II. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. (continued 3)

35Before nasals the ŋ is usually lost: namahálaʾ (mahálaʾ with naŋ-).

See paŋ- and maŋ- in List of Formations.

(5) The prefix hin- and its compounds give rise to a few similar changes, see §§ 357,b. 376,a. 518.

40(6) For occasional irregularities of prefixes see §§ 347,b. 481,d. 528.

(b) infixes:

(1) Where -in- is infixed in a word beginning with l, w, or y, this initial is usually interchanged with the n, so that, practically, we have a prefixed ni- instead of an infixed -in-: ni-lútoʾ (beside 5less common l-in-útoʾ), ni-walìs (beside w-in-íkaʾ), ni-yáyaʾ. See §§ 359 ff. 374 ff.

(2) Where words beginning with syllabic, h, l, w (and y) have the prefix i- and the infix -in-, the latter is almost always used as a prefix, preceding the i-: in-iy-útos, in-íwan (for in-i-íwan), 10in-i-hatìd, i-ni-lútoʾ (beside less common i-l-in-útoʾ), in-i-wisìk. See § 368.

(3) On -um- see § 348,b.

(c) suffixes:

(1) The suffixes (-an and -in) after a syllabic take an initial 15h: luksú-han.

(2) Final d always becomes r before a suffix: lakar-àn (lákad).

(3) When used in the formation of transient derivatives, as well as in some other of their uses, the suffixes are accompanied 20by irregular modifications of certain roots.

Some roots ending in syllabic are treated as if they ended in glottal stop; they are amà, kíta, matà: ama-ìn, kitá-an, matá-an.

Others are treated as though they ended in n; they are paà, tálo, táwa: paa-nàn (beside regular paa-hàn), talú-nan, tawá-nan.

25Other roots lose the syllabic of the last syllable, as well as a final glottal stop which may follow this; if the syllabic is final, the suffix adds h: asìn asn-àn, bigày bigy-àn, bilì bil-hàn, mulàʾ mul-àn. The roots so treated are: asìn, bigày, bilì, bukàs, dalà, hatìd, higàʾ, ibà (but also regular iba-hàn), eskuwéla, gawàʾ, káin, 30kamìt, lagày, lakì, likòd, masìd, mulàʾ, punòʾ, pútol (but also regular putúl-an), sakày, sákit, subò, sunòd, táŋan, tibàʾ, tiŋìn, tirà (but also regular tirá-han), ulìʾ, upòʾ, walàʾ.

Still other roots add assimilation, dissimilation, or metathesis of consonants to the loss of vowel: ának aŋk-àn, atìp apt-àn, 35danìw (? see § 421) ka-raniyúw-an, datìŋ datn-àn, gílid ta-ligd-àn (beside regular ta-gilír-an), halìk hagk-àn, haŋgà haŋg-àn (i. e. the h of -han is lost), kinìg kiŋg-àn, silìd sigl-àn, tanìm tamn-àn, tuwìd ka-tu-tur-àn.

Entirely irregular are the following: alaála alala-hánin (-hánin 40for -hin), aniyáya anyá-han, háriʾ ka-hariy-àn ka-hary-àn (beside regular pag-harí-an), íhip híp-an, ílag inlag-àn (for ilag-nàn? but also regular ilág-an), kawáyan kwayan-àn (beside regular kawayan-àn), kilála kilan-làn (for kilal-nàn?), kúha kú-nin, laròʾ laruw-àn larw-àn (beside regular laru-àn), pulòʾ ka-puluw-àn ka-pulw-àn (beside regular ka-pulu-àn), sála saŋ-làn (for sal-nan? 5also ka-salá-nan and regular salá-han), sundòʾ pagkà-sunduw-àn (beside regular -sundu-àn), táo ka-taw-àn (? see § 422, also regular ka-taú-han), totoò tòto-hánan (-hánan for -hàn).

335. Doubling. In certain formations the underlying word, if disyllabic, is repeated; the phonetic treatment is the same as 10that of successive words in a phrase (§ 34): agad-agàd, gabi-gabì, ápat-ápat, pa-lígid-lígid.

If the underlying word has more than two syllables, only the beginning of it, inclusive of the second syllabic, is repeated, and the final syllabic of this repeated part has a primary accent: kaní-kaníno, 15kaní-kanilà, nag-kagá-kagalìt (underlying word ka-galìt).

336. Reduplication. In some formations the beginning of the underlying word, including the first syllabic, is repeated, sù-súlat, á-akiyàt. Words with reduced i or u (§ 27) reduplicate with i, u: maka-sí-siyà, maka-sí-syà.

20Note the foreign words: krùs nag-kú-kurùs, trabáho nag-tá-trabáho.

Initial d of the roots listed in § 17 often becomes r after the reduplication: k-in-à-dò-roon-àn (doòn), nag-dá-daàn (daàn).

When a prefix which involves change of initial comes before 25a reduplicated form, the latter has the changed initial both in the reduplicative syllable and in the underlying part: nà-rò-roòn (doòn), pa-ŋu-ŋumìt (umìt with paŋ-, § 334, a, 4; also: paŋ-u-umìt) pútol pa-mu-mútol (pútol with paŋ-).

337. Accent-shift. In certain formations the accent is displaced 30one syllable toward the end of the word: súlat sulàt. This is especially the case before suffixes forming transient words: súlat sulát-an. In some formations with suffixes the accent moves two syllables toward the end of the word: súlat sulat-àn.

Certain roots are especially given to this change and show it 35in formations where it is not regular. In these roots the accent-shift is more or less clearly and regularly connected with a modification of meaning. The roots are: ábot overtake, with shift: reach for, take hold of, pass, hand; e. g. pa-ábot let oneself be overtaken, pa-abòt something caused to be handed, ákay, álam, 40áwaʾ, áyaw, bábaʾ, báhay, báyaʾ, búlag, gálit, gísiŋ, háyag, húli, lápit, láyoʾ, múra, sákit, sáma, síraʾ, tálo, támaʾ, táwa, túloy, úna. See Index. A few pairs of roots differing only in accent may possibly belong here, e. g. -ának family and anàk child.

338. Secondary accents. (1) In some formations a secondary accent is spoken on the initial syllable of the underlying word: 5alìs àlís-an, ka-galìt kàgalít-an, iyàk ìyák-an. If the first syllable is closed, the secondary accent is omitted: luksò luksú-han; so also if it is followed by consonant plus reduced vowel (§ 27): taniyàg tanyàg tanyág-an; and also if its own vowel is reduced: niyòg nyòg niyúg-an nyúg-an. There are some irregularities. See 10§§ 377,b. 383. 421. 421,b. 426,b.

(2) Prefixes and reduplications often take a secondary accent: nà-pútol (different in meaning from na-pútol), sù-súlat.

These secondary accents have phonetically the quality of primary accents when they come before short oxytone underlying 15words: ná-rinìg, á-akiyàt. If, however, the word is accented on a suffix, the accent on this is more audible and the secondary accent remains: nà-buks-àn. So also if there are two secondary accents: nà-rì-rinìg. Longer oxytone words not accented on a suffix vary; they have been transcribed as heard in each case: nag-sì-si-pag-laròʾ 20nag-sí-si-pag-laròʾ.

339. Indications. In the following description formations will be indicated as follows:

prefixes thus: nag-; infixes: -um-; suffixes: -an; secondary accent on prefixes: nà-;

25doubling by “D”, e. g. nag- D -an represents the formation seen in nag-aswàŋ-aswáŋ-an;

reduplication by “r”, with secondary accent by “R”, e. g. pag- r (pag-pu-pútol), nag- R (nag-pù-pútol), -um- R (s-um-ù-súlat), nag- R -um- (nag-tù-t-um-irà);

30secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word by “S”, e. g. S -an (àlís-an);

accent-shift by “(1)” or “(2)”, e. g. (1) describes the formation of sulàt from súlat; (1) -an (sulát-an); (2) -an (sulat-àn).

35340. Summary of formations. The various formations group themselves into eight classes: 1. simple formations without characteristic prefix, expressing simple actions, objects, etc.; 2. formations with characteristic prefix pag-, expressing chiefly transitive actions; 3. characteristic prefix paŋ-, deliberate actions; 4. si-, 40action by more than one actor; 5. paki-, action along with others; 6. ka-, reciprocal, involuntary, and accidental; 7. pa-, causative; 8. pati-, reflexive.

These indications are a mere rough guide: neither the characteristic prefix nor the meaning indicated runs through the entire group. The first three groups are the most important, and, to a large extent, each formation of the other five groups belongs also 5to one of the three primary groups.

In each group there are four types of words: simple static, transient, abstracts of action, and special static. The simple static words involve no idea of active or passive; the transients are accompanied by abstracts, in which the transient occurrence is viewed 10as a static concept, and by special static words, which, though static, involve the idea of voice: simple static súlat a document, writing, letter; transient sumúlat wrote, sulátan is to be written to; abstract pagsúlat an act of writing; special static sulatàn a writing-desk (with idea of local passive).

15Each (active or passive, § 92) transient formation exists in two modes, actual and contingent, and each of these has two aspects, punctual and durative; the durative always has accented reduplication. The actual mode envisages the occurrence as actually having taken place or taking place: in the punctual aspect the 20occurrence is viewed in its entirety, without regard to duration, and hence always as past: nagáral studied, learned; in the durative aspect of the actual the occurrence is viewed as a process going on in time, past or present: nagàáral was studying, is studying, used to study, studied (repeatedly), studies. The contingent 25mode views the occurrence as not having actually taken place: the punctual aspect views it as possible, hypothetical, or commanded: magáral should study, study (as command); the durative as future from the point of view of the past or present: magàáral will study, was going to study. The punctual contingent 30form is used not only in commands and hypothetical clauses, but in subordinate predications and complements generally, even, for instance, after naŋ (§ 192 f.), and often, in such constructions, in competition with actual forms. It is often used, further, after hindìʾ (§ 238). When objectivized with aŋ, it expresses the possibility 35or circumstance of the occurrence: aŋ magáral a hypothetical studier, the circumstance that one might study.

The abstracts of action are much used in the construction described at § 274.

In addition to these more or less regular and systematized 40forms, there are various isolated formations, which will be discussed after the others.

A systematically arranged list of formations precedes the Index.

3. Description of formations.

I. Primary groups (zero, pag-, paŋ-).

A. Simple static forms.

(1) Root-words.

5341. The uses of root-words cover a wide range of meanings, the diversity of which is due to the various material meanings of the roots. The rough grouping here made is a matter of convenience; the speech-feeling seems not to distinguish classes of roots or diverse employments of root-words.

10While a complete list of the examples occurring in the Texts and illustrative sentences will be given for nearly all other formations, the root-words are so numerous that it will be expedient merely to refer to the Index.

(1) Root-words in many cases express object-ideas which are 15viewed as simple: aŋ báhay house, aŋ táo human being.

(2) If the words containing a root have in common the idea of a quality rather than of an object, the root-word may express either the quality itself, or an object possessing the quality.

(a) In the former case, it is generally a single occurrence of 20the quality that is expressed, not the quality in general, which is expressed rather by a collective with ka- and -an (§ 421 ff.), but this distinction is not fully carried out. The root-word generally stands in object construction. Examples: Aŋ búte ni Hwàn ay walá sa kanya ŋ úlo, dátapuwat násàsa kanya ŋ púsoʾ. Juan’s 25good quality lies not in his head, but in his heart. Si Pédro ay táo ŋ wala ŋ daŋàl. Pedro is a person without honor. aŋ ínit naŋ tagáraw the heat of summer. Aŋ lálim naŋ balòn ay isà ŋ pantay-kawáyan. The depth of the well is the length of a bamboo-tree. Aŋ lamìg sa Amérika ay masyádo. The cold in America is 30excessive. Aŋ ligsè naŋ usà ay hindí gáya naŋ sa áso. The speed of the deer is not equal to that of the dog. Aŋ samá naŋ ságiŋ na itò ay nása ugàt. The trouble with this banana-tree is at the root. aŋ taàs naŋ káhoy the height of the tree.

(b) When expressing an object endowed with a quality, the 35root-word is in competition with words formed with the prefix ma- (§ 454). It usually stands as a predicate or as conjunctive attribute of another word. aŋ túbig na álat salt-water, aŋ dágat na álat the salt-sea, the ocean. Aŋ pákoʾ ay baluktòt. The nail is crooked. Aŋ patalìm ay báwal sa maŋa bátaʾ. Children are not 40allowed to have sharp tools. Aŋ itlùg na yitò y bugòk (or: bulòk). This egg is rotten. Sya y bugòk. He is crazy. aŋ buwísit na alílaʾ a repulsive servant. Ikàw ay bwísit. You are a bore. Maŋa gíliw ko ŋ ginoò! Honored sirs! isa ŋ táu ŋ hámak a no-account person. aŋ táu ŋ lasìŋ the drunken man. Sya y lasìŋ. 5He is drunk. aŋ pulúbe ŋ lumpò the lame beggar. Sya y lumpò. He is lame. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ mahàl na bátaʾ sa kanya ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ. Juan is a child dear to his parents. Múra aŋ maŋa síle sa panahò ŋ itò. Peppers are cheap at this time. Hindí pansìn aŋ piklàt sa mukhà naŋ dalága ŋ si Maryà. The scar on young 10Maria’s face is not noticeable. aŋ táo ŋ panòt a bald-headed man. isa ŋ báya ŋ payápaʾ a tranquil town. Sya y pípe. He is dumb. Aŋ pintà naŋ bintánaʾ ay putèʾ. The window is painted white. Sagàd aŋ kanya ŋ gupìt. His hair-cut is close. Sina Hwàn ay salàt sa pananamìt. Juan and his family are short of clothing. 15Akò y sawí sa pagsusúboʾ sa bátaʾ. I am in an awkward position for feeding the child. Sáyaŋ aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Little Juan is to be regretted. Isa ŋ táo ŋ sinuŋáliŋ si Pédro. Pedro is a liar. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ táo ŋ tanyàg. Juan is a renowned man. Tanyàg sya sa kanya ŋ kláse. He is at the head of his class. aŋ 20tigàs naŋ káhoy the hard part of the log. aŋ daà ŋ tumpàk the right road. si Untèʾ Shorty (as nickname).

(3) If the words containing the root refer rather to an action or occurrence, the uses of the root-word are more varied.

(a) The root-word may refer to the action itself; it is used 25of a single instance rather than of the action in general, which is expressed rather by abstracts of action, though the distinction is not always clear. The root-word so used is mostly in object construction. Examples: Aŋ anyáya sa ákin ni Hwána ay áki ŋ tinaŋgàp. I accepted Juana’s invitation. May bálìʾ aŋ kawáyan. 30The bamboo has a break in it. May búhay pa aŋ púsa ŋ itò. This cat is still alive. Aŋ dalamhátì naŋ kanya ŋ inà ay malakì. His mother’s grief is great. Sa damdam kò y nagumpisa nà aŋ malalamìg na áraw. I think (literally: In my feeling) the cold days have begun. Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ pumáyag sa hilìŋ nilà sa kanya 35ŋ sasakyàn. Juan was the one who acceded to their request for his vehicle. Aŋ húgas naŋ piŋgàn ay marumè. The washing of the dishes is dirty, i. e. The dishes have been poorly washed. Aŋ kantà naŋ íbon ay maínam. The bird’s song is pleasant. Aŋ kasàl ni Pédro at ni Maryà ay sa liŋgò. The wedding of Pedro and 40Maria will be on Sunday. aŋ áki ŋ lúlan sa trén my embarking (with all my goods) on the train. Aŋ pagakpàk naŋ maŋa táo ay nakabíbiŋi. The applause of the people was deafening. Aŋ pásoʾ sa paà ni Pédro ay malakì. The burn on Pedro’s foot is large. Aŋ pútol naŋ buhòk ni Hwàn ay bakìl-bakìl. Juan’s hair-cut is uneven. Sa lúnes aŋ tagpú nila sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. They are to meet on the Baliwag road next Monday. aŋ tahòl ni Batò 5ŋ Bákal the barking of Iron Stone (name of a dog). Aŋ támà naŋ bátaʾ ay sa úlo. The child was struck on the head. Binigyàn ni Hwàn naŋ isà ŋ tapìk aŋ kaybígan nya ŋ si Pédro. Juan gave his friend Pedro a nudge. Aŋ kanya ŋ túlog ay mabábaw. His sleep is light. Aŋ upú naŋ Intsìk ay pataluŋkòʾ. The Chinese sit 10squatting. Butíhan mo aŋ yárì naŋ sambalílo. Put a good finish on (the making of) the hat.

(b) The root-word may express an object by virtue of which the action becomes possible or has concrete manifestation; this use closely approaches transient passives of various kinds. Root-words 15in this use are most commonly conjunctive attributes, but the object construction, especially in the predicate, is frequent. Aŋ ágaw nya ŋ laruwàn ay inilagay nyà sa kahòn. The toys he snatched were put by him into a box. Síno sa maŋa táo aŋ ináko ni Mariyáno? Aŋ áko ni Mariyáno ay si Pédro. 20Which one of the men did Mariano relieve?—The one whom Mariano relieved is Pedro. Hwag kayò ŋ mamútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí ninyo áriʾ. Don’t make a cutting of bamboo not owned by you; aŋ áriʾ property, aŋ may áriʾ the owner or master. Aŋ bigay nyà sa ákin naŋ Paskò naŋ Paŋaŋanàk 25na nagdaàn ay isa ŋ tabakéra. For last Christmas he gave me a tabatiere. aŋ bíhis nya ŋ damìt the (good) clothes she has put on (in place of her others). isa ŋ bíroʾ a joke. aŋ byày na isdàʾ sa palàisdáan the fish allowed to swim free in the fish-reservoir. aŋ dalà that carried; Dalà ni Hwàn aŋ lumbò. Juan is carrying 30the cup. aŋ dikìt naŋ apòy the blazing of the fire. Aŋ orasàn ni Hwàn ay gáliŋ sa Parìs. Juan’s watch comes from Paris. Aŋ tornìlyo ŋ itò y gámit sa mákina. This screw is used in the machine. aŋ gantì nya ŋ pálaʾ the gift he gave in return. Aŋ kwáko ŋ itò ay ganti ŋ pálaʾ sa ákin ni Hwàn. This cigar-holder 35is a return-gift to me from Juan. May hálo ŋ iba ŋ bágay aŋ gátas na itò. This milk has something else mixed in with it. háti ŋ gabì midnight. Aŋ hampàs na tinaŋgàp ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ paŋinoòn ay isà ŋ kabàn. The whipping Juan got from his master was twenty-five strokes. May háraŋ na púno-ŋ-káhoy aŋ daà ŋ 40patúŋo sa báriyo naŋ San-Visènte. The road toward the district of San Vicente has a tree obstructing it. Húle si Hwàn naŋ pulìs. Juan was arrested by the policeman. Aŋ igìb nya ŋ túbig ay marumè. The water he dipped from the spring is dirty. Aŋ binàbása nya ŋ librò ay kathà ni Risàl. The book he is reading was written by Rizal. Laàn (or: taàn) kay Pédro aŋ alaála ŋ itò. This present is reserved for Pedro. Aŋ lákad ni Hwàn ay aŋ 5paŋhihiràm. Juan’s errand is to borrow something. Aŋ lúlan ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ karitòn ay maŋa kahòn naŋ álak. Juan’s load on his wagon is cases of liquor; aŋ lúla ŋ kasaŋkápan the loaded utensils. Aŋ manòk na yitò y lúto sa durúan. This chicken is roasted on the spit. Nàhúle si Hwàn sa tabì naŋ kanya ŋ nákaw 10na kabáyo. Juan was caught with the horse he stole. Aŋ pásak naŋ baŋkàʾ ay bunòt naŋ nyòg at pagkìt. The boat is calked with cocoanut fibre and wax. Aŋ pígil ni Hwàn ay aŋ kabáyo. Juan is trying to restrain the horse. Aŋ pintàs ko kay Hwàn ay aŋ kanya ŋ bísyo ŋ paginòm. What I don’t like about Juan is his 15vice of drunkenness. aŋ púlot anything picked up; an adopted child. aŋ isa ŋ pútol na púno-ŋ-káhoy a tree that has been cut up; Aŋ pútol naŋ káhoy ay nàpakaiklèʾ. The wood has been cut too short. Aŋ librò ay aŋ sadyá ko sa báhay ni Hwàn. The book is what I went to Juan’s house for. Aŋ sakày sa trèn ay limà ŋ 20kompanyà ŋ sundálo. The people in the train are five companies of soldiers. Aŋ saŋkàp naŋ manòk ay kalabása. The chicken is cooked with pumpkin. “Magsipagsísi kayò, maŋa táo ŋ makasalánan,” aŋ sigàw naŋ kúra mulá sa pùlpito. “Repent, ye sinners,” was the cry of the priest from the pulpit. isa ŋ súboʾ a 25mouthful. Marámi sya ŋ tágo ŋ kwaltà. He has much money saved away. Aŋ tanìm naŋ búkid ay pálay na malagkìt. The field is planted with a sticky rice. Aŋ taŋgàp nya ŋ bílin ay lubhà ŋ marámi. The commissions he received were numerous. Malakàs aŋ táwa ni Hwàn. Juan’s laughter was loud. Aŋ táwag sa lugàr 30na itò ay Kinamatayà-ŋ-Kabáyo. They call this place Dead Horse. aŋ tuŋtòŋ that on which something stands; a mat on which dishes are set (specific name: dikìn). Aŋ túrù naŋ bátaʾ ay aŋ mansánas sa mésa. The child is pointing at the apple on the table. Aŋ usísaʾ sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kuŋ saan nàndon aŋ kanya ŋ sombréro. 35What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Walá sya ŋ uwì ŋ maŋa librò. He did not bring home any books. Aŋ talìm naŋ gúlok ay yári sa Yurúpa. The cutting-edge of the bolo is made in Europe.

(c) Especially with the particle nà (§ 223) the root-word 40often expresses a brusque command; in this use it is in competition with transient forms. Dalí ka naŋ iyo ŋ pagtakbò. Hurry your running, i. e. Run faster. Hampàs na kayò, maŋa bátaʾ, sa maŋa laŋgàm. Whip at the ants, boys. Hátì na naŋ mansánas. Divide up the apples. Hintú na kayò, maŋa bátaʾ. Stop, children. Ísip na kayò kuŋ anò aŋ kahulugàn naŋ áki ŋ bugtòŋ. Guess the meaning of my riddle. Láyas na! Get out! Lígù na! Take a bath! 5Luksu nà sa tinìk na iyàn. Jump across those spines. Sáma nà sa kanyà. Go to him. Táwag na naŋ maŋa polìs. Call the police. Tayòʾ. Stand up. Upú na. Sit down.

(d) Repeated with naŋ (§ 191) root-words, as predicates, denote an actor in repeated and continuous action: Nàkíta ko ŋ 10pútol naŋ pútol si Hwàn naŋ tubò. I saw Juan cutting away at the sugar-cane. Similarly (see Index) bilì and táwa.

342. Root-words with accent-shift. Barytone roots are used as root-words with shift of accent to the last syllable to denote something which has been affected by the action, quality, or (in 15fewer cases) thing, which is denoted by the root. The particle nà is usually added. Agaw nà sa súnog aŋ maŋa laruwàn. The toys have been snatched from the fire. Awá na si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pinarùrusáha ŋ anàk. Juan is already overcome with pity for his child, whom he is punishing. Aŋ áso ni Hwàn ay bahày. Juan’s 20dog is grown up in the house, is completely domesticated. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay bahày. Little Juan is shy, is unused to strangers. Bayad nà aŋ útaŋ sa ákin ni Hwàn. Juan’s debt to me is paid now. Bihis nà aŋ bátaʾ. The child’s clothes have been changed, The child is dressed up now. Bilaŋ nà aŋ maŋa itlòg 25na itò. These eggs are already counted. Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay bilòg. Juan’s head is round; or: Juan has been fooled; aŋ bilòg na táboʾ the round dipper. Buhày aŋ áki ŋ inà. My mother is living. Sya y bulàg. He is blinded; or: He is blind; aŋ babáye ŋ bulàg the blind woman. Daiŋ nà aŋ isdàʾ. The fish has been 30laid open. isa ŋ táo ŋ gutòm a hungry (or: gluttonous) person. Hatí na aŋ tubò. The sugar-cane is cut in two. Huli nà si Hwána sa trén. Juana is late for the train. Aŋ karnè ay ihaw nà. The meat is done. Init nà aŋ gátas. The milk is heated. Kayas nà aŋ kawáya ŋ itò. This bamboo is already smoothed. Aŋ 35pagkùkúnan nya naŋ itlòg ay aŋ kahò ŋ kulaŋ nà. He will take eggs from the box that is already started (literally: incomplete, cf. Ápat na sèntimos aŋ kúlaŋ nitò. This lacks four cents, is four cents too little). Lakàd kamì ŋ umwèʾ. We went home on foot. Lipas nà aŋ gamòt (aŋ pabaŋòʾ). The medicine (the perfume) is stale, has lost its strength. Lipas nà aŋ 40áki ŋ gútom. My hunger has disappeared. Pasòʾ aŋ lugàr na itò naŋ kanya ŋ kamày. This spot on his hand is burned; aŋ pasòʾ a pottery dish. Aŋ pagkakàgalítan ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay pawí nà. The quarrel between Juan and Pedro is now allayed. Pigil nà aŋ kabáyo. The horse is under control now. Aŋ káhoy ay putul nà. The wood is now cut. Itò y sirá na. This is already ruined. Sunòg aŋ damìt na kanya ŋ pinirìnsa. The clothes which 5she ironed are scorched; sunòg na asúkal burnt sugar. Tamá na aŋ iyo ŋ pagkwènta. Now you have figured it correctly. Tipun nà an maŋa kalabàw. Now the carabao are rounded up. Tulis nà aŋ lápis. The pencil is sharpened. Turòʾ aŋ kanya ŋ dalíreʾ. His finger is stiff.

10This form occurs, in this book, also from the following roots (see Index): básag, búnot, gálit, gámit, hásaʾ, kilála, lápad, límaŋ, págod, sákop, sánay, súlat, tápos, tiwálaʾ, túloy.

(a) In the case of some roots this form is used like a simple root-word without accent-shift; these are roots in which the accent-shift 15expresses a modification of the material meaning; see § 337. So: alàm that known (see Index); Babá na riyàn sa iyò ŋ kinàùupàn! Come down from your perch! Aŋ sakìt na kanya ŋ tinítiis ay aŋ lagnàt na típus. The sickness from which he is suffering is typhoid fever. 20(aŋ sákit na kanya ŋ tinítiìs the grief he is enduring). Sama táyo sa pagbilì naŋ pálay. Let us be partners in buying rice. Cf. also hulì, above.

(b) In oxytone roots, where the accent-shift cannot occur, our form is homonymous with the simple root-word: Bigti nà si 25Pédro. Pedro is now strangled. Bukas nà aŋ láta. The can is opened. Busug nà aŋ maŋa háyop. The animals have been fed their fill. Hintú na aŋ trén naŋ akò y sumakày. The train had stopped when I got on. Hubad nà aŋ bátaʾ. The child is undressed now. 30Aŋ maŋa Igoróte ay hubàd. The Igorote go naked. Huŋkuy nà aŋ bigàs. The rice is fanned now. Sya y kasàl. He (she) is married. Pantay nà aŋ lúpaʾ. The ground has been levelled. Nàkíta ko ŋ patìd aŋ sampáyan naŋ damìt. I saw that the clothes-line was broken. Punú na aŋ bóte ŋ itò. This bottle is already full. 35Tayú na aŋ báhay. The house is already erected. Tikwas nà aŋ káhoy. One end of the log is down.

Similarly are used: aŋkìn, bilì, tadtàd, tuwàʾ.

(2) Doubling.

343. Simple doubling. Simple doubling expresses explicit 40plurality or repetition, often with the idea of variation, intensity, or diminution: ápat-ápat four by four, four at a time, aŋ mata-matà trellis-work. Aŋ dúrù nya naŋ karáyom ay hindi parè-parého. Her stitches with the needle are not even. Sabày-sabày sila ŋ umalìs. They all went away at the same time. Similarly from: agàd, alìn, anò, áraw, bágay, bakìl, baluktòt, barà, gabì, 5gibàʾ, halòʾ, isà, lahàt, líbo, liŋgò, loòb, pantày, sáriʾ, síno, sunòd, tulàʾ, untìʾ.

(a) The simple root does not occur and the meaning is discrepant in paru-parò butterfly.

(b) From derived words, in the same meaning: kaní-kanilà 10(ka-n-ilà § 528), kaní-kaníno (ka-n-í-no § 528), dalá-dalawà two by two, two at a time (da-lawà § 345), tatlu-tatlò three by three, three at a time (ta-tlò § 345).

(c) With retraction of accent: Dálì-dáli sya ŋ tumakbò. He ran off like a flash.

15344. (1) D. In some cases the accent is shifted; the meaning is the same: Putòl-putòl aŋ katawàn ni Hwàn naŋ áki ŋ màkíta. Juan’s body was all cut up when I saw it. This form from: báhay, báyan, púnit, sábi, súlok.

(3) Reduplication.

20345. Simple reduplication. In a very few cases the place of the root-word is taken by the root with reduplication. The only clear case is tutulè ear-wax, root -tulè. The numerals dalawà two and tatlò three seem to be irregularly reduplicated forms of roots -lawà and -tlò (for -talò?), as a few of the derivatives 25seem to indicate. A number of words, treated in the following as simple roots, have, however, the aspect of this formation: babáye, bibiŋkà, bubuwìt a kind of mouse, gagambà, laláki, papáya (Spanish), tutubè, totoò.

346. Accented reduplication. Accented reduplication is used 30chiefly in transient forms (§ 348); distinct from this use seems to be that of numerals, in the meaning of only so many: àápat, íilàn, íisà; similarly dá-dalawà only two (from da-lawà) (§ 345).

mámayàʾ, mámyàʾ seems to be felt as a simple root-word and has been treated as such.

35(4) paŋ-.

347. Of the two prefixes round which primary forms are grouped (§ 340), pag- is used only for abstracts of action (§§ 348. 350. 351); with paŋ- are formed words denoting the thing used for doing so and so, or as such and such: Nawalàʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ 40paŋakálaʾ. His power of thought left him. aŋ paŋatìp that used for roofing, a shingle. Magpapútol ka, Pédro, naŋ maŋa kawáya ŋ paŋbákod. Have some bamboo cut for a fence, Pedro. aŋ paŋbambò a stick or club used for beating. paŋbayò instrument for pounding rice, pestle. paŋdilìg implements used for sprinkling. 5paŋgápas a slicer, a curved knife with saw-toothed edge. Aŋ ginámit nya ŋ paŋgupìt na guntìŋ sa damìt ay mapuròl. The scissors he used for cutting cloth were dull; also simply: aŋ paŋgupìt scissors, shears, aŋ paŋhampàs a whip. Aŋ ginawà ŋ paŋháraŋ sa daàn naŋ maŋa tulisàn ay isa ŋ gibà ŋ karitòn. The robbers used 10a broken-down wagon to make the obstruction on the road. Aŋ laséta ŋ itò ay paŋháteʾ naŋ dáyap. This knife is used for cutting limes. aŋ paŋlípaʾ the sticky mud used for smoothing the threshing-floor. aŋ paŋagínip a dream. pamitìk a single rein (one guides the animal by flicking it in various ways, cf. pitìk a fillip, a flick, 15a snap). pamatày in pamatay-kúto thumb, literally: that with which one kills head-lice (kúto). Pamútol naŋ buhòk aŋ guntìŋ na itò. These shears are used for cutting hair. Aŋ salawàl na yitò y sya kò ŋ paŋsakày sa kabáyo. These are my trousers for horseback-riding. Aŋ maŋa pintò ŋ may paŋsarà na gámit ay 20sumásara ŋ kúsaʾ. Doors that have closing attachments close themselves automatically. aŋ panáliʾ a halter or rope for tying up an animal. Aŋ kulilìŋ na ytò y sya kù ŋ panáwag naŋ alílaʾ. This bell is what I use for calling the servants; also: paŋtáwag. Aŋ paŋtayò naŋ halíge ay hindí dumatiŋ. The instruments for 25setting up posts (i. e. the cranes) did not arrive. Aŋ kalaykày ay sya kò ŋ ginámit na paŋtípon naŋ maŋa bunòt na damò. I used the rake for piling up the uprooted grass. aŋ panúroʾ a pointer, anything used for pointing. Sya y may salawàl na paŋupò sa damúhan at gayon dìn máy-roon syà ŋ paŋupò sa sùgálan. 30He has trousers for sitting on the lawn and others for when he sits at the gaming-table.

Similarly from, the following roots: áhit, ákoʾ, alaála, anàk, bilì, bilmìt, daláŋin, gamòt, hilámos, húli, ísip, ŋalán, páloʾ, pukpòk, sáboŋ, takìp, tanìm, tiwálaʾ.

35(a) This derivative from numerals denotes a thing used to fill such and such a place: aŋ paŋápat that used as fourth, as: the fourth horse in a team; of similar meaning: paŋlimà fifth, paŋánim sixth, pamitò seventh, paŋwalò eighth, paŋsiyàm ninth. From the ordinal (§ 416,a) is formed paŋúna first. From phrases 40the higher numbers: paŋsa-m-pùʾ the tenth (sa m pùʾ ten), paŋlabi-ŋ-isà the eleventh (labi ŋ isà), paŋdalawa-ŋ-pùʾ twentieth, pamito-ŋ-pùʾ seventieth.

(b) A few formations show irregularities: panukálaʾ equivalent to paŋakálaʾ above, is felt to belong with akálaʾ; cf. the similar insertion of u in paubáyaʾ (§ 481,d); paŋinoòn master, does not seem to be felt as a derivative of ginoò and has therefore been 5treated as a separate root.

Second and third are derived from the reduplicated form (§ 345) and show phonetic irregularity: aŋ paŋalawà the second; one’s second in a duel; paŋatlò third, third horse in a gun-carriage; similarly paŋatlo-ŋ-pùʾ the thirtieth.

10(c) From root with accent shift (§ 337) only paŋhulè the last (of an established series).

B. Transients, abstracts, and special static words.

(1) Active with -um- and abstract with pag-.

348. Of the active forms of the primary groups, that of the 15type with prefix zero expresses the actor in a simple action or process. Both of the punctual forms, actual and contingent, are made with infix -um-; the actual durative consists of the root reduplicated, with infix -um-; the contingent durative is reduplicated, but lacks the infix; the reduplication is in both cases accented. 20The abstract of action consists of the root with prefix pag-. Thus the forms are: p-um-útol, p-um-ù-pútol, p-um-útol, pù-pútol, pag-pútol. Examples:

Umabaŋ kà naŋ maglalakò naŋ gátas. Watch for a milkman. Sya y umágaw naŋ maŋa laruwàn. He snatched some toys. Sya 25y umáhon sa ílog (sa bundòk, sa gulòd). He went up the river (up into the mountains, up the hill). Pumútol ka, Hwàn, naŋ búhoʾ, pagáhon mo sa bundòk. When you go up into the mountains, Juan, cut some slender bamboo. Umámin sila Pédro sa harapàn naŋ hukòm. Pedro and his band confessed before the judge. 30umámot sold, of other than a regular merchant. Umánib ka kay Pédro. Let your mat overlap Pedro’s, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Umaŋkìn ka naŋ laruwàn. Take some toys for yourself. Aŋ pagáyaw nya ŋ kumáin naŋ karnè ay sya ŋ nakabùbúte sa kanyà. His not being willing to eat meat is what does him good. Aŋ 35halíge naŋ báhay ay bumábaʾ sapagkàt hindí káya naŋ lúpaʾ aŋ bigàt na kanya ŋ dinádala. The post of the house sank because the weight it was bearing was too great for the ground. Bàbábag si Hwàn naŋ kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan will fight with one of his playmates. Bumaluktot kà naŋ yantòk. Bend a piece of rattan. 40Aŋ áhas ay bumaluktòt. The snake doubled itself up. Bumálot ka naŋ súman (naŋ sigarìlyo, naŋ kúmot). Roll up some suman (sticky rice cooked in banana-leaves; some cigarettes, a blanket). Aŋ pagbása ay mahírap. Reading is hard. Sya y bumigtì naŋ táo. He choked a man to death. Aŋ pagbigtì ay isa ŋ pagpatày 5sa kápwa táo sa pamamagítan naŋ pagsakàl. Strangling is killing a person by means of choking. Bumílog si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ turumpò. Juan turned out (on a lathe) a spinning-top. Bumíŋit sya sa malaki ŋ paŋánib. He went (voluntarily) to the brink of a great danger. Bumitìw sa lúbid aŋ isà sa inyò. One of you let 10go of the rope. Bumúbukàs aŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa hàlamanàn. The flowers in the garden are opening. Sya y bumúnot naŋ damò. He plucked up some grass. Lahàt naŋ táo sa báya ŋ iyòn ay bumóto sa kandidáto ŋ si Manikìs. All the people in that town voted for the candidate Maniquís. Aŋ halíge ay dumádala naŋ 15tahílan. The post bears up girders. Dumamdàm si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ mabigàt na sakìt. Juan felt a severe pain. Sya y dumapàʾ. He lay down on his face. Aŋ kanità ŋ kwaltà sa baŋkò ay kasalukúya ŋ gumàgána naŋ buwìs. Your money and mine in the bank is even now earning interest. gumantì act in retaliation. 20gumápas cut with the paŋgápas. Aŋ máy sakìt ay guminháwa. The patient became more comfortable ... ay gumìginháwa nà ... is getting more comfortable now. Sya y humalìk sa kanya ŋ nánay. She kissed her mother. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn aŋ humampàs sa anàk ni Áli ŋ Maryà. It was little Juan 25who hit Aunt Maria’s little boy with a whip. aŋ paghánap a seeking (especially of one’s daily bread). Sya y humáraŋ naŋ maŋa táo ŋ nagháhatid naŋ kabáyo sa báya-ŋ-San-Migèl. He held up some people who were taking horses to the town of San Miguel. Akò ay humátì naŋ mansánas. I cut an apple in two. Humátì 30ako naŋ maŋa itlòg na binilè ni Hwána. I took half of the eggs Juana bought. Iŋátan mo aŋ pagháwak sa mákina ŋ iyàn, sapagkàt baká ka maputúlan naŋ dalíriʾ na gáya naŋ naŋyári sa ibà. Be careful how you take hold of that machine, for you might get your finger cut off like others before you. Humínà naŋ pagtakbò 35aŋ kabáyo. The horse lost its speed as a runner. aŋ paghiŋìʾ a requesting, a request. Híhiram kamì naŋ librò sa libreríya. We shall borrow books from the library. humúlaʾ predicted, prophesied. umigìb get water by dipping from a well, spring, or stream. Akò y umìíhip naŋ píto. I was blowing the small flute. Umìíhip 40aŋ háŋi ŋ habágat. The spring wind is blowing. Umílag ka. Get out of the way. Aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa pagilàŋ ay lubhà ŋ makínis. His little dodges are very clever. Umínit aŋ plànsa. The flatiron became hot. Umínit aŋ túbig. The water got hot. Aŋ paginùm naŋ álak ay masamàʾ. Drinking liquor is harmful. Sya y uminùm naŋ gátas. He drank some milk. Umísip ka, Nánay, naŋ isa ŋ kwènto. Try to think of a story, Mother. Aŋ pagísip naŋ 5bugtòŋ na itò ay mahírap. This riddle is hard to solve. aŋ kanyà ŋ pagiyàk her weeping. kumabiyàw press sugar-cane. Kumaluskòs sa súlok aŋ dagàʾ. The rat pattered in the corner, i. e. I heard the pattering of a rat in the corner. Aŋ íbon ay kumákantà. The bird is singing. Kumapá si Hwàn naŋ itlòg sa púgad naŋ manòk. 10Juan felt out some eggs in the hen’s nest. Kumákapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He felt around for a frog. Sya y kumáyas naŋ isa ŋ kawáyan. He smoothed a stick of bamboo. Hwag kà ŋ kumuròt ŋayòn! Don’t pinch now! Si Pédro ay lumabàs. Pedro went out. Aŋ áso y lumàlámon. The dog is feeding. Si Pédro 15ay lumàlámon at hindí kumàkáin. Pedro is eating like an animal, not like a human being. Lumáyag si Manuwèl sa Amérika. Manuel sailed (i. e. voyaged) to America (aŋ láyag a sail). Aŋ bantay-pálay ay lumáyas. The watchman of the rice-field left his post. Isa ŋ sundálo ay lumáyas sa ínit naŋ paglalabanàn. A soldier 20deserted in the heat of the battle. Sya y lumíbot. He went for a walk. Magpútol ka, Pédro, naŋ maŋa kúgon, úpaŋ lumínis aŋ búkid. Cut the cugon-grass, Pedro, so that the field may become clear. Si Pédro ay lumípat sa iba ŋ báyan. Pedro moved to another town. Lumuhod kà, Hwán. Kneel down, Juan. Si 25Hwàn ay lumuhòd sa haràp naŋ háreʾ. Juan knelt down before the king. Sya y ŋumíŋitìʾ. She is smiling. Pumagítan sya sa dalawà ŋ dalága. He placed himself between two young ladies. Akò y pumána naŋ usà. I shot an arrow at a stag (pánaʾ an arrow). Pumánaw aŋ kanya ŋ hiniŋà. His breath departed, i. e. 30He gave up the ghost. Si Hwàn aŋ pumáso sa áki ŋ kulugò. It was Juan who burned out my wart for me. Huwàg kà ŋ pumatìd naŋ sampáyan! Don’t you break the clothes-line! Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ pumáyag sa paraà ŋ itò. It was Juan who agreed to this plan. Sya y pumàpáyag. He is willing. Pumíli akò naŋ malakì 35ŋ mansánas. I chose a big apple. Pumìpílit sya ŋ magbukàs naŋ kabà ŋ bákal. He was trying hard to open an iron safe. (But punctual: Pumílit sya ... He forced open...). pumitìk give a fillip, snap at with one’s finger. Sya y pumúpukpòk naŋ bunòt naŋ nyòg. He is pounding cocoanut husks. Pumùpútol naŋ kawáyan 40si Mariyáno. Mariano is cutting bamboo. Pùpútol ... will cut.... Aŋ sumàsábuy na túbig ay naŋgàgáliŋ sa bubuŋàn naŋ báhay. The water that was splashing on us came from the roof of the house. sumagásaʾ jostle. sumaguwàn paddle. sumáhod put something under to catch what flows or falls. Sya y sumásakay sa baŋkaʾ naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. He was getting into the canoe when I arrived. Sumála siyà sa siŋsìŋ. He missed the ring (in 5the juego de anillo, in which one tries to catch a ring on a stick). sumálok dip out water (aŋ sálok a dipper, a basket for catching fruit when it is cut from the tree; a net for catching insects). Sya y sumandòk naŋ sináiŋ. She dipped out some boiled rice. Sumánib ka kay Pédro, (same meaning as umánib above). Sumíkad aŋ 10kabáyo. The horse struck out, gave a kick. Sumikìp aŋ daàn sa karamíhan naŋ táo. The road became crowded with the multitude of people. Sumikìp aŋ damìt. The garment shrank and became tight. Sumiksìk si Hwàn sa púloŋ naŋ maŋa táo. Juan crowded his way into the gathering of people. Sumilakbò aŋ apòy (aŋ 15kanya ŋ gálit, aŋ kanya ŋ tuwàʾ). The fire (his anger, his joy) welled up. Aŋ pagsintà ni Pédro ay hindí tinaŋgàp naŋ dalága. The young lady did not accept Pedro’s proffer of love. Siyà aŋ sumuklày sa kanya ŋ anàk. It was she herself who combed her child’s hair (aŋ suklày a comb). sumúlid spin thread. sumúloŋ 20push ahead, progress; also as family name: Sumúloŋ. Si Pédro ay sumundòʾ naŋ páreʾ. Pedro fetched a priest. Hindí sya nagkapálad sa pagsundò naŋ médiko. He did not succeed in fetching a doctor. Pagsuntok nyà ay tumakbo kà. When he strikes you, run (suntòk a blow on the head). Sya y sumúsutsòt. He is whistling. 25Aŋ báta y tumahímik. The boy quieted down. Tumátahòl aŋ áso. The dog was barking. Sya y tumámà sa hwétiŋ. He won in the lottery. Tumátandá siyà. He is getting old. Sya y tumánod sa báhay sa boò ŋ magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Tumanùŋ akò kay Hwàn. I asked Juan. Tumanùŋ akò naŋ 30kwàlta kay Hwàn. I asked Juan for money. tumaŋhàʾ wonder. Sya y tumátaŋòʾ. He is willing, He assents. Tumàtáwa siyà. He is laughing. Ikàw aŋ tumáwag kay Hwàn. Do you call Juan. Nárinig ko aŋ iyò ŋ pagtáwag sa ákin. I heard you calling me. Sya y tumayòʾ. He stood up. tumibàʾ cut bananas off the tree. 35tumilàd cut wood small along the grain, shave off, cut into small parts. Sya y tumimbá naŋ túbig. He drew water with a bucket. aŋ pagtiŋìn the act of looking at something, observation. Aŋ pagtipìd sa kwaltà ay ginágawa naŋ marámi. Many people practise economy in the matter of money. Aŋ pagtípon sa maŋa káhoy 40kuŋ tagulàn ay mahírap, sapagkàt mapútik. It is hard to collect logs in the rainy season, on account of the mud. Tumirà si Hwàn na isa ŋ taòn sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan lived one year in the town of Baliuag. tumukàʾ pick with the beak (tukàʾ the beak of a fowl). Sya y tumúlak sa isinùsúloŋ na kahò ŋ bákal. He pushed (i. e. took part in pushing) at the iron safe they were moving. Also: 5Sya y tumúlak. He “shoved off”, i. e. He went away. Si Hwàn ay tumúlog sa báhay ni Pédro. Juan went and slept in Pedro’s house. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagtúlog ay mabábaw. His sleep is light. Tumúŋo sya sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. He went toward Baliuag. Aŋ pagubrà naŋ maŋa barìl na ytò sa pamamarìl naŋ kalabàw-ramò 10ay hindí pinakamabúte. These guns are not the best for shooting wild carabao. Umubrà aŋ ininùm nya ŋ purgà. The purge he drank took effect. Umubrà sa kakanàn aŋ kanya ŋ ginawà ŋ lamésa. The table he made was suitable for the dining-room. Umubrà ŋ nagámit aŋ tornìlyo ŋ bákal sa lugàr naŋ tansò. It was possible 15to use the iron screw instead of the copper. Sya y umupòʾ. He sat down. Aŋ pagupòʾ sa háŋin ay isa ŋ mahírap na parúsa. “Sitting on the air” (standing in sitting position with the forefingers pointing up) is a hard punishment. Umùúruŋ aŋ trèn. The train is backing. Umútaŋ ka naŋ salapì kay Pédro. Borrow 20some money from Pedro. Umuwé si Hwàn. Juan went home, Yumáyà si Hwàn naŋ kanya ŋ maŋà kaybígan. Juan invited some of his friends. aŋ pagyáyaʾ the invitation.

Other roots occurring in these forms (and roots occurring above out of their alphabetical order): abála, ágos, ákay, akiyàt, 25alìs, ása, áyon, bábaw, bahàʾ, balìk, bílaŋ, bilì, búhat, bútas, daìŋ, dála, dalàs, dálaw, dalò, dámi, dápit, dápoʾ, daràs, datìŋ, dilìm, dúkit, dumì, doòn, galàw, gámit, gamòt, gápaŋ, gastà, gawàʾ, gúlaŋ, gupìt, gustò, hábaʾ, hábol, hágod, hakbàŋ, háŋoʾ, haràp, hátak, higàʾ, híla, hilìŋ, hiŋà, húkay, húli, húni, íbig, kagàt, káin, 30kalabòg, kápit, katàm, kibòʾ, kilála, kílos, kinìg, kíta, kúha, kulòŋ, kuwènta, lában, lagánap, lagpàk, lákad, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lampàs, laŋòy, lápit, lígaw, lindòl, lipàd, litàw, liwánag, lubòg, lúhaʾ, luksò, luwàs, nákaw, ŋiyàw, panhìk, pasàn, pások, patày, páwis, píhit, pitàs, pukòl, púri, putòk, sagòt, sakàl, sákop, salákay, sáma, 35saŋgà, sápit, sarà, sayàw, sigàw, síkat, silìd, sípaʾ, sísid, subò, súgat, súlat, sumpòŋ, sunòd, suwày, súyoʾ, tabàʾ, tagàʾ, takbò, tálik, talòn, tanàw, taŋlàw, taráto, tawìd, tíbay, tiktìk, tikuwàs, túboʾ, tugtòg, tuktòk, túloŋ, tuŋtòŋ, tupàd, ulàn, ulìʾ, untìʾ, úpa, yáman.

40(b) An irregular inflection in which variation of the initial consonant takes the place of the infix is known to Mr. Santiago from a few traditional phrases: Hwag kà ŋ matày (for: pumatày) naŋ kápwa táo. Thou shalt not kill.

(c) Forms with accent shift owe this feature to the root 5(§ 337): Umabòt ka naŋ isa ŋ mansánas. Help yourself to an apple. Aŋ sumunòd na silakbò naŋ lagablàb ay siya ŋ umabòt sa bubuŋàn. The next leap of the flame reached the roof. Aŋ pagabùt naŋ búŋa ŋ itò ay mahírap. This fruit is hard to reach. Nárinig ko syà sa kanya ŋ pagayàw sa sinábe ni Hwàn. I heard him 10disagree with what Juan had said. Nagálit akò sa kanya ŋ pagayàw sa lamésa. I was angered at his leaving the table. Si Pédro ay umayàw na. Pedro has left the table. Similarly from bábaʾ and sákit.

(d) From a phrase: Hindí marúnoŋ gumanti-ŋ-pálaʾ si 15Hwàn. Juan does not know how to make return for kindness (gantì ŋ pálaʾ).

(e) From derived words: tumagílid, pagtagílid (ta-gílid § 523); tumalíkod, pagtalíkod (ta-líkod § 523). See also §§ 404. 488.

20349. The doubled root with the same formation is used of actions aimlessly repeated at intervals. Nátinik syà sa kanya ŋ pagtakbò-takbò sa bakúran. In his constant running about the yard, he got a splinter into his foot. Tumàtáwa-táwa si Hwàn hábaŋ nagbíbigkàs naŋ talumpáte si Pédro. Juan kept laughing at 25intervals while Pedro was making his speech. Si Hwàn ay tumàtáwa-táwa naŋ sya y hampasìn ni Pédro. When Juan kept laughing every little while, Pedro finally struck him with the whip.

(a) From a root with accent shift (§ 337): Tumátawa-tawà si Hwàn twì ŋ ákin sya ŋ màmasdàn hábaŋ nagbíbigkas naŋ talumpáte 30si Pédro. Juan kept snickering every time I happened to look at him while Pedro was delivering his oration.

(2) Active with mag- and abstract with pag-r.

350. Many roots form their active with the prefix mag- for the contingent, nag- for the actual mode; the durative is reduplicated 35before the prefix is added. The corresponding abstract of action has unaccented reduplication and prefix pag-. Thus: nagpútol, nag-pù-pútol, mag-pútol, mag-pù-pútol, pag-pu-pútol. These actives express, generally, a more deliberate action than those with -um-; often also one involving more effect on external objects than 40do those with -um-. We take up first those roots from which forms with -um- do not occur in our material:

Akò y nagáantòk. I am sleepy. Aŋ lúsoŋ kay Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagaaráro ay nagsidatiŋ nà. The helpers for Juan in his plowing have arrived (aŋ aráro a plow). Si Pédro ay magàasáwa. Pedro is going to take a wife. Si Pédro ay magàasáwa kay Hwána. Pedro is going to marry Juana. Silà y nagàáway. They are fighting. 5magbáhay build a house. Akò y nagbastà naŋ áki ŋ damìt. I packed up my clothes. Sya y nagbáyad naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa útaŋ. He paid off his debts. magbayò pound rice in a mortar. magbigàs hull rice (i. e. make bigàs, hulled rice, out of pálay, rice in the grain). Sya y nagbigày naŋ librò sa ákin. He gave me 10some books. Sya y nagbíhis kanína ŋ umága. She put on her good clothes this morning. Aŋ pagbibiyábo ay isa ŋ ugáli naŋ maŋa Intsèk. Swinging the feet when sitting is a habit of the Chinese. Nagbiyày si Hwàn naŋ isdàʾ sa kanya ŋ palàisdáan. Juan put some fish into his fishpond. magbuhòl tie a knot. Nagbwàl 15sila naŋ isa ŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy. They felled a tree. Aŋ ságiŋ ay nagdàdáhon. The banana-tree is putting out leaves. Aŋ paghahásaʾ naŋ paŋáhit ay mahírap. Sharpening razors is difficult. Sya y nagháhatìd naŋ maŋa laráwan sa simbáhan. He is delivering images to the church. Maghubad kà naŋ damìt. Take off your 20clothes. Sya y naghùhúgas naŋ piŋgàn. She is washing dishes. Naghuŋkòy sya. He fanned rice. magíhaw roast (something). Nagkamìt sya naŋ marámi ŋ túboʾ. He obtained much profit. Sya y nagkúkuble. He is in hiding. maglakòʾ peddle (something). Maglálarú na siyà. He is going to play after all. Naglarú na 25akò. I have played enough now. Naglálaro silà. They are playing. Naglawìt akò naŋ lúbid sa bintánaʾ. I hung a rope out of the window. maglúgaw prepare rice-broth. Naglùlúto siyà naŋ gúlay. She is cooking vegetables. Sya y magpápasyàl. He is going to take a walk. Nagpùpúnas sya naŋ sahìg. He is scrubbing 30floors. Nagpúyat akò kagabì. I staid up last night. magsáiŋ cook rice dry (with little water). Nagsampày sya naŋ damìt. She hung out some clothes. Sya y nagtábon naŋ isa ŋ húkay. He dammed up a ditch. Magtahàn ka naŋ paglalaròʾ. Stop playing. Naŋ nárinig nya iyòn ay malakì aŋ kanya ŋ nagìŋ pagtatakà. 35When he heard this, his surprise was great. Sya y nagtálì naŋ bábuy sa halíge. He tied a pig to the post. Magtúrù ka naŋ wíka ŋ Kapampáŋan sa iyo ŋ pàaralàn. Teach the Pampanga language in your school. Sya y nagtùtúroʾ. He is teaching. Támà aŋ kanya ŋ pagtutwìd. His reckoning is correct. Sya y nagusísaʾ. 40He made inquiry. Sya y nagusísa naŋ marámi ŋ bágay. He inquired into many things. Hindí ba akò nagútos sa iyò ŋ gumawá itò? Didn’t I order you to do this? Aŋ pagwawalá naŋ maŋà bíhag ay pinarùrusáhan naŋ kamàtáyan. The escaping of captives is punished with death. Sya y nagwáwalìs. She is sweeping.

Other roots so used: akálaʾ, alaskuwátro, alsà, aluwáge, aniyòʾ, 5áriʾ, balítaʾ, bantày, báŋon, bátis, baòn, bigkàs, bendisiyòn, biniyàg, bintàŋ, bunòʾ, búŋa, daàn, dalamhátiʾ, dasàl, dáos, dáyaʾ, díwaŋ, dugòʾ, dúsa, rosáriyo, hágis, handàʾ, háriʾ, hátol, hinálaʾ, hintày, hintòʾ, hírap, hiwalày, íŋat, kasàl, kúlaŋ, kumpisàl, kurùs, kuwènto, lasìŋ, libàŋ, libìŋ, ligtàs, limòs, litsòn, liwalìw, lubày, lublòb, 10mahàl, máno, masìd, milágro, mísa, mulàʾ, niŋnìŋ, pasiyènsiya, paséyo, sábi, sábog, sáboŋ, sadiyàʾ, salitàʾ, sánay, silbè, simbà, sísi, siyásat, súboʾ, sugàl, sumbòŋ, sundálo, tabáko, tadtàd, tágoʾ, tálo, talumpátiʾ, tamò, taniyàg, taŋày, taŋgòl, tígil, tindìg, trabáho, túlin, túlos, umpisà, úsap, wíkaʾ.

15351. When a root is used both with -um- and mag-, the latter form usually differs by adding another object affected (dumalà bear, bear up: magdalà carry to someone, to a place; bumalìk go back; magbalìk return to a place, to someone); in some instances the added object is the actor himself (reflexive); in others the 20mag- form expresses a general activity, that with -um- a specific act (so, in part, pútol). Examples:

Sya y nagàáral. He is studying (umáral is known as an archaic word for teach morals, instruct; aŋ áral that taught, precept, moral doctrine). Magbaluktot kà naŋ yantòk. Curve some 25pieces of rattan (bumaluktòt, § 348, intransitive or of a single specific transitive action). Magbálot ka naŋ súman, naŋ sigarìlyo. Roll up some suman, some cigarettes (more general than -um-); Magbálot ka naŋ kúmot. Wrap yourself up in a blanket (cf. -um-, § 348). Si Hwàn ay nagbigtì. Juan hanged himself; aŋ pagbibigtì 30suicide by hanging. Nagbilè si Hwána naŋ marámi ŋ sombréro. Juana sold many hats. Nagbíbile si Hwána naŋ sombréro. Juana is selling hats (bumilì buy). Siya y nagdádala naŋ túbig sa kabáyo. He is bringing water to the horse. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nagdádala naŋ káhoy. The boy is bringing wood. Hwag kà ŋ magdamdàm 35sa hindí ko pagkatupàd naŋ áki ŋ paŋákoʾ, sapagkàt iyò y hindí ko sinadyàʾ. Don’t feel bad about my not having fulfilled my promise, for I did not do it intentionally (dumamdàm feel something). Si Hwàn ay naghampàs noò ŋ Byerne-sànto ŋ nagdaàn. Juan performed flagellation last Good Friday. Maghánap 40kayò naŋ inyo ŋ ikabùbúhay. Go and find a living for yourselves. Sya y nagháraŋ naŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy sa daàn. He blocked the road with a tree. Aŋ paghaháraŋ sa daàn ay báwal. It is forbidden to make obstructions on the roads. Naghátì ako naŋ maŋa buŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ. I distributed fruits among the children; ... naŋ damò sa maŋa kabáyo ... grass to the horses. aŋ paghaháti naŋ maŋa búŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ the distribution of 5fruits to the children. Naghínà sya naŋ pagtuktòk sa pintòʾ. He made his knocking at the door gentle. Sya y nagìínit naŋ gátas. She is heating some milk. Magísip ka. Bethink yourself, Be reasonable. Si Hwàn ay nagísip na nakáwan si Pédro. Juan planned to rob Pedro. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagiísip ay matálas (mahínaʾ). His 10thinking-power is acute (weak). Silà y nagkàmáyan naŋ magkíta. They shook hands when they met. Maglabas kà naŋ maŋa sìlya. Bring out some chairs. aŋ paglalákad the drawing of something on foot; Naglákad aŋ maŋa estudyànte naŋ isà ŋ karósa. The students drew a float. Sya y naglíbot naŋ isa ŋ bandílaʾ. He 15walked about bearing a flag. Sya y naglìlínis naŋ mésa. He cleans tables. Aŋ pagnanákaw ay isa ŋ kasalána ŋ mabigàt. Thievery is a serious offense (numákaw of a single theft). Nagpìpílit sya ŋ magbukàs naŋ kaba ŋ bákal. He tries (often) to force open safes. Pagpupútol ni Hwàn naŋ búhoʾ ay pumaroòn ka t tulúŋan 20mo syà. When Juan cuts bamboo (as an occupation throughout a longer period of time), go along and help him. Magpùpútol kamì naŋ maŋa kawáya ŋ gàgamítin sa pagtatayò naŋ báhay. We shall cut bamboo for use in building houses. Magpùpútol akò naŋ kukò. I am going to cut my fingernails (reflexive). Nagpútol naŋ buhòk 25aŋ Intsèk na si Yàp. The Chinaman Yap cut his queue. Nagsakày sya sa kanya ŋ baŋkà naŋ dalawa ŋ estudyànte. He took two students into his canoe. Nagsikìp aŋ daàn. The road grew crowded (apparently equal to -um-, but cannot be used of a garment). Nagsísiksik si Hwàn naŋ bigàs sa sáko. Juan was stuffing 30rice into the sack. Sya y nagsuklày. She combed her hair. Aŋ pagtatahòl naŋ áso ŋ itò sa maŋa nagdàdàánan ay masamà ŋ ugáleʾ. This dog’s way of barking at passers-by is a bad habit. Aŋ Kastílaʾ ay nagtátanòŋ. The Spaniard was asking questions. Nagtanùŋ akò kay Hwàn kuŋ saàn aŋ daàn. I asked Juan where 35the road was (mag- with indirect questions or questions implied). Si Hwàn ay syà ŋ nagtáwag naŋ bágo ŋ léyi. It was Juan who announced (as town crier) the new law. Aŋ pagtatáwag ni Hwàn ay hindí márinig naŋ karamíhan dahilàn sa mahínà nya ŋ tinìg. Juan’s announcement was not audible to the majority, owing to 40his weak voice. Sya y nagtayó naŋ bágu ŋ báhay. He built a new house. Aŋ pagtatayó naŋ maŋa báhay díto ay lubhà ŋ mahalagà. The building of houses here is very expensive. Nagtikwàs si Pédro naŋ maŋa suléras naŋ báhay. Pedro put some of the joists of the house out of level. Aŋ pagtitipìd naŋ kwàlta ay ginágawá naŋ maráme. Many people save money. Nagtipìd si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pananamìt. Juan was saving of his clothing. Aŋ pagtitípon naŋ maŋa àrmas ay báwal. Storing up arms is forbidden. 5Magtípun ka naŋ káhoy. Store up some wood. Sila y nagtípon naŋ káhoy sa likòd naŋ kanila ŋ báhay. They stored up wood in the rear of their house. Nagtípon siya naŋ manèʾ sa isa ŋ súlok naŋ bakúran. He kept a pile of peanuts in a corner of his yard. Sya y nagtúlak naŋ isinùsúloŋ na kahò ŋ bákal. He did the shoving 10of the iron chest that was being moved (-um- shoved at, took part in the shoving). Magúubra aŋ karitò ŋ itò sa mahírap na daàn. This wagon will be suitable for difficult roads. Nagupó sya naŋ maŋa báta sa baŋkòʾ. He seated some children on the bench.

15Similarly: balìk, bukàs, kantà, sáboy, sáma, sarà, sayàw, takbò, talòn, tánod, tirà, yáyaʾ.

352. Transients with mag- are much used with derived words; in so far as these belong to secondary groups, they will be treated below; see §§ 384. 405. 410. 427,a. 430,a.b.c. 453,a. 489. 20489,a. 513.

(a) From phrases: Nagmàmadali-ŋ-áraw. The day is dawning (madalì ŋ áraw proximate day, i. e. dawn, daybreak), nagmèmè-áriʾ is possessing, has mastery of (may áriʾ owner, master). naghàháti-ŋ-gabì. It is midnight (háti ŋ gabì midnight). pagtatatlo-ŋ-gabì 25the three nights’ celebration (tatlò ŋ gabì).

(b) From compound words: pagbibigày-loòb (bigày-loòb); Aŋ maghampas-lúpaʾ ay nakasìsíraʾ naŋ púri. Being a vagabond is dishonorable (hampàs-lúpaʾ); maghàhánap-búhay (hánap-búhay).

30(c) From derived words: Transients with mag- from the contingent of transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na walá sya ŋ talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ŋ màtúto. Although he has no gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is 35trying hard to be able to go to the picnic (pumílit). Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà).

From words with prefix ma- (§ 454) in the sense of making something or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo naŋ paglákad, úpaŋ hwàg táyo ŋ máhuli sa trèn. 40We will hurry our pace, so as not to be late for the train (madalìʾ). Nagmámaligsì si Kulàs sa pagsunòd sa maŋa útos sa kanyà. Nicolás is quick about obeying the orders that are given him (maligsì). Nagmalwàt sya naŋ pagparíto. He took a long time coming here. Hwag kà ŋ magmaluwàt naŋ pagparíto. Don’t take too long about coming here (maluwàt). Similarly, pagmamarúnoŋ (marúnoŋ).

5From various words: Sila y naghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (-himagsìk § 518). Si Hwána ay naghíhimatày. Juana is fainting (himatày). Si Hwána ay nagkàkakanìn. Juana makes sweetmeats (for sale) (kakanìn, § 367,e). Sya y nagkalatimbà naŋ marámi. He did the well-bucket exercise many times 10(kala-timbàʾ, § 519).

(d) Especially common are transients with mag- from special static words with suffix -an; they express mutual or concerted action by two or more actors.

From the forms in S -an (§ 377): Nagàlísan aŋ maŋà aluwáge 15no ŋ lúnes nan hápon. The carpenters all left last Monday afternoon (àlís-an). Naglàlàbásan silà. They were all going out. Silà y nagpìtásan naŋ maŋa biyábas. They all picked guavas together. Magsìsìgáwan múna táyo bágo tapúsin aŋ mítiŋ. We will all give a yell together before we close the meeting. Aŋ maŋa áso 20sa báya ŋ itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabì. The dogs in this town all barked last night. Similarly, from: baŋkàʾ, bastà, daàn, hukòm, iyàk, kamày, kantà, salitàʾ, takbò, tampò, taniyàg, tipàn, tugtòg, uwìʾ. The form in S -an is itself from a derived word in: Naghìmagsíkan aŋ maŋà sundálo ŋ Tagálog at Kastílaʾ. The Tagalog 25and Spanish soldiers fought each other (hìmagsíkan from -himagsìk, § 518).

From the forms in S (1) -an (§ 378): Nagààwítan silà naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. They were singing in chorus when I arrived. Magìbígan kayò. Love one another. Nagììbígan si Pédro at si 30Hwána. Pedro and Juana love each other. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ pagmumùráhan naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋà kalákal ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ paŋaŋailáŋan naŋ kwàlta. His putting down the prices of his goods was due to his need of money. Similarly: hákot, káin.

From forms in (2) -an (§ 379): Hwag kayò ŋ magmurahàn 35sa daàn. Don’t abuse each other on the street. Nagmùmurahàn silà. They were engaged in an abusive quarrel. Aŋ kàgalítan ni Pétra at ni Kulása ay natápus sa hàyága ŋ pagmumurahàn. The hostility between Petra and Nicolasa ended in an abusive quarrel in public. Nagpurihàn aŋ dalawa ŋ magkaybígan sa kanila ŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. 40The two friends praised each other in their speeches. Nagpùpurihàn aŋ maŋa kaybíga ŋ itò sa pàhayágan. This group of friends praise each other in the newspapers. Si Hwána at si Maryà ay nagputulàn naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut their fingernails. Silà y nagsàgasaàn. They all jostled one another. Aŋ pagsasàgasaàn naŋ maŋa táo ay lubhà ŋ magulò. The jostling of all the people was most confused. Nagsugatàn silà. They inflicted wounds on one another. magtaanàn flee. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagtutuluŋàn 5ay hindí nátulòy. Their plan to help each other was not carried out. Similarly: ágaw, balítaʾ, dáhil, hánap, haráŋ, lában.

From diminutives in D -an (§ 381): Magàaswaŋ-aswáŋan daw si Pédro sa karnabàl. Pedro says he will dress up as a bogey-man for the carnival. Hwag kà ŋ magaswàŋ-aswáŋan. Don’t 10play bogey-man. Nagmanòk-manúkan si Hwàn sa karnabàl. Juan masqueraded as a rooster at the carnival. Silà y nagùuŋgú-uŋgúan. They are playing at being monkeys. Nagusà-usáhan siyà. He pretended he was a deer. So also: dapàʾ. From (1) D -an: Sya y nagbabá-babayíhan. He went dressed as a woman. 15So also from tákot.

353. Transients with accent shift and mag- may owe the shift to the root; so from ábot (§ 337): Nagáabòt si Hwàn naŋ sigarìlyo sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaybígan. Juan is passing cigarettes to his friends. Aŋ pagaabòt naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa ŋ ugáli ŋ magálaŋ. 20Passing cigarettes is a polite custom (umabòt, § 348,c, does not involve a person to whom). So also múra.

In the great majority of instances, however, the accent shift is not peculiar to the root, but constitutes a special formation, which expresses a more plentiful and diverse action than the transient 25with -um- or simple mag-. Silà y nagbábabàg. They are fighting each other. Magbarú ka. Get dressed, Put on your clothes. Sya y nagbunòt naŋ damò. He plucked up a lot of grass. Maghanàp kayò naŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa páraŋ. Go and look for flowers in the woods. Pabayaàn nawá ninyò na sya y maghanàp. 30Please allow him to make an inspection. Naghatí ako naŋ maŋa itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved a quantity of eggs which Juana had hard-boiled. aŋ paghahatè naŋ maŋa mansánas the halving of the apples. Magisip kà naŋ maŋa lugàr na maàári ŋ kinaiwánan mo naŋ iyò ŋ librò. Think of the various places where 35you may have left your book. Si Hwàn ay nagíisip naŋ maŋa iháhandá nya sa fiyèsta. Juan is thinking of what things he will serve at the fiesta. Hwag kà ŋ magputòl naŋ abakà, Hwàn. Don’t cut up any hemp, Juan. Magpúputol kamì naŋ búhoʾ, yantòk, at bayúgin, pagdatìŋ námin doòn. We shall cut slender bamboo, rattan, 40and thick bamboo when we get there. Nagputòl si Hwàn naŋ tubò sa pinások nya ŋ tubúhan. Juan cut down a lot of sugar-cane in the cane-field he got into. Nagpúputol naŋ kawáyan na hindí nya árì si Hwàn. Juan cuts down bamboo that does not belong to him. Nagpuyàt akò sa maŋa gabì ŋ nagdaàn. I have repeatedly staid up late the last few nights. Hindí ko màputúlan naŋ tahìd aŋ kátyaw, sapagkàt itò y nagsísikàd. I couldn’t cut the rooster’s spur, because it kept struggling with its feet. Sya y 5nagsísinuŋalìŋ. He is telling lies. Pagsusulàt nya naŋ maŋa súlat ay pumaroòn ka t linísin mo aŋ kanyà ŋ aralàn. While he is writing all his letters, go and clean his study. Aŋ paŋinoò y nagtawàg naŋ maŋa alílaʾ. The master called various servants. Nagtátawag syà naŋ maŋa kitèʾ, naŋ ákin sya ŋ datnàn sa bakúran. 10She was calling to a lot of little chicks when I came upon her in the yard. Aŋ pagtatawag nyà sa maŋa kitèʾ at aŋ maŋa pùtákan naŋ maŋa manòk ay nakabíbiŋì. Her constant calling to the chicks and the clucking of all the hens made a deafening noise. Aŋ báta y nagtúturó naŋ kanyà ŋ gustò. The child points at the various 15things it wants. Hwag kà ŋ magutàŋ. Don’t go about asking for credit. Aŋ magutàŋ sa marámi ŋ tindáhan ay hindí maínam na ugáleʾ. Buying on credit in many shops is a bad habit. Similarly from: bálot, íŋay, lákad, láyag, líbot, tágoʾ.

(a) When transients with mag- are made from derived words, 20the accent of the underlying word is occasionally shifted, apparently without change of meaning: Sya y nagmayabàŋ. He boasted (mayábaŋ, § 454). Similarly: magkákalahatèʾ (kalahátiʾ § 519).

(b) In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya 25y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising himself. Aŋ pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ŋ ugáliʾ. Praising oneself is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § 454).

354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, 30mag-si-si-sigàw, nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ 350. 351: pag-si-sigàw.

Sya y naggugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He cut some pieces of paper into bits. Sya y naggúgugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He is cutting 35up some pieces of paper. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, kuŋ walà ŋ mágawaʾ, ay sya ŋ nagháhahampàs sa maŋa púnu-ŋ-ságiŋ. It is little Juan who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can’t find anything to do. Hwag kà ŋ magpupukòl naŋ batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan aŋ bintána ŋ salamìn. Don’t be always throwing 40stones; you might break a window. Nagpúpuputàk aŋ inahì ŋ manòk na nása kuluŋàn. The hen in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo aŋ dumáratiŋ na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. Look out for the horse that’s coming there; it’s a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. So also: dugòʾ, inòm, lundàg, sigàw, tagpòʾ.

(a) In one instance a barytone root has this reduplication 5with explicit plural meaning: magkikíta see one another, meet (of more than two people, cf. magkíta).

355. Accent shift and reduplication of the root appear in barytone roots in the same sense as accent-shift alone, with perhaps a somewhat greater intensity of the action: Nagpúpuputòl 10naŋ retáso aŋ bátaʾ. The child was cutting some rags into small bits. Aŋ kátyaw ay nagsísisikàd. The rooster kept struggling with its legs. Sya y nagtátatawàg naŋ maŋa kitèʾ. She kept calling to the chickens.

356. With doubling of the root, transients in mag- express 15either action repeated at intervals or reciprocal action of explicitly more than two actors: Nagisà-isà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children came to me one by one. So from: duklày, hiwalày, úlit.

(a) In one instance the root has accent shift: Naguna-unà 20aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children vied with each other for the first place in coming to me.

(3) Active with maŋ- and abstract with paŋ- r.

357. The active with maŋ- has the forms: ma-mútol, ma-mù-mútol, na-mútol, na-mù-mútol, pa-mu-mútol (from pútol); it expresses 25action more deliberate, selective, or in larger quantity (professional, habitual) than mag-; like the latter, but more clearly, it is used for the making or using of such and such an object. Examples:

Sya y naŋabála sa ámin. He made trouble for us. Naŋano 30kà naŋ iyo ŋ maŋa kalaròʾ? What did you do to your playmates? Naŋáyap lámaŋ aŋ bátaʾ. The child ate only relishes. Sya y naŋbábambo naŋ áso. He is a caning a dog. aŋ pamamaŋkàʾ canoeing. Namilì akò sa báya-ŋ-Malólos. I shopped in Malolos. Sya y naŋdídilig naŋ karsáda. He sprinkles streets. aŋ 35paŋdidilìg street-sprinkling (as vocation). Aŋ kasalatàn nina Hwàn sa pananamìt ay naŋgálin sa pagsusugàl ni Hwàn. Juan’s family’s want of clothing is due to his gambling. Hwag kà ŋ maŋhampàs. Don’t go whipping people. Sya y naŋháraŋ naŋ maŋa táo. He made a practice of holding people up. Sya y hinúli naŋ 40pulìs dahilàn sa paŋhaháraŋ naŋ maŋa táo. He was arrested by the police for highway robbery. Naŋháte si Hwána naŋ kalákal. Juana shared orders for goods. Aŋ paŋhaháte ni Hwána naŋ kalákal na ipinagbíbili nyà ay sya nyà ŋ ikinalúge. Juana’s getting her stock of goods for sale by sharing in orders of fellow-retailers is what made her lose money. Naŋhínà naŋ pagtakbò aŋ kabáyo sa kalaúnan naŋ pagkàgámit sa kanyà. The horse slackened its pace because it had been driven too long. Silà y naŋhínaʾ. They 5grew faint. Maŋhiràm ka naŋ palakòl. Go borrow a hatchet. maŋhúlaʾ practise fortune-telling. Naŋhùhúli kamì naŋ isdàʾ sa kagamitàn naŋ dála. We catch fish by means of nets. Aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa paŋiŋílag sa sakìt ay lubhà ŋ malakè. His precautions against sickness are elaborate. Sya y naŋàŋabáyo. He rides 10horseback. Naŋapá si Pédro naŋ isdàʾ. Pedro caught fish in his hands (by feeling for them in mud-holes). Sya y naŋàŋaséra. He eats in a boarding-house. maŋáwit cut twigs with the káwit (a small, hook-shaped pruning-knife); also: get tired of a position or occupation. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay naŋàŋáya naŋ maŋa kápwa 15nya bátaʾ. Little Juan lords it over the other children. Sya y naŋúŋublè. He is keeping himself in hiding. Hwag kà ŋ maŋuròt, Pédro. Don’t be pinching people, Pedro. Aŋ kanya ŋ pananagínip ay hindí nátuloy, sapagkàt nágisiŋ syà sa kalabòg naŋ púsaʾ. His dream was interrupted by his being awakened by the 20falling of the cat. Sya y nanànagínip. He is dreaming. Akù y nanagínip kagabè. I had a dream last night. Namáso sya naŋ dalíri naŋ kápwa nya bátaʾ. He scorched his playmate’s finger. Pamumútol nya naŋ kawáya y sundàn mo syà t baká magliwalìw lámaŋ sa kalakhàn naŋ panahòn. When he goes bamboo-cutting, 25follow him to see that he doesn’t loaf most of the time. Aŋ pamumútol naŋ kawáyan ay mahírap. Bamboo-cutting is hard work. Namútol si Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan cut bamboo. Namùmútol kamì naŋ damò úpaŋ ipagbilè. We are cutting grass for sale. Mamùmútol kamì naŋ tubò sa bakúran ni Áli ŋ Pétra. We are 30going to cut sugar-cane in Aunt Petra’s yard. Aŋ báta ŋ may sakìt ay namùmúyat sa kanya ŋ inà. The sick child keeps its mother awake. Aŋ maláwig na pananalitàʾ ay hindí maínam. Roundabout speeches are not pleasant. Pédro, hwag kà ŋ manyásat naŋ gawá naŋ máy gawàʾ. Pedro, don’t be inquiring into 35other people’s business. aŋ panunúlat writing in quantity, clerkship. aŋ pananahèʾ the occupation of sewing, the being a seamstress. Silà y nanahímik. They quieted down. Aŋ bàta y nanahímik. The boy quieted down to take a rest. manáwag call, summon (people). aŋ panunúroʾ the act of pointing things out. Sya 40y naŋúna. He went first, He led. Sya y maŋùŋúna. He will be in the lead. Aŋ báta y naŋupò sa buntòt naŋ sáya naŋ babáye. The boy went and sat right down on the lady’s train. Aŋ paŋuupò naŋ báta sa buntòt naŋ sáya ay ipinahintú sa kanyà naŋ kanya ŋ nánay. The boy’s trick of sitting down on people’s trains was put a stop to by his mother. Sya y naŋusísa naŋ maŋa babáye. She interrogated a number of women. Naŋútaŋ sya sa ákin naŋ 5limà ŋ píso. He made a loan of five dollars from me.

Similarly from: áhit, ákoʾ, anàk, báhay, balítaʾ, barìl, bároʾ, báyan, bílog, bíroʾ, búhay, bundòk, damìt, dúkit, gamòt, gupìt, hábol, hámon, hiŋìʾ, igìb, ílin, káin, kumpisàl, latàʾ, lóko, mahálaʾ, noòd, pagítan, píliʾ, púlot, salákay, saríwaʾ, siŋìl, súbok, sulsè, súnog, 10súyoʾ, tálo, taŋháliʾ, tiwálaʾ, umìt, yári.

(a) From derived words: aŋ paŋhihìmagsíkan in the same meaning as paghihìmagsíkan (from hìmagsíkan, § 377,a); so from kalahátiʾ (§ 519), kináin (§ 365). See also §§ 421,a. 422,a.

(b) From words with prefix hin- (§ 518) we may derive, 15theoretically, the transients with prefix maŋhin-, though the underlying word in most cases does not exist. For the phonetic irregularities see § 334,a,5.

Sila y naŋhimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (bagsìk). Hwag kà ŋ maŋhigantì sa kanilà, Hwàn; aŋ kababáan naŋ 20loòb ay lálo ŋ magandà. Don’t take revenge against them, Juan; meekness of spirit is more becoming. Maŋhíhigantì kamì dahilàn sa maŋa kalupità ŋ ginawá nila sa ámin. We will take vengeance on them for the many cruelties they have committed against us. maŋhinukò cut the fingernails (kukò). Naŋhìhináyaŋ silà sa pagkamatày 25ni Del-Pilàr. They were mourning the death of Del Pilar. Malakì aŋ kanila ŋ paŋhihináyaŋ sa namatày na báta ŋ si Hwàn, dahilàn sa hindí karanyúwa ŋ talíno nya. Their grief at little Juan’s death was great, on account of his unusual talents. (sáyaŋ). maŋhiniŋà pick the teeth (aŋ tiŋà foreign substance between 30the teeth). maŋhinulè clean out the ears (tu-tulè earwax, § 343).

(c) In one instance the root is doubled; its accent shift is due to the meaning of the root: Nanawà-nawà si Pédro naŋ márinig nyà na sya y nàpíli ŋ magìŋ bóbo sa laròʾ. Pedro could not 35keep from snickering when he heard that the choice had fallen on him to be clown in the play.

(4) Special static words.

358. A few individual forms of the preceding group have static value; of transients, umága morning (§ 348) and aŋ mamásoʾ 40a blister (pásoʾ); of abstracts, aŋ pagkáin food (beside the act of eating), cf. also pagdáka, § 265,9. The following are the regular formations of special static words of this type:

(a) Dual collectives with mag-: aŋ magáli aunt and niece or nephew. Aŋ magamà ŋ si Maryà at si Pédro ay naparoòn sa búkid. Pedro and his daughter Maria have gone to the country. Aŋ magasáwa ŋ Pédro at Hwána ay naparoòn sa teyátro. Pedro and 5his wife Juana have gone to the theatre. Aŋ magatè ŋ si Maryà at si Maryáno ay nagsipagpasyàl. Mariano and his oldest sister Maria went for a walk. Sila y magatè. She is his oldest sister. aŋ magbaláe ŋ si Hwàn at si Andrès Juan and Andrés, whose children have married each other. magbayàw two men, one of 10whom has married the other’s sister. magbilàs two men who have married two sisters (aŋ bilàs the husband of one’s wife’s sister). maghípag two women, one of whom has married the other’s brother (each of the two is the other’s hípag). magimpò grandmother and grandchild. maginà mother and child. magkúya the oldest brother 15and a younger brother or sister. magnánay mother and child. magtátay father and child.

Slightly divergent is magának: it includes the whole family, a given person plus his aŋkàn (§ 379): Nagsimbà aŋ boò ŋ magának. The whole family went to church. aŋ magának na sina 20Hwàn Krùs the Juan Cruz family. Irregular in meaning are also magdamàg and maghápon, of periods of time.

From a compound word: aŋ magkápit-báhay two neighbors.

From a phrase: Sila y magkápwa-táo. They act toward each other as fellow men should (kápuwà táo).

25From a derived word: magamaìn uncle and nephew or niece (ama-ìn, § 367,a); see also §§ 408. 412,a. 490.

(b) mag- r similarly forms explicit plurals: aŋ magaamà the group of a father with two or more of his children. aŋ magbabaláe a group of three or more people whose children have intermarried. 30aŋ magiinà mother and children. aŋ magkukúya a group of brothers and sisters including the oldest brother. magnanánay mother and children. magpipínsan a group of cousins. magtatátay father and children.

From a compound: magkakápit-báhay.

35From a derived word: magkakasiŋlakì (kasiŋlakì, § 520). See also §§ 412,a. 427,d.

(c) mag- r also forms static words denoting a professional agent: aŋ magaaráro a plowman, magbibistày woman who sieves the rice in a mill, magnanákaw thief.

40From oxytone roots also with retraction of accent: aŋ magbabáyo a rice-pounder, magbibígas a dealer in hulled rice.

(d) Barytone roots usually shift the accent: aŋ maghuhugàs a dish-washer, maglalakàd traveller, maglilinìs a cleaner, maglilipàʾ plasterer, maglulutòʾ cook; Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ magpuputòl naŋ káhoy. Juan is a wood-cutter; aŋ magsusulàt a clerk scribe, magsusuyòd a harrower (súyod a harrow), maguutàŋ a habitual borrower. So also from: lákoʾ, táwag.

5(e) màŋ- r has the same value. The accent of the prefix can appear only in an open syllable (§ 338); aŋ màŋiŋisdàʾ a fisherman; mànanalakàb fish-trapper (salakàb an inverted basket used as a fish-trap). So: dúkit, hámon, húlaʾ, kúlam, lígaw, sákop, sípaʾ, taŋgòl, tugtòg.

10Oxytone roots often have retraction of accent: maŋgagámot maŋgagamòt; maŋgugúpit maŋgugupìt; Sya y màŋiŋínum naŋ álak. He is a drunkard; also: maŋiínom (with the prefix kept apart by glottal stop, § 34, and no effect on initial vowel); máŋaŋatàm màŋaŋátam; màŋlilímos; aŋ mànanáheʾ a seamstress 15(aŋ tahèʾ a seam); aŋ mànanánim a planter.

(f) Barytone roots usually have accent shift: aŋ maŋhuhugàs a dish-washer, maŋlalagarìʾ a wood-sawer, mámumulòt a gleaner (púlot); Aŋ maŋa mámumutòl naŋ káhoy ay nagsiáhon nà sa bundòk. The wood-cutters have already gone up into the 20mountains. aŋ mánunulàt a scribe, clerk, aŋ màŋuŋutàŋ a habitual borrower, a “sponger”. So also from: káyo, tálo.

(5) Direct passive.

359. The simple direct passive has suffix -in with accent shift of one syllable in the contingent, infix -in- (§ 334,b,1) in the 25actual: putúl-in, pù-putúl-in, p-in-útol, p-in-ù-pútol. It corresponds to actives with -um- and abstracts with pag- and, to a large extent, also to actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r. It expresses, transiently, an object viewed as fully affected, taken in by the actor, or created by a simple action.

30Irregularities of form are as listed in § 334,c.

Ináko ni Hwàn aŋ útaŋ ni Pédro. Pedro’s debt was taken over (pledged for) by Juan. Inàalaála ni Pédro aŋ kanya ŋ inà. Pedro was thinking of his mother. Hindí nya inàalaála iyòn. He does not mind that. Hindí nya àalalahánin iyòn. He won’t 35mind that (§ 334,c,3). Inàámin nya na ginawá nya iyòn. He admits that he did it. Àamínin nya aŋ kanya ŋ kasalánan. He will own up to his misdeeds. Ináaŋkin naŋ báta ŋ si Hwána aŋ maŋa laruwàn ni Maryà. Little Juana appropriates Maria’s toys. Aŋkinin mò aŋ laruwàn. Take the toy for yourself. 40Pag úulàn ay ararúhin mo aŋ punláan. When the rains come, plow the germinating-plot. Inàáso naŋ inà aŋ kanya ŋ bátaʾ. The mother is running and shouting after her child (áso a dog). Ináyap námin aŋ atsára. We used the mixed pickles as a condiment. (aŋ áyap condiment). Aŋ aklàt niya ŋ kaybígan mo ŋ binaŋgìt ay áki ŋ nabása. I have read the book of that friend of yours whom you mentioned. Binátis nya aŋ ílog. He forded the river. Aŋ gúlok na yàn ay bàbawíin ko sa iyò, kapag ipinamútol mo naŋ kawáyan. I shall take back this bolo from you, if you use it for cutting bamboo. Aŋ táboʾ 5ay binílog ni Hwàn. Juan turned the dipper (on a lathe). Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay binìbílog naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa kalaròʾ. Juan’s playmates are fooling him (literally: turning his head). Binyàk ni Hwàn aŋ kawáyan. Juan has split the bamboo. Dináiŋ nya aŋ isdàʾ. He laid open the fish. Aŋ maŋa isdà ŋ itò ay dinála niyà sa ílog-Pásig. He caught these fish with the net in the Pasig 10river. Yòn ay áki ŋ dináramdàm. I am very sorry, That’s too bad. Diligìn mo aŋ maŋa haláman. Sprinkle the plants. Durúin mo aŋ áki ŋ mamásoʾ. Prick my blister for me. Ginágabi kamì. We were overtaken by night. Hanápin mo aŋ magnanákaw. Look for the thief. Hinápis nya akò. He made me sad. Hinátì 15ko aŋ maŋa búŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátàʾ. I distributed the fruits among the children. Iníhaw nya aŋ karnè. He roasted the meat. Inísip nya ŋ magnákaw sa isa ŋ tindáhan. He thought of stealing from a store. Isípin mo kuŋ saàn mo naíwan aŋ iyo ŋ sombréro. Think where you left your hat. Aŋ kabutì ŋ itò ay hindí kinàkáin. 20One does not eat this mushroom. Ipatipìd mo sa bátàʾ aŋ kinàkáin nya. Make the child be moderate in its eating. Kinapá ko sa kadilimàn aŋ áki ŋ hìgáan. I fell out my bed in the dark. Kúnin mo aŋ aklàt sa bátaʾ. Take the book from the child. Hwag mò akò ŋ kurutìn. Don’t pinch me. Nilákad námin aŋ lahàt 25naŋ daàn. We walked all the way. Laruin mò aŋ bátaʾ. Play with the child. Nilìlínis nya aŋ mésa. She is cleaning the table. Nilúsoŋ mo bà aŋ balòn? Did you go down into the well? Lusúŋin mo aŋ balòn. Go down into the well. Nilùlúto niya aŋ gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables (also: linùlútoʾ). Minámahàl 30naŋ maŋa magúlaŋ aŋ bátaʾ. The parents love the child. pinalànsa was ironed (palànsa). Pinána ko aŋ usà. I shot the stag with an arrow. Hindí nya pinápansìn iyòn. He doesn’t pay any attention to that. Pinatày ko aŋ manòk. I killed the chicken. Aŋ pinílì nya ŋ manòk ay matabàʾ. The chicken she picked out 35is a fat one. Pinílit nya ŋ gumawá naŋ páyoŋ aŋ alílaʾ. He forced the servant to make an umbrella. Pitasin mò aŋ maŋa búŋa naŋ maŋgà. You pick the mangoes. Pinútol ni Hwàn aŋ tanikalàʾ. The chain was cut by Juan. Pagka pinútol mo aŋ lúbid na iyàn ay lálagpak aŋ tulày. When you have cut that rope 40the bridge will fall. Pag pinútol mo aŋ buntòt naŋ tútaʾ ay malápit iya ŋ mamatày. If you cut off the puppy’s tail, it is likely to die. Pinùpútol ko aŋ káhoy. I was cutting the wood. Putúlin mo aŋ lúbid. Cut the rope. Pùputúlin nya aŋ búhoʾ. He will cut the bamboo. Pinúyat nya akò. He kept me up late. Hwag mò ŋ sagasáin, Lúkas, aŋ kainítan naŋ áraw sa iyo ŋ paglabàs sa búkid. Don’t hit upon the hottest part of the day for going 5out to the field, Lucas. Sinísintà ni Pédro aŋ dalága. Pedro is in love with the young woman. Akò y sinípà naŋ kabáyo. I was kicked by a horse. Sinuklày nya aŋ buhòk naŋ kanya ŋ anàk. She combed her child’s hair; also: Sinuklày nya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk. Aŋ gámit nya ŋ librò ay sinúlat ni Daruwìn. The book he uses 10was written by Darwin. Kuŋ sinuntòk nya aŋ bátaʾ ay suntukìn mo siyà. If he hits the boy, do you hit him. Sinúsuntok nyà aŋ bátaʾ. He hits the boy on the head. Tagpuìn mo akò sa estasyòn naŋ trèn. Meet me at the railroad station. Tanawin mò aŋ súnog! Look at the fire! Aŋ tábon sa ílog ay tinaŋày naŋ ágos. 15The dam in the river was carried away by the current. Hwag mò ŋ taŋgapìn aŋ úpa. Don’t accept the pay. Tawágin mo si Hwàn. Call Juan. Tinipìd ni Hwàn aŋ ibinigày ko ŋ ságiŋ. Juan was saving with the bananas I gave him. Aŋ dúsa ŋ kanya ŋ tinítiìs ay hindí lubhà ŋ mabigàt. The suffering he is undergoing 20is not very severe. Tinísod ko aŋ bakyàʾ. I kicked away the sandal. Inúna si Hwàn naŋ hukòm. Juan was dealt with first by the judge. Inusísa akò ni Hwàn. Juan questioned me. Aŋ inusísa sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kuŋ saan nàndon aŋ kanya ŋ sombréro. What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Inútaŋ ko iyò ŋ 25salapì ŋ ibinigày ko sa kanyà kahápon. I borrowed that money I gave him yesterday. Niwáwalis nyà aŋ alikabòk sa mésa. She is sweeping the dust from the table (also: wináwalìs). Aŋ niyáyà ko ŋ magpasyàl ay si Hwàn. The one I invited to come for a walk was Juan.

30Similarly from: ágaw, akálaʾ, ákay, akiyàt, alílaʾ, alintána, alipustàʾ, alìs, ámoʾ, anínaw, ásal, bálak, bambò, bása, batò, báwiʾ, bigkàs, bigtì, bílaŋ, bilì, bitbìt, búhat, bútas, buwísit, dalà, daràs, dikdìk, dúkit, dúkot, gámit, gamòt, gantì, gawàʾ, gúgol, gupìt, gustò, gútom, hábol, hágod, hampàs, hámon, hantày, háŋoʾ, háraŋ, 35haràp, hátak, híla, hilìŋ, hinálaʾ, hintày, hiràm, hitìt, híwaʾ, húkay, húli, íbig, inò, inòm, kagàt, kalaykày, kámot, kantà, kúlam, kumbidà, kumpisàl, lála, lóko, lúnod, loòb, matà, múra, nákaw, páloʾ, pasàn, pások, pígil, pího, piráso, pirìnsa, pukòl, sábi, sadiyàʾ, sagòt, salúboŋ, sampàl, saŋgà, sapantáhaʾ, sílip, siŋìl, siyásat, sumpòŋ, 40sundòʾ, sunòd, súnog, suŋáŋa, tagàʾ, tákot, talagà, tálo, tampálas, tápos, túkop, tuntòn, úbos, ugáliʾ, úlit, wíkaʾ.

(a) From derived words: Inùumága silà sa kanila ŋ pagsasàlitáan. They were being overtaken by their morning in their conversation (um-ága, § 358). Si Hwána ay hinimatày. Juana was attacked by a fainting-fit (himatày, § 518).

(b) From root with shifted accent: Ináabùt naŋ bátaʾ aŋ góra. The boy was reaching for his cap.

5(c) Accent shift lacking: Mínsanin mo, Hwàn, aŋ paginòm naŋ gamòt. Take the medicine all at one swallow, Juan.

(d) From doubled root, with meaning of repeated action: see isà; barytone root with accent shift: ámoʾ.

360. A few roots which have actives with mag- form the 10direct passive from the root with pag- prefixed. On the analogy of other forms (cf. § 369) one should expect this to be the case with roots whose active with mag- stood in contrast with -um- (§ 351); this is clearly the case, however, only in pag-isíp-in, pag-ì-isíp-in p-in-ag-ísip, p-in-ag-ì-ísip: Pinagísip nya ŋ magnákaw sa 15isa ŋ tindáhan. He laid plans for robbing a store (cf. in-ísip, § 359). The other roots which have pag- in the direct passive are: barìl, doòp, kúroʾ, tapìk.

361. To the active with mag- (1) (§ 353) corresponds a direct passive with pag- and accent shift: pag-putul-ìn, p-in-ag-putòl, 20etc. (pútol): Pinaghatí ko aŋ maŋa itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved each of the eggs Juana had hard-boiled. Pinagisìp nya aŋ kahulugàn naŋ maŋa sènyas na nàkíta nya ŋ ibiníbigay naŋ isa ŋ sundálo sa isa nyà ŋ kasamahà ŋ nàhúle naŋ kaáway. He figured out the meaning of the signals he saw a soldier 25make to a comrade who was captured by the enemy. Pinagpúputul naŋ bátaʾ aŋ sinúlid. The child is cutting the thread to bits. Pagputulin mò, Hwàn, aŋ maŋa siìt. Cut out the bamboo-spines, Juan. Pinagusisá naŋ hukòm aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. The judge cross-examined the robbers. Similarly from kúha, nákaw, 30sábi, sípaʾ, súnog.

362. Likewise, corresponding to the active with mag- r (§ 354), is a direct passive with pag- r; see gawàʾ, kagàt.

Passive with pag- (1) r (cf. § 355) from sípaʾ.

363. Passive with pag- (1) D (cf. § 356): Pinagsabì-sabi 35nyà sa ibà t ibà ŋ táo na si Pédro ay nàhúli sa pagnanákaw. He told various people on various occasions, that Pedro was arrested for thievery.

364. The direct passive is made from the root with prefix paŋ- to correspond to actives with maŋ- (§ 357): pa-mitas-ìn, pa-mì-mitas-ìn, 40p-ina-mitàs, p-in-a-mí-mitàs (pitàs). Examples: Inamútan ko si Hwàn naŋ pinamilì ko ŋ maŋa librò. I let Juan purchase from me some of the books I had bought up. Pinamímitas nilà aŋ maŋa kamatsilè. They picked the fruits of the tannic acid tree. Pamìmitasìn námin aŋ maŋa búlak. We shall pick the capoc cotton. Pinamùlot námin aŋ maŋa laglàg na búŋa. We picked up the fallen betel-fruits. Pinaŋútaŋ ko iyà ŋ salapìʾ sa 5kanyà. I had to borrow that money you have there from him. Also from noòd.

(6) Special static words.

365. The infix -in- produces static words denoting things which are produced by such and such a process or treated so and 10so: aŋ pinítak each of the small sections into which a rice-field is divided by the irrigation trenches (pítak divide; as root-word, division). So from bátaʾ, hiŋà, káin, lúgaw, púnoʾ, sáiŋ, súlid.

(a) With accent shift: inakày.

(b) A number of roots (here treated as simple) have the form 15of words with infix -in- (cf. § 333): hinálaʾ, kinábaŋ, linamnàm, sinuŋáliŋ, tinápay, tinóla.

366. -in- R: aŋ ináamà godfather, iníinà godmother; cf. § 412,a.

367. Suffix -in with secondary accent on the first syllable of 20the underlying word forms static words denoting something which undergoes such and such an action: Aŋ kalasìŋ naŋ kwàlta sa ibà y pára ŋ isa ŋ tugtúgin. The clinking of money is for others (than the spender) like music. So from bandà, damdàm, tiìs (only here does the S show itself), tuŋkòl.

25(a) Static words with (1) -in, with irregularities (§ 334,b), person or animal like something: amaìn uncle; so from inà. Also of things consumed: inumìn drinking water, kánin (káin) boiled rice ready to eat.

(b) The same with paŋ- in pa-naú-hin guest, if from táo.

30(c) (2) -in, collective, of places: bukirìn estate, fields, terrain; lupaìn country, part of the world. Of animate creatures, tendency: gulatìn scary, shy.

From derived word, in the latter sense, with S on the first of three syllables: pàniwalaìn credulous (paniwálaʾ, § 347).

35(d) -in with reduplication, from numerals, in the sense of with so many: lilimáhin; from da-lawà (§ 345), da-dalawá-hin.

(e) r (2) -in, with irregularity: ka-kan-ìn sweetmeat (káin).

(f) The following roots end in -in (§ 333): bayúgin, buháŋin, daláŋin prayer, kaiŋìn, muláwin, salamìn.

40(7) Instrumental passive.

368. The instrumental passive corresponding to the active with -um- and, to a large extent, to that with mag-, is formed with the prefix i- (§ 334,a,3); the actual taking also the infix -in- (§ 334,b,2): i-pútol, i-pù-pútol, i-p-in-útol, i-p-in-ù-pútol. It denotes, transiently, an object given forth, parted from, or used as instrument or the person for whom in such and such an action 5or process.

Iniyalìs nilà aŋ háraŋ naŋ daàn. They removed the obstruction on the road. Iyánib (or: isánib) mo aŋ iyu ŋ banìg sa kay Pédro. Make your sleeping-mat overlap Pedro’s, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Ibinàbágay naŋ maŋkakayò aŋ damìt sa namímilè sa 10kanyà. The cloth-merchant is suiting the cloth to her customer. Ibinàbágay ni Hwàn sa kanyà ŋ kalàgáyan aŋ kanya ŋ paggastà. Juan adapts his expenses to his situation. Ibinilaŋgò naŋ hukòm si Hwàn. The judge has put Juan into prison. Ibiníŋit nya sa lamésa aŋ orasàn. He put the clock on the edge of the table. 15Idaan mò sa báhay ni Pédro aŋ bábuy na itò. Leave this pig at Pedro’s house as you pass. Aŋ bantáyan sa púno naŋ tulày ay inihágis naŋ maŋa lasìŋ na táo sa ílog. The sentry-box at the head of the bridge was thrown into the river by the drunken men. Ihásà mo aŋ paŋáhit na ytò. Sharpen this razor. Ihinúkay nila 20naŋ malálim aŋ patày. They dug a deep grave for the dead. Íwan mo díto aŋ bátaʾ. Leave the child here (so: ì-íwan will be left, in-íwan was left, in-ì-íwan is being left). Inilálaàn ko kay Pédro aŋ ságiŋ na itò. I am putting aside this banana for Pedro (also: itinátaàn). Inilùlúto nya aŋ gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables 25(also: ilinùlútoʾ). Ipinagítan sya sa dalawà ŋ dalága. He was placed between two young women. Ipináyag ko sa hinilìŋ nilà aŋ áki ŋ sasakyàn. At their request I let them have my vehicle. Ipinútol nya akò naŋ sinúlid. She cut off some thread for me. Ipútol mo akò naŋ maìs. Cut some corn for me. Ipùpútol nya 30ikàw naŋ tubò. He will cut some sugar-cane for you. Aŋ kampìt na iyàn ay mapúpurol kapag ipinútol mo naŋ káhoy. That kitchen-knife will grow dull, if you cut wood with it. Kawáyan aŋ isinásahìg ni Pédro sa kanya ŋ báhay. Pedro is using bamboo for flooring his house. Pag pinùpútol ko nà aŋ liìg naŋ manòk, ay isáhod 35mo aŋ maŋkòk na lalagyàn naŋ dugòʾ. When I am cutting the chicken’s neck, hold under the basin to catch the blood. Isinále nya si Hwàn. He included Juan. Isáli mo si Hwàn. Take Juan along. Isinampày nya sa kanya ŋ balíkat aŋ kúmot. He slung the blanket across his shoulder. Isigaŋ mò aŋ sináiŋ. Put the rice 40on the fire. Isilid mò sa bóte aŋ álak. Put the wine into the bottle. Pagulàn ay isoot mò aŋ kapóte. When it rains put on the rain-coat. Itináwag naŋ magpapatawàg aŋ bágo ŋ kautusàn. The crier cried out the new law. Itinayú nya aŋ báhay. He erected the house. Itinira nyà sa ákin aŋ tinápay. He left the bread for me. Itúru mu sa kanyà aŋ simbáhan. Show him the church. Itúru mo sa ákin aŋ laròʾ. Teach me the game. Iwalá mo iyà ŋ iyo ŋ sambalílo ŋ lúmaʾ. Get rid of that old hat of yours.

5Similarly, from: álay, átas, bagsàk, balítaʾ, bigày, budbòd, búhos, bulìd, búrol, buwàl, dáos, dikìt, distíno, dugtòŋ, gápos, hánap, handàʾ, hatìd, hintòʾ, hitsà, húlog, kasàl, kawàg, labàs, ladlàd, lagày, laglàg, lákad, lakàs, lalàʾ, lapàg, lawìt, libìŋ, ligtàs, líhim, lúlan, luwàʾ, páyo, sabàd, sáboy, sagòt, sakdàl, sánib, sarà, sigàw, sèrmon, 10súloŋ, sunòd, taàn, taàs, tágoʾ, táliʾ, tanìm, táŋiʾ, tápon, tuktòk, túloy, túŋo, úbos, útos, wisìk.

(a) From root with shifted accent: Iniyáabùt nya sa ákin aŋ librò. He was handing me the book. Iyabùt mo sa ákin aŋ librò. Hand me the book.

15369. The instrumental passive is made from the root with prefix pag- when it corresponds to an active with mag- which stands in contrast with an active with -um- from the same root (§ 351); it is used also to express the instrumental relation more explicitly than the simple form, especially the person for whom. 20Forms: i-pag-pú-tol, i-pag-pù-pútol, i-p-in-ag-pútol, i-p-in-ag-pù-pútol.

Ito ŋ báhay aŋ ipinagbili kò. This house is the one I have sold (cf. bumilì buy, magbilì sell). Aŋ áraw naŋ kapaŋànákan ni Risàl ay ipinagdìdíwaŋ sa boò ŋ Filipínas. Rizal’s birthday is 25celebrated all over the Philippines. Síno aŋ ipinaglùlúto mo? Whom are you cooking for? (inilùlútoʾ in preceding section). Ipagpútol mo ŋàʾ akò naŋ yantòk. Please cut some bamboo for me. Ipagpùpútol kità naŋ tubò. I will cut you some sugar-cane. Ipinagpútol mo ba akò naŋ pamilmìt? Did you cut me a pole 30for fishing? Ipinagpùpútol niya akò naŋ siìt na gàgawì ŋ pípa. He is cutting me some bamboo reeds for cigarette-holders. Aŋ guntìŋ na iyàn ay mapúpurul agàd, kapag ipinagpútol mo naŋ damìt. Those scissors will get dull very soon, if you keep using them to cut cloth with. Iyo ŋ kúnin aŋ guntìŋ, kapag ipinagpùpútol 35nya naŋ káyo. Take the scissors, if he uses them for cutting cloth. Aŋ paupó ni Hwà ŋ sùgálan ay ipinagsábi sa pulìs naŋ kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. The gambling party Juan invited was exposed to the police by his neighbor (sinábi was said). Ipinagsakay kò si Hwàn sa áki ŋ karumáta. I took Juan into my carriage. 40Aŋ bágo ŋ léyi ay ipinagtáwag ni Hwàn. The new law was called out by Juan. Hindí ko bà ipinagútos sa iyò ŋ gawìn mo itò? Didn’t I order you to do this?

Also from: kayilàʾ, labà, látag, sakdàl, sumbòŋ, takà, tanòŋ, tapàt.

(a) From derived words: ipinaghimatày (himatày, § 518); Ipinagúbus-làkásan niya aŋ pagtakbò. He exhausted all his 5strength in his running (úbus-làkásan, § 377,b).

370. i-pag (1), corresponding to mag- (1), § 353: from tápon; also from derived word ma-yábaŋ (§ 454, cf. § 353,a).

371. i-pag r, corresponding to mag- r (§ 354), from tanòŋ.

372. The instrumental passive from the root with prefix 10paŋ- corresponds to the active with maŋ-: Ipinaŋháraŋ nila Pédro aŋ maŋa barìl na inágaw nilà sa maŋa pulìs naŋ báyan. In holding people up Pedro’s gang used the guns they had snatched from the police of the district. Ipinamútol ko naŋ yantòk aŋ gúlok. I used the bolo for rattan-cutting. Ipinamùmútol nya akò 15naŋ kawáyan. He is cutting bamboo for me. Ipinamùmútol nya naŋ kawáyan aŋ bágo ŋ gúlok. He is using the new bolo for bamboo-cutting. Ipamútol mo naŋ tubò aŋ kampìt na itò. Use this kitchen-knife for cane-cutting. So also: ákoʾ, balítaʾ.

(8) Special static words.

20373. Special static words with prefix i- express the part of something in such and such a direction, or the direction: ibábaw, ibáyo, ilálim, itaàs, ituktòk; with shifted root: ibabàʾ.

(9) Local passive.

374. The simple local passive, corresponding to the active 25with -um- and largely to that with mag-, has the suffix (1) -an with the irregularities described in § 334. The forms of the actual mode have also the infix -in-: putúl-an, pù-putúl-an, p-in-utúl-an, p-in-ù-putúl-an. The local passive denotes the thing affected as place in which or the person to whom.

30Inabútan akò naŋ ulàn. I was caught by the rain. Agáhan mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. Make early your coming here, i. e. Come here early. Pagkagupìt naŋ áki ŋ buhòk ay inahítan nya akò. When he had cut my hair he shaved me. Alisan mò naŋ maŋa tinìk aŋ áki ŋ salawàl. Take the thorns out of my trousers. Inanyáhan 35silà ni Hwàn na magpasyàl. They were invited by Juan to go for a walk. Arálan mo aŋ maŋa Kapampáŋan. Teach morals to the Pampangas. Asnan mò aŋ dáiŋ na isdàʾ. Salt the fish you lay open. Aptan mò naŋ páwid aŋ báhay. Roof the house with nipa-palm. Awítan mo aŋ maŋa panaúhin. Sing for the 40guests. Bakúran mo aŋ sagíŋan sa tabì naŋ ílog. Fence in the banana-grove by the river. Bakúran mo aŋ báhay. Put a fence round the house. Binalitáan ko si Hwàn naŋ maŋa naŋyári sa ákin sa labanàn. I related to Juan my adventures in the war. Bantayan mò aŋ pálay. Guard the standing rice. Basáhan mo akò naŋ maŋa kwènto. Read me some stories. Bigasan mò aŋ tinóla ŋ manòk. Make the chicken-stew with rice. Si Pédro aŋ 5binilhàn ko naŋ kabáyo ŋ itò. It was Pedro I bought this horse from. Sa katapusàn ay kanya ŋ nàpagkilála aŋ malaki ŋ paŋánib na kanya ŋ biniŋítan. In the end he recognized the great danger into which he had betaken himself. Binuksàn ni Hwàn aŋ pintòʾ. Juan opened the door. Dinaanàn naŋ trèn aŋ báboy. The pig 10was run over by the train. Dinaanàn ko si Hwàn. I called for Juan on the way (and took him with me). Dalhàn mo naŋ túbig aŋ kabáyo. Bring water to the horse. Dalian mò aŋ pagdadala ríto naŋ librò. Bring the book here soon. Aŋ pabása sa bisíta naŋ San-Antònyo ay dinaluhàn naŋ marámi ŋ táo. The reading 15at the chapel of San Antonio was attended by many people. Dinamíhan nya aŋ kinúha nya ŋ ságiŋ. He took many bananas. Dinamuhàn nyà aŋ damúha ŋ malápit sa simbáhan. He cut grass on the pasture near the church. Dinapúan naŋ maŋa íbon aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. Birds alighted on the branch of the tree. Dinatnàn 20kamì naŋ ulàn. We were overtaken by the rain. Diniláan nya akò. She stuck out her tongue at me (aŋ dílaʾ the tongue); also: Diláan mo aŋ mansánas. Lick the apple. Hwag mò ŋ durúan naŋ karáyom aŋ áki ŋ panyò. Don’t leave needles sticking in my handkerchief. Hagkan mò si Nánay. Kiss Mother. Hinalúan 25naŋ álak aŋ gátas. Some wine was mixed into the milk. Hinampasàn ni Pédro aŋ mukhá ni Hwàn. Pedro hit Juan in the face with a whip. Aŋ daàn ay hinaráŋan. The road was obstructed. Hasáan mo aŋ gúlok na itò. Sharpen this bolo. Hintuan mò aŋ iyo ŋ pagsusugàl, Pédro, kuŋ íbig mu ŋ yumáman ka. Put a stop 30to your gambling, Pedro, if you want to get rich. Hinùhugásan niyà aŋ maŋa piŋgàn parà sa maŋa babáye. He is washing dishes for the women. Hulíhan mo naŋ isdàʾ aŋ palàisdáan. Catch fish in the fish-pond. Aŋ maŋa sampày na damìt ay hinípan naŋ haŋin, kanyàʾ nahúlog sa lúpaʾ. The clothes on the line were 35blown by the wind and fell to the ground. Hinípan ko aŋ píto. I blew the whistle. Hinípan ko aŋ apòy úpaŋ palakihìn. I blew on the fire to make it larger. Inilágan nya aŋ simbáhan. He kept away from the church. ... aŋ kabáyo. He got out of the way of the horse. Inlagan mò aŋ dumáratiŋ na tumátakbo ŋ kabáyo. 40Get out of the way of the horse that is coming on the run. Itiman mò aŋ lubòg naŋ damìt. Make the dye of the garment black. Inìiyakàn ni Hwána aŋ kanya ŋ namatày na kaybígan. Juana is weeping over her dead friend. Hwag mò ŋ kurutàn, Pédro, aŋ isdà ŋ nása dúlaŋ. Don’t you take a pinch from the fish on the table, Pedro. Hwag mù ŋ labánan, Pédro, aŋ kapatid mù ŋ matandàʾ. Don’t oppose your older brother, Pedro. Aŋ landàs na gawì ŋ kaliwàʾ ay aŋ iyo ŋ lakáran. You must take the path which 5goes to the left. Lakasan mò aŋ túlak sa baŋkàʾ. Push hard on the boat. Lakhan mò, Hwàn, aŋ pirasúhin mo ŋ matamìs. Break off a big piece of the sugar, Juan. Nilalíman nilà aŋ húkay naŋ patày. The grave for the corpse was made deep by them. Aŋ bantày naŋ maŋa kanyòn ay nilayásan aŋ kanya ŋ lugàr. The 10guard of the cannon deserted his post. Ligsihan mò aŋ pagílag sa lugàr na iyàn. Get out of that place quickly. Hwag mò ŋ luksuhàn aŋ tinìk na iyàn. Don’t jump on that spine. Lulánan mo naŋ maŋgà aŋ karitòn. Load up the wagon with mangos. Luluran mò si Pédro pagbababàg ninyò. Kick Pedro in the shin when you 15fight him. Nilusúŋan mo bà si Pédro? Did you help Pedro? Lutúan mo naŋ bigàs aŋ manòk. Cook some rice in with the (already cooked) chicken. Masdan mò aŋ bwàn. Look at the moon. Minàmasdan kò aŋ maŋa nagdádaa ŋ táo. I am looking at the people who pass by. Minuráhan nya akò sa pagbibilì naŋ talòŋ. He made 20me a low price on the egg-plant. Muráhan mo aŋ pagbibilì naŋ labanòs. Sell your large radishes cheap. Aŋ taŋgápan naŋ maŋa saŋlàʾ sa báhay-saŋláan ni Pédro ay ninakáwan kagabè. The receiving-place of pledges in Pedro’s pawn-shop was robbed last night. Nakáwan mo syà naŋ kanyà ŋ salapèʾ. Rob him of his 25money. Sa pagbubunòʾ ni Hwàn at ni Pédro si Pédro ay pinaahàn ni Hwàn. Juan caught Pedro by the leg (or: hurt Pedro in the leg) as they wrestled together; but: Pinaanan nyà aŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd na natùtúlog. He lay down with his feet toward his sleeping brother. Hwag mò ŋ paanàn sa iyò ŋ paghigàʾ aŋ kapatìd mo 30ŋ natùtúlog. When you go to bed don’t lie with your feet toward your sleeping brother. Pinanáwan sya naŋ pagiísip. He lost his mind. Patayàn mo naŋ pitsòn aŋ nilúgaw. Kill a pigeon for the stew. Patisan mò aŋ isdàʾ ŋ itò. Put shrimp-sauce on this fish. Pinayágan nya aŋ paraà ŋ itò. He agreed to this plan. Pilikàn mu aŋ 35isdàʾ. Cut the fins off the fish. Pintahan mò aŋ padèr na ytò. Paint this wall. Hwag mò ŋ pintasàn aŋ damìt na yàn. Don’t find fault with that garment. Pitasan mò naŋ búŋa aŋ maŋgà. Pick some fruits from the mango tree. Aŋ pinulútan nilà naŋ manèʾ ay aŋ bakúran ni Hwána. The place where they gathered 40peanuts was Juana’s yard. Pinùpunásan nya aŋ sahìg. She is scrubbing the floor. Punan mò, Pédro, naŋ isà ŋ salapèʾ aŋ kwàlta ŋ ibinigày mo sa ákin. Add half a dollar to the money you gave me, Pedro. Putíkan mo aŋ kanya ŋ salawàl. Put mud on his trousers. Pinutúlan ko naŋ usbòŋ aŋ maŋa kamóte. I cut shoots from the sweet-potatoes. Pinùputlan nyà naŋ maŋa saŋà aŋ káhoy na nabwàl. He is cutting the branches off the tree that was 5blown down. Putúlan mo naŋ téŋa aŋ áso. Cut the dog’s ears. Putlan mò naŋ súŋay aŋ kalabàw. Cut the horns of the carabao. Pùputúlan ko naŋ súŋay aŋ usà. I shall cut off the stag’s horns. Pùputlàn dàw nya naŋ buntòt aŋ áso. He says he will cut off the dog’s tail. Sinakyàn námin aŋ baŋká ni Hwàn. We rode in 10Juan’s canoe. Sakyan mò aŋ baŋka ŋ itò. Get into this canoe. Hwag mù ŋ saláhan aŋ iyo ŋ maŋà pagpások sa eskwèlhan. Don’t skip going to school, Don’t play hookey; but: Sinaŋlan nyà aŋ siŋsìŋ. He missed the ring (in the juego de anillo). Hwag mù ŋ saŋlàn aŋ usà. Don’t fail to hit the stag. Samáhan mo si Pédro. 15Go with Pedro. Sayawan mò kamì, Hwána. Dance for us, Juana. Sinigawàn naŋ páreʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ munisilyò. The priest yelled at his sacristan. Sinikáran naŋ kabáyo aŋ karumáta. The horse kicked at the carriage. Siglan mò naŋ álak aŋ bóte. Fill the bottle with wine. Untì-untí mo ŋ subúan aŋ pitsòn. Feed the squabs 20little by little. Sinugátan sya ni Pédro. He was wounded by Pedro. Sinukláyan nya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk. She combed her child’s hair. Sulátan mo si Pédro. Write to Pedro. Tinabúnan na ni Pédro aŋ húkay. Pedro has already filled up the hole. Tagalan mò aŋ pagkábitbit naŋ tablà. Keep holding the board that way. 25Tagalan mò aŋ pagtitira díto sa ámin. Stay here with us a long time. Tagpian mò aŋ báro ŋ itò. Mend this shirt. Tagpuan mò naŋ iba ŋ káyo aŋ kaluwáŋan naŋ sáya. Fill out (literally: cause to meet) the width of the skirt with other cloth. Tamnan mò naŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-nyòg aŋ bakúran. Plant the yard with cocoanut 30trees. Tinanúran nya aŋ báhay sa boò ŋ magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Hwag mù ŋ taŋgapàn naŋ úpa aŋ kaybígan ko ŋ iháhatid mò sa estasyòn naŋ trèn, sapagkàt akò aŋ ùúpa sa iyò. Don’t take any fare from my friend whom you will bring to the railroad station, for I shall pay you. Tapunan mò aŋ bóte. 35Cork up the bottle. Hwag mò ŋ tawánan si Hwàn. Don’t laugh at Juan. Tawágan mo si Bathálaʾ. Call on the Lord. Tinayuan nyà naŋ kamálig aŋ bakúran. He erected a granary in his yard. Tigasan mò aŋ lúto naŋ halayà. Cook the jelly hard. Tinirhàn nya akò naŋ tinápay. He left some bread for me. Tirhàn mo akò 40naŋ inúyat. Leave me some molasses; but: Hwag mò ŋ tirahàn aŋ báhay na iyàn. Don’t live in that house. Aŋ báhay na iyòn ay aŋ kanya ŋ tinìtirahàn. That house over there is where he lives. Tinulínan nya aŋ paglákad. He hurried his pace. Tulísan mo aŋ tasà naŋ lápis. Sharpen the point of the pencil. Untian mò, Pédro, aŋ ibíbigay mò ŋ damò sa kabáyo. Give the horse less grass, Pedro. Ùupàn naŋ maŋa panaúhin aŋ maŋa baŋkù ŋ itò. The 5guests will sit on these benches. Orásan mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagkáin. Have your meals at stated times. Utáŋan mo naŋ salapí si Pédro. Borrow money from Pedro. Oóhan mo aŋ tanòŋ. Answer the question in the affirmative. Niwàwalisàn niyà aŋ sahìg. She is sweeping the floor.