GLOSSARY

A

ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) but (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.—2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.

āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lāc, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.—2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), 1513; of Bēowulf and the drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, 2593.

āglǣc-wīf, st. n., demon, devil, in the form of a woman; of Grendel's mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., servant, man-servant: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgār, 336.

ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, 678; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat. wrāðum on andan, 709, 2315.

and-git, st. n., insight, understanding: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-hātor, st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. rēðes and-hāttres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence 1) at whole length, raised up high: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) continual, entire; andlangne dæg, 2116, the whole day; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-lēan, st. n., reward, payment in full: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).

and-risno, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette: dat. pl. for andrysnum, according to etiquette, 1797.

and-saca, w. m., adversary: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. m., blow in return: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht).

and-swaru, st. f., act of accosting: 1) to persons coming up, an address, 2861.—2) in reply to something said, an answer, 354, 1494, 1841.

and-weard, adj., present, existing: acc. sg. n. swīn ofer helme and-weard (the image of the boar, which stands on his helm), 1288.

and-wlita, w. m., countenance: acc. sg. -an, 690.

an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed: nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-sȳn, f., the state of being seen: hence 1) the exterior, the form, 251: ansȳn ȳwde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, 2835.—2) aspect, appearance, 929; on-sȳn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., He who rules over all, God, 1273. See Note.

atelīc, adj., terrible, dreadful: atelīc egesa, 785.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hostile, frightful, cruel: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.

attor, st. n., poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716.

attor-sceaða, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaðan, 2840.

āwa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of ā, which see), ever: āwa tō aldre, fōr ever and ever, 956.

Ā

ā, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), ever, always, 455, 882, 931, 1479: ā syððan, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, 283, 2921.—ever, 780.—Comp. nā.

ād st. m. funeral pile: acc. sg. ād, 3139; dat. sg. āde, 1111, 1115.

ād-faru, st. f., way to the funeral pile, dat. sg. on ād-fære, 3011.

ādl, st. f. sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849.

āð, st. m., oath in general, 2740; oath of allegiance, 472 (?); oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples, 1098, 1108.

āð-sweord, st. n., the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.

āðum-swerian, m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., 84.

āgan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. āh, 1728; inf. āgan, 1089; prt. āhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nāh hwā sweord wege (I have no one to wield the sword), 2253.

āgen, adj., own, peculiar, 2677.

āgend (prs. part. of āgan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. āgendes, of God, 3076.—Compounds: blǣd-, bold-, folc-, mægen-āgend.

āgend-frēa, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, 1884.

āhsian, ge-āhsian, w. v.: 1) to examine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part. ge-āhsod, 433.—2) to experience, to endure: pret. āhsode, 1207; pl. āhsodon, 423.

āht, st. n. (contracted from ā-wiht, which see), something, anything: āht cwices, 2315.

ān, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.—2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb āne niht (the next night), 135; þurh ānes cræft, 700; þāra ānum, 1038; ān æfter ānum, one for the other (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ān æfter eallum, 2269; ānes hwæt, some single thing, a part, 3011; se ān lēoda duguðe, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; ānes willan, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc.—Hence, again, 3) alone, distinguished, 1459, 1886.—4) a, in the sense of an indefinite article: ān ... fēond, 100; gen. sg. ānre bēne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ān ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ānra, in connection with a pronoun, single; ānra gehwylces, every single one, 733; ānra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, except a few single ones, 1082.—6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, alone of the warriors of the Gēatas, 2658.—7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see ǣn.—Comp. nān.

ān-feald, adj., simple, plain, without reserve: acc. sg. ānfealdne geþōht, simple opinion, 256.

ān-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.

ān-haga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369.

ān-hȳdig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rād-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm resolve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.

ānga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only: acc. sg. āngan dōhtor, 375, 2998; āngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. āngan brēðer, 1263.

ān-pæð, st. m., lonely way, path: acc. pl. ānpaðas, 1411.

ān-rǣd, adj. (cf. under ān-hȳdig), of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576.

ān-tīd, st. f., one time, i.e. the same time, ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores, about the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.—ān stands as in ān-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, harmonious, of the same disposition.

ānunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, 635.

ār, st. m., ambassador, messenger, 336, 2784.

ār, st. f., 1) honor, dignity: ārum healdan, to hold in honor, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.—2) favor, grace, support: acc. sg. āre, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. āre, 2379; gen. pl. hwæt ... ārna, 1188.—Comp. worold-ār; also written ǣr.

ār-fæst, adj., honorable, upright, 1169; of Hunferð (with reference to 588). See fæst.

ārian, w. v., (to be gracious), to spare: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nǣnegum ārað; of Grendel, 599.

ār-stæf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), grace, favor: dat. pl. mid ārstafum, 317.—Help, support: dat. pl. for ār-stafum, to the assistance, 382, 458. See stæf.

āter-tēar, m., poisonous drop: dat. pl. īren āter-tēarum fāh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.

Æ

æðele, adj., noble: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, 198, 1313; of Bēowulf's father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. æðelan cynnes, 2235.

æðeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hrōðgār, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bēowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn, 2507;—then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, 1295; Hrōðgār's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremōd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bēowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. —Comp. sib-æðeling.

æðelu, st. n., only in the pl., noble descent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning æðelum gōd, the king, of noble birth, 1871; æðelum dīore, worthy on account of noble lineage, 1950; æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.), 332.—Comp. fæder-æðelu.

æfnan, w. v. w. acc., to perform, to carry out, to accomplish: inf. ellen-weorc æfnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht æfnde, perpetrated wrong, 1255.

ge-æfnan, 1) to carry out, to do, to accomplish: pret. pl. þæt geæfndon swā, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. āð wæs geæfned, the oath was sworn, 1108.—2) get ready, prepare: pret. part. geæfned, 3107. See efnan.

æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.—ic him æfter sceal, I shall go after them, 2817; in word æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; æfter māððum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, 2751.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to: æfter rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; æfter wælnīðe, in consequence of mortal enmity, 85; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn, asked about the descent, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, ask not after my welfare, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, weeps for the giver of treasure, 1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880; ān æfter ānum, one for the other, 2462, etc.—3) (local), along: æfter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; sōhte bed æfter būrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlāt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone æfter stāne, smelt along the rocks, 2289; æfter lyfte, along the air through the air, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.

æf-þunca, w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair: nom., 502.

ge-æhtan, w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part. geæhted, 1866.

ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., a speaking of with praise, high esteem: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born, 369.

æglǣcea. See āglǣcea.

æl-fylce (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., other folk, hostile army: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum, 2372.

æl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., almighty: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se æl-mihtiga, 92.

æl-wiht, st. m., being of another species, monster: gen. pl. æl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.

æppel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or apple-yellow: nom. pl. æppel-fealuwe mēaras, apple-yellow steeds, 2166.

ærn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-, win-ærn.

æsc, st. m., ash (does not occur in Bēowulf in this sense), lance, spear, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quā instr.) æscum and ecgum, with spears and swords, 1773.

æsc-holt, st. n., ash wood, ashen shaft: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, the ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), 330.

æsc-wiga, w. m., spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear: nom. sg., 2043.

æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): æt hȳðe, in harbor, 32; æt symle, at the meal, 81, æt āde, on the funeral-pile, 1111, 1115; æt þē ānum, with thee alone, 1378; æt wīge, in the fight, 1338; æt hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, in eating, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; gehēton æt hærgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebād grynna æt Grendle, from Grendel, 931; æt mīnum fæder genam, took me from my father to himself, 2430.—2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: æt frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; æt ende, at an end, 224; fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791; similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; æt sīðestan, finally, 3014.

æt-grǣpe, adj., laying hold of, prehendens, 1270.

æt-rihte, adv., almost, 1658.

Ǣ

ǣdre, ēdre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Bēow.), vein (not in Bēow.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2967; blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743.

ǣdre, adv., hastily, directly, immediately, 77, 354, 3107.

ǣðm, st. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme wēoll, the breast (of the drake) heaved with snorting, 2594.

ǣfen, st. m., evening, 1236.

ǣfen-gram, adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. ǣfen-grom, of Grendel, 2075.

ǣfen-lēoht, st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., 413.

ǣfen-ræst, st. f., evening-rest: acc. sg. -ræste, 647, 1253.

ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760.

ǣfre, adv., ever, at any time, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, ǣfre ne, never, 2601.—Comp. nǣfre.

ǣg-hwā (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwër), pron., every, each: dat. sg. ǣghwǣm, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, in all, throughout, thoroughly: ǣghwæs untǣle, thoroughly blameless, 1866; ǣghwæs unrīm, entirely innumerable quantity, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs brōga fram ōðrum, to each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.—2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora ǣghwæðrum, 1637.

ǣg-hwǣr, adv., everywhere, 1060.

ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. ǣghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, each one (of two) true to the other, 1166.

ǣg-weard, st. f., watch on the sea shore: acc. sg. ǣg-wearde, 241.

ǣht (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on flōdes ǣht, 42; on wæteres ǣht, into the power of the water, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680.—2) property, possessions, goods: acc. pl. ǣhte, 2249.—Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.

ǣht (O.H.G. āhta), st. f., pursuit: nom. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce, then was pursuit offered to the people of the Swēonas, (their) banner to Hygelāc (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelāc), 2958.

ǣled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., fire, 3016.

ǣled-lēoma, w. m., (fire-light), torch: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma.

ǣn (oblique form of ān), num., one: acc. sg. m. þone ǣnne þone..., the one whom..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, much oftener than one time, 1580; forð onsendon ǣnne, sent him forth alone, 46.

ǣne, adv., once: oft nalles ǣne, 3020.

ǣnig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, would in no way, not at all, 792; lȳt ǣnig mearn, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), 3130.—With the article: næs se folccyning ... ǣnig, no people's king, 2735.—Comp. nǣnig.

ǣn-līc, adj., alone, excellent, distinguished: ǣnlīc ansȳn, distinguished appearance, 251; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, though she be beautiful, 1942.

ǣr (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643; ǣr nē siððan, neither sooner nor later, 719; ǣr and sīð, sooner and later (all times), 2501; nō þȳ ǣr (not so much the sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.—2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr fēran, before you travel farther, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; ǣr þon dæg cwōme, ere the day break, 732; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr hē feorh seleð, aldor an ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., 1372.—3) prepos. with dat., before ǣr dēaðe, before death, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, before the day of death, 2799.

ǣror, comp. adv., sooner, before-hand, 810; formerly, 2655.

ǣrra, comp. adj., earlier; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, in former times, 908, 2238, 3036.

ǣrest, superl.: 1) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc.—2) as subst. n., relation to, the beginning: acc. þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesægde (to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented), 2158. See Note.

ǣr-dæg, st. m. (before-day), morning-twilight, gray of morning: dat. sg. mid ǣrdæge, 126; samod ǣrdæge, 1312, 2943.

ǣrende, st. n., errand, trust: acc. sg., 270, 345.

ǣr-fæder, st. m., late father, deceased father: nom sg. swā his ǣrfæder, 2623.

ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestrēon.

ǣr-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.

ǣr-gōd, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or advantages: æðeling ǣrgōd, 130; (eorl) ǣrgōd, 1330; īren ǣrgōd (excellent sword), 990, 2587.

ǣr-wela, w. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times: acc. sg. ǣrwelan, 2748. See wela.

ǣs, st. n., carcass, carrion: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of Æschere's corpse, 1333.

ǣt, st. m., food, meat: dat, sg., hū him æt ǣte spēow, how he fared well at meat, 3027.

ǣttren (see attor), adj., poisonous: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt, ǣttren ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618

B

bana, bona, w. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongenþēowes, of Hygelāc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþēow (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wæs ecg bona, 2507; wearð wracu Wēohstānes bana, 2614.—Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gāst-, hand-, mūð-bana.

bon-gār, st. m. murdering spear, 2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, to command, to bid: inf., 74.

bād, st. f., pledge, only in comp.: nȳd-bād.

bān, st. n., bone: dat. sg. on bāne (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693.

bān-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan, 1446.

bān-fāg, adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrōðgār's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable.

bān-fæt, st. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bān-fatu, 1117.

bān-hring, st. m., the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bānhringas bræc (broke her neck-joint), 1568.

bān-hūs, st. n., bone-house, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bānhūs gebræc, 2509; similarly, 3148.

bān-loca, w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bāt bānlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pl. burston bānlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.

bāt, st. m., boat, craft, ship, 211.—Comp. sǣ-bāt.

bāt-weard, st. m., boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft. dat. sg. -wearde, 1901.

bæð, st. n., bath: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), 1862.

bærnan, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn: inf. hēt ... bānfatu bærnan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bærnan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), 2314.

for-bærnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston ... brondefor-bærnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Æschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127.

bǣdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), to incite, to encourage: pret. bǣdde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bǣdan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, 3118; overcome: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle, 2827.

bǣl (O.N. bāl), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, passed (through the air) with fire, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and bronde, with fire and burning, 2323.—Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819; hātað ... hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter bǣle, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Bēowulf's words), 2804.

bǣl-fȳr, st. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile: gen. pl. bǣlfȳra mǣst, 3144.

bǣl-stede, st. m., place for the funeral-pile: dat. sg. in bǣl=stede, 3098.

bǣl-wudu, st. m., wood for the funeral-pile, 3113.

bǣr, st. f., bier, 3106.

ge-bǣran, w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.

ge-bǣtan (denominative from bǣte, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle: pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, held by the hand (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686; be mæste, on the mast, 1906; by fȳre, by the fire, 2220; be næsse, at the promontory, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, sat by the two brothers, 1192; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.—2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gefēng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; ālēdon lēofne þēoden be mæste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1757, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic þis gid be þē āwræc, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724; þū þē lǣr be þon, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be fæder lāre, according to her father's direction, 1951.—4) temporal, while, during: be þē lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See bī.

bed, st. n., bed, couch: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.—Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, morðor-, wæl-bed.

ge-bedde, w. f., bed-fellow: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn tō gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her, 666.—Comp. heals-gebedde.

bēgen, fem. bā, both: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bā healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bām, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum bām, 2661; gen. n. bēga, 1874, 2896; bēga gehwæðres, each one of the two, 1044; bēga folces, of both peoples, 1125.

ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.

ā-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne ān ābealh mon on mōde, till a man angered him in his heart, 2281; pret. part. ābolgen, 724.

ben, st. f., wound: acc. sg. benne, 2725.—Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., bench: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.

benc-swēg, st. m., (bench-rejoicing), rejoicing which resounds from the benches, 1162.

benc-þel, st. n., bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240.

bend, st. m. f., bond, fetter: acc. sg. forstes bend, frost's bond, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.—Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, hyge-, īren-, oncer-, searo-, wæl-bend.

ben-geat, st. n., (wound-gate), wound-opening: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.

beran, st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone māððum byreð, carries the treasure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.—The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, 2654; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.

æt-beran, to carry to: inf. tō beadulāce (battle) ætberan, 1562; pret. þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, the sea bore him up to the Heaðorǣmas, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær brought Bēowulf the mead-cup, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe, 28.—2) bear away: æt līc ætbær, 2128.

for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878.

ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. þæt lā mæg secgan sē þe sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704.

oð-beran, to bring hither: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, 579.

on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. īren ǣrgōd þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sāwl-berend.

berian (denominative from bær, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by removing the benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pl. burston bānlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.—to crack, to make the noise of breaking: fingras burston, the fingers cracked (from Bēowulf's gripe), 761.

for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. Nægling forbærst, Nægling (Bēowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-līc, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of Hrōðgār's hall, 781; of Hygelāc's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), best, the best: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. nū is ofost betost, þæt wē ..., now is haste the best, that we..., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrūda betst, 453; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872.

bēcn, st. n., (beacon), token, mark, sign: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rōfes bēcn (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.

bēg. See bēag.

bēn, st. f., entreaty: gen. sg. bēne, 428, 2285.

bēna, w. m., suppliant, supplex: nom. sg. swā þū bēna eart (as thou entreatest), 352; swā hē bēna wæs (as he had asked), 3141; nom. pl. hȳ bēnan synt, 364.

ge-betan: 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac þū Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, removed all trouble, 831. —2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan fǣhðe gebētan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466.

beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in combat, 1540; gen. pl. bād beadwa ge-þinges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that were in store for him, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grīma, w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258.

beado-hrægl, st. n., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552.

beadu-lāc, st. n., (exercise in arms, tilting), combat, battle: dat. sg. tō beadu-lāce, 1562.

beado-lēoma, w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455.

beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.

beadu-rōf, adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -rōfes, of Bēowulf, 3162.

beadu-rūn, st. f., mystery of battle: acc. sg. onband beadu-rūne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.

beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705.

beadu-scrūd, st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscrūda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300.

beald, adj., bold, brave: in comp. cyning-beald.

bealdian, w. v., to show one's self brave: pret. bealdode gōdum dǣdum (through brave deeds), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., lord, prince: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568.

bealu, st. n., evil, ruin, destruction: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wīg-bealu.

bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sār hafað befongen balwon bendum, pain has entwined him in deadly bands, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hȳdig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, 724.

bealo-nīð, st. m., (zeal for destruction), deadly enmity: nom. sg., 2405; destructive struggle: acc. sg. bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, beware of destructive striving, 1759; death-bringing rage: nom. sg. him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness: nom. sg. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.—2) sound, tone: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound, 1432.

bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.—2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, came into his possession, 2405.

bearn, st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglāfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.—2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, children of men, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.—Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.

bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Bēowulf), 947.

bearu, st. m., (the bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively forest: nom. pl. hrīmge bearwas, rime-covered or ice-clad, 1364.

bēacen, st. n., sign, banner, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht bēacen godes, of the sun, 570; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, 2778. See bēcn.

ge-bēacnian, w. v., to mark, to indicate: pret. part. ge-bēacnod, 140.

bēag, st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. bēah (neck-ring), 1212; acc. sg. bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.— Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.

bēag-gyfa, w. m., ring-giver, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103.

bēag-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164, 624.

bēah-hord, st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. sg. bēah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. bēah-horda weard, of King Hrōðgār, 922.

bēah-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

bēah-þegu, st. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. æfter bēah-þege, 2177.

bēah-wriða, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019.

bēam, st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam.

bēatan, st. v., thrust, strike: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bēateð, the steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-bēaten, died, struck by the battle-axe, 2360.

beorh, st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.—2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.—Comp. stān-beorh.

beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. hēafod-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), to save, to shield: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here-byrne ... sēo þe bāncofan beorgan cūðe, which could protect his body, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þē þone bealontð, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to protect: pret. sg. þæt gebearh fēore, protected the life, 1549; scyld wēl gebearg līfe and līce, 2571.

ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring ūtan ymb-bearh, 1504.

beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tō þǣre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. —2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre bōte, 158. —Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., to sound clearly: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swēg, 1162.

beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 1881, (Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and his companions), 211, (Hrōðgār's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bēowulf's liege-men), 2405.—Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.

beornan, st. v., to burn: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.—Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673.

ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.

bēodan, st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. bīodan, 2893.—2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, 2958; inf. ic þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas bēodan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385.

ā-bēodan, to present, to announce: pret. word inne ābēad, made known the words within, 390; to offer, to tender, to wish: pret. him hǣl ābēad, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hǣlo ābēad, 2419; eoton weard ābēad, offered the giant a watcher, 669.

be-bēodan, to command, to order: pret. swā him se hearda bebēad, as the strong man commanded them, 401. Similarly, swā se rīca bebēad, 1976.

ge-bēodan: 1) to command, to order: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..., 3111.—2) to offer: him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. gūðe gebēodan, to offer battle, 604.

bēod-genēat, st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343, 1714.

bēon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., woe to him who...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (no wish will be denied thee), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, if thou shalt need the warriors, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941; eft sōna bið will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, then are broken, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, hasten! 386, 2748; bēo wið Gēatas glæd, be gracious to the Gēatas, 1174.

bēor, st. n., beer: dat. sg. æt bēore, at beer-drinking, 2042; instr. sg. bēore druncen, 531; bēore druncne, 480.

bēor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the Gēatas at meals), 1241.

bēor-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) bēorsele, 482, 492, 1095; bīorsele, 2636.

bēor-þegu, st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet: dat. sg. æfter bēorþege, 117; æt þǣre bēorþege, 618.

bēot, st. n., promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, did not break his pledge, 80; bēot eal ... gelǣste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523.

ge-bēotian, w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebēotedon, 480, 536.

bēot-word, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, as he himself had requested, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre bēorþege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618; ic þē lange bæd þæt þū..., begged you a long time that you, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, asked that you..., 3097; pl. wordum bǣdon þæt..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., to await: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian ... worda geþinges, let the shields await here the result of the conference (lay the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.—Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, wīg-bil.

bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, where I had bound five(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, the king's man found (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) other words (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gūðwīga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112.

on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. īs-gebind.

bite, st. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite īrena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.—Comp. lāð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) sharp, cutting, cutting in: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strǣle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bānum, with sharp teeth, 2693.—2) irritated, furious: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332.

bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; ārās bī ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539; bī wealle gesæt, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048.—2) to, towards (motion): hwearf þā bī bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; gēong bī sesse, went to the seat, 2757.

bīd (see bīdan), st. n., tarrying hesitation: þǣr wearð Ongenþīo on bīd wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963.

bīdan, st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, remained in darkness, 87; flota stille bād, the craft lay still, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, where the wise man (Hrōðgār) waited, 1314; hē on searwum bād, he (Bēowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, some remained, waited there, 400.—2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wīges bīdan, await the combat, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, would await no answer, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

ā-bīdan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bīdan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929.—2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, shall live my last day, 639; ne wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, 935; fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, experience much good and much affliction, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād, received consolation (compensation) therefore, 7; gebād wintra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre rīde on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., joyless he experienced it, that he..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that..., 1780.

on-bīdan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen cwōm, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303.

bītan, st. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. bītan, 1455, 1524; pret. bāt bānlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bāt unswīðor, cut with less force (Bēowulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly that which shines here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.—Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.

blæc, adj., dark, black: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blāc, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining: acc. sg. blācne lēoman, a brilliant gleam, 1518.—2) of the white death-color, pale; in comp. heoroblāc.

blǣd, st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1762.—2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18; (þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, thy renown is spread abroad, 1704.

blǣd-āgend, pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014.

blǣd-fæst, adj., firm in renown, renowned, known afar: acc. sg. blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300.

blēat, adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. wæl-blēat.

blēate, adv., miserably, helplessly, 2825.

blīcan, st. v., shine, gleam: inf., 222

blīðe, adj.: 1) blithe, joyous, happy acc. sg. blīðne, 618.—2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. blīðe, 436.—Comp. un-blīðe.

blīð-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803.

blōd, st. n., blood: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blōde, 848; æfter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, the hero (Hrōðgār) longs for the beloved man contrary to blood, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blōde, 486, 935, 1595, etc.

blōd-fāg, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, 2061.

blōdig, adj., bloody: acc. sg. f. blōdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blōdig, 448; instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, 2441.

ge-blōdian, w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood: pret. part. ge-blōdegod, 2693.

blōdig-tōð, adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

blōd-rēow, adj., bloodthirsty, bloody-minded: nom. sg. him on ferhðe grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., (to be a messenger), to announce, to make known: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.

bold, st. n., building, house, edifice: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelāc's residence), 1926; (Bēowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.—Comp. fold-bold.

bold-āgend, pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldāgendra, 3113.

bolgen-mōd, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., bolster, cushion, pillow: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brǣded wearð beddum and bolstrum, was covered with beds and bolsters, 1241.—Comp. hlēor-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.

bord, st. n., shield: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebræc, over the crashing of the shields, 2260.—Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.

bord-hæbbend, pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. hæbbende, 2896.

bord-hrēoða, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., shield: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., shield-wood, shield: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.

botm, st. m., bottom: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.

bōt (emendation, cf. bētan), st. f.: 1) relief, remedy: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bōte, 935; acc. sg. bōte, 910.—2) a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute: gen. sg. bōte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde forbærnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), 2127; hæfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323.—2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brād, adj.: 1) extended, wide: nom. pl. brāde rīce, 2208.—2) broad: nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brādne mēce, 2979; (seax) brād [and] brūnecg, the broad, short sword with bright edge, 1547.—3) massive, in abundance. acc, sg. brād gold, 3106.

ge-bræc, st. n., noise, crash: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260.

geond-brǣdan, w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely: pret. part. geond-brǣded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bānhringas bræc, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, that no one should break the agreement, 1101; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064.—2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan bræc, many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.—3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981.—4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, curiosity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, to break to pieces: pret. bānhūs gebræc, broke in pieces his body (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509.

tō-brecan, to break in pieces: inf., 781; pret. part. tō-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, to break through, pret. wordes ord brēosthord þurh-bræc, the word's point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., condition of being broken, breach: nom. pl. mōdes brecða (sorrow of heart), 171.

ā-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., to fell to the ground, to kill (?): pret. ābredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, swung the old weapon, 796; brægd feorh-genīðlan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. brōden (brogden) mǣl, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, to weave a waylaying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

ā-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up ā-bræd, swung, raised his hand, 2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheath: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, had drawn the sword before, 2563.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444.

on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rōf, adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg. m., 1926.

brego-stōl, st. m., throne, figuratively for rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... brego-stōl, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; lēt þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, gave over to Bēowulf the chief power (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

brēme, adj., known afar, renowned. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., ship craft: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

ā-brēatan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. ābrēot brimwīsan, killed the sea-king (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brēotan.

brēost, st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þæt mīne brēost wereð, which protects my breast, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl brōden on brēostum læg. 552.—2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551.

brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.

brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

brēost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

brēost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549.

brēost-weorðung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.

brēost-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, 1878.

brēotan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. brēat bēodgenēatas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714.

ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., flood, the sea: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tō brimes faroðe, to the sea, 28; æt brimes nosan, at the sea's promontory, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, the waves subsided, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.

brim-lād, st. f., flood-way, sea-way: acc. sg. þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brimlāde tēah, who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052.

brim-līðend, pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -līðende, 568.

brim-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, 1911.

brim-wīsa, w. m., sea-king: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. sēo brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., sea-wave: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654.

ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on ādfære, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces: prs. sg. III. herepād ... brosnað æfter beorne, the coat of mail falls to pieces after (the death of) the hero, 2261.

brōðor, st. m., brother: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brēðer, 1263; gen. sg. his brōðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brōðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brōðru, pl., brethren, brothers: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, sat by the two brothers, 1192.

brōga, w. m., terror, horror: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brōgan, 583.—Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga.

brūcan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1179; to enjoy: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses bēages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles well, 2163.

brūn, adj., having a brown lustre, shining: nom. sg. sīo ecg brūn, 2579.

brūn-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brād [and] brūnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1547.

brūn-fāg, adj., gleaming like metal: acc. sg. brūnfāgne helm, 2616.

bryne-lēoma, w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly to break in small pieces, cf. brēotan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute: pret. sinc brytnade, distributed presents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bēaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (to be a dispenser), w. v., to distribute, to confer: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727.

brȳd, st. f.: 1) wife, consort: acc. sg. brȳd, 2931; brȳde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).—2) betrothed, bride: nom. sg., of Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, 2032.

brȳd-būr, st. n., woman's apartment: dat. sg. ēode ... cyning of brȳdbūre, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which has a bound prow), the framed ship: nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking-vessel: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, fortified house: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.—Comp.: frēo, freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., castle-bars: dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hygelāc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city: gen. sg. þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, 3101.

burne, w. f., spring, fountain: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, the bubbling of the spring, 2547.

būan, st. v.: 1) to stay, to remain, to dwell: inf. gif hē weard onfunde būan on beorge, if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain, 2843.—2) to inhabit, w. acc.: meduseld būan, to inhabit the mead-house, 3066.

ge-būan, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117.—With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.

būgan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hȳ on holt bugon, fled to the wood, 2599.

ā-būgan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776.

be-būgan, w. acc., to surround, to encircle: prs. swā (which) wæter bebūgeð, 93; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles windy shores, 1224.

ge-būgan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, sank on the floor, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, then sank the king, 2981; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), 2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570.—b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.

būr, st. n., apartment, room: dat. sg. būre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. būrum, 140.—Comp. brȳd-būr.

būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: būtan his līc swice, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. following, but: būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone, 1615.—2) prep, with dat., except: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē, 658; ealle būton ānum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., to buy, to pay: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, 1306.

be-bycgan, to sell: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), 2800.

ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr ǣnige ... frōfre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with his life, 2482; pret. part. sylfes fēore bēagas [geboh]te, bought rings with his own life, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (to make beald, which see), to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe on gebyrd hruron gāre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrūd, st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (born) son: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, young man, youth: acc. pl. bǣdde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., burden; in comp. mægen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., steward, waiter, cupbearer: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.

byrht. See beorht.

byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141.—Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, īsern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wiga, w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.

bȳme, w. f., a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone: gen. sg. bȳman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944.

bȳwan, w. v., to ornament, to prepare: inf. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, who should prepare the helmets, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., combat, fight between two: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf's with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., light, candle: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.—Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior, hero: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hūga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.—Comp. fēðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) to bear, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende, who bore the son, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned, to him was a son born, 12.—2) reflexive, to show one's self, to reveal one's self: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220.

ā-cennan, to bear: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cēnðu, st. f., boldness: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.

cēne, adj., keen, warlike, bold: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.—Comp.: dǣd-, gār-cēne.

ceald, adj., cold: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsīðum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;—Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, takes no care for his life, 1537.

cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sīð, st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf's expeditions against Ēadgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamentation: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.—Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.

cear-wælm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-būend, pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's castle, 769.

cēap, st. m., purchase, transaction: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe cēap, no easy transaction, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, 2483.

ge-cēapian, w. v., to purchase: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Bēowulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, cut off his head, 1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., man: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, many a wise man, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, wise men, 202, 416, 1592.

cēol, st. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.

cēosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to assume: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, would assume the royal dignity, 2377; to seek: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, before he sought his funeral-pile (before he died), 2819.

ge-cēosan, to choose, to elect: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne (sēlran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, choose thee the better (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., to turn, to change: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, 2952; þyder oncirde, turned thither, 2971.

ā-cīgan, w. v., to call hither: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.

ge-cnāwan, st. v., to know, to recognize: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048.

on-cnāwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.

cniht, st. m., boy, youth: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hrōðgār's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue: dat. sg. þā wæs ... Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122.

costian, w. v., to try; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, tried me, 2085.

cofa, w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. bān-cofa.

cōl, adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wīflufan ... cōlran weorðað, his love for his wife cools, 2067.

cræft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, with thief's craft, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089.—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.

cræftig, adj.: 1) strong, stout: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.—2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-cræftig.—3) rich (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.

cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, fell under his shield, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; hēo on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506.

cuma (he who comes), w. m., newcomer, guest: nom. sg. 1807.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becōm, after the night had come, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, that had come over the people, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.

ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, men do not know whither..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, knew him, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., he himself did not know through what..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cūð, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.—2) renowned: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see un-cūð).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.

cūð-līce, adv., openly, publicly: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., murder, fall: in comp. dēað-cwalu.

cweccan (to make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.—b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.—c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.—d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

ā-cweðan, to say, to speak, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, speaks the word, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655.

ge-cweðan, to say, to speak: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwǣde, 2665.—b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, spoke everything, 875; pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon, 535.—c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (to make die), to kill, to murder: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

ā-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beorn ācwealde, 2122.

cwēn, st. f.: 1) wife, consort (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62; (Hrōðgār's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.—2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.

cwēn-līc, adj., feminine, womanly: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw (such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder, destruction: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewræc, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, 3150.—Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, something living, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wæs þā gēna, was still alive, 3094.

cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.

cwīðan, st. v., to complain, to lament: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle-strength of his youth, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, lament their cares, 3173.

cyme, st. m., coming, arrival: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i. e. whence ye are, 257.—Comp. eft-cyme.

cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), splendidly, grandly: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., that which is suitable or proper: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dōm, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., king: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.—Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... þegen betstan, kissed the best thane (Bēowulf), 1871.

cyst (choosing, see cēosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. īrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, known through excellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cȳð. See on-cȳð.

cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cȳð, show thy heroic strength, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, 1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.

ge-cȳðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecȳðan, to give answer, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, 1972; similarly, 2325.—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (my father was known to warriors), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.

cȳð (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cȳð.

ge-cȳpan, w. v., to purchase: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē ... þurfe wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., spear: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (to fight), 2849.

ge-dāl, st. n., parting, separation: nom. sg. his worulde gedāl, his separation from the world (his death), 3069.—Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl.

dæg, st. m., day: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, the whole day, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (the whole morning), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwīl dæges, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dæges and nihtes, day and night, 2270; dæges, by day, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, in ten days, 3161.—Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.

dæg-hwīl, st. f., day-time: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.—(After Grein.)

dæg-rīm, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days: nom. sg. dōgera dægrīm (number of the days of his life), 824.

dǣd, st. f., deed, action: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585; dōmlēasan dǣd, 2891; frēcne dǣde, 890; dǣd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dǣda, 195; gen. pl. dǣda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, 1228, 2437, etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dǣd.

dǣd-cēne, adj., bold in deed: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646.

dǣd-fruma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dǣd-bata, w. m., he who pursues with his deeds: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.

dǣdla, w. m., doer: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.

dǣl, st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dǣlas, 1733.—Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dǣlan, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mādmas dǣleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas dǣlde, 1687.

be-dǣlan, w. instr., (to divide), to tear away from, to strip of: pret. part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dǣlan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, 71.—2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., den, cave: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), as was appropriate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176.—2) good, kind, friendly; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.—Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.

dēman (see dōm), w. v.: 1) to judge, to award justly: pres. subj. mǣrðo dēme, 688.—2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176.

dēmend, judge: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle, 494.

dēad, adj., dead: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310.

dēað, st. m., death, dying: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað, 2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.—Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað.

dēað-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902.

dēað-cwalu, st. f., violent death, ruin and death: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, 1713.

dēað-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. 1671.

dēað-dæg, st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (after his death), 187, 886.

dēað-fǣge, adj., given over to death: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog, had hidden himself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851.

dēað-scūa, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.

dēað-wērig, adj., weakened by death, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne, 2126. See wērig.

dēað-wīc, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc sēon (had died), 1276.

dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, hidden), to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.—Leo.

deorc, adj., dark: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa, 160.

dēofol, st. m. n., devil: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

dēogol, dȳgol, adj., concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, inaccessible land, 1358.

dēop, st. n., deep, abyss: acc. sg., 2550.

dēop, adv. deeply: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905.

dīope, adj., deep: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070.

dēor, st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.

dēor, adj.: 1) wild, terrible: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.—2) bold, brave: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, 1934.—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dēor.

dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren, 2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.—2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., æðelum dīore, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, 1310.

dēor-līc, adj., bold, brave: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor.

disc, st. m., disc, plate, flat dish: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-līc, adj., audacious: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda dollīcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dōgor, st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, the morning-light of the second day, 606.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, during this day, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, 1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, 1091; dōgera dægrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824.—3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393.—Comp. ende-dōgor.

dōgor-gerīm, st. n., series of days: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, 2729.

dōhtor, st. f., daughter: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

dōm, st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-dōm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) judgment, judicial opinion: instr. sg. weotena dōme, according to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom: æfter dōme, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.—III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) might, power: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm unlȳtel, not a little glory, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm ālæg, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, make renown for myself, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, here he lost his reputation, 1471; dōme gewurðad, adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, the glory of the saints, 2821.

dōm-lēas, adj., without reputation, inglorious: acc. sg. f. dōmlēasan dǣd, 2891.

dōn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232.—2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, took off the iron corselet, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength, 2349; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments, 3165.—3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often did (devoured) the bloom of the Hrēðmen, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.

ge-dōn, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., 1733; inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, wished to place me in there, 2091.

draca, w. m., drake, dragon: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.—Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, līg-, nīð-draca.

on-drǣdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, needest not fear death for them, 1675; pret. nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, was not afraid of the combat, 2348.

ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., demeanor, actions: acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757.

drepan, st. v., to hit, to strike: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strǣle, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (fatally hit), 2982.

drepe, st. m., blow, stroke: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drēfan, ge-drēfan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up: inf. gewāt ... drēfan dēop wæter (to navigate), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stōd drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418.

drēam, st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, 497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; drēamum bedǣled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.

drēam-lēas, adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, 1721.

drēogan, st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. drēah æfter dōme, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (?), 15.—2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte drēah (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (fought), 799; hī sīð drugon, made the way, went, 1967.—3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werhðo drēogan, shall suffer damnation, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, bore sorrow for his heroes, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

ā-drēogan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.

ge-drēogan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.

drēor, st. m., blood dropping or flowing from wounds: instr. sg. drēore, 447.—Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor.

drēor-fāh, adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485.

drēorig, adj., bloody, bleeding: nom. sg. wæter stōd drēorig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.—Comp. heoru-drēorig.

ge-drēosan, st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, honor fall, sink, 2667.