáyan); katutúboʾ native, ingrown, inborn, inherited.

5399. kà-ka-. With accented reduplication of the prefix these forms emphasize the incompleteness of the correlative object: Kàkapútol lámaŋ na tubò aŋ áki ŋ nàkúha. I got only a little piece of the sugar-cane. So also kákauntèʾ.

400. ka- R. With accented reduplication of the underlying 10word ka- forms words expressing the recent completion of an act; they are used impersonally (§ 77) or as conjunctive attributes. Kaàáway pa lámaŋ ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan has only just now quarreled with his playmate. Kabàbáŋon ko. I have just got up. Kagàgáliŋ sa báyan naŋ kapatìd ko ŋ babáye. My 15sister has just come back from town. Kahíhiga ko pa lámaŋ. I had just then lain down. Kalàlarú ku pa lámaŋ sa bátaʾ. I have just finished playing with the child. Kapùpútol ko pa lámaŋ naŋ yantòk. I have only just now cut some rattan. So gísiŋ, káin.

(a) ka-pag- R, with the usual value of pag- (§ 369, etc.): 20Kapagpùpútol lámaŋ ni Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan has just come from cutting bamboo.

(b) ka-paŋ- R, corresponding to active with maŋ- (§ 357): kapamùmútol (pútol).

401. ka- D. With doubling of the root ka- has causative 25value: it expresses that which causes such and such an involuntary action, specifically, such and such an emotion: Aŋ dumatìŋ na bálaŋ ay katákot-tákot aŋ dámi. The locusts that came were frightful in quantity. So from hiyàʾ, takà. Vowel-contraction in kàwáwaʾ pitiable, piteous (for ka-áwa-áwaʾ). Slightly divergent 30in meaning is karáka-ráka (§ 265,5).

402. In a different use ka- has the form kay- in some words; these formations express a remarkable degree of a quality; they are used impersonally (§ 76), as predicate (§ 247), occasionally as conjunctive attributes: kaálat kayálat what saltiness! (of 35water); kay-asùl what blueness! Katáyog naŋ púno-ŋ-niyòg na iyòn! How tall that cocoanut tree is! Kayuntìʾ naŋ ibinigày nya ŋ laruwàn sa ákin! How few toys he gave me! So: kay-dámot, ka-rámot, ka-rúnoŋ, ka-itìm, kakínis, ka-láyoʾ, ka-muntìʾ, ka-pulà, ka-tabàʾ, kay-tipìd.

40(a) With reduplication of the root, this form refers to the quality in an explicit plurality of objects: kaiitèm what blackness! (of several things); Kalalamìg naŋ paà naŋ maŋa bátaʾ! How cold the children’s feet are!

(b) With doubled root these forms intensify the quality: Kaydámot-dámot naŋ báta ŋ itò! What a terribly stingy child! 5(kaydámot, karámot what stinginess! aŋ dámot stinginess).

403. A few forms with accented ka- prefixed to the root envisage the accidental nature of the reciprocal relation: Aŋ maŋa damìt na itò ay kásiya sa baòl. These clothes will fit into the trunk. Akò aŋ kásundoʾ ni Pépe sa pagpapalaròʾ naŋ bèsbol 10sa maŋa bátaʾ. I am at one with Pepe as to letting the children play baseball. Hábaŋ akò y nagdádaàn, kátaon namà ŋ isinábuy nya aŋ túbig. He threw out the water at the very time, it happened, that I was passing by. aŋ kàtiwálaʾ a confidential agent, manager, overseer.

15The words káluluwà and kápuwàʾ, which resemble this formation, seem to be felt as simple roots and have been so treated here.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

404. k-um-a-. An active with -um- is made from ka-úsap as underlying word: Si Hwàn ay kumàkaúsap sa ákin. Juan 20was talking at me, haranguing me.

405. mag-ka- pag-ka-ka-. Actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r from underlying words with ka- express a partial affection of the actor or of a group of actors; ka- here has its involuntary force: the actor is not a rational and voluntary agent. 25Nagkaroòn ako naŋ trabáho kanína ŋ umága, sapagkàt nagpasakày akò sa trèn naŋ maŋa kamátis naŋ tátay ko. I was kept busy this morning, for I attended to the shipping by train of my father’s tomatoes. Nagkaroòn sya naŋ gálit. He harbored ill-feeling. Nagkagulò aŋ maŋa Amerikáno sa pagdatìŋ naŋ Dòytsland. The 30Americans were surprised at the coming of the “Deutschland”. Nagkagustò sya ŋ kumáin naŋ súhaʾ. He conceived a desire of eating grape-fruit. Nagkàkalípon aŋ maŋa laŋgàm sa púto. The ants are getting all over the cake. Akò y nagkamálay pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalì ŋ paghihimatày. I returned to consciousness 35after a few moments’ fainting-spell. Nagkapálad si Hwàn na makaratìŋ díto ŋ maluwalhátiʾ. Juan was fortunate enough to get back here safe and sound. Aŋ pakwàn ay nagkasíraʾ. The watermelon got partly spoiled. Aŋ maŋa ságiŋ ay nagkasíraʾ sa kalaúnan naŋ pagkàtágoʾ sa lalagyàn. Some of the bananas got spoiled on 40account of the long time they were kept stored. Nása simbáhan. silà naŋ magkasúnog. They were at church when a fire occurred. Twi ŋ papasúkin ko sa kuràl aŋ maŋa kalabàw ay nagkákawalá silà. Every time I put the carabao into the corral, they get away.

So: búkol, hinòg.

406. mag-ka- (1) pag-ka-ka- (1). Accent shift in this formation serves various uses:

5(a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ŋ bwà ŋ nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.

10(b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò. The sugar-cane will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the wind. Nagkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa kalakasàn naŋ háŋin. Much sugar-cane is breaking under the force of 15the wind.

So also from lúnod.

(c) The form is really a simple active with mag- from an underlying word of the form ka- (1), § 398,c; three words of this kind occur: Sila y nagkagalìt. They quarreled. aŋ pagkakagalìt 20the quarrel. Aŋ Hapòn at aŋ Tsína ay nagkasiràʾ. Japan and China had a break. Silà y nagkatalò. They played a winning-and-losing game. Nagkatalu nà aŋ maŋa nagsúsugàl. The gamblers have lost and won, have finished their winning-and-losing game.

In accordance with § 356, the underlying word is doubled with 25distributive plural meaning: Sila ŋ ápat ay nagkagá-kagalìt. The four of them all got angry at one another.

Similarly, an explicit plural with mag-si-pag- is formed (cf. § 386,b): Nagsipagkasirá silà. They had a falling out.

407. (a) mag-ka- r pag-ka-ka- r. The reduplication of the 30root expresses repeated action in a form with retraction of accent and irregular insertion of ŋ after the prefix: Sya y nagkàkaŋdadápaʾ. He kept falling on his face.

(b) mag-ka- D pag-ka-ka- D. Doubling of the root seems a more regular expression of the same value: nagkàkaumpòg-umpòg. 35

408. Special static words with mag-ka- are simply dual collectives with mag- (§ 358,a) from underlying words with ka- (§ 398): Aŋ banìg ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkaánib (or: magkasánib) sa pagkàlátag. Juan’s and Pedro’s sleeping-mats overlap 40each other as they are spread. aŋ magkabaláe a pair of persons related by intermarriage of their children (more insistent on the relational element, but practically equal to magbaláe, § 358,a). Aŋ dalawa ŋ manòk ay magkabukòd naŋ kuluŋàn. The two chickens were in separate crates. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkarátig. Juan’s field and Pedro’s border on each other. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkapantày. Pedro and Juan are of the same height. aŋ magkapatìd two brothers or sisters, a brother and 5a sister. aŋ magkapútol na si Andrès at si Rafayèl the brothers Andrés and Rafael. Magkapútol kamì ni Hwàn naŋ bároʾ. Juan and I have blouses made of the same cloth. dalawà ŋ bágay na gàgawi ŋ magkasunòd two things that are to be done one after the other.

10(a) From kababáyan (§ 398,d): dalawà ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan two students from the same town.

409. mag-ka-ka. As the explicit plural corresponding to these duals reduplicates the underlying word (§ 358,b), the syllable ka- is repeated in this meaning: aŋ magkakapatìd a group of 15three or more brothers and (or) sisters; in the same meaning aŋ magkakapútol. So also from: bukòd, sáma, súnoʾ.

(a) The form magkababáyan (§ 408,a) rejects the extra reduplication, and is therefore plural as well as dual: tatlo ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan three students from the same town.

20410. mag-kà- pag-ka-kà-. The transient with mag- and abstract with pag- r from underlying words with kà- have the accidental value of the latter prefix, usually with a dual reciprocal meaning. Sa kabilà ŋ bandà mo ibwàl aŋ púno ŋ iyàn, sapagkàt kuŋ irè ay ibuwal kò y baká magkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ púnoʾ. 25Fell your tree in the direction away from me, so that if I fell this one, the two trees won’t fall one on top of the other. Magkàkàdagàn aŋ dalawa ŋ púno ŋ itò, kapag hindí mo ibinwàl sa kabilà ŋ bandà iya ŋ pinùpútol mo. These two trees will fall one on top of the other, if you don’t make the one you are cutting down fall 30the other way. Nagkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ bátaʾ naŋ mahúlog sila sa hagdàn. The two children landed one on top of the other when they fell from the ladder. Ilabas mò sa búkid, Kulàs, aŋ dalawa ŋ sáko ŋ pálay na nagkàkàdagàn na nása baŋàn. Nicolás, take out to the field the two bags of rice that are lying one on top of the 35other in the granary. Aŋ pagkakáiba naŋ ugáli ni Pédro at ni Hwàn ay gáya naŋ pagkakáiba naŋ túbig at naŋ apòy. The difference in character between Pedro and Juan is like the difference between water and fire. magkáhiwalày part from each other (by force of circumstances, of two people). Aŋ ikinahátì naŋ palayòk 40ay aŋ masamà ŋ pagkakálagay nitò. What caused the rice-pot to break was the bad way it was placed. magkàmáyaw harmonize. aŋ pagkakásabày the happening at the same time of two events. Sya y nagkàsála. He sinned (against the moral order, God, etc.) Aŋ pagkakàsála kay Bathálaʾ ay pinarùrusáhan sa infiyèrno. Sinning against God is punished in hell. Bìbilhin kò aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, kuŋ magkàkàsya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I shall buy this horse, if my 5money is sufficient. Walá sila ŋ pagkakásundòʾ. The two don’t agree on anything. aŋ pagkakátaòn the coincidence in time of one event with another, of two events. aŋ pagkakátayòʾ the standing up together (even of more than two people).

(a) Somewhat different are kuŋ magkàbihíraʾ at odd times; 10kuŋ magkágayòn when things turn out thus, when this is the state of affairs. So also, with static value: Aŋ magkábila ŋ dúlo naŋ lápis ay matúlis. Both ends of the pencil are sharpened.

411. mag-kà- D pag-ka-kà- D. With doubled root plurality is expressed: Nagkàhiwá-hiwalày aŋ maŋa dáhun naŋ librò. The 15leaves of the book came apart. Aŋ maŋa ginágawá nya ŋ paŋísip naŋ maŋa makabuluhà ŋ fétsa naŋ istòriya ay aŋ pagkakàsunòd-sunòd at pagítan nilà. He remembers the important dates of history by their sequence and their intervals.

(a) With accent shift, from a barytone root: Nagkàputol-putòl 20aŋ katawàn naŋ táo ŋ nàsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of the man who was run over by the train got all mangled. Nagkàkàputol-putòl aŋ katawàn naŋ bála ŋ táo ŋ màsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of a person run over by a train is cut to pieces. Magkàkàputol-putòl aŋ túbo ŋ kristàl na iyàn kapag iyo ŋ ibinagsàk. If 25you drop that glass tube, it will break into a thousand pieces.

412. ka- (1) -in, k-in-a-. The simple direct passive is formed from an underlying derived word with ka- with normal meaning. So from ka-lában, ka-úsap.

(a) A special static word corresponding to those in § 366 is 30aŋ kinákapatìd the child of one’s godparents (from ka-patìd).

From it are derived the dual collective (§ 358,a) magkinákapatìd a pair of such, and the plural (§ 358,b) magkikinákapatìd three or more, as a group.

413. i-ka- i-k-in-a-. The instrumental passive with prefix ka- 35has a specialized meaning: it expresses transiently, an inanimate, or at least irrational and involuntary, object or circumstance which causes such and such an action: and this latter action is in turn also involuntary or out of control of the actor (as, for instance, the ability to do a thing), see § 432 ff.

40Aŋ kawalàn ni Andrès naŋ hánap-búhay sa báya ŋ itò ay sya nyà ŋ ikinaalìs. Andrés’ inability to make a living in this town is what forced him to leave. Aŋ malì ŋ anyò naŋ pulúbe ay siyà ŋ ikinaáwaʾ sa kanya ni Hwàn. The bad condition of the beggar was what made Juan pity him. Aŋ pagsasakày naŋ kutséro naŋ maŋa táo ŋ may sakìt na nakàhàháwa ay sya ŋ ikinabáwì naŋ kanya ŋ pahintúlot. The driver’s taking people with contagious 5diseases into his carriage was what caused his license to be withdrawn. Aŋ ikinaháraŋ naŋ maŋà naglálakàd ay aŋ pagkáalam naŋ maŋa tulisàn na silà y may dalà ŋ kwaltà. What caused the wayfarers to be held up was the robbers’ happening to know that they had money with them. Ikinaháte ni Hwàn sa búŋa aŋ kanya 10ŋ laséta. Juan’s knife enabled him to cut the betel fruit. Aŋ pagkasála nya sa siŋsìŋ ay aŋ hindí niya ikinakúha naŋ ganti ŋ pálaʾ. His missing the ring is what kept him from winning the prize. Yòn ay áki ŋ ikinalúluŋkòt. I am sorry, I am sorry to hear that. Aŋ paŋuŋublì naŋ maŋa sundálo ay sya nilà ŋ hindí ikinamatày. 15The soldiers’ keeping in hiding is what saved their lives. Ikinapútol naŋ yantòk na pamáloʾ aŋ pagkàpálu kay Hwàn. The caning Juan got broke the rattan that was used on him. Ikinapùpútol naŋ marámi ŋ tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋin. The strong wind is making much sugar-cane break. Ikapùpútol naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ 20káhoy aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ itò. This strong wind will cause many branches of trees to break off. Ikapùpútol nya sa maŋa kawáyan aŋ paggúlaŋ nitò. The aging of the bamboo plants will force him to cut them down. Aŋ pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay ikinatákot naŋ tatlò ŋ magkakaybígan. The drowning of the Spaniard frightened 25the three friends. Aŋ kanyà ŋ pagmamasìd sa maŋa tálaʾ sa gabì ay sya nyà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatútuwàʾ. His observation of the stars at night is his great source of pleasure.

Similarly, from: biŋì, búhay, búti, gálit, háŋoʾ, húlog, káya, lípat, lúgi, túloŋ, walàʾ.

30414. i-pag-ka- i-p-in-ag-ka. With pag- this instrumental passive corresponds to the active with magka- (§ 405). The reduplication of the durative forms affects the ka-.

Aŋ ipinagkagusto nyà ŋ kumáin naŋ sorbétes ay aŋ kainítan. It is the heat which makes him want to eat ices. Ipagkákamatày 35naŋ maŋa manòk aŋ masamà ŋ túbig. The bad water will make the chickens die. Aŋ kalamigàn sa tagulàn ay sya ŋ ipinagkàkamuò naŋ túbig sa ílog. The cold weather in winter is what makes the water in the river congeal. Baká ipagkawalá naŋ maŋa manòk sa kuluŋàn aŋ pagpapapások mo doòn niyà ŋ 40áso. See that your putting that dog into the enclosure doesn’t make the chickens try to get away. Ipagkákawalà naŋ bíhag aŋ pagkàbalítaʾ sa kanyà naŋ parúsa ŋ kàkamtan nyà. The captive’s being told of the punishment he will get, will make him try to escape. Ipinagkawalá nya sa kùlúŋan aŋ pagpapahírap sa kanyà. Their torturing him made him escape from his confinement. Ipinagkákawalà nya sa bìlaŋgúan aŋ masamà ŋ pagpapakáin sa kanya díto. The bad food they gave him in the jail made 5him try to escape.

415. Similarly, with accent shift this passive corresponds to the active with mag-ka- (1), § 406,b. Ipinagkàkabalèʾ (or: ipinagkàkaputòl) naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy aŋ bagyò ŋ itò. This hurricane is breaking off many branches of trees. Naŋ ipagkaputòl naŋ 10áki ŋ maŋa tubò aŋ háŋin ay naluŋkùt akò. When the wind broke down my sugar-cane I was dismayed. Ipinagkaputòl naŋ maŋa tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ nagdaàn. The recent strong wind broke down much sugar-cane.

Similarly: ipinagkasakìt (sákit).

15416. Special static forms with i-ka- are made from the numerals, with occasional contraction, forming ordinals and fractions: ikaánim ikánim the sixth; ikaápat ikápat the fourth, a fourth, a quarter; ikalawà the second; ikalimà the fifth; ikapitò the seventh; ikatlò the third. Cf. § 347,a.

20(a) The ordinal corresponding to isà one is however the independent root úna first; half is kalaháteʾ, § 519.

(b) From phrases, of course, the higher numbers: ikaisa-ŋ-daàn hundredth; ikaisa-ŋ-laksàʾ millionth; ikaisa-ŋ-líbo thousandth; ikasa-m-pùʾ tenth; ikalabi-ŋ-isà eleventh; ikadalawa-ŋ-pùʾ twentieth; 25ikadalawa-ŋ-pù-t-isà twenty-first.

417. i-kà- i-k-in-à-. The instrumental passive from the root with accented kà- differs from that with unaccented ka- (§ 413) in that the action or occurrence caused is not only involuntary but accidental and entirely out of the control of the actor (see 30§ 458 ff.).

Aŋ ikinàgùgusto kò sa kayibígan ko ŋ si Hwàn ay aŋ kanya ŋ mabaìt na ugáliʾ. What makes me have a liking for my friend Juan is his lovable character. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ paggugupìt sa maŋa retáso ŋ itinàtágo naŋ kanya ŋ nánay ay sya nyà ŋ ikinàpáloʾ. 35His cutting up the patches his mother was saving is what made it necessary to thrash him. Aŋ ikinásakay nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay aŋ kawalàn nya naŋ iba ŋ kabáyo. What made him get on the wild horse was his lack of other horses. Ikinátahol naŋ áso aŋ pagkádapá ni Hwan. Juan’s falling down made the dog 40bark.

So also from: iyàk, pátag.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Aŋ pagkátahol naŋ áso ay sya ŋ ikinágisiŋ naŋ natùtúlug na bátaʾ. The barking of the dog was what made the sleeping child wake up. Ikàtàtawa nyà aŋ iyo ŋ sàsabíhin. He won’t be able to keep from laughing when you say that. Ikinàtàtawà ni Hwàn aŋ sinábi ni Pédro. What 5Pedro said makes Juan laugh in spite of himself.

418. Corresponding to primary actives with mag- contrasted with -um-, and with maŋ-, we should expect pag- and paŋ- to be retained before the root in these formations; the only example is: ikinápagtirà, corresponding to magtirà, in contrast with tumirà 10(§§ 348. 351).

419. ka- (1) -an, k-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with ka- is used when the action is an involuntary one, especially an emotion, of a rational actor, or when the actor is inanimate or irrational.

15Aŋ hulihàn naŋ maŋa kinagalítan ni Patúpat ay idináos naŋ maŋa gwàrdiya-sibìl kagabè. The arrest of the people who have incurred Patupat’s anger was carried out by the gendarmes last night. Kahiyaàn mò aŋ táo ŋ matandàʾ. Reverence the aged. aŋ kinahulúgan naŋ bátaʾ the place from which the child fell. Aŋ 20bintána ŋ iyàn aŋ syà ŋ kahùhulúgan naŋ bátaʾ, pag hindí mo isinarà. The child will fall out of that window, if you don’t shut it. Baká ninyo kalunúran aŋ ílog, maŋa bátaʾ. See that you don’t get drowned in that river, children. Aŋ kanya ŋ kalùlunúran ay aŋ ílog na itò. He will get drowned in this river some day. 25aŋ báhay na kinamatayàn the house where someone died, aŋ báhay naŋ kinamatayàn the house in which someone died, the house of the bereaved family. Kinapatiràn naŋ lúbid aŋ lugàr na malápit sa dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kaliwàʾ. The rope broke at a point near the left-hand end. Aŋ kapàpatiràn naŋ sinúlid ay malápit sa buhòl. 30The place where the thread will break is near the knot there. Kinatakútan nya aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. He was afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Aŋ kinatàtakútan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The children are afraid of the ghost. Katakútan ninyò aŋ núnoʾ. You had better be afraid of ghosts. Kinatamaràn 35ni Hwàn aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral. Juan became neglectful about his studying. Naŋ katamaràn ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ pagaáral ay malápit na syà ŋ makatápos naŋ karéra. When Juan became lazy about his studies, he was already near the end of his course. Katàtamaran nyà aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral, pag binigyàn mo syà naŋ 40marámi ŋ salapèʾ. He will be lazy about his studies, if you give him too much money.

Similarly from: buwísit, íwan, kíta, walàʾ.

(a) With shifted root: Isa ŋ pulúbe aŋ kinaàawaàn ni Hwàn. It was a beggar who aroused Juan’s pity.

420. pag-ka- (1) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (1) -an; pag-ka- (2) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (2) -an. Local passives with pag- before the ka- involve 5a plurality of actors. The durative reduplication affects the ka-; barytone roots have an extra accent-shift.

Aŋ kináin naŋ usà ay malakì ŋ pinagkàkagustuhàn naŋ maŋa Ilóko. The Iloco are very fond of the contents of deers’ stomachs. Pinagkàkalipumpunàn naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ púto. The ants are 10swarming all over the cake. Aŋ pinagkamatayàn naŋ maŋa kambèŋ ay aŋ lugàr na itò. This is the place where the goats perished. Hwag mò ŋ dalhìn sa bundòk aŋ maŋa manòk, sapagkàt iyò y kanilà ŋ pagkàkamatayàn. Don’t take the chickens into the hills, for they would die there.

15Barytone roots: Pinagkatakutàn nilà aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. They were afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Pinagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ maŋa mababagsìk na háyop. They are afraid of wild animals. Hwag mò ŋ ipamalítaʾ aŋ nàkíta nátin díto, sapagkàt baká aŋ lugàr na itò y pagkatakutàn. 20Don’t tell what we have seen here, for this place would be feared. Pagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ lugàr na itò, pag nàláman nilà aŋ naŋyári ŋ paghaharaŋàn díto. They will be afraid of this place when they know of the hold-ups that occurred here. aŋ pinagkatalunàn that which was the occasion of winning by many (tálo).

25421. ka- S -an. Special static words, corresponding to those with S -an (§ 377) are formed with prefix ka- from oxytone roots; in meaning they are collectives and abstracts of quality: aŋ kasàyáhan gladness; Aŋ katàmáran ni Patrísiyo ay katutúboʾ sa kanya ŋ láhiʾ. Patricio’s laziness is inborn in his family. So from the 30roots: baìt, banàl, damdàm, daŋàl, duwàg, lagày, luŋkòt, luwàŋ, mahàl, malìʾ, matày, pintàs, saŋkàp, tuŋkòl, tuwàʾ, tuwìd.

Divergent in meaning is aŋ Kapampáŋan a Pampanga, if from paŋpàŋ.

The secondary accent is lacking, irregularly, in kalayáan 35(layàʾ); with contraction in kayiláŋan, kayláŋan (beside kailáŋan, from ilàŋ).

(a) This latter word underlies an active with maŋ-, an abstract with paŋ- r, and a simple direct passive: naŋàŋayiláŋan requires; aŋ paŋaŋayiláŋan need, necessity; Kàkayilaŋáni ŋ magdaàn 40si Pédro ríto bágu sya umalìs. Pedro will have to come here before he leaves.

(b) From a derived word, with the secondary accent irregularly placed: Boo ŋ báyan ay nagdíwaŋ sa kapaŋànákan ni Risàl. The whole country celebrated Rizal’s birthday; also: aŋ áraw naŋ kapaŋànákan birthday,—from paŋanàk (§ 347).

422. ka- (2) -an. Barytone roots have, in the same sense, an accent shift of two syllables, corresponding to § 379. Boò ŋ 5kabahayàn aŋ nàkíta námin sa gitnà naŋ daàn. We saw a whole set of household goods in the middle of the road; also: aŋ kabahayàn a house containing several dwellings. Marámi sa maŋa táo aŋ nakàkìkilála naŋ kanila ŋ karapatàn, dátapuwat nakalìlímot naŋ kanila ŋ katuŋkúlan. Many are the people who know their 10rights but forget their duties. Aŋ karamútan naŋ páreʾ ay nagìŋ kasabihàn. The stinginess of the priest is proverbial. Aŋ katakutàn sa Dyòs ay isa ŋ kabàítan. Fear of the Lord is a virtue. Aŋ pagbibigày naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa sa maŋa matatandà ŋ kaugaliàn sa Filipínas. Giving cigarettes is one of the old customs in the Philippines. 15aŋ kawikaàn a proverb.

So from abála, áraw, búlo, gámit, húlog, íbig, láŋit, payápaʾ, síraʾ, tápos, útos.

With contraction: kahariyàn, kaharyàn (háriʾ), and, if from táo, katawàn body.

20(a) From the latter word there is an abstract of action, with paŋ- r: aŋ paŋaŋatawàn physique (cf. pananamìt, etc., § 357).

423. ka- (1) -an. Corresponding to the formation (1) -an (§ 378), the collective-abstracts of this type with ka- have formal irregularities and, where there is any contrast (e. g. mahàl), less 25explicit and more specialized meaning than the preceding two groups.

aŋ kaalátan saltiness (of water). Sa gabì ŋ itò aŋ kabilúgan naŋ buwàn. The fullness of the moon is tonight. Aŋ kadalamhatían ay isa ŋ damdámi ŋ hindí nàràrápat sa táo. Grief is an 30emotion not becoming to a man or woman. aŋ karunúŋan wisdom. aŋ kahaŋalàn foolishness (aŋ haŋàl a fool). aŋ kaibhàn the difference. aŋ kalinísan cleanness, cleanliness. aŋ kamatsiŋàn monkey-tricks, naughtiness. aŋ kamuráhan cheapness. Sawìʾ aŋ kanya ŋ kapaláran. His luck is bad. Sa kapanayàn naŋ ulàn kuŋ tagulàn 35ay hindí masiglà aŋ báyan. The town is not cheerful during the unabated rains of the rainy season. Aŋ maŋa táo y marámi ŋ kasalánan. People have many sins. aŋ kasamaàn badness. kasawiàn poor position, awkwardness. kasinuŋalíŋan falsehood, a lie. kasipágan diligence. Aŋ desgrásya ŋ naŋyári kay Hwàn ay isa ŋ 40hampàs naŋ katalagahàn. The misfortune which has come to Juan is a blow of fate. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagílag ay hindí katapáŋan. Their fleeing was not a brave act. aŋ boò ŋ kataúhan all mankind. aŋ katipúnan a meeting, Katipúnan a secret society organized against the Spaniards; a member of this. kayabáŋan pride.

So from: bábaʾ, bábaw, bigàt, buháŋin, búhay, búti, dalàs, dámi, dámot, dániw (if karaniyúwan is so to be analyzed), dilìm, 5ginháwa, gúbat, hábaʾ, hínaʾ, hírap, iklìʾ, ínit, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lápad, láon, liìt, lóko, lúnod, lupìt, mahàl, maŋmàŋ, páraŋ, fiyèsta, pulòʾ, sakìm, salàt, salbáhi, salúkoy, taàs, Tagálog, tahímik, tákaw, tákot, talíno, tampalásan, taŋháliʾ, túlin, túnay, totoò, ulòl, walàʾ, yáman.

10(a) From a phrase: Iyò y kawala-ŋ-hyaàn ni Pédro. That was a shameless action of Pedro’s (walà ŋ hiyàʾ).

(b) From derived words: aŋ Kakapampaŋánan the Pampanga country (Kapampáŋan, § 421).

aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan nina Krùs, Bantòg, at iba pà the whole 15relationship of the Cruz’s, Bantogs, and so on; aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan ni Pédro Vyóla the whole family of Pedro Viola (magának, § 358,a).

aŋ kapaŋyaríhan power (-paŋyári, as though by § 347).

424. ka- r (1) -an, ka- r (2) -an. With reduplication of the 20root and accent shift of one syllable for an oxytone root, of two in barytone roots, ka- and -an form special static words denoting something surprising or provocative of such and such an emotion.

Itù y kagagawàn ni Hwàn! This is some of Juan’s work! cf. Itù y gawá ni Hwàn. Juan did this, made this. Aŋ pagkáupo 25ni Pédro sa sùgálan ay kagagawàn naŋ isa nyà ŋ kaybígan. Pedro’s sitting at the gaming-table was the work of one of his fine friends. Aŋ pàtáya ŋ naŋyári kagabì ay kagagawàn ni Pédro. The killing which occurred last night was some of Pedro’s doing. So: katuturàn a correct outcome (tuwìd).

30Barytone roots: Aŋ katatakutàn naŋ bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The thing that arouses the child’s fear is a ghost. Aŋ kanya ŋ katatawanàn ay aŋ uŋgòʾ. His source of laughter is the monkey. aŋ salità ŋ katatawanàn a jest-word, a funny expression.

425. With secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying 35word, ka- and -an form also words denoting one of two reciprocal actors. This is the form for oxytone roots, aŋ kabìgáyan a person with whom one exchanges gifts. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kabùlúŋan ni Maryà. Juana is the one Maria whispers with. aŋ kahampásan one of two who perform mutual flagellation, kahìráman 40one of two who borrow from each other. kaìnúman person one drinks with. kakàlabítan one of two who touch each other. Aŋ kapàtáyan ni Hwàn ay si Pédro. Juan is engaged in a mortal conflict with Pedro. Aŋ kapàtíran ni Hwána naŋ sinúlid ay aŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Maryà. Juana cuts thread with her friend Maria. aŋ kasàlitáan the person with whom one converses. Si Hwàn ay kaùlúlan ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro fool each other. aŋ kaùpúan one of two who sit together.

5426. Barytone roots add accent shift of one syllable. Aŋ kahùlúgan nya naŋ súhaʾ ay aŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. The one with whom he takes turns at dropping down grape-fruit from the tree is his brother. aŋ kahùníhan one of two birds that chirp at each other. aŋ kaìbígan one of two who love each other. aŋ kakàínan 10one of two who eat together. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kapùtúlan ni Maryà naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut each other’s fingernails. aŋ kasùlátan one’s correspondent. aŋ katàlúnan one’s opponent in a dispute.

(a) The shift is due to the root in: Si Maryà ay syà ŋ kaàbútan 15ni Hwána naŋ maŋa mabaŋù ŋ bulaklàk. Maria and Juana hand each other fragrant flowers (as in some ceremony or game).

(b) With contraction and lack of secondary accent: aŋ kayibígan, kaybígan a friend (contrast kaìbígan above).

(c) In a few instances barytone roots have accent shift of 20two syllables without secondary accent. Si Maryáno ay kahatakàn ni Kulàs naŋ lúbid. Mariano is pulling at the rope against Nicolás. aŋ kamurahàn one of two who curse at each other (with meaning ordinarily peculiar to the shifted root, § 337). Sumúloŋ at Kasamahàn Sumulong and Company. kasulatàn one’s correspondent 25(equal to kasùlátan, above). Aŋ katuruàn ni Pédro ay aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro and little Juan are pointing at each other.

427. These formations serve as underlying words of a few derivatives:

(a) Active with mag- and abstract with pag- r (§ 352): aŋ 30pagkakayibígan the joining in friendship of two people.

(b) Secondary active with maki- from the preceding: makipagkayibígan win one’s way into someone’s friendship, become friends with someone.

(c) Dual collective with mag- (§ 358,a): Si Pédro at si Hwàn 35ay magkahìráman naŋ sambalílo at sandàlyas. Pedro and Juan lend each other hats and sandals. magkaìbígan a pair of lovers. magkaybígan a pair of friends.

(d) Where the dual value of the underlying form is weak, explicit plurals of the preceding with mag- r (§ 358,b) occur: aŋ 40magkakaybígan a group of three or more friends. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the party consisting of Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ sina Pédro the party of Pedro and his followers. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ nagsipagpasyàl ay sina Maryà, Hwána, Pédro, at Kulàs. The party that went for a walk consisted of Maria, Juana, Pedro, and Nicolás. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ napasa húloʾ at napaluwásan ay sinà 5Mariyáno, Pépe, at Kulàs at sina Pédro, Húlyo, at Andrès. The groups that went upstream and downstream were, respectively, Mariano, Pepe, and Nicolás and Pedro, Julio, and Andrès. Aŋ tatlo ŋ manòk na ytò y magkakasamahà ŋ inihatid díto, aŋ ibà y magkakabukòd. These three chickens were brought here together, 10the others each by itself.

428. kà- (1) -an, k-in-à- (1) -an. Local passives with kà- denote the place where someone or something happens to be. Hwag kà ŋ kumibòʾ sa iyò ŋ kinàdòroonàn. Don’t stir from the spot (where you happen to be). Sa alì ŋ bandà aŋ kinàdòroonàn naŋ 15báya-ŋ-Kamálig?—Sa bandà ŋ kaliwàʾ. In which direction is the town of Camalig?—Toward the left. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag ay aŋ kinàmahalà ŋ úna ŋ úna naŋ pálay. The town of Baliuag was the first place where rice got dear. Aŋ kàpàpatayàn sa táo ŋ iyàn ay aŋ bigtíhan. This man will end on the gallows. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag 20aŋ iyu ŋ kàtùtuŋúhan pag tinuntùn mo aŋ landàs na iyàn. You will get to the town of Baliuag if you follow that path.

Similarly from: bíŋit, búrol, kulòŋ, lagày, tágoʾ, tayòʾ, tirà, upòʾ.

Divergent in meaning are kinàbukásan (§ 260) and, from a 25phrase, kinàháti-ŋ-gabihàn (§ 260, háti ŋ gabì).

429. pag-kà- (1) -an, p-in-ag-kà- (1) -an. Local passives of this type with pag- reduplicate the kà-; they refer to other local passive relations than place in which; so: pagkàkilanlàn be the occasion of showing something; pagkàsyahàn be the container of 30something that fits in; pagkàsunduwàn, pagkàsunduàn be agreed upon.

430. Special static words with kà- and -an are few and differ in meaning.

(a) Aŋ kàgalítan nila Andrès, Hwàn, at Mariyáno ay napáwì 35na. The quarrel between Andrés, Juan, and Mariano has been appeased; this is no doubt merely a plural with S -an (§ 377,a) from the underlying word kagalìt (§ 398,c).

It forms the underlying word of a simple active with mag- and abstract with pag- r: aŋ pagkakàgalítan a quarrel (of two or more 40people).

(b) Si Pédro ay kàibígan ni Maryà. Pedro is liked by Maria. Sina Pédro, Kulàs, at Hwàn ay sya ŋ maŋa kàibígan ni Mariyáno. Pedro, Nicolàs, and Juan are the ones whom Mariano likes. This is probably a real special static word corresponding to the transient with kà- (1) -an (§ 428).

Derived active with mag-: Nagkàkàibígan si Pédro at si 5Hwána. Pedro and Juana are in love with each other, have come to like each other.

(c) Aŋ kàtwáan ay náhintòʾ sa pagdatìŋ naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw. The rejoicing was stopped by the coming of a robber. This is, in form at least, a plural with S -an from an underlying -katuwàʾ, 10which is not known.

Derived active with mag-: magkàtwáan rejoice together, be merry together.

The same form is seen in kàliŋkíŋan; little finger, fifth finger; if this is from a root -liŋkìŋ.

15431. ka- (1) D -an. With doubling of the root and radical accent shift: Kàunà-unáha ŋ dumatìŋ si Hwàn. Juan got there the very first. So: kàhulì-hulíhan the very last.

(3) Additional transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

432. The prefix ka- in its involuntary meaning and the prefix 20kà- in its accidental meaning appear in an additional set of transients and abstracts with maka-, makà- prefixed for the active, ma-, mà- for the passives, and pagka-, pagkà- for the abstract. The meanings of these forms are most varied; especially in the direct passive, where the involuntary or accidental character of the actor 25sometimes reaches the point where an actor is entirely left out of view or lacking, and the passive borders closely on active meaning. For this reason it will be convenient to divide the uses into a number of somewhat arbitrarily defined groups. The forms are as follows:

30433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R; abstract pagka-.

The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms with i-ka- (§ 413), except that here the thing causing 35the emotion is viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag aŋ ílaw. The light is blinding. Aŋ gamòt na itò aŋ nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì naŋ gútom (úhaw, ginàw, ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling, hot feeling, fatigue). Aŋ áwit naŋ maŋa 40íbon ay nakatútuwàʾ. The song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, biŋì, búti, lasìŋ, ligáya, síraʾ, tákot.

434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got (in the past) into such and such a condition or position.

Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the stream. Aŋ pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit 5sa pákoʾ aŋ áki ŋ amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàŋ aŋ palayùk naŋ sináiŋ. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí ko bìbilhìn aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, káhit na makasísiya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táliʾ, túloŋ.

10435. Very similar is the use of the active to describe an animate actor in such and such a position (into which he has got): Nakadapàʾ aŋ maŋa táo sa kanila ŋ báhay hábaŋ lumílindòl. The people lay prone in their houses during the earthquake. Si Pédro ay nakaháwak sa taburéte naŋ sya y retratúhan. Pedro 15had hold of a chair when he was photographed. Nakasakày aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa áso naŋ sya y màkíta ko sa bakúran. Little Juan was mounted (i. e. riding) on the dog when I saw him in the yard. Nakatayó si Pédro naŋ ákin sya ŋ màkíta. Pedro was standing up when I saw him. Nakaupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He was 20seated on the bench. So from: abàŋ, hiléra, íkid, kápit, luhòd, paŋàw, taluŋkòʾ, tindìg.

436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of ability, which is not dependent on the actor’s will: 25Sa gana ŋ ákin sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs naŋ kanya ŋ loòb ay walà ŋ makabáleʾ. There is no one (or, under the type in § 433, nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawàʾ aŋ alílà naŋ páyoŋ. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt sya naŋ makapàl na 30damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si Pédro ay hindí makaháwak naŋ palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt aŋ kanya ŋ kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ŋ sya y makahigàʾ. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahiŋí naŋ kwaltà kay Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog 35sya naŋ isa ŋ nyòg sa kanya ŋ pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Aŋ bátaʾ ay hindí makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya naŋ marámi ŋ kakanìn. The child can’t eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt 40bágu ŋ gáliŋ sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay makapùpútol na sya naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Aŋ báta y nakasùsúlat nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can’t write. Aŋ máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon naŋ maŋa 5dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako ŋ kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no rake. Aŋ húle ŋ isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalàʾ. The fish Juan caught got away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìŋ, kílos, kúha, lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.

10Abstracts: Aŋ mákina ay syà ŋ dahilàn naŋ pagkagawá ni Pédro naŋ páyoŋ. The machine is the cause of Pedro’s ability to make umbrellas. Aŋ pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn sa kanya ŋ tápaŋ, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ŋ iba ŋ táo ŋ nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild 15horse was not due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the horse. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatípon sa maŋa kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa marámi ŋ túloŋ. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to much aid.

437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active, 20mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going, i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro naŋ káhoy. Pedro has now finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà naŋ káhoy, bágo ko ŋ inutúsa ŋ maŋigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, 25before I asked him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìŋ, kúha, límot, tápos.

The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute (§ 274): Pagkagawá nya naŋ bákod ay naglasìŋ siyà. When he had finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkaháraŋ 30naŋ maŋa tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúŋo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples, he went away. Pagkahúli naŋ pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa bìlaŋgúan. When the policeman 35had caught the thief, he took him to the jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ŋ kanyà ŋ hináraŋ ay tumakbo syà. When he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn naŋ tahìd naŋ kátyaw ay nagdudugòʾ aŋ paà nitò. When Juan had cut the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày 40sa kabáyo ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako naŋ isa ŋ pakwàn úpaŋ áki ŋ kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Aŋ pagkasúnog naŋ báyan ay ikinaluŋkòt naŋ marámi. The people grieved at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw naŋ uŋgòʾ sa pagòŋ ay nagbalik 5syà sa púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. When the monkey had looked at the turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag naŋ pagòŋ sa uŋgòʾ ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey, the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ŋ ùpúan ay minulàn nya agàd aŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. When he had 10stood up from his seat he at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo naŋ maŋa bayábas ay umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running, he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip, káin, kúha, 15lagòk, lútoʾ, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.

438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.

The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § 436, and denote the object directly affected by an action which 20an actor is able to perform.

Hindí nya mabásag aŋ bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà aŋ kabà ŋ bákal. Pablo, with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà naŋ bátaʾ aŋ káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. 25Hindí madalà ni Pédro aŋ kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí ku magámit aŋ páyoŋ na itò. I can’t use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin naŋ bátaʾ aŋ matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ŋ buhátin aŋ isà ŋ maliìt na púno-ŋ-káhoy. 30I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya ko aŋ pagaáral naŋ Iŋglès. I manage to get along with the study of English. Nakáyas ni Pédro aŋ báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut shell. Nalákad námin aŋ lahàt naŋ daàn. We managed to walk the whole way. Nalìlípon naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. 35The ants succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày aŋ báta ŋ itò. I cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol naŋ kamày aŋ bákal na itò. I can’t break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà ŋ wala ŋ túloŋ aŋ lahàt naŋ kawáya ŋ magúlaŋ. He says he will be able to cut all the old bamboo 40without any help. Hindí nya masíraʾ aŋ kandáro naŋ pintòʾ, káhit na iniyúbus nya aŋ kanya ŋ lakàs. He did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà aŋ sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála, ampàt, gawàʾ, háŋoʾ, híla.

5439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the active of the type in § 437 and denote an object directly affected by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.

Naáso ko nà sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ. I have hunted and 10called the child all over town. Nabálot ko nà aŋ maŋa librò. I have already wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà aŋ diyáriyo. I have finished reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà aŋ bátaʾ. I have already whipped the child. Nahánap na nyà aŋ librò. He has already looked for the book. Napatày ku nà aŋ manòk. I 15have already killed the chicken. Kapag napùpútol na nyà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin aŋ lúbid na nakatáli sa saŋà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya aŋ pagkáin naŋ kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà aŋ maŋa 20dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà aŋ bakyàʾ. I have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà aŋ baluktòt na káwad na ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly from: ágaw, gawàʾ, ípon, íwan, líbot, 25sákop, siyásat.

440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.

The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or 30has undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabáleʾ aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Aŋ túlis naŋ lápis ay nabáleʾ. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ŋ 35ilagay dyàn aŋ palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don’t put the plate there, for it might get broken. Aŋ kanila ŋ kàínan ay nagambála sa pagdatìŋ naŋ maŋa pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the police arrived. Aŋ boo ŋ báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became riotous. Naháteʾ aŋ mansánas. The apple is 40in halves. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ kanya ŋ dalíriʾ ay napásoʾ. His finger is blistered. Napatìd aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ batò ŋ hasaàn ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà aŋ maŋa bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol aŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà aŋ káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol aŋ dúlo naŋ káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol 5aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyaŋ aŋ trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan’s work went for naught. Aŋ búkid ay nasíraʾ. The field is waste. Similarly, from: áriʾ, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwiʾ, punòʾ, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walàʾ, yáriʾ.

10The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walàʾ.

441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an undergoing than as a performing.

15This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nadúduŋò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya ŋ pagpalígoʾ. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am hungry; isa ŋ táo ŋ nagùgútom 20a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù y nailàŋ. I was nonplussed, I didn’t know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà naŋ paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y nalímaŋ sa kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. He got confused in 25his reckoning. Sya nalúluŋkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag, gálit, libàŋ, tákot, tuwàʾ.

This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So: naáriʾ got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay 30lived, naíŋay was noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.

It is used, finally, in nahúlog fell (from a place to the ground), and, strangely enough, for two voluntary actions which consist of a relaxing of the muscles: Sya y nahigàʾ He lay 35down. Sya y nahíhigàʾ. He was in the act of lying down. Naupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He sat down on the bench. Naúupó sya sa taburéte. He was in the act of sitting down on the stool.

Further, irregularly, in: Sya y nalígoʾ. He took a bath. Sya y nanáog. He came down from the house. See § 488,c.

40Abstracts: Aŋ pagkaáwà ni Hwàn sa pulúbe Juan’s pity for the beggar. aŋ pagkabátaʾ one’s childhood. aŋ pagkabúhay ni Hesùs the resurrection of Jesus. Aŋ pagkagúlat ni Hwána ay sya nyà ŋ ipinagkasakìt. Juana’s scare was what made her sick. Pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay lumáyas aŋ maŋa estudyànte. When the Spaniard had got drowned, the students hurried away. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkamatày his death. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkasála sa siŋsìŋ. his missing the ring. Pagkaupú nya sa baŋkòʾ ay minulàn nya 5aŋ pagkukwènto sa maŋa bátaʾ. When she had sat down on the bench, she began her story-telling to the children. So: áriʾ, hápis, húlog, litò, lóko, pípi, tákot, tálo, ulòl.

442. An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed by the infixation of -aŋ- into the prefix.

10In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary accent: Naŋàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from: bitàw, biyábit.

With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Naŋàkàkaupó 15silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.

Direct passive: Aŋ dinala nyà ŋ maŋa manòk ay naŋamatày. The chickens he brought all died. Naŋapútol aŋ tubò sa lakàs naŋ bagyò. The sugar-cane broke under the strength of the typhoon. Naŋapùpútol aŋ karamíhan naŋ tubò naŋ kasalukúyan 20aŋ bagyò. During the typhoon most of the sugar-cane got broken. So from: bulòk, íwan, lúnod, luŋkòt, tákot, tuwàʾ.

443. From a compound word, passive: nasawi-ŋ-pálad (sawì ŋ pálad).

From a derived word, active: makataanàn (taanàn, § 378).

25444. Accent shift is due to the root. Si Pédro ay nakaayàw nà. Pedro has left the table. So from ábot, sákit.

Passive: Naabut nyà aŋ ilawàn. He managed to reach the lamp. Hindí nya maabùt aŋ itlòg. He can’t reach the egg. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nabábahày. Little Juan is shy.

30Abstract: Pagkaabòt naŋ bátà naŋ kanyà ŋ laruwàn ay tumakbò sya ŋ agàd. After reaching for his toys, the boy at once ran.

445. With pag- before the root, this active is made from roots whose primary active has mag-. The reduplication affects either the ka-, or the pag-, or the root initial: makà-ka-pag- or maka-pà-pag- or maka-pag- R.

35Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdalà naŋ káhoy. The boy managed to bring the wood. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdádalà (or: nakàkapagdalà, or: nakapàpagdalà) naŋ káhoy. The boy is able to bring the wood. Nakàkapaglasìŋ si Ánoŋ, káhit na sya y hindí binàbayáan naŋ kanya ŋ asáwa na makapagpabilè naŋ álak. Anong manages to 40get drunk, even though his wife does not allow him to have liquor purchased for him. Nakapagpútol na si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan has finished cutting wood. Nakapagpùpútol nà si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan is already able to cut wood. Hindí makapagpútol naŋ káhoy si Hwàn, dahilàn sa súgat nya sa kamày. Juan cannot cut wood, on account of the wound on his hand.

Similarly: antòk, áral, bíhis, ligtàs, mísa, nákaw, pasiyàl, sábi, salitàʾ, tágoʾ, takà.

5446. Direct passive: ma-pag-; ma-pag- R or ma-pà-pag-. Hindí ko mapagáyos aŋ maŋa damìt na itò. I can’t straighten out these clothes. Mapàpagáyos nya aŋ maŋa lipàs sa úso ŋ damìt na itò. She will be able to fix these out-of-date clothes. Hindí ko mapagkúroʾ kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I couldn’t make 10out what he wanted to say. Naŋ mapagkúrò ni Hwàn kuŋ anò aŋ maŋyàyári, ay hindí nya itinúloy aŋ kanya ŋ bálak. When Juan saw what was going to happen, he did not carry out his plan. Hindí ko mapagkúro aŋ kahulugàn naŋ súlat na itò. I can’t get at the meaning of this letter. Napagtalastàs ko aŋ maŋa sinàsábi 15mo sa iyo ŋ súlat. I understand all you say in your letter. Napagtátalastàs (or: napàpagtalastàs) kò aŋ íbig mo ŋ sabíhin. I understand what you mean.

447. maka-pag- (1), cf. § 353. Naŋ nakapaghanap syà ay umuwé sya sa kanya ŋ báhay. When he had finished searching, 20he went home. Kuŋ makapaghanap syà ay úuwé sya. When he has finished searching, he will go home.

448. maka-paŋ-, corresponding to maŋ-, § 357. Nakàkapaŋhiràm kamì naŋ kwaltà kay Áli ŋ Kulása. We can borrow money from Aunt Nicolasa. Makàkapaŋhiràm ka ŋ wala ŋ sála kay 25Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ sombréro. You will surely be able to borrow a hat from Juan. Nakapaŋàŋabáyo sya ŋ patayòʾ, sapagkàt hindí gulatìn aŋ kanya ŋ kabáyo. He is able to ride standing up, because his horse is not given to shying.

Abstract: pagkapaŋákoʾ (ákoʾ).

30(a) The root is reduplicated for plurality: Aŋ pagkapaŋhaháraŋ nila Hwán ay hindí nila sána magawàʾ, kuŋ hindí sa karamíhan naŋ táo nila na máy barìl. The highway robberies by Juan and his gang could not have been perpetrated by them, if it had not been for the number of them that had guns.

35(b) From a derived word: makapaŋináin (kináin, §§ 365, 357,a).

449. ma- D; expressive of slow activity: Hindí sya mamatày-matày. He is lingering on the death-bed. Aŋ pàgakpákan naŋ maŋa táo ay hindí matápus-tápus. The applause of the people 40could find no end.

450. In the instrumental passive, which seems to occur only with pag- and paŋ-, the i- follows the ma-: Aŋ pagkàtáwag naŋ kúra sa maŋa pulìs ay hindí nya ikinabúte, sapagkàt silà y kàkauntí lámaŋ úpaŋ maipagtaŋgòl sya sa maŋa magnanákaw. The priest’s having called in the police did him no good, for they were too few to defend him from the thieves.

With paŋ-: naipaŋáŋanàk (anàk, cf. § 357).

5451. The local passive has the prefix ma- and the suffix (1) -an.

Namatayàn sina Hwàn. Someone has died in Juan’s family. Namatayàn sa báhay ni Hwàn. There has been a death in Juan’s house. Naputúlan si Hwàn naŋ dalíreʾ sa pagpapalákad naŋ mákina. 10Juan got a finger cut off in running the machine. Napùputúlan naŋ médiko aŋ maŋa táo naŋ kanila ŋ kamày o paà kuŋ kayiláŋan. When necessary, people get their hands or feet cut off by a doctor. Mapùputúlan ka naŋ dalírìʾ, pag hindí ka nagíŋat sa iyo ŋ pagtatrabáho sa mákina ŋ iyàn. You will get your 15finger cut off, if you aren’t careful about the way you work that machine. Nasakyàn ko nà aŋ kabáyo ŋ bara-barà. I have succeeded in mounting the wild horse. Naskyàn ko nà aŋ baŋka ŋ itò. I have already been in this canoe. Nawalàn naŋ málay aŋ babáye sa kanyà ŋ paghihimatày. The woman lost consciousness 20in her swoon.

Similarly: báliʾ, bukàs, halìk, hírap, láon, límot, luwàt, patìd, pílit, sákit, síraʾ, siyà, súbok, súgat, suŋgàb, tagàl, tandàʾ, úbos.

(a) bitìw lacks accent shift: mabitíwan, cf. § 374,b.

452. Local passive with explicative pag-: Hindí námin mapaglagarían 25naŋ káhoy aŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy na ginawá mo. We cannot saw wood on the saw-buck you have made. Napagputúlan námin naŋ kawáyan aŋ bágo ŋ gawá mo ŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy. We were able to cut bamboo on the sawbuck you have just made.

453. Special static words resembling the active; the following 30occur: Si Bantùg ay isa ŋ táo ŋ makabáyan. Bantog is a patriotic man. damò ŋ makahyàʾ the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica.

Of irregular use are makalawà (§ 262,8), and makatuwìd (tuwìd).

35(a) From a word of this kind an active with mag- is derived in: nagmàmakaáwaʾ provoking pity (as though from makaáwaʾ).

(b) The abstract is like a special static word in: Aŋ bigàs ay sya ŋ pinakamahalagà ŋ pagkabúhay naŋ táo sa Filipínas. Rice is the most important staple food in the Philippines. Cf. 40also pagkaráka, § 265,9.

454. ma- forms special static words denoting that which by nature or circumstance possesses such and such, usually a quality. Maalikabok nà aŋ mésa. The table is dusty already. Maásim aŋ súka ŋ itò. This wine is sour. aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy na mabábaʾ a low tree; isa ŋ mabába ŋ táo a humble person. Aŋ labàŋ ay mabábaw. The trough of the manger is shallow. Madálaŋ aŋ maŋa lindòl 5díto. Earthquakes are rare here. Sya y isa ŋ ginoò ŋ magálaŋ. He is a polite gentleman. Maginháwa aŋ umupó sa sìlya ŋ itò. This chair is comfortable to sit in. Si Maryà ay isa ŋ babáye ŋ mapúri. Maria is a decent woman. Maluwàŋ aŋ báro ŋ itò. This blouse is too loose. matamìs sweet, aŋ matamìs sugar. Matipìd na 10bátaʾ si Hwàn. Juan is a saving child.

The plural is made with ma- r: Aŋ maŋa táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people of the town are all good law-abiders.

These forms are made from so many roots that the Index will 15be as convenient as a list.

Derivatives: §§ 352,c. 353,a.b. 370. 499,a. 500,b.

(a) Note masiyádo excessive, extreme, as though from a root -siyádo (and so listed), still felt by Mr. Santiago to be from Spanish demasiado.

20(b) Accent shift due to the root in masakìt.

(c) From derived words: Aŋ pagtayú sa bubuŋàn ay mapaŋánib. It is dangerous to stand on the roof. So from kasalánan (§ 423), kabuluhàn (§ 422).

455. ma-pag- someone given to doing so and so: Aŋ inà ni 25Pédro ay mapagbigày sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaululàn. Pedro’s mother always gives in to his foolishness. Sya y mapagtipìd. He is very economical. So from: gawàʾ, kumpisàl, simbà, siyásat, usísaʾ.

(a) From a phrase, probably: Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapagpáku-m-babàʾ. That man Juan is overmodest (páko ŋ babàʾ low 30peg?).

(b) With accent shift: Mapaghunì aŋ maŋa kabáyo ŋ itò, kanya hindí dápat dalhìn sa labanàn. These horses are given to neighing and therefore should not be taken to war. So also: mapagawày.

35456. In the same sense, but transitive in value, ma-paŋ-: mapaŋgúlat given to surprising or frightening people, mapaŋhágis given to flinging things; Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapaŋhiràm. The fellow Juan is a great borrower. mapaŋhiyàʾ given to embarrassing people. mapamukòl given to throwing things. So from: 40hilìŋ, matà.

457. In similar meanings, with suffix -in:

(a) ma- S -in: So magustúhin, masùnúrin.

(b) ma- (2) -in: Aŋ maŋa táo y hindí maibigìn sa pagkakàsála. People are not fond of sinning.

(c) ma- r (2) -in: matatawanìn easily made to laugh; Sya y matutulugìn. He is a sleepy-head. So also: magugulatìn.

5458. The transients with kà- refer to accidental actions. The active has the forms: makà-, makà- R, nakà-, nakà- R, but the reduplication sometimes affects the kà- instead of the root initial. The abstract has pagkà-. The meanings are various, much like those of maka-.

10459. The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent of an accidental action: Aŋ guntìŋ naŋ maŋgagamòt ay nakágupit naŋ isa ŋ ugàt na malakè, kanyàʾ namatày aŋ kanya ŋ ginágamòt. The physician’s scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence of which his patient died. Similarly, from 15gísiŋ, háwa.

460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor’s control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak naŋ káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà 20aŋ maŋa kwayanà ŋ iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya naŋ sa iba ŋ táwo ŋ kawáyan. As he did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt baká sila nakàpùpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí nasàsákop naŋ áti ŋ lúpaʾ. Follow them to the 25bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ŋ mabúti aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá naŋ kawáyan, sapagkàt baká ka makàpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else 30you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ŋ makàpùpútol silà naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí sakòp naŋ lúpaʾ, kapag hindí mo sila pinakialamàn, sapagkàt aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ lúpa ŋ iyòn ay lubhà ŋ balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the piece of ground, if you don’t look after them, for the boundary 35of the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò naŋ isa ŋ áhas. I hit a snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibàʾ. Juan hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya naŋ nawalà ŋ kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire 40about the lost money. Nakàusísà sya naŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ nakààalàm naŋ líhim. He happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn, inòm, káin, súlat, tagpòʾ.

Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form of expressing the way something turned out. Limàŋ aŋ pagkàbílaŋ nya sa maŋa itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out wrong. Aŋ pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyoŋ ay masamàʾ. The umbrella Juana made turned out poorly. Aŋ pagkágupìt 5sa úlo naŋ bátaʾ ay hindí pantày-pantày. The boy’s hair-cut isn’t (hasn’t turned out) even. Aŋ pagkàháti naŋ mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is not exact. Aŋ pagkàísip nya sa bugtòŋ ay hindi támaʾ. His guess at the riddle is not correct. Aŋ pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya ŋ pinagsisíhan. 10He repented his having (in a moment of weakness) swallowed the egg. Aŋ pagkàpások ni Hwàn naŋ tapòn sa bóte ay malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Aŋ pagkápatay sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyàʾ. The killing of the thief was not done on purpose. Aŋ pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamàʾ. This chicken 15has not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Aŋ pagkàpútol naŋ páloŋ naŋ kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock’s comb is not cut off clean. Aŋ pagkátahul naŋ áso ay sya ŋ inilalá naŋ sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The dog’s barking made the pain in its throat worse. Aŋ pagkátanaw kò sa púno-ŋ-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw 20na dáhon. The way I looked at that tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkátayòʾ (or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his feet because of his surprise. Aŋ pagkàtípon naŋ maŋa dáho ŋ itò ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from: 25bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higàʾ, páloʾ, tágoʾ, tirà, upòʾ.