GLOSSARY (continued 5)

sāl, st. m., rope: dat. sg. sāle, 1907; on sāle (sole, MS.), 302.

sāl. See sǣl.

sār, st. n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sār, 976; sīo sār, 2469; acc. sg. sār, 788; sāre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sāre, 1252, 2312, 2747.—Comp. līc-sār.

sār, adj., sore, painful: instr. pl. sārum wordum, 2059.

sāre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re gesceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224.

sārig, adj., painful, woeful: acc. sg. sārigne sang, 2448.

sārig-ferð, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), 2864.

sārig-mōd, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pl. sārig-mōdum, 2943.

sār-līc, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

sāwol, sāwl, st. f., soul (the immortal principle as contrasted with līf, the physical life): nom. sg. sāwol, 2821; acc. sg. sāwle, 184, 802; hǣðene sāwle, 853; gen. sg. sāwele, 1743; sāwle, 2423.

sāwl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, 1005.

sāwul-drēor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sāwul-drīore, 2694.

sāwul-lēas, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sāwol-lēasne, 1407; sāwul-lēasne, 3034.

sæce, sæcce. See sacu.

sæd, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-sæd.

sæl, st. n., habitable space, house, hall: dat. sg. sel, 167; sæl, 307, 2076, 2265.

sæld, st. n., hall, king's hall or palace: acc. sg. geond þæt sæld (Heorot), 1281.

sǣ, st. m. and f., sea, ocean: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sīdne sǣ, 507; ofer sǣ, 2381; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; dat. sg. tō sǣ, 318; on sǣ, 544; dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

sǣ-bāt, st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., 634, 896.

sǣ-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea: gen. pl. sǣ-cyninga, 2383.

sǣ-dēor, st. n., sea-beast, sea-monster: nom. sg., 1511.

sǣ-draca, w. m., sea-dragon: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, 1427.

ge-sǣgan, w. v., to fell, slay: pret. part. hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sǣged (felled with the sword), 885.

sǣge. See on-sǣge.

sǣ-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

sǣ-gēap, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sǣ-gēap naca, 1897.

sǣ-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-bottom: dat. sg. sǣ-grunde, 564.

sǣl, sāl, sēl, st. f.: 1) favorable opportunity, good or fit time: nom. sg. sǣl, 623, 1666, 2059; sǣl and mǣl, 1009; acc. sg. sēle, 1136; gen. pl. sǣla and mǣla, 1612.—2) Fate(?): see Note on l. 51.—3) happiness, joy: dat. pl. on sālum, 608; sǣlum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sēl, adj.

ge-sǣlan, w. v., to turn out favorably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-sǣlde þæt ...(he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde (at such times as need disposed it for their lord), 1251.

sǣlan (see sāl), w. v., to tie, bind: pret. sg. sǣlde ... sīð-fæðme scip, 1918; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, 226.

ge-sǣlan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-sǣlan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), 489.

sǣ-lāc, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sǣ-lāce, 1625; acc. pl. þās sǣ-lāc, 1653.

sǣ-lād, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey: dat. sg. sǣ-lāde, 1140, 1158.

sǣ-līðend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, 411, 1819, 2807; sǣ-līðende, 377.

sǣ-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sǣ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Gēatas).

sǣmra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. sǣmra, 2881; dat. sg. sǣmran, 954.

sǣ-mēðe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pl. sǣ-mēðe, 325.

sǣ-næs, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze: acc. pl. sǣ-næssas, 223, 571.

sǣne, adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme wæs sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away), 1437.

sǣ-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero: nom. sg., 691.

sǣ-sīð, st. m., sea-way, path, journey: dat. sg. æfter sǣ-sīðe, 1150.

sǣ-wang, st. m., sea-shore or beach: acc. sg. sǣ-wong, 1965.

sǣ-weal, st. m., (sea-wall), seashore: dat. sg. sǣ-wealle, 1925.

sǣ-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), vessel, ship: acc. sg. sǣ-wudu, 226.

sǣ-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow: acc. pl. ofer sǣ-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce, 2743; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (their bravest men had passed away), 1125; þā wæs winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.

scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving), 1027.

scawa (see scēawian), w. m., observer, visitor: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-scād, st. n., difference, distinction: acc. sg. ǣg-hwæðres gescād, worda and worca (difference between, of, both words and deeds), 288.

ge-scādan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556.

scānan? See scīnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scānan having been abandoned.

ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (at the fated hour), 26.

sceððan, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceððan (hurt her life), 1525; þæt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, 1515.

ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, 1448.

scenc, st. m., vessel, can: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte scīr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, sword-guard?: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum scīran goldes, 1695.

sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (hews off the boar-head on the helm), 1288.

ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær (often clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (ale-scare or panic?), 770.

scēt. See scēotan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaða, w. m.: 1) scather, foe: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.—2) fighter, warrior: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.—Comp.: attor-, dol-, fēond-, gūð-, hearm-, lēod-, mān-, sin-, þēod-, ūht-sceaða.

sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, injure, crush: pret. sg. sē þe oft manegum scōd (which has oft oppressed many), 1888.

ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt Heorote, 1588; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, 1503; bill ǣr gescōd eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ǣr and gescōd form compound).

sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., shaft, spear, missile: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.—Comp.: here-, wæl-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) creation, earth, earthly existence: acc. sg. þās lǣnan ge-sceaft, 1623.—2) fate, destiny: in comp. forð-, līf-, mǣl-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., servant, military retainer: nom. sg., 919; (of Bēowulf), 940.—Comp bēor-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) shape, creature: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.—2) fate, providence: acc. sg. hēah ge-sceap (heavy fate), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, syððan Hygelāc cwōm (the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after H. had come), 2915.

ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., massacre: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.

scearu, st. f., division, body, troop: in comp. folc-scearu; that is decided or determined, in gūð-scearu (overthrow?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., money; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þūsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.

scēat, st. m., region, field: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum and lēafum, 96;—top, surface, part: gen. pl. eorðan scēata, 753.

scēawere, st. m., observer, spy: nom. pl. scēaweras, 253.

scēawian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. scēawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scēawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-scēawian, to see, behold, observe: pret. part. ge-scēawod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

scēotan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles: pres. sg. sē þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend (the warriors, bowmen), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-scēotan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.

of-scēotan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... blōdigan gāre (killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.

scinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tō scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tō scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.

ge-scīfe (for ge-scȳfe), adj., advancing (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. schief?

scīnan, st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne ... sūðan scīneð, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan, 1518; pret. sg. (gūð-byrne, woruld—candel) scān, 321, 1966; on him byrne scān, 405; pret. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, 995; scionon, 303.

scīr, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-īren scīr, 322; scīr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, 496; gen. sg. scīran goldes, 1695.

scīr-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pl. scīr-hame, 1896.

scoten. See scēoten.

ge-scōd, pret. part., shod (calceatus), covered: in comp. ǣr-ge-scōd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note.

scop, st. m., singer, shaper, poet: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, 90.

scræf, st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eorð-scræf.

scrīðan, st. v., to stride, go: pres. pl. scrīðað, 163; inf. scrīðan, 651, 704; scrīðan tō, 2570.

scrīfan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment): inf. hū him (Grendel) scīr metod scrīfan wille, 980.

for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.

ge-scrīfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (as Weird did not permit him), 2575.

scrūd, st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.

scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, demon: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (was to awake), 85; sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), 2586.

scūa, w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. dēað-scūa.

scūfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þā wæs morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?)

be-scūfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184.

scūr, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. īsern-scūr.

scūr-heard, adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scūr-heard, 1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.

scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for; guilty of, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (guilty of evil deeds), 3072.

scyndan, w. v., to hasten: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

scȳran, w. v., to arrange, decide: inf. þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste (that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide.

scȳne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beautiful: nom. sg. mægð scȳne, 3017.

sē, se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;—relative: sē (who), 1611, 2866; sē þe (he who), 2293; sēo þe (she who), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, 2422; dat. sg. þām (for þām þe), 2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bēowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgār), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wīglāf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.

secg, st. f., sword (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.

secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende wæs lāðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from his sīðe, 532.—2) without acc inf. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273; pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tō secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946.

ā-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic ā-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344.

ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft ge-sægde (that I should, after, tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part. gesægd, 141; gesǣd, 1697.

sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.—Comp. mōd-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., sail: nom. sg., 1907.

segl-rād, st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rāde, 1430.

segn, st. n., banner, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.—Comp. hēafod-segn.

sel, st. n., hall, palace. See sæl.

seld, st. n., dwelling, house: in comp. medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, companion: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.

seldan, adv., seldom: oft [nō] seldan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?: nom. sg., 249.

sele, st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tō sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129.—Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.

sele-drēam, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., 620.

sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, 1546.

sele-rǣdend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347.

sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-þegn, st. m., retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain: nom. sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29, 1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sīnne sylfes dōm (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc.

sel-līc, syl-līc (from seld-līc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

semninga, adv., straightway, at once 645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tō frōfre (whom God sent as a comfort to the people), 13; so, 471, 1843.

for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905.

on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þē hine ... forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.

sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.—Leo.

serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.

sess, st. m., seat, place for sitting: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þā hē bī sesse gēong (by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., seat, settle: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.—Comp.: hēah-, hilde-, meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., to set: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weall (the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall), 325; so, 1243.

ā-settan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pl. hīe him ā-setton segen [gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, 47; pret. part. hæfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tō-gēanes ... sele-weard ā-seted, 668.

be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.

ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697.—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, 94.—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030.

sēcan, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte (sought the costly cup), 2301; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (than his wish demanded), 2573; hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294.—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe ... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757; sāwle sēcan (seek the life, kill), 802; so, sēcean sāwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sōhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sōhtest, 458; pl. sōhton, 339.—3) to seek, attack: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, 2381.

ge-sēcan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen, 685.—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, 693; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, 1840.—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sēceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 2347; pl. ge-sōhton, 2927; ge-sōhtan, 2205.

ofer-sēcan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær wǣpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Bēowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.

sēl, st. f. See sǣl.

sēl, sǣl, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra, 861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelāc), 2200; dēað bið sēlla þonne edwīt-līf, 2891; neut. sēlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (a better than thee), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, 3123.

sēl, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531; ne byð him wihte þē sēl (he shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., salty: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter (the sea), 1990.

searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. sǣ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þā ic of searwum cwōm, fāh from fēondum, 419.—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fāh (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.—Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.

searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fæst, 2087.

searo-fāh, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-brōden, sīd and searo-fāh, 1445.

searo-ge-þræc, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.

searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.

searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.

searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237.

searo-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet: nom. sg., 406.

searo-nīð, st. m.: 1) cunning hostility, plot, wiles: acc. pl. searo-nīðas, 1201, 2739.—2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: acc. pl. searo-nīðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nīða, 582.

searo-þanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.

searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.

seax, st. n., shortsword, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.—Comp. wæl-seax.

seax-ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.

seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.

seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.—2) w. acc., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092, 161.

seonu, st. f., sinew: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.

sēoc, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill: nom. sg. feorh-bennum sēoc (of Bēowulf, sick unto death), 2741; siex-bennum sēoc (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. mōdes sēoce (sick of soul), 1604.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-sēoc.

sēoðan, st. v. w. acc., to seethe, boil; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic þæs mōd-ceare sorh-wylmum sēað (I pined in heart-grief for that), 1994; so, 190.

seoloð, st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sioleða bi-gong (the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.

sēon, sȳn, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sēon, an-sȳn.

sēon, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sēon, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor sēon (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, 2015.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþēodige þus manige men mōdiglīcran, 336.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lēofe, 2864; pl. folc tō sǣgon (looked on), 1423.

ge-sēon, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-sēon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sāwon, 1606, 2253.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele wēstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), 2456.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord monige ge-sāwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sēgan, 3039; ge-sēgon, 3129.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne ... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sāwon, 1592.

geond-sēon, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall geond-seh, 3088.

ofer-sēon, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, 419.

on-sēon, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, 1651.

sēowian, w. v., to sew, put together, link: pret. part. searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum (the corselet woven by the smith's craft), 406.

sib, st. f., peace, friendship, relationship: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace?), 154.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.

sib-æðeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709.

sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Gēatas), 730.

siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.—b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938; ǣr nē siððan (neither before nor after), 719.

2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;—since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.

siex. See seax.

sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.

sige-ēadig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-ēadig bil, 1558.

sige-folc, st. n., victorious people, troop: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.

sige-hrēð, st. f., confidence of victory(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.

sige-hrēðig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.

sige-hwīl, st. f., hour or day of victory: gen. sg. sige-hwīle, 2711.

sige-lēas, adj., devoid of victory, defeated: acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang, 788.

sige-rōf, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 620.

sige-þēod, st. f., victorious warrior troop: dat. sg. on sige-þēode, 2205.

sige-wǣpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wǣpnum, 805.

sigl, st. n.: 1) sun: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.—2) sun-shaped ornament: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.—Comp. māððum-sigl.

sigor, st. m., victory: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.—Comp.: hrēð-, wīg-sigor.

sigor-ēadig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg (of Bēowulf), 1312, 2353.

sin. See syn.

sinc, st. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.

sinc-fāh, adj., treasure-decked: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fāge sel, 167.

sinc-fæt, st. n., costly vessel: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;—a costly object: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.

sinc-ge-strēon, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestrēonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1227.

sinc-gifa, w. m., jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Bēowulf), 2312; (of Æschere), 1343.

sinc-māððum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194.

sinc-þego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels: nom. sg., 2885.

sin-dolh, st. n., perpetual, i.e. incurable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818.

sin-frēa, w. m., wedded lord, husband: nom. sg., 1935.

sin-gāl, adj., continual, lasting: acc. sg. fem, sin-gāle sæce, 154.

sin-gāles, adv. gen. sg., continually, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136.

singāla, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.

singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-īren scīr song in searwum (the ringed iron rang in the armor), 323; horn stundum song fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song), 1424; scop hwīlum sang (the singer sang at whiles), 496.

ā-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. lēoð wæs ā-sungen, 1160.

sin-here, st. m., (army without end?), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937.

sin-niht, st. f., perpetual night, night after night: acc. pl. sin-nihte (night after night), 161.

sin-sceaða, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802.

sin-snǣd, st. f., (continuous biting) bite after bite: dat. pl. syn-snǣdum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), 744.

sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nū tō symle, 489; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe sittan ēodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (sat on the horse), 286; æt fōtum sæt (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; þǣr Hrōðgār sæt (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum nēah, 2854; pret. pl. sǣton, 1165; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... unblīðe sæt, 130.—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.

be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besæt þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937.

for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.

ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rīce to rūne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see rīce), 171; wið earm ge-sæt (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; fēða eal ge-sæt (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-sæt þā wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelāc), 1978;

ge-sæt þā on næsse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... wē tō symble ge-seten hæfdon, 2105.—2) w. acc., to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. þā ic ... sǣ-bāt ge-sæt, 634.

of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sæt þā þone sele-gyst, 1546.

ofer-sittan, w. acc., to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685.

on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode sīwðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.

ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... symbel ymb-sǣton (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.

sīd, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glōf) sīd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, 437; on sīdne sǣ, 507; fem. byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; neut. sīde rīce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sīdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sīde sǣ-næssas, 223; sīde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (of great sorrows), 149.—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sīdne sefan, 1727.

side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.

sīd-fæðme, adj., broad-bosomed: acc. sg. sīd-fæðme scip, 1918.

sīd-fæðmed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sīd-fæðmed scip, 302.

sīd-rand, st. m., broad shield: nom. sg., 1290.

sīð (G. seþu-s), adj., late: superl. nom. sg. sīðast sige-hwīle (the last hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat. sg. æt sīðestan (in the end, at last), 3014.

sīð, adv. compar., later: ǣr and sīð (sooner and later, early and late), 2501.

sīð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ēðe sīð (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, þæt wæs gēocor sīð, 766; acc. sg. sīð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sīðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sīðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sīð (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. sīð, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. sīðas, 1987; acc. sīðas, 878; gen. sīða, 318.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sīð (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, wil-, wrǣc-sīð.

ge-sīð, st. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-sīðes, 1298; nom. pl. ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sīðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sīðum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-sīða, 1935.—Comp.: eald-, wil-gesīð.

sīð-fæt, st. m., way, journey: acc. sg. þone sīð-fæt, 202; dat. sg. sīð-fate, 2640.

sīð-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sīð-frome, 1814.

sīðian, w. v., to journey, march: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sīðode, 2120.

for-sīðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551.

sīe, sȳ. See wesan.

sīgan, st. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pl. sigon æt-somne (descended together), 307; sigon þā tō slǣpe (they sank to sleep), 1252.

ge-sīgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (fall in battle), 2660.

sīn, poss. pron., his: acc. sg. m. sīnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sīnum, 1508.

slǣp, st. m., sleep: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. tō slǣpe, 1252.

slǣpan, st. v., to sleep: pres. part. nom. sg. slǣpende, 2220; acc. sg. hē gefēng ... slǣpendne rinc (seized a sleeping warrior], 742; acc. pl. slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fīftȳne men (devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes), 1582.

slēac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., 2188.

sleahan, slēan: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt hē mē ongēan slēa (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slōh (struck angrily), 1566; so, slōh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700.—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þæs þe hē Ābel slōg (because he slew A.), 108; so, slōg, 421, 2180; slōh, 1582, 2356; pl. slōgon, 2051; pret. part. þā wæs Fin slægen, 1153.

ge-slēan, w. acc.: 1) to fight a battle: pret. sg. ge-slōh þīn fæder fǣhðe mǣste, 459.—2) to gain by fighting: syððan hīe þā mǣrða ge-slōgon, 2997.

of-slēan, to ofslay, kill, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slōh, 574, 1666, 3061.

slīðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous: acc. sg. þurh slīðne nīð, 184; gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

slīðen, adj., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. sweord-bealo slīðen, 1148.

slītan, st. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. acc.: pret. sg. slāt (slǣpendne rinc), 742.

slyht, st. m., blow: in comp. and-slyht.

ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

smið, st. m., smith, armorer: nom. sg. wǣpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes, 406.—Comp. wundor-smið.

be-smiðian, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc.: pret. part. hē (the hall Heorot) þæs fæste wæs innan and ūtan īren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.

snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper: nom. sg. se snella, 2972.

snellīc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.

snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.—Comp. fore-snotor.

snotor-līce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-līcor, 1483.

snūde, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.

be-snyðian, w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. þætte Ongenþīo ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925.

snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry: pret. pl. snyredon æt-somne (hurried forward together), 402.

snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid mōdes snyttrum, 1707; þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. Adv., wisely, 873.

somne. See samne.

sorgian, w. v.: 1) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.—2) to care for, trouble one's self about: inf. nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian (thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance), 451.

sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is mē tō secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þǣre sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.

sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.

sorh-ful, adj., sorrowful, troublesome, difficult: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sīð, 512, 1279, 1430.

sorh-lēas, adj., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., 1673.

sorh-leoð, st. n., dirge, song of sorrow: acc. sg., 2461.

sorh-wylm, st. m., wave of sorrow nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.

sōcn, st. f., persecution, hostile pursuit or attack (see sēcan): dat, (instr.) þǣre sōcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.

sōð, st. n., sooth, truth:: acc. sg. sōð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. tō sōðe (in truth), 51, 591, 2326.

sōð, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg, þæt is sōð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd āwræc sōð and sār-līc, 2110.

sōðe, adv., truly, correctly, accurately, 524; sōðe gebunden (of alliterative verse: accurately put together), 872.

sōð-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sōð-cyning (God), 3056.

sōð-fæst, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sōð-fæstra dōm (glory, realm, of the saints), 2821.

sōð-līce, adv., in truth, truly, truthfully, 141, 273, 2900.

sōfte, adv., gently, softly: compar. þȳ sēft (the more easily), 2750.—Comp. un-sōfte.

sōna, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc.

on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on-spēon (loosed his helm), 2724.

spel, st. n., narrative, speech: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.—Comp. wēa-spel.

spēd, st. f.: 1) luck, success: in comp. here-, wīg-spēd.—2) skill, facility: acc. sg. on spēd (skilfully), 874.

spīwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. glēdum spīwan (spit fire), 2313

spor, st. n., spur: in comp. hand-spor.

spōwan, st. v., to speed well, help, avail: pret. sg. him wiht ne spēow (availed him naught), 2855; hū him æt ǣte spēow (how he sped in the eating), 3027.

sprǣc, st. f., speech, language: instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (through bold, challenging, discourse), 1105.—Comp.: ǣfen-, gylp-sprǣc.

sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341; nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hwæt wit geō sprǣcon (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, þæt big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), 1596; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. þā wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, 644.

ge-sprecan, w. acc., to speak: pret. sg. ge-spræc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.

sprēot, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-sprēot.

springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hrā wīde sprong (the body bounded far), 1589; swāt ǣdrum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pl. wīde sprungon hilde-lēoman (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.

ge-springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. swā þæt blōd ge-sprang (as the blood burst forth), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong æfter dēað-dæge dōm un-lȳtel, 885.

on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bānlocan 818.

standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), 32; stōd on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre stōd here-strǣl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod æt-gædere (the spears stood together), 328; him big stōdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... þæt se mere standeð, 1363.—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, 145; so, 936; wæter under stōd drēorig and ge-drēfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stōd atelīc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; þāra ānum stōd sadol searwum fāh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; lēoht inne stōd (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, þæt [fram] þām gyste [gryre-] brōga stōd, 2229.

ā-standan, to stand up, arise: pret. sg. ā-stōd, 760, 1557, 2093.

æt-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt swurd) on wealle æt-stōd, 892.

for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stōd (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... mihte hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), 2956.

ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-stōd, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestōdon (not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him), 2597.

stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hǣð-, mearc-stapa.

stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go forward: pret. sg. eorl furður stōp, 762; gum-fēða stop lind-hæbbendra (the troop of shield-warriors strode on), 1402.

æt-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð nēar æt-stōp (strode up nearer), 746.

ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.

stapol, st. m., (= βάσις), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, column: dat. sg. stōd on stapole (stood by or near the wooden middle column of Heorot), 927; instr. pl. þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste (the arches of stone upheld by pillars), 2719. See Note.

starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone hafelan ... ēagum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; þāra frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), 2797; III. þonne hē on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.

stān, st. m., 1) stone: in comp. eorclan-stān.—2) rock: acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stāne, 2289, 2558.

stān-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stān-beorh stēapne, 2214.

stān-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock: dat. sg. stān-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stān-bogan, 2719.

stān-clif, st. n., rocky cliff: acc. pl. stān-cleofu, 2541.

stān-fāh, adj., stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors: nom. sg. strǣt wæs stān-fāh (the street was of different colored stones), 320.

stān-hlið, st. n., rocky slope: acc. pl. stān-hliðo, 1410.

stæf, st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. rūn-staf.—2) elementum: in comp. ār-, ende-, fācen-stæf.

stǣl, st. m., place, stead: dat. sg. þæt þū mē ā wǣre forð-gewitenum on fæder stǣle (that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me), 1480.

stǣlan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. þā ic on morgne ge-frægn mǣg ōðerne billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan (then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge; or, one avenged the other on the murderer?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.

ge-stǣlan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. gē feor hafað fǣhðe ge-stǣled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.

stede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, folc-, hēah-, meðel-, wang-, wīc-stede.

stefn, st. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. nīwan (nīowan) stefne (properly novā voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1790.

stefn, st. m., prow of a ship: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.

on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. sē þæs or-leges ōr on-stealde, 2408.

steng, st. m., pole, pike: in comp wæl-steng.

ge-steppan, w. v., to stride, go: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhtheres (O.'s son, i.e. Ēadgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), 2394.

stede (O.H.G. stāti, M.H.G. stǣte), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. wæs stēde nægla ge-hwylc stȳle ge-līcost (each nail-place was firm as steel), 986.

stēpan, w. v. w. acc., to exalt, honor: pret. sg. þēah þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, 1718.

ge-steald, st. n., possessions, property: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.

ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.

stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Bēowulf), 2553.

stēap, adj., steep, projecting, towering: acc. sg. stēapne hrōf, 927; stān-beorh stēapne, 2214; wið stēapne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas stēape, 222; neut. stēap stān-hliðo, 1410.—Comp. heaðo-stēap.

stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wīd-floga wundum stille, 2831.

stille, adv., quietly, 301.

stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stonc þā æfter stāne (snuffed along the stone), 2289.

stīð, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wunden-mǣl (swurd) ... stīð and stȳlecg, 1534.

stīð-mōd, adj., stout-hearted, unflinching: nom. sg., 2567.

stīg, st. m., way, path: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stīge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stīg.

stīgan, st. v., to go, ascend: pret. sg. þā hē tō holme [st]āg (when he plunged forward into the sea), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera lēode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ǣr hē on bed stige, 677.

ā-stīgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won tō wolcnum, 1374; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rēc] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft ā-stāh (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of swioðole, 3145; swēg up ā-stāg, 783.

ge-stīgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, 633.

storm, st. m., storm: nom. sg. strǣla storm (storm of missiles), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme wēol (the sea billowed stormily), 1132.

stōl, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, ēðel-, gif-, gum-stōl.

stōw, st. f., place, -stow: nom. sg. nis þæt hēoru stōw (a haunted spot), 1373; acc. sg. frēcne stōwe, 1379; grund-būendra gearwe stōwe (the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nȳdan), 1007: comp. wæl-stow.

strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; þū eart mægenes strang (strong of body), 1845; wæs sīo hond tō strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wigena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; mægenes strengest (strongest in might), 196; mægene strengest, 790.

strādan? (cf. strǣde = passus, gressus), to tread, (be)-stride, stride over (Grein): subj. pres. sē þone wong strāde, 3074. See Note.

strǣl, st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran strǣle, 1747; gen. pl. strǣla storm, 3118.

strǣt, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. strǣte, 1635; fealwe strǣte, 917.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-strǣt.

strengel, st. m., (endowed with strength), ruler, chief: acc. sg. wigena strengel, 3116.

strengo, st. f., strength, power, violence: acc. sg. mægenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;—dat. pl. strengum = violently, powerfully [loosed from the strings?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, mægen-, mere-strengo.

strēgan (O.S. strōwian), w. v., to strew, spread: pret. part, wæs þǣm yldestan ... morðorbed strēd (the death-bed was spread for the eldest one), 2437.

strēam, st. m., stream, flood, sea: acc. sg. strēam, 2546; nom. pl. strēamas, 212; acc. pl. strēamas, 1262: comp. brim-, ēagor-, firgen-, lagu-strēam.

ge-strēon (cf. strēon = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, 1921, 3168.—Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, þēod-ge-strēon.

strūdan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. næs þā on hlytme hwā þæt hord strude, 3127.

ge-strȳnan, w. v. w. acc., to acquire, gain: inf. þæs þe (because) ic mōste mīnum lēodum ... swylc ge-strȳnan, 2799.

stund, st. f., time, space of time, while: adv. dat. pl. stundum (at times), 1424.

styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lāð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375.—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841.

styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.

stȳle, st. n., steel: dat. sg. stȳle, 986.

stȳl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., 1534.

be-stȳman, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part. (wǣron) eal benc-þelu blōde be-stȳmed, 486.

suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., 1165.

sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fēara sum (one of few, with a few), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; fēara sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), 3062.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. ēower sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Bēowulf), 248; gūð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrōðgār's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Bēowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.

sund, st. m.: 1) swimming: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. æt sunde (in swimming), 517; on sunde (a-swimming), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.—2) sea, ocean, sound: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445.

ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, unimpaired: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fæder alwalda ... ēowic ge-healde sīða ge-sunde (the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!), 318.—Comp. an-sund.

sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.

sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimming: acc. sg. sund-nytte drēah (swam through the sea), 2361.

sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedǣlan (to separate, sunder), 2423.

sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.

sund-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), ship: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907.

sunne, w. f., sun: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.

sunu, st. m., son: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.

sūð, adv., south, southward, 859.

sūðan, adv., from the south, 607; sigel sūðan fūs (the sun inclined from the south), 1967.

swaðrian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm: brimu swaðredon (the waves became calm), 570. See sweðrian.

swaðu, st. f., trace, track, pathway: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.—Comp.: swāt-, wald-swaðu.

swaðul, st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaðule, 783. See sweoðol.

swancor, adj., slender, trim: acc. pl. þrīo wicg swancor, 2176.

swan-rād, st. f., swan-road, sea: acc. sg. ofer swan-rāde, 200.

and-swarian, w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340.

swā: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swā sceal man dōn, 1173, 1535; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon swā (that we thus accomplished), 538; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swā manlīce (so like a man), 1047; swā fela (so many), 164, 592; swā dēorlīce dǣd (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swā gōdne (him so good), 347; on swā geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-dēð him swā ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes blīðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; swā þēah (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; swā þēh, 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.—2): a) conj., as, so as: oð þæt his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfæder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swā ǣr (again as before), 643;—with indic.: swā hē selfa bæd (as he himself requested), 29; swā hē oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, 455; swā guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;—with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; swā hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swā hē manna wæs wīgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: swā þæt blōd gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swā hē ne mihte nō (so that he might not...), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swā wæter bebūgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), 93.—4) swā ... swā = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swā ... swā (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swā hwylc mægða swā (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā (even so to each man as), 3058.

for-swāfan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-swēof mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte, 2815.

for-swāpan, st. v., to sweep off, force: pret. sg. hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, 477.

swāt, st. m., (sweat), wound-blood: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swāte, 1287.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swāt.

swāt-fāh, adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., 1112.

swātig, adj., gory: nom. sg., 1570.

swāt-swaðu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947.

be-swǣlan, w. v., to scorch: pret. part. wæs se lēg-draca ... glēdum beswǣled, 3042.

swǣs, adj., intimate, special, dear: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; nom. pl. swǣse ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. lēode swǣse, 1869; swǣse ge-sīðas, 2041; gen. pl. swǣsra ge-sīða, 1935.

swǣs-līce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090.

swebban, w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601.

ā-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum ā-swefede, 567.

sweðrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish: inf. þæt þæt fyr ongan sweðrian, 2703; pret. siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode, 902.

swefan, st. v.: 1) to sleep: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swæf, 1801; pl. swǣfon, 704; swǣfun, 1281.—2) to sleep the death-sleep, die: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefað, 2257, 2458.

swegel, st. n., ether, clear sky: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.

swegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750.

swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.

swelgan, st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snǣdum swealh (swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule, 783.

for-swelgan, w. acc., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081.

swellan, st. v., to swell: inf. þā sīo wund on-gan ... swelan and swellan, 2714.

sweltan, st. v., to die, perish: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morðre swealt (died a violent death), 893, 2783; wundor-dēaðe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.

swencan, w. v., to swink, oppress, strike: pret. sg. hine wundra þæs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.

ge-swencan, to oppress, strike, injure: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... flāne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hǣðstapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.

sweng, st. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge (with its stroke), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.

swerian, st. v., to swear: pret. w. acc. I. nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (swore no false oaths), 2739; hē mē āðas swōr, 472.

for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulǣ?): pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805.

swēg, st. m., sound, noise, uproar: nom. sg. swēg, 783; hearpan swēg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca swēg, 645; sang and swēg, 1064; dat. sg. swēge, 1215.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swēg.

swêlan, w. v., to burn (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swǣlan.

sweart, adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-rēc sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.

sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul.

sweofot, st. m., sleep: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.

sweoloð, st. m., heat, fire, flame: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.

sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken. pres. sg. III. nē him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (darkens his soul), 1738.

for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.

ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.

sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.—Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord.

sweord, st. f., oath: in comp. āð-sweord (sword-oath?), 2065.

sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.

sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.

sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.

sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, 90.—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tācen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141.

swēof, swēop. See swāfan, swāpan.

swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þrȳð-swið(?).

swift, adj., swift: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.

swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.

ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.

swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pl. git on wæteres ǣht seofon niht swuncon, 517.

ge-swing, st. n., surge, eddy: nom. sg. atol ȳða geswing, 849.

swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. nē gōd hafoc geond sæl swingeð, 2265.

swīcan, st. v.: 1) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon: pret. sg. nǣfre hit (the sword) æt hilde ne swāc manna ǣngum, 1461.—2) to escape: subj. pret. būtan his līc swice, 967.

ge-swīcan, to deceive, leave in the lurch: pret. sg. gūð-bill ge-swāc nacod æt nīðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. sēo ecg ge-swāc þēodne æt þearfe (the sword failed the prince in need), 1525.

swīð, swȳð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō swȳð, 191.—Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.

swīðe, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swȳðe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swīðor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199—Comp. un-swīðe.

ofer-swīðian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswȳðeð, 279, 1769.

swīð-ferhð, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swȳð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, 173.

swīð-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swīð-hycgende, 1017.

swið-mōd, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., 1625.

on-swīfan, st. v. w. acc., to swing, turn, at or against, elevate: pret. sg. biorn (Bēowulf) bord-rand on-swāf wið þām gryre-gieste, 2560.

swīgian, w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pl. swīgedon ealle, 1700.

swīgor, adj., silent, taciturn: nom, sg. weak, þā wæs swīgra secg ... on gylp-sprǣce gūð-ge-weorca, 981.

swīn, swȳn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swȳn, 1112; acc. sg. swīn, 1287.

swīn-līc, st. n., swine-image or body: instr. pl. swīn-līcum, 1454.

swōgan, st. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. swōgende lēg, 3146.

swutol. See sweotol.

swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ōðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Bēowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twēgen (two such), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce hīe ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mǣla swylce (at just such times as), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, 582; swylcra fela ... ǣr-gestrēona, 2232.

swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; gē swylce (and likewise), 2259; swilce, 1153.

swylt, st. m., death: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.

swylt-dæg, st. m., death-day: dat. sg. ǣr swylt-dæge, 2799.

swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.

swyrd. See sweord.

swȳðl. See swīð.

swȳn. See swīn.

syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (then the edge of the sword should avenge it), 1107.

syððan. See siððan.

syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., 2429.

syhð. See sēon.

syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., sill, bench-support: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776.

sylfa. See selfa.

syllan. See sellan.

syllīc. See sellīc.

symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf mē sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.

symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wæs þȳ sǣmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.

symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne drēoh, 1783.

syn, st. f., sin, crime: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.

syn. See sin.

syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guilt? (Rieger), guilt-haunted?: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.

ge-syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime: pret. part. þæt wæs feohlēas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.

synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.

ge-synto, f., health: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.

syrce. See serce.

syrwan, w. v. w. acc., to entrap, catch unawares: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161.

be-syrwan: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dǣd þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943.—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see sum) of the men), 714.

sȳn, f., seeing, sight, scene: comp, an-sȳn.

ge-sȳne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.—Comp.: ēð-ge-sȳne, ȳð-ge-sēne.

T

taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), 678; wēn ic talige ...þæt (I count on the hope ... that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (counts it gain that), 2028.—2) to tell, relate: sōð ic talige (I tell facts), 532; swā þū self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.

tācen, st. n., token, sign, evidence: nom. sg. tācen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141; tīres tō tācne, 1655.—Comp. luf-tācen.

tān, st. m., twig: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to āter-tēarum in text--KTH]

ge-tǣcan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.

tǣle, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tǣle.

ge-tǣse, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him wǣre ... niht ge-tǣse (whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321.

tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.

telge. See talian.

tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. swā (so that) hine Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, 2185.—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.

ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759.

tēar, st. m., tear: nom. pl. tēaras, 1873.

teoh, st. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.

(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., to fix, determine, assign: pret. sg. ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode ... hnāhran rince, 952; pres. part. wæs ōðer in ǣr geteohhod (assigned)... mǣrum Gēate, 1301.

tēon, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. mē tō grunde tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-sīðas tēah (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum ...þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052; pret. part. þā wæs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (was drawn to the promontory), 1440.

ā-tēon, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah (drew to Heorot), 767.

ge-tēon: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, 1546.—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), 366; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, hē him ēst getēah (gave possession of), 2166.

of-tēon, to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scēfing ... monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla of-tēah, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tēah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-tēah, 1521.

þurh-tēon, to effect: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, 1141.

tēon (cf. tēoh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., to make, work: pret. sg. tēode, 1453;—to furnish out, deck: pret. pl. nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan (provided him with no less gifts), 43.

ge-tēon, to provide, do, bring on: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð, 2527; pret. sg. þē him ... sāre ge-tēode (who had done him this harm), 2296.

ge-tēona, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lāð-ge-tēona.

til, adj., good, apt, fit: nom. sg. m. Hālga til, 61; þegn ungemete till (of Wīglāf), 2722; fem. wæs sēo þēod tilu, 1251; neut. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til, 1305.

tilian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win: inf. gif ic ... ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian (if I ... gain), 1824.

timbrian, w. v., to build: pret. part. acc. sg. sæl timbred (the well-built hall), 307.

be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, 3161.

tīd, st. f., -tide, time: acc. sg. twelf wintra tīd, 147; lange tīd, 1916; in þā tīde, 2228.—Comp.: ān-, morgen-tīd.

ge-tīðian (from tigðian), w. v., to grant: pret. part. impers. wæs ... bēne (gen.) ge-tīðad fēasceaftum men, 2285.

tīr, st. m., glory, repute in war. gen. sg. tīres, 1655.

tīr-ēadig, adj., glorious, famous: dat. sg. tīr-ēadigum menn (of Bēowulf), 2190.

tīr-fæst, adj., famous, rich in glory. nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), 923.

tīr-lēas, adj., without glory, infamous: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.

toga, w. m., leader: in comp. folc-toga.

torht, adj., bright, brilliant: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (loud in battle).

torn, st. n.: 1) wrath, insult, distress: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.—2) anger: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.—Comp. līge-torn.

torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg, hrēowa tornost, 2130.

torn-ge-mōt, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.

tō, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: cōm tō recede (to the hall), 721; ēode tō sele, 920; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 642; gǣð eft ... tō medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand tō wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigon tō slǣpe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tō handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; oð þæt niht becōm ōðer tō yldum, 2118; him tō bearme cwōm māððum-fæt mǣre (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tō Heorute ā-tēah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site nū tō symble (sit now to the meal), 489; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten hæfdon, 2105; tō ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tō his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; tō Gēatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), 1311; siððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the bright city), 1200; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (as a light), 95; ge-sæt ... tō rune (sat in counsel), 172; wearð hē Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tō helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tō sōðe (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: hē tō gyrn-wræce swīðor þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), 1139; sæcce ne wēneð tō Gār-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), 602; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe wihte ne wēne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tō gefremmanne (to do), 174; tō ge-cȳðanne (to make known), 257; tō secganne (to say), 473; to beflēonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tō fēran, 316; tō friclan, 2557.—5) temporal: gewāt him tō gescæp-hwīle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), 26; tō wīdan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; āwa tō aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, tō aldre, 2006, 2499; tō life (during life, ever), 2433.—6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þæs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-ēodon tō þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tō þæs þe hē on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt (the blood was hot to that degree), 1617; næs þā long tō þon þæt ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; tō middes (in the midst), 3142.

II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: gēong sōna tō, 1786; so, 2649; fēhð ōðer tō, 1756; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (upon which thou here lookest), 1655; folc tō sǣgon (the folk looked on), 1423; þæt hī him tō mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), 313; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Bēowulf), 910; him tō anwaldan āre ge-lyfde (trusted for himself to the Almighty's help), 1273; þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode (that the Swedes will come against us), 3002.—2) before adj. and adv., too: tō strang (too mighty), 133; tō fæst, 137; tō swȳð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tō fela micles (far too much), 695; hē tō forð ge-stōp (he had gone too far), 2290.

tōð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.).

tredan, st. v. w. acc., to tread: inf. sǣ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wræc-lāstas træd, 1353; medo-wongas træd, 1644; græs-moldan træd, 1882.

treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), 923.

trem, st. n., piece, part: acc. sg. nē ... fōtes trem (not a foot's breadth), 2526.

trēow, st. f., fidelity, good faith: acc. sg. trēowe, 1073; sibbe oððe trēowe, 2923.

trēow, st. n., tree: in comp. galg-trēow.

trēowian. See truwian.

trēow-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. trēow-logan, 2848.

trodu, st. f., track, step: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.

ge-trum, st. n., troop, band: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.

trum, adj., strong, endowed with: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.

ge-truwan, w. v. w. acc., to confirm, pledge solemnly: pret. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfe fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1096.

truwian, trēowan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (she trusted not the child that ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde þæt hē ... (each trusted his heart that ...), 1167.—2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes, 670; wiðres ne truwode, 2954.

ge-truwian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-truwode, mund-gripe mægenes, 1534;—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-truwode, wīges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-truwode ānes mannes, 2541.

tryddian. See treddian.

trȳwe, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg. þā gȳt wæs ... ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, 1166.

ge-trȳwe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum ge-trȳwe, 1229.

turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. ēðel-turf.

tūx, st. m., tooth, tusk: in comp. hilde-tūx.

ge-twǣfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð (robs of strength), 1764; inf. god ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda ge-twǣfan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod ... fēores getwǣfde (cut him off from life), 1434; nō þǣr wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part. æt rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659.

ge-twǣman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, to hinder, render incapable of, restrain: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwǣman, 969.

twēgen, m. f. n. twā, num., twain, two: nom. m. twēgen, 1164; acc. m. twēgen, 1348; dat. twǣm, 1192 gen. twēga, 2533; acc. f. twā, 1096, 1195.

twelf, num., twelve, gen. twelfa, 3172.

tweone (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two: dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686.

twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (long-assured), 1709.

tȳder, st. m., race, descendant: in comp. un-tȳder, 111.

tȳdre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly: nom. pl. tȳdre, 2848.

tȳn, num., ten: uninflect. dat. on tȳn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tȳne, 2848.

tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: nīw-tyrwed.

on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.

Þ

þafian, w. v. w. acc., to submit to, endure: inf. þæt se þēod-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ānne dōm, 2964.

þanc, st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.—3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance (those that tribute for the Geātas carried thither for favor). 379.

ge-þanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.—Comp. mōd-ge-þanc.

þanc-hycgende, pres. part., thoughtful, 2236.

þancian, w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þæs þe hire se willa ge-lamp (thanked God that her wish was granted), 626; so, 1398; pl. þancedon, 627(?).

þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., thence: 1) local: þanon eft gewāt (he went thence back), 123; þanon up ... stigon (went up thence), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.—2) personal: þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsōfte þonon feorh oð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.

þā, adv.: l) there, then, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þǣr: þā þǣr, 331. With nū: nū þā (now then), 658.—2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;—because, whilst, during, since, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc.

þæt, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þȳ, 1798, 2029; þæt ic þȳ wǣpne ge-bræd (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?), 1665; þȳ weorðra (the more honored), 1903; þȳ sēft (the more easily), 2750; þȳ lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; nō þȳ ǣr (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nō þȳ leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. þȳ =adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; þē ... þē = on this account; for this reason ... that, because, 2639-2642; wiste þē geornor (knew but too well), 822; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam (he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off), 1437; næs him wihte þē sēl (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þæs = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þæs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;—also = secundum quod: þæs þe hīe gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;—therefore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; tō þæs (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þæs georne (so firmly), 969; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (it was too firmly set), 774; nō þæs frōd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), 1368; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509.

II. conj. (relative), that, so that, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; oð þæt (up to that, until); see oð.

þætte (from þæt þe, see þē), that, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þæt þe (that), 1847.

þǣr: 1) demons. adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With þā: þā þǣr, 331; þǣr on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;—then, at that time, 440;—thither: þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.—2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād (went where the wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;—if, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;—whither: gā þǣr hē wille, 1395.

þē, þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, sēo, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fōtum sæt (H., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð þē on þā lēode be-cōm (the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; oð þone ānne dæg þē hē ... (till that very day that he ...), 2401; hēo þā fǣhðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest (the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid þǣre sorge þē him sīo sār belamp (with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him), 2469; pl. þonne þā dydon þē ... (than they did that ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þā māðmas þē hē mē sealde (the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After þāra þe (of those that), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga ge-hwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað (to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, sēo, þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (said he that knew), 90; wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne ... sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).

þæs þe. See þæt.

þēah þe. See þēah.

for þām þe. See for-þām.

þȳ, þē, the, by that, instr. of se: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs ... þē dēað for-nam (I had the less friends whom death snatched away), 488; so, 1437.

þeccan, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. þā sceal brond fretan, ǣled þeccean (fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pl. þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton (in swimming), 513.

þegn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Bēowulf), 194; (Wīglāf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Bēowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wīglāf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.

þegnian, þēnian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him þēnode dēoran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560.

þegn-sorh, st. f., thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman: acc. sg. þegn-sorge, 131.

þegu, st. f., taking: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.

þel, st. n., deal-board, board for benches: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240.

þencan, w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. sē þe wēl þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē ... (none of them thought that he), 692.—2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (the answer that the good one intendeth to give me), 355; (blōdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne hē ... gegān þenceð longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. nē þæt āglǣca yldan þōhte (the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, 801.

ā-þencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc āna ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, 2644.

ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) to think of: þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende ge-þencean (so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit), 1735.—2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-þenc nū ... hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1475.

þenden: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fācen-stafas Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986.—2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;—whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as: þenden þū mōte, 1178; þenden þū lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sȳ (whilst the heat lasts), 2650.

þengel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Bēowulf), 1508.

þes (m.), þēos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þȳs, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þās, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þās, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.

þē. See þæt.

þēh. See þēah.

þearf, st. f., need: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þā him wæs manna þearf (as he was in need of men), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg. æt þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.

þearf. See þurfan.

ge-þearfian, w. v., = necessitatem imponere: pret. part. þā him swā ge-þearfod wæs (since so they found it necessary), 1104.

þearle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560.

þēah, þēh, conj., though, even though or if: 1) with subj. þēah, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þēah ... eal (although), 681.—2) with indic.: þēah, 1103; þēh, 1614.—3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, 2856; swā þēah (nevertheless), 2879; nō ... swā þēah (not then however), 973; næs þē forht swā þēh (he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.

þēaw, st. m., custom, usage: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þēaw, 359; instr. pl. þēawum (in accordance with custom), 2145.

þeód, st. f.: 1) war-troop, retainers: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.—2) nation, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þēoda, 1706.—Comp.: sige-, wer-þēod.

þēod-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), warrior-king, king of the people: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 2145; (Ongenþēow), 2964, 2971; þīod-cyning (Bēowulf), 2580; acc. sg. þēod-cyning (Bēowulf), 3009; gen. sg. þēod-cyninges (Bēowulf), 2695; gen. pl. þēod-cyninga, 2.

þēoden, st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þīoden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þēoden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þīoden, 2789; dat. sg. þēodne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þēoden, 2033; gen. sg. þēodnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þīodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þēodnas, 3071.

þēoden-lēas, adj., without chief or king: nom. pl. þēoden-lēase, 1104.

þēod-gestrēon, st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. þēod-ge-strēonum, 44; gen. pl. þēod-ge-strēona, 1219.

þēodig, adj., appertaining to a þēod: in comp. el-þēodig.

þēod-scaða, w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. þēod-sceaða (the dragon), 2279, 2689.

þēod-þrēa, st. f. m., popular misery, general distress: dat. pl. wið þēod-þrēaum, 178.

þēof, st. m., thief: gen. sg. þēofes cræfte, 2221.

þēon, st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þāh (grew in glory), 8.—2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh (that throve to few), 2837. See Note, l. 901.

ge-þēon, to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence: imper. ge-þēoh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dǣdum sceal ... man geþēon, 25; þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ge-þēon scolde, 911.

on-þēon? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. hē þæs ǣr onþāh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note l. 901.

þēon (for þēowan), w. v., to oppress, restrain: inf. næs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ǣnig þāra þe mec ... dorste egesan þēon (that durst oppress me with terror), 2737.