GLOSSARY (continued 3)

ā-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swā bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.

full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120.

ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his mōdor ... gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld elne geēode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tō þæs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, when they (Wīglāf and the drake) had come together, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; þā wæs endedæg gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, 3037.—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2201; pret. part. þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þæt, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., 2822.

oð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.

ofer-gangan, w. acc., to go over: pret. sg. oferēode þā æðelinga bearn stēap stān-hliðo, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621.

gār, st. m., spear, javelin, missile: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gāre, 1076; blōdigan gāre, 2441; gen. sg. gāres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. gāras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gār.

gār-cēne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959.

gār-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gār-cwealm gumena, 2044.

gār-holt, st. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.

gār-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), sea, ocean: acc. sg. on gār-secg, 49, 537; ofer gār-secg, 515.

gār-wiga, w. m., one who fights with the spear: dat. sg. geongum gār-wigan, of Wīglāf, 2675, 2812.

gār-wīgend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, 2642.

gāst, gǣst, st. m., ghost, demon: acc. sg. helle gāst (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gāstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gǣsta gīfrost (flames consuming corpses), 1124.—Comp.: ellor-, geō-sceaft-gāst; ellen-, wæl-gǣst.

gāst-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gāst-bona, 177.

gædeling, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gædelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gædelingum, 2950.

æt-gædere, adv., together, united: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ætgædere, 329, 387, 730, 1064.

tō-gadere, adv., together, 2631.

gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.—Comp.: fēðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).

gæst-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall: acc. sg., 995.

gē, conj., and, 1341; gē ... gē ..., as well ... as ..., 1865; gē ... gē ..., gē ..., 1249; gē swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259.

gē, pron., ye, you, plur. of þū, 237, 245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367.

gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, tō, ofer, giving the direction: þæt hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan (that they might go thither), 314; gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, away over the dark moor, 1405.

gehðu, geohðu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.

gēn (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn, þæt ..., it was not then long before ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; þā gēn, then again, 2678, 2703; swā hē nū gēn dēð, as he still does, 2860; furður gēn, further still, besides, 3007; nū gēn, now again, 3169; ne gēn, no more, no farther: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.

gēna, still: cwico wæs þā gēna, was still living, 3094.

genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gān(3).

genge. See ūð-genge.

gēnunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.

ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode ād ... unwāclīcne, 3138; pret. part. glōf ... eall gegyrwed dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum, 2088.—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, 38; hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mādmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.

gētan, w. v., to injure, to slay: inf., 2941.

be-gēte, adj., attainable; in comp. ēð-begēte.

geador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836; geador ætsomne, 491.

on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596.

gealdor, st. n.: 1) sound: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, 2944.—2) magic song, incantation, spell: instr. sg. þonne wæs þæt yrfe ... galdre bewunden (placed under a spell), 3053.

gealga, w. m., gallows: dat. sg. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-mōd, adj., gloomy: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, 1278.

gealg-trēow, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., residence; in Bēowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.—Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, 77; wiht unhǣlo ... gearo sōna wæs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bǣl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca, 2415; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wāt geare þæt ..., 2657.—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077.—Superl. gearwost, 716.

gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086.

gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feðer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-līc, adj., well prepared, handsome, splendid: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wīsa fengel geatolīc gengde, passed on in a stately manner, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment, adornment: acc. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave (its treasures), 3089.—Comp.: ēored-, gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wīg-geatwe.

gēan (from gegn), adv. in

on-gēan, adv. and prep., against, towards: þæt hē mē ongēan slēa, 682; rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, 748; foran ongēan, forward towards, 2365. With dat.: ongēan gramum, against the enemy, 1035.

tō-gēanes, tō-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle tōgēanes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grāp þā tōgēanes, she grasped at (Bēowulf), 1502; similarly, him tōgēanes fēng, 1543; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went towards him, 1627; hēt þā gebēodan ... þæt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran feredon gōdum tōgēnes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Bēowulf lay), 3115.

gēap, adj., roomy, extensive, wide: nom. sg. reced ... gēap, the roomy hall, 1801; acc. sg. under gēapne hrōf, 837.—Comp.: horn-, sǣ-gēap.

geār, st. n., year: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geāra, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-geāra.

geār-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) geār-dagum, 1, 1355.

geofe. See gifu.

geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.

geogoð, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.

geoguð-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665.

geohðo. See gehðo.

geolo, adj., yellow: acc. sg. geolwe linde (the shield of yellow linden bark), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.

geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swā geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.

georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sīðes georn, 2784.—Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., readily, willingly: þæt him wine-māgas georne hȳrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.—zealously, eagerly: sōhte georne æfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295.—carefully, industriously: nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822.

geō, iū, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; giō, 2522; iū, 2460.

gēoc, st. f., help, support: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, 2675; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 177; gēoce gelȳfde, believed in the help (of Bēowulf), 609; dat. sg. tō gēoce, 1835.

gēocor, adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., 766.—See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

geō-man, iū-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. iū-manna, 3053.

geō-meowle, w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. īo-meowlan, 2932.

geōmor, adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him wæs geōmor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mōdes geōmor, 2101; fem. þæt wæs geōmuru ides, 1076.

geōmore, adv., sadly, 151.

geōmor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, 3151.

geōmor-līc, adj., sad, painful: swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle tō gebīdanne þæt..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.

geōmor-mōd, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giōmor-mōd, 2268.

geōmrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. geōmrode giddum, 1119.

geō-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. geōsceaft grimme, 1235.

geōsceaft-gāst, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.

gēotan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream: pres. part. gifen gēotende, 1691.

gicel, st. m., icicle: in comp. hilde-gicel.

gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid āwræc, 1724; gyd āwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hē gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.—Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.

giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration: pret. gyddode, 631.

gif, conj.: 1) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.—2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf Denum, 1720; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, 49; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, 64; þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.

ā-gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware ... āgifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sōna him se frōda fæder Ōhtheres ... ondslyht āgeaf (gave him a counter-blow), (hand-blow?), 2930.

for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þæs līf-frēa ... worold-āre forgeaf, 17; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan dōhtor (gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.

of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifeðe, adj., given, granted: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; swā mē gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig yrfeweard æfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.—Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.—Comp. un-gifeðe.

gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: acc. sg. ymb þā gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stōl, st. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168.

gift, st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.—Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.

gīgant, st. m., giant: nom. pl. gīgantas, 113; gen. pl. gīganta, 1563, 1691.

gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).

gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; hē mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, 2992.

an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenræste, one (Æschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.

ā-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. þā mē sǣl āgeald, when the favorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, þā him rūm āgeald, 2691.

for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; hē ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.

gilp, gylp, st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. hæfde ... Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; þæt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrīpan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.—Comp. dol-gilp.

gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. nō ic þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.

gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hlæden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.

gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word: gen. pl. gespræc ... gylp-worda sum, 676.

gim, st. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rīce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða, 466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: acc. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552.

gin-fæst, adj., extensive, rich: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife (gim-, on account of the following f), 1272; in weak form, gin-fæstan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in

on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene fremman fēond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þā þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelāc ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.

gist. See gæst.

gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran niht, yesterday night, 1335.

git, pron., ye two, dual of þū, 508, 512, 513, etc.

gīt, gȳt, adv., yet; then still, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957; nǣfre gīt, never yet, 583; still, 945, 1059, 1135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in

be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þā hine wīg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman lange begeāte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, 2131.

for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. hē þā forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, 2945.

gīfre, adj., greedy, eager: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, of Grendel's mother, 1278.—Superl.: līg..., gǣsta gīfrost, 1124.—Comp. heoro-gīfre.

gītsian, w. v., to be greedy: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, 1750.

gio-, giō-. see geo-, geō-.

gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), 2037.

glæd, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. bēo wið Gēatas glæd, 1174; acc. sg. glædne Hrōðgār, 864; glædne Hrōðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frōdan, 2026.

glæde, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58.

glædnian, w. v., to rejoice: inf. w. gen., 367.

glæd-mōd, adj., joyous, glad, 1786.

glēd, st. f., fire, flame: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. glēdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

glēd-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.

glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-glēaw.

glēo, st. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106.

glēo-bēam, st. m., (tree of social entertainment, of music), harp. gen. sg. glēo-bēames, 2264.

glēo-drēam, st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022.

glēo-man, m., (gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper: gen. sg. glēomannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.H.G. glizinōn), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter: inf. geseah þā ... gold glitinian, 2759.

glīdan, st. v., to glide: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glād ofer grundas, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gārsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515.

tō-glīdan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.

glōf, st. f., glove: nom. sg. glōf hangode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086.

gnēað, adj., niggardly: nom. sg. f. næs hīo ... tō gnēað gifa Gēata lēodum, was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gēatas, 1931.

gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to complain: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlāfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.

god, st. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hālig god, 381, 1554; wītig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hīe drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.

gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brād gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fǣttan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fāhne (hrōf), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scīran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. —Comp. fæt-gold.

gold-ǣht, st. f., possessions in gold, treasure: acc. sg., 2749.

gold-fāh, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fāh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fāhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mīnne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwæt, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold: næs hē goldhwæt, he (Bēowulf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.

gold-māðm, st. m., jewel of gold: acc. pl. gold-māðmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084.

gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., friend who distributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Gēata, 2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his victory), 1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.

gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.

gōd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frōd and gōd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gōd, the king noble in birth, 1871; gumcystum gōd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gōda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gōdne, 1487; neut. gōd, 1563; dat. sg. gōdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gōdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gōde, 2250; þā gōdan, 1164; acc. pl. gōde, 2642; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, 2179; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, 2649.—Comp. ǣr-gōd.

gōd, st. n.: 1) good that is done, benefit, gift: instr. sg. gōde, 20, 957, 1185; gōde mǣre, renowned on account of her gifts (Þrȳðo), 1953; instr. pl. gōdum, 1862.—2) ability, especially in fight: gen. pl. nāt hē þāra gōda, 682.

gram, adj., hostile: gen. sg. on grames grāpum, in the gripe of the enemy (Bēowulf), 766; nom. pl. þā graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.

gram-hȳdig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, 1750.

grāp, st. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grāpe, 438; on grāpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grāpe, all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw, 837; dat. pl. on grames grāpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grāpum, with grim claws, 1543.—Comp.: fēond-, hilde-grāp.

grāpian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize: pret. sg. þæt hire wið halse heard grāpode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; hē ... grāpode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, 2086.

græs-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, went over the grass-plot, 1882.

grǣdig, adj., greedy, hungry, voracious: nom. sg. grim and grǣdig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, 1523.

grǣg, adj., gray: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334.

grǣg-mǣl, adj., having a gray color, here = iron: nom. sg. sweord Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, 2683.

grǣpe. See æt-grǣpe.

grētan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swā gōdne grētan, 347; Hrōðgār grētan, 1647, 2011; ēowic grētan hēt (bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. grētte Gēata lēod, 626; grētte þā guma ōðerne, 653; Hrōðgār grētte, 1817.— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstōl grētan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec gūðwinum grētan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; nō hē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu grētte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þū þone wælgǣst wihte ne grētte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066.

ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517.—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862.

grēot, st. m., grit, sand, earth: dat. sg. on grēote, 3169.

grēotan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. sē þe æfter sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1343.

grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hostile: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gæst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grāpum, 1543.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.

grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086.

grim-līc, adj., grim, terrible: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[re-gæst], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten: pret. pl. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., to grind, in

for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; þā his āgen (scyld) wæs glēdum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678.

gripe, st. m., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe mēces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.—Comp.: fǣr-, mund-, nīð-gripe.

grīma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.

grīm-helm, st. m., mask-helmet, helmet with visor: acc. pl. grīm-helmas, 334.

grīpan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp: pret. sg. grāp þā tōgēanes, then she caught at, 1502.

for-grīpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, 2354. wið-grīpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522.

grōwan, st. v., to grow, to sprout: pret. sg. him on ferhðe grēow brēosthord blōdrēow, 1719.

grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... æfter grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. tō grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.

grund-būend, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-būendra, 1007.

grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þām [grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., net, noose, snare: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.

gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swā fela gryra, 592.—Comp.: fǣr-, wīg-gryre.

gryre-brōga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fāh, adj., gleaming terribly: acc. sg. gryre-fāhne (the fire-spewing drake, cf. also [draca] fȳrwylmum fāh, 2672, 2577.

gryre-gæst, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þām gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-lēoð, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.

gryre-līc, adj., terrible, horrible: acc. sg. gryre-līcne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-sīð, st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, 1463.

guma, w. m., man, human being: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.—Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., race of men, people, nation: gen. sg. wē synt gumcynnes Gēata lēode, people from the nation of the Gēatas, 260; dat. pl. æfter gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945.

gum-cyst, st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., excellently, preeminently: gumcystum gōdne bēaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gōd ... hilde-hlemma (Bēowulf), 2544.

gum-drēam, st. m., joyous doings of men: acc. sg. gum-drēam ofgeaf (died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.

gum-fēða, w. m., troop of men going on foot: nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.

gum-stōl, st. m., man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumstōle, 1953.

gūð, st. f., combat, battle: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. gūðe, 604; instr. sg. gūðe, 1998; dat. sg. tō (æt) gūðe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gūðum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. gūða, 2513, 2544.

gūð-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum (the strand-guard on the Danish coast), 314.

gūð-bil, st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. gūðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, 804.

gūð-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet: nom. sg., 321.

gūð-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings: dat. sg. æfter gūð-ceare, 1259.

gūð-cræft, st. m., warlike strength, power in battle: nom. sg. Grendles gūð-cræft, 127.

gūð-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.

gūð-dēað, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 2250.

gūð-floga, w. m., flying warrior: acc. sg. wið þone gūðflogan (the drake), 2529.

gūð-freca, w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gūð-freca, of the drake, 2415.

gūð-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Bēowulf), 299.

gūð-gewǣde, st. n., battle-dress, armor: nom. pl. gūð-gewǣdo, 227; acc. pl. -gewǣdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewǣda, 2624.

gūð-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.

gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þā gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395.

gūð-helm, st. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488.

gūð-horn, st. n., battle-horn: acc. sg., 1433.

gūð-hrēð, st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., 820.

gūð-lēoð, st. n., battle-song: acc., sg., 1523.

gūð-mōd, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pl. gūð-mōde, 306.

gūð-rǣs, st. m., storm of battle, attack: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gūð-rǣsa, 1578, 2427.

gūð-rēow, adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., 58.

gūð-rinc, st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, 2649.

gūð-rōf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609.

gūð-sceaða, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.

gūð-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare, 1214.

gūð-sele, st. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place: dat sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), 443.

gūð-searo, st. n. pl., battle-equipment, armor; acc., 215, 328.

gūð-sweord, st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., 2155.

gūð-wērig, adj., wearied by battle dead: acc. sg. gūð-wērigne Grendel, 1587.

gūð-wine, st. m., battle-friend, comrade in battle designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste, who dared to attack me with his war-friends, 2736.

gūð-wiga, w. m., fighter of battles, warrior: nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gid.

gyfan. See gifan.

gyldan. See gildan.

gylden, adj., golden: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bēage, 1164.—Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace: pret. part. gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt warrior, 2079.

gyrn, st. n., sorrow, harm: nom. sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. tō gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See gistran.

gȳman, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about: pres. III. gȳmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! do not study arrogance (despise it), 1761.

for-gȳman, w. acc., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.

gȳtsian. See gītsian.

gȳt. See gīt.

H

habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē ... micel ǣrende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt hē þrīttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; hæbbe ic ... geāhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, 940; hæfde se gōda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.

for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wǣfre mōd forhabban in hreðre, the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast, 1152; ne mihte þā for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610.

wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þæt se wīnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.

hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; þonne wē on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hwīta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.—Comp. wīg-heafola.

hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift: pret. sg. wǣpen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1574.

hafoc, st. m., hawk: nom. sg., 2264.

haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure: dat. sg. tō hagan, 2893, 2961.

haga, w. m. See ān-haga.

hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, līc-hama, scīr-ham (adj.).

hamer, st. m., hammer: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lāfe (swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138; sīo swīðre ... hand, the right hand, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand combat: dat. sg. tō hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.

hand-gemōt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1527; nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōta, 2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewriðen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.

hand-rǣs, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-rǣs, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769.

hangan. See hōn.

hangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrōðre, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448; pl. III. ofer þǣm (mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, over which frosty forests hang, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086.

hatian, w. v. w. acc., to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt: inf. hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lāðum dǣdum (could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, 2320.

hād, st. m., form, condition, position, manner: acc. sg. þurh hǣstne hād, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesīðes hād, in the position of follower, as follower, 1298; on sweordes hād, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on.

hādor, st. m., clearness, brightness: acc. sg. under heofenes hādor, 414.

hādor, adj., clear, fresh, loud: nom. sg. scop hwīlum sang hādor on Heorote, 497.

hādre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.

hāl, adj., hale, whole, sound, unhurt: nom. sg. hāl, 300. With gen. heaðo-lāces hāl, safe from battle, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hāl, 407; dat. sg. hālan līce, 1504.

hālig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hālig god, 381, 1554; hālig dryhten, 687.

hām, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hām, 1408; Hrōðgāres hām, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him hām, betook himself home, 1602; tō hām, 124, 374, 2993; fram hām, at home, 194; æt hām, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hāmes, 2367; acc. pl. hāmas, 1128.—Comp. Finnes-hām, 1157.

hām-weorðung, st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.

hār, adj., gray: nom. sg. hār hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, 888, 1416, 2554; hāre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. hārum hildfruman, 1679; f. on hēare hǣðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hāres, of the old man, 2989.—Comp. un-hār.

hāt, adj., hot, glowing, flaming nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hāt gemealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hātan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fȳres hātes, 2523; acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.—Sup.: hātost heaðo-swāta, 1669.

hāt, st. n., heat, fire: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hāt þrowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606.

hata, w. m., persecutor; in comp. dǣd-hata.

hātan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte ... flotan ēowerne ārum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; swā se snottra heht, as the wise (Hrōðgār) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hēt: hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, hēt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þā wæs hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrætwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ... hātan Bīowulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.

ge-hātan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þē gehāte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. hē mē mēde gehēt, promised me reward, 2135; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, 2990; wēan oft gehēt earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, 175; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde þæt ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. sīo gehāten [wæs] ... gladum suna Frōdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.

hātor, st. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hātor.

hæft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle hæftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789.

hæft-mēce, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, 1458. See Note.

hæg-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890.

hæle, st. m., man: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. hæle, 720; dat. pl. hǣlum (hǣnum, MS.), 1984.

hæleð, st. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. hæleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. hæleðum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. hæleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.

hærg. See hearg.

hǣð, st. f., heath: dat. sg. hǣðe, 2213.

hǣðen, adj., heathenish; acc. sg. hǣðene sāwle, 853; dat. sg. hǣðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hǣðenes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. hǣðenra, 179.

hǣð-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369

hǣl, st. f.: 1) health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. him hǣl ābēad, 654; mid hǣle, 1218.—2) favorable sign, favorable omen: hǣl scēawedon, observed favorable signs (for Bēowulf's undertaking), 204.

hǣlo, st. f., health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. hǣlo ābēad heorð-genēatum, 2419.—Comp. un-hǣlo.

hǣst (O.H.G. haisterā hantī, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehement: acc. sg. þurh hǣstne hād, 1336.

hē, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.

hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; hæfen, 3024.

ā-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wæs ... icge gold āhafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, a cry of distress raised, 128

ge-hegan [ge-hēgan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: þing gehegan, to mark off the court, hold court. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall alone decide the matter with Grendel), 425.

hel, st. f., hell: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.

hel-bend, st. m. f. bond of hell: instr. pl. hell-bendum fæst, 3073.

hel-rūna, w. m., sorcerer: nom. pl. helrūnan, 163.

be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide: pret. part. be-holen, 414.

helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.—2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brūn-fāgne, gold-fāhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.—Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.

ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., to cover over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, 1365.

helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.

helpan, st. v., to help: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. þǣr hē his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699.

help, m. and f., help, support, maintenance: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. tō helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.

hende, -handed: in comp. īdel-hende.

hēr, adv., here, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hither, 244, 361, 376.

here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops: dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.—Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.

here-brōga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brōgan, 462.

here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.

here-grīma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grīman, 396, 2050, 2606.

here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554.

here-nīð, st. m., battle-enmity, battle of armies: nom. sg., 2475.

here-pād, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.

here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177.

here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta hēap, 335.

here-spēd, st. f., (war-speed), luck in war: nom. sg., 64.

here-strǣl, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.

here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.

here-wǣd, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-wǣdum, 1898.

here-wǣsma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wǣsmum, 678.—Leo.

here-wīsa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.

herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073.

herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army: pres. sg. I. ic þē wēl herige, 1834.—Leo.

hete, st. m., hate, enmity: nom. sg. 142, 2555.—Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, wīg-hete.

hete-līc, adj., hated: nom. sg., 1268.

hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.

hete-nīð, st. m., enmity full of hate: acc. pl. hete-nīðas, 152.

hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.

hete-þanc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design: dat. pl. mid his hete-þancum, 475.

hēdan, ge-hēdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehēdde, 505.

herian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177.

ge-heaðerian, w. v., to force, to press in: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, 3073.

heaðo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.

heaðo-dēor, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-dēorum, 773.

heaðo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire: gen. sg. heaðu-fȳres, 2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fȳrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.

heaðo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548.

heaðo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).

heaðo-lāc, st. n., battle-play, battle: dat. sg. æt heaðo-lāce, 584; gen. sg. heaðo-lāces hāl, 1975.

heaðo-mǣre, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mǣre, 2803.

heaðo-rǣs, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -rǣsas, 1048; gen. pl. -rǣsa, 526.

heaðo-rēaf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (kept the equipments), 401.

heaðo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, 370.

heaðo-rōf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rōfe, 865.

heaðo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.

heaðo-sēoc, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -sīocum, 2755.

heaðo-stēap, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stēapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, 2154, both times of the helmet.

heaðo-swāt, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swāte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, 1669.

heaðo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter heaðu-swenge, 2582.

heaðo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.

heaðo-wǣd, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr. pl. heaðo-wǣdum, 39.

heaðo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.

heaðo-wylm, st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.

heaf, st. n., sea: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.

heafola. See hafela.

heal, st. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.—Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.

heal-ærn, st. n., hall-building, hall-house: gen. sg. heal-ærna, 78.

heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.

heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., 68.

heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.

heal-þegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Bēowulfs band, 720.

heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.

healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mōdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ārum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hēold, 2184; gold-māðmas hēold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; hēold mīn tela, protected well mine own, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, had employment, was employed, 3119; hēold mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tō healdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, 3044; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, the Gēatas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.

be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) to take care of, to attend to: pret. sg. þegn nytte behēold, a thane discharged the office, 494; so, 668.—2) to hold: pret. sg. sē þe flōda begong ... behēold, 1499.—3) to look at, to behold: þrȳðswȳð behēold mǣg Higelāces hū ..., great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..., 737.

for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.

ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), 2209.

healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þā healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on twā healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on bā healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.

healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.

heals, st. m., neck: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.—Comp.: the adjectives fāmig-, wunden-heals.

heals-bēah, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196.

heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. acc., to entreat earnestly, to implore: pret. sg. þā se þēoden mec ... healsode hrēoh-mōd þæt..., entreated me sorrowful, that..., 2133.

heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lāfe, 2830; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrōht ... heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.—Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard.

hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.

heard-ecg, adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle: nom. sg., 1289.

heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.—Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-træf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175.

hearm, st. m., harm, injury, insult: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

hearm-sceaða, w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.

hearpe, w. f., harp: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.

hēaðu, st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863?

hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956.

hēafod, st. n., head: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hēafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. hēafdum, 1243.

hēafod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, 1031.

hēafod-mǣg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, 2152.

hēafod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.

hēafod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, for the friend and the foe (Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.

hēah, hēa, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, 57; hēa (Higelāc), 1927; hēah (sele), 82; hēah hlǣw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. hēah (segn), 48, 2769; hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, 984; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920; gen. sg. hēan hūses, 116.—high, heavy: acc. hēah gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.

hēa-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country: acc. sg., 1128.

hēah-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), 1040.

hēah-gestrēon, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303.

hēah-lufe, w. f., high love: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, 1955.

hēah-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler: dat. sg. hēah-sele, 648.

hēah-setl, st. n., high seat, throne: acc. sg., 1088.

hēah-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on hēah-stede, 285.

hēan, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409.

hēap, st. m., heap, crowd, troop: nom. sg. þegna hēap, 400; þes hearda hēap, this brave band, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hēap, the crowd of spears, 335; mago-rinca hēap, 731; dat. sg. on hēape, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597.—Comp. wīg-hēap.

hēawan, st. v., to hew, to cleave: inf., 801.

ge-hēawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, 683.

heoðu, st. f., the interior of a building: dat. sg. þæt hē on heoðe gestōd, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., heaven: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., gore, fresh or crude blood: dat. instr. sg. hātan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., door-hinge: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heorð-genēat, st. m., hearth-companion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-genēatas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-genēatum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., stag: nom. sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. æt heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.—Comp.: the adjectives blīð-, grom-, rūm-, stearc-heort.

heoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bīndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here).

heoro-blāc, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, 2489.

heoru-drēor, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487; heoro-drēore, 850.

heoro-drēorig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721.

heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.

heoro-gīfre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.

heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.

heoro-hōcihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, 1439.

heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.

heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.

heoro-wearh, st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., 1268.

hēofan, w. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pl. hīofende, 3143.

ā-hēoran, to free (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brȳd āhēorde, 2931.

hēore, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure: nom. sg. fem, nis þæt hēoru stōw, that is no secure place, 1373.—Comp. un-hēore (-hȳre).

hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.

ofer-hīgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), to exceed, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant.)

hild, st. f., battle, combat: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, through combat, 2917; dat. sg. æt hilde, 1461.

hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521.

hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.

hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.

hilde-dēor, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-dīor, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, 3171.

hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grāp, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.

hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, it happened to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2202.

hilde-lēoma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.

hilde-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203.

hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.

hllde-rǣs, st. m., storm of battle: acc. sg., 300.

hilde-rinc, st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.

hilde-sæd, adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more: acc. sg. hilde-sædne, 2724.

hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.

hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.

hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.

hilde-swāt, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hāt hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.

hilde-tūx, st. m., battle-tooth: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, 1512.

hilde-wǣpen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39.

hilde-wīsa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, Healfdene's general (Hnæf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca

hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, 2836.

hlld-lata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pl. þā hild-latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., sword-hilt: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þæt hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þā hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988.

hin-fūs, adj., ready to die: nom. sg. hyge wæs him hinfūs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756.

hindema, adj. superl., hindmost, last: instr. sg. hindeman sīðe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, 1667.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), heat: nom. sg. þenden hyt sȳ, 2650.

hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, loaded with armor, 1898.—Comp. gilp-hlæden.

ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd (MS gehleod), 896.

hlāford, st. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlāforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlāfordes, 3181.—Comp. eald-hlāford.

hlāford-lēas; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlāford-lēase, 2936.

hlāw, hlǣw, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlǣw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlāwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlāw [under] hrūsan, 2277; hlǣw under hrūsan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

hlæst, st. n., burden, load: dat. sg. hlæste, 52.

hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, ūht-, wæl-hlem.

hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.

ā-hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult: pret. sg. his mōd āhlōg, his mood exulted, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., laughter: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.

hlēapan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hlēapan lēton ... fealwe mēaras, 865.

ā-hleapan, to spring up: pret. āhlēop, 1398.

hleoðu. See hlið.

hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over: inf. oð þæt hē ... fyrgen-bēamas ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, 1416.

hlēo, st. m., shady, protected place; defence, shelter; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wīgendra hlēo, of Hrōðgār, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Bēowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hlēo, of Hrōðgār, 1036, 1867; of Bēowulf, 792; of Hygelāc, 2191.

hlēo-burh, st. f., ruler's castle or city: acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.

hlēor, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).

hlēor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (visor?), 304.

hlēor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.

hlēotan, st. v. w. acc., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.

hlīfian, w. v., to rise, to be prominent: inf. hlīfian, 2806; pret. hlīfade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hlið, st. n., cliff, precipice of a mountain: dat. sg. on hlīðe, 3159; gen. sg. hlīðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stān-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu.

hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, bed for reclining, sick-bed: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

tō-hlīdan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst: pret. part. nom. pl. tō-hlidene, 1000.

hlūd, adj., loud: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612.

hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.

hlytm, st. m., lot: dat. sg. næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt hord strude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127.

hnāh, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, 678; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Gēatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.

hnǣgan, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), to speak to, to greet: pret. sg. þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hnǣgan, w. acc., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell: pret. sg. ge-hnǣgde helle gāst, 1275; þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, 1328, 2545.

hoðma, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave: dat. sg. in hoðman, 2459.

hof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: acc. sg. hof (Hrōðgār's residence), 312; dat. sg. tō hofe sīnum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; tō hofe (Hygelāc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. tō hofum Gēata, 1837.

hogode. See hycgan.

hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelāce wæs ... nefa swȳðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Bēowulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., deep sea: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.—Comp. wǣg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. on þām holm-clife, 1422; from þǣm holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., wood, thicket, forest. acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.—Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gār-, Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. m., forest-wood: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.—2) = forest: acc. sg., 1370.

hop, st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.

hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord, 2285; māðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sāwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; hǣðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.—Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.

hord-ærn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room: dat. hord-ærne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ærna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., city in which is the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle: acc. sg., 467.

hord-gestrēon, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093.

hord-māððum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.

hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.—2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.

hord-weorðung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, 953.

hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271.

horn, st. m., horn: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.—Comp. gūð-horn.

horn-boga, w. m., bow made of horn: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.

horn-gēap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, 82.

horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.

hors, st. n., horse: nom. sg., 1400.

hōciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hōciht.

be-hōfian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. III. nū is se dæg cumen þat ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað gōdra gūðrinca, now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, 2648.

on-hōhsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. þæt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hōlinga, adv., in vain, without reason, 1077.

be-hōn, st. v., to hang with: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.

hōs (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompanying troop, escort: instr. sg. mægða hōse, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, 925.

hræðe, adv., hastily, quickly, immediately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543.

hran-fix, st. m., whale: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.

hran-rād, st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rāde, 10.

hrā, st. n., corpse: nom. sg., 1589.

hrā-fyl, st. m., fall of corpses, killing, slaughter: acc. sg., 277.

hrædlīce, adv., hastily, immediately, 356, 964.

hræfn, hrefn, st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hrægl, st. n., dress, garment, armor: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrægles, 1218; gen. pl. hrægla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrægl.

hreðe. See hraðe.

hreðer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (it surged in his breast), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemēðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.

hreðer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hræfn.

hrēð, st. f., glory; in composition, gūð-hrēð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrēð.

hrēðe, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hrēð (on account of the following æt, final e is elided, as wēnic for wēne ic, 442; frōfor and fultum for frōfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933, 2576.

hrēð-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584.

hrēmig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hūðe hrēmig, 124; since hrēmig, 1883; frætwum hrēmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.

on-hrēran, w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hrēred, 549, 2555.

hreā-wīc, st. n., place of corpses: acc. sg. Gēata lēode hreā-wīc hēoldon, held the place of corpses, 1215.

hrēad, st. f., ornament(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See hrēoðan.

hrēam, st. m., noise, alarm:: nom. sg., 1303.

hrēoða, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hrēoða.

hrēoðan, ge-hrēoðan, st. v., to cover, to clothe; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, 1152; ge-hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304.—Comp.: bēag-, gold-hroden.

hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þām gōdan wæs hrēow on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; næs him hrēoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, of sad heart, 1308; on hrēoum mōde, angry at heart, 2582.

hrēoh-mōd, adj., of sad heart, 2133; angry at heart, 2297.

hrēosan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush: pret. hrēas, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hīe on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him tēaras, tears burst from him, 1873.

be-hrēosan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.

hrēow, st. f., distress, sorrow: gen. pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost, that was to Hrōðgār the bitterest of his sorrows, 2130.

hring, st. m.: 1) ring: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.—2) shirt of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.—Comp. bān-hring.

hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327.

hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., made of rings: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.

hring-īren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.

hring-mǣl, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (rich armor), 2038.

hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.

hring-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.

hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.

hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1516; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste gumena ǣnig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; oð þæt dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund hrīne (although he was wounded), 2977.—2) (O.N. hrīna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) 1364; but see Note.

hroden. See hrēoðan.

hron-fix. See hran-fix.

hrōðor, st. m., joy, beneficium: dat sg. hrefne tō hrōðre, 2449; gen. pl. hrōðra, 2172.

hrōf, st. m., roof, ceiling of a house: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrōf, 403; under gēapne hrōf, 838; geseah stēapne hrōf (here inner roof, ceiling), 927; so, ofer hēahne hrōf, 984; ymb þæs helmes hrōf, 1031; under beorges hrōf, 2756.—Comp. inwit-hrōf.

hrōf-sele, st. m., covered hall: dat. sg. hrōf-sele, 1516.

hrōr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous: dat. sg. of þǣm hrōran, 1630.—Comp. fela-hrōr.

hruron. See hrēosan.

hrūse, w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrūsan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrūsan, 2412.

hrycg, st. m., back: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (over the water's back, surface), 471.

hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, ruin: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.—Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in motion), 226.

hund, st. m., dog: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.

hund, num., hundred: þrēo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missēra, 1499; hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, 2995.

hū, adv., how, quomodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

huð, st. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, 124.

hūru, adv., above all, certainly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, 863; now, 3121.

hūs, st. n., house: gen. sg. hūses, 116; gen. pl. hūsa sēlest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., whither: tō hwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hæleða (what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had), 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hwā, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwā, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwæt, 173; ānes hwæt (a part only), 3011; hwæt þā men wǣron (who the men were), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (what armed men are ye?), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), 155; neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... ārna, 1187; dat. m. hwām, 1697.—Comp. ǣg-hwā.

hwæt, interj., what! lo! indeed! 1, 943, 2249.

ge-hwā, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda gehwone, 294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, 88; æt nīða gehwām, 883; þegna gehwām, 2034; eorla gehwǣm, 1421; fem. in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, 25; nihta gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839.

hwār. See hwǣr.

hwæder. See hwider.

hwæðer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer twēga, 2531; swā hwæðer, utercunque: acc. sg. on swā hwæðere hond swā him gemet þince, 687.—Comp. ǣg-hwæðer.

ge-hwæðer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig, 2172; nē gehwæðer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044.

hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre, 1) adv., yet, nevertheless: hwæðre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwæðre swā þēah, however, notwithstanding, 2443; hwæðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719—2) conj., = utrum, whether: hwæðre, 1315; hwæðer, 1357, 2786.

hwæt, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt.

hwæt. See hwā.

hwǣr, adv., where: elles hwǣr, elsewhere, 138; hwǣr, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwār þonne..., is it a wonder when...? 3063.—Comp. ō-hwǣr.

ge-hwǣr, everywhere: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (everywhere good in battle), 526.

hwelc. See hwylc.

hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge: pres. subj. swā þin sefa hwette (as thy mind urges, as thou likest), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerōfne (they whetted the brave one), 204.

hwēne, adv., a little, paululum, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., vault: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fæder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, 356; hwearf þā bī bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf þā be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.

and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.

æt-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), 2300.

ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, 1680; so, 1685, 2209.

geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider, adv., whither: hwyder, 163; hwæder (hwæðer, MS.), 1332.

hwīl, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (it was a long time), 146; þā wæs hwīl dæges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hwīle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, a long while, 16, 2781; āne hwīle, a while, 1763; lȳtle hwīle, brief space, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, any while, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often: hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, 2108-9-10.—Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.

hwīt, adj., brilliant, flashing: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwōpan, st. v., to cry, cry out mourn: pret. sg. hwēop, 2269.

hwyder. See hwider.

hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nāt hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, 1987.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, 3058.—Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, wēl-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dōgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.

hwyrft, st. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrīðað (wander to and fro), 163.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon: pret. sg. ic þæt hogode þæt ... (my intention was that ...), 633.—Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend.

for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.

ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon: pret. sg. þā þū ... feorr gehogodest sæcce sēcean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa fengel þæt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.

hȳdig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.

ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Comp.: brēost-, mōd-gehygd, won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fæst, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879.

hyge-geōmor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, 2409.

hyge-mēðe, adj.: 1) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443.—2) life-weary, dead: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), 2910.

hyge-rōf, adj., brave, valiant, vigorous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerōf], 403; acc. sg. hige-rōfne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., heart-sorrow: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-þȳhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig.

hyge-þrym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., support, protection: nom. sg., 3057.—Leo.

hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep: pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689.

hyldo, st. f., inclination, friendliness, grace: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.

ā-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. ā-hyrded, 1461.

hyrde. See hirde.

hyrst, st. f., accoutrements, ornament, armor: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþēow's equipments and arms), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763.

hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256.

hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be emboldened: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (the drake took heart; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.

hyse, st. m., youth, young man: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.

hyt. See hit.

hȳdan, w. v., to hide, conceal, protect, preserve: pres. subj. hȳde [hine, himself] sē þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nō þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] (ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head), 1373.

ge-hȳdan, w. acc., to conceal, preserve: pret. sg. gehȳdde, 2236, 3060.

hȳð, st. f., haven: dat. sg. æt hȳðe, 32.

hȳð-weard, st. m., haven-warden: nom. sg., 1915.

hȳnan (see hēan), w. v. w. acc., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. hȳnde, 2320.

hȳnðu, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: acc. sg. hȳnðu, 277; gen. sg. hwæt ... hȳnðo, 475; fela ... hȳnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166.

hȳran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, 876; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt ..., 62, 2164, 2173.—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, 10; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, 2755; Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, 66.

ge-hȳran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne gehȳrað ānfealdne geþōht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehȳrde on Bēowulfe fæstrǣdne geþōht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehȳrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehȳre þæt ..., 290.

I

ic, pers. pron. I: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, dat. ūs, gen. ūser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.

icge, gold (perhaps related to Sanskrit īç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. ēht, wealth, opes), treasure?, sword (edge)?, 1108.—Körner.

ides, st. f., woman, lady, queen: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in ānum (in one of them), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstōle, 1953; in þām wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098. Temporal: in geār-dagum, 1.—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lāfe (with the costly sword ? or with mighty sword?), 2578.—[Edge: incge lāfe, edge of the sword.—K. Körner?]