GLOSSARY (continued 6)

þēostor, adj., dark, gloomy: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.

þēow, st. m., slave, serf 2225.

þicgan, st. v. w. acc., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate: inf. þæt hē (Grendel) mā mōste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þā niht, 737; symbel þicgan (take the meal, enjoy the feast), 1011; pret. pl. þæt hīe mē þēgon, 563; þǣr wē medu þēgun, 2634.

ge-þicgan, w. acc., to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-þeah, 619, 629; Bēowulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-þǣgon, 1015.

þider, þyder, adv., thither: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971.

þīhtig, þȳhtig, adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þȳhtig, 1559.—Comp. hyge-þīhtig.

þincan. See þyncan.

þing, st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906.—2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cūð (Grendel's doings became known to me), 409.—3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant: see hegan), 426.

ge-þing, st. n.: 1) terms, covenant: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.—2) fate, providence, issue: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525.

ge-þingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), 625. See wēl-þungen.

ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata ge-þingeð (if H. enters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gēatas, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.—2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wæs ... mēce ge-þinged, 1939.

þingian, w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman þingian (I never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844.—2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (would not compound the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, 470.

þīhan. See þēon.

þin, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.

ge-þōht, st. m., thought, plan: acc. sg. ān-fealdne ge-þōht, 256; fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht, 611.

þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, 131.—2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1526.

ge-þolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. tō ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þæt hē ... drēam gehȳrde (bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), 87; torn ge-þolode (bore the misery), 147.—2) to have patience, wait: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs waldendes wǣre ge-þolian, 3110.

þon (Goth, þan) = tum, then, now, 504; æfter þon (after that), 725; ǣr þon dæg cwōme (ere day came), 732; nō þon lange (it was not long till then), 2424; næs þā long tō þon (it was not long till then), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt ... (the man was to that degree dear to him that ...), 1877.

þonne: 1) adv., there, then, now, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).—2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste (that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (then ... when), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (if then ... then), 1105-1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þæt hē ... hātan wolde medo-ærn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (a great mead-house (greater) than men had ever known).

þracu, st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. mōd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.

þrāg, st. f., period of time, time: nom. sg. þā hine sīo þrāg be-cwōm (when the [battle]-hour befell him), 2884; acc. sg. þrāge (for a time), 87; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114.—Comp. earfoð-þrāg.

ge-þræc, st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-þræc.

þrec-wudu, st. m., (might-wood), spear (cf. mægen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247.

þrēa, st. m. f., misery, distress: in comp. þēod-þrēa, þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.

þrēa-nēdla, w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for þrēa-nēdlan, 2225.

þrea-nȳd, st. f., oppression, distress: acc. sg. þrēa-nȳd, 284; dat. pl. þrēa-nȳdum, 833.

þrēat, st. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on þām þrēate, 2407; dat. pl. sceaðena þrēatum, 4.—Comp. īren-þrēat.

þrēatian, w. v. w. acc., to press, oppress: pret. pl. mec ...þrēatedon, 560.

þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407.

þrēo, num. (neut.), three: acc. þrīo wicg, 2175; þrēo hund wintra, 2279.

þridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr. þriddan sīðe, 2689.

ge-þring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, crush: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133.

þringan, st. v., to press: pret. sg. wergendra tō lȳt þrong ymbe þēoden (too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pl. syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon (after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge), 2961.

for-þringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. þæt hē ne mehte ...þā wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war), 1085.

ge-þringan, to press: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.

þrītig, num., thirty (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þrītig þegna, 123; gen. þrīttiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.

þrīst-hȳdig, adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. þīoden þrīst-hȳdig (Bēowulf), 2811.

þrowian, w. v. w. acc., to suffer, endure: inf. (hāt, gnorn) þrowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595.

þrȳð, st. f., abundance, multitude, excellence, power: instr. pl. þrȳðum (excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?), 494.

þrȳð-ærn, st. n., excellent house, royal hall: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658.

þrȳðlīc, adj., excellent, chosen: nom. sg. þrȳð-līc þegna hēap, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. þrȳð-līcost, 2870.

þrȳð-swȳð, st. n.?, great pain (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., very powerful, exceeding strong].

þrȳð-word, st. n., bold speech, choice discourse: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rīgsmāl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)

þrym, st. m.: 1) power, might, force: nom. sg. ȳða þrym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (powerfully), 235.—2) glory, renown: acc. sg. þrym, 2.—Comp. hyge-þrym.

þrym-līc, adj., powerful, mighty: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-līc (the mighty spear), 1247.

þū, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; þē, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sēlran þē (a better one than thee), 1851. See gē.

þunca, w. m. See æf-þunca.

ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v.

þurfan, pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne þearft ... sorgian (needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þæt hē ... sēcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges (needed not boast of their foot-fight), 2365.

ge-þuren. See þweran.

þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout: wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc (went then through the battle-reek), 2662.—II. causal: l) on account of, for the sake of, owing to: þurh slīðne nīð (through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; þurh holdne hige (from friendliness), 267; so, þurh rūmne sefan, 278; þurh sīdne sefan, 1727; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, 558; þurh ānes cræft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.

þus, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430.

þunian, w. v., to din, sound forth: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907.

þūsend, num., thousand: 1) fem. acc. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, 1830.—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þūsendo, 2196; gen. hund-þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga (100,000 sceattas' worth of land and rings), 2995.—3) uninflected: acc. þūsend wintra, 3051.

þwǣre, adj., affable, mild: in comp. man-þwǣre.

ge-þwǣre, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, 1231.

ge-þweran, st. v., to forge, strike: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (hammer-forged sword), 1286.

þȳhtig. See þīhtig.

ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) patience, endurance: acc. sg. ge-þyld, 1396.—2) steadfastness: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (steadfastly, patiently), 1706.

þyle, st. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court: nom. sg., 1166, 1457.

þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tō lȳtel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē (it seemeth to me not fit that we ...), 2654; pres. pl. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þūhte, 2462, 3058; nō his līf-gedāl sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.

of-þincan, to displease, offend: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, 2033.

þyrs, st. m., giant: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426.

þys-līc, adj., such, of such a nature: nom. sg. fem. þys-līcu þearf, 2638.

þȳ. See þæt.

þȳwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þȳwað (if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), 1828.

þȳstru, st. f., darkness: dat. pl. in þȳstrum, 87.

ge-þȳwe, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swā him ge-þȳwe ne wæs (as was not his custom), 2333.

U

ufan, adv., from above, 1501; above, 330.

ufera (prop. higher), adj., later: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, 2201, 2393.

ufor, adv., higher, 2952.

umbor, st. n., child, infant: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.

un-blīðe, adv.(?), unblithely, sorrowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032.

un-byrnende, pres. part., unburning, without burning, 2549.

unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hwæðer ... uncer twēga (which of us two), 2533; uncer Grendles (of us two, G. and me), 2003.

uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.

un-cūð, adj.: 1) unknown: nom. sg. stīg ... eldum uncūð, 2215; acc. sg. neut. uncūð ge-lād (unknown ways), 1411.—2) unheard-of, barbarous, evil: acc. sg. un-cūðne nīð, 276; gen. sg. un-cūðes (of the foe, Grendel), 961.

under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bāt (wæs) under beorge, 211; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), 1205; hē under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.—2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf, 403; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes hādor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, 837; tēon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sīðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: hē under hārne stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, 888; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), 2016.

II. Adv., beneath, below: stīg under læg (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214.

undern-mǣl, st. n., midday: acc. sg., 1429.

un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.

un-dyrne, adv., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne cūð, 150, 410.

un-fǣger, adj., unlovely, hideous: nom. sg. lēoht un-fǣger, 728.

un-fǣcne, adj., without malice, sincere: nom. sg., 2069.

un-fǣge, adj., not death-doomed or "fey": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-fǣgne eorl, 573.

un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontestably: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme āðum benemde (F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor], 1098.

un-forht, adj., fearless, bold: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note.

un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., 2189.

un-frōd, adj., not aged, young: dat sg. guman un-frōdum, 2822.

un-gedēfelīce, adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, 2436.

un-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729.

un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.

un-geāra, adv., (not old), recently, lately, 933; soon, 603.

un-gifeðe, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922.

un-glēaw, adj., regardless, reckless: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum unglēaw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.

un-hār, adj., very gray: nom. sg., 357; (bald?).

un-hǣlo, st. f., mischief, destruction: gen. sg. wiht un-hǣlo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120.

un-hēore, un-hȳre, adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hīore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's claws), 988.

un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti = part division), undivided, unseparated, united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.

un-lēof, adj., hated: acc. pl. seah on un-lēofe, 2864.

un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.

un-lȳtel, adj., not little, very large: nom. sg. duguð un-lȳtel (a great band of warriors? or great joy?), 498; dōm un-lȳtel (no little glory), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lȳtel (very great shame, misery), 834.

un-murnlīce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757.

unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, 961; III. hē ne ūðe þæt ...(he granted not that ...), 503; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne sylfne ge-wræc (God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; þēah hē ūðe wēl (though he well would), 2856.

ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif hē ūs ge-unnan wile þæt wē hine ... grētan mōton, 346; mē ge-ūðe ylda waldend, þæt ic ... ge-seah hangian (the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...), 1662.

un-nyt, adj., useless: nom. sg., 413, 3170.

un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice, wrong: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (unjustly, wrongly), 3060.

un-rīm, st. n., immense number: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.

un-rīme, adj., countless, measureless: nom. sg. gold un-rīme, 3013.

un-rōt, adj., sorrowing: nom. pl. un-rōte, 3149.

un-snyttru, st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (for his unwisdom), 1735.

un-softe, adv., unsoftly, with violence (hardly?), 2141; scarcely, 1656.

un-swȳðe, adv., not strongly or powerfully: compar. (ecg) bāt unswīðor þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde (the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed), 2579; fȳr unswīðor wēoll, 2882.

un-synnig, adj., guiltless, sinless: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.

un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., guiltlessly, 1073.

un-tǣle, adj., blameless: acc. pl. un-tǣle, 1866.

un-tȳder, st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pl. un-tȳdras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]

un-wāclīc, adj., that cannot be shaken; firm, strong: acc. sg. ād ... un-wāclīcne, 3139.

un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), 742.

un-wrecen, pret. part., unavenged, 2444.

up, adv., up, upward, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, 128; so, 783.

up-lang, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 760.

uppe (adj., ūfe, ūffe), adv., above, 566.

up-riht, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 2093.

uton. See wuton.

Ū

ūð-genge, adj., transitory, evanescent, ready to depart, (fled?): þǣr wæs Æsc-here ... feorh ūð-genge, 2124.

ūhte, w. f., twilight or dawn: dat. or acc. on ūhtan, 126.

ūht-floga, w. m., twilight-flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. ūht-flogan, 2761.

ūht-hlem, st. m., twilight-cry, dawn-cry: acc. sg., 2008.

ūht-sceaða, w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe: nom. sg., 2272.

ūs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see wē), us, to us, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ūsic, 2639, 2641, 2642;—gen. ūre: ūre ǣg-hwylc (each of us), 1387; ūser, 2075.

ūser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ūre man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ūssum hlāforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ūsses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ūrum ... bām (to us both, two) (for unc bām), 2660.

ūt, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.

ūtan, adv., from without, without, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.

ūt-fūs, adj., ready to go: nom. sg. hringed-stefna īsig and ūt-fūs, 33.

ūt-weard, adj., outward, outside, free: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wæs ūt-weard, 762.

ūtan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298.

W

wacian, w. v., to watch: imper. sg. waca wið wrāðum! 661.

wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. wōd þurh þone wæl-rēc, 2662; wōd under wolcnum (stalked beneath the clouds), 715.

ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. oð þæt ... wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt þā līðende land ge-sāwon (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220.

on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wōd(?), 916.

þurh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce: pret. sg. þæt swurd þurh-wōd wrǣt-līcne wyrm, 891; so, 1568.

wāg, st. m., wall: dat. sg. on wāge, 1663; dat. pl. æfter wāgum (along the walls), 996.

wala, w. m., boss: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).

walda, w. m., wielder, ruler: in comp. an-, eal-walda.

wald-swaðu, st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. æfter wald-swaðum (along the wood-paths), 1404.

wam, wom, st. m., spot, blot, sin: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (cannot protect himself from evil or from the evil strange orders, etc.; wom = wogum? = crooked?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.

wan, won, adj., wan, lurid, dark: nom. sg, ȳð-geblond ... won (the dark waves), 1375; se wonna hrefn (the black raven), 3025; wonna lēg (lurid flame), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.

wang, st. m., mead, field; place: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sǣ-wang.

wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.

wan-hȳd (for hygd), st. f., heedlessness, recklessness: dat. pl. for his won-hȳdum, 434.

wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to decrease, wane: inf. þā þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.—2) w. acc., to cause to wane or lessen: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mīne wanode, 1338.

ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.

wan-sǣlig, adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-sǣlig wer (Grendel), 105.

wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.

warian, w. v. w. acc., to occupy, guard, possess: pres. sg. III. þǣr hē hǣðen gold warað (where he guards heathen gold), 2278; pl. III. hīe (Grendel and his mother) dȳgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wēsten warode, 1266.

waroð, st. m., shore: dat. sg. tō waroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas, 1966.

waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.

wā, interj., woe! wā bið þǣm þe... (woe to him that...), 183.

wāðu, st. f., way, journey: in comp. gamen-wāðu.

wānian, w. v., to weep, whine, howl, w. acc.: inf. gehȳrdon ... sār wānigean helle hæftan (they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain), 788; pret. sg. [wānode], 3152(?).

wāt. See witan.

wæcean, w. v., to watch: pret. part wæccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. wæccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.

wæcnan, w. v., to be awake, come forth: inf., 85.

wæcnan, st. v., to awake, arise, originate: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) wōc fela geō-sceaft-gāsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þām fēower bearn ... in worold wōcun, 60.

on-wæcnan: 1) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. þā se wyrm on-wōc (when the drake awoke), 2288.—2) to be born: pret. sg. him on-wōc hēah Healfdene, 56; pl. on-wōcon, 111.

wæd, st. n., (the moving) sea, ocean: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.

wǣfre, adj., wavering (like flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form: nom. sg. wæl-gǣst wǣfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;—flickering, expiring: nom. sg. wǣfre mōd, 1151; him wæs geōmor sefa, wǣfre and wæl-fūs, 2421.

be-wægnan, w. v., to offer: pret part, him wæs ... frēond-laðu wordum be-wægned, 1194.

wæl, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. wæl, 1213, 3028, blōdig wæl, 448; oððe on wæl crunge (or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wæle crungon (some fell in the slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.

wæl-bed, st. n., slaughter-bed, deathbed: dat. sg. on wæl-bedde, 965.

wæl-bend, st. f., death-bond: acc. sg. or pl. wæl-bende ... hand-gewriðene, 1937.

wæl-blēat, adj., deadly, mortal, cruel: acc. sg. wunde wæl-blēate, 2726.

wæl-dēað, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 696.

wæl-drēor, st. m., battle-gore: instr. sg. wæl-drēore, 1632.

wæl-fāh, adj., slaughter-stained, blood-stained: acc. sg. wæl-fāgne winter, 1129.

wæl-fæhð, st. f., deadly feud: gen. pl. wæl-fǣhða, 2029.

wæl-feall, st. m., (fall of the slain), death, destruction: dat. sg. tō wæl-fealle, 1712.

wæl-fūs, adj., ready for death, foreboding death: nom. sg., 2421.

wæl-fyllo, st. f., fill of slaughter: dat. sg. mid þǣre wæl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wæl-fylla? 3155.

wæl-fȳr, st. n.: 1) deadly fire: instr. sg. wæl-fȳre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.—2) corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre: gen. pl. wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.

wæl-gǣst, st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wæl-gǣst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wæl-gǣst, 1996.

wæl-hlem, st. m., death-stroke: acc. sg. wæl-hlem þone, 1996.

wælm, st. m., flood, whelming water: nom. sg. þǣre burnan wælm, 2547; gen. sg. þæs wælmes (of the surf), 2136.—Comp. cear-wælm.

wæl-nīð, st. m., deadly hostility: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. æfter wæl-nīðe, 85; nom. pl. wæl-nīðas, 2066.

wæl-rāp, st. m., flood-fetter, i.e. ice: acc. pl. wæl-rāpas, 1611; (cf. wæll, wel, wyll = well, flood: leax sceal on wæle mid scēote scrīðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).

wæl-rǣs, st. m., deadly onslaught: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wæl-rǣse, 825, 2532.

wæl-rest, st. f., death-bed, acc. sg. wæl-reste, 2903.

wæl-rēc, st. m., deadly reek or smoke: acc. sg. wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc, 2662.

wæl-rēaf, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder: acc. sg., 1206.

wæl-rēow, adj., bold in battle: nom. sg., 630.

wæl-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. wæl-sceaftas, 398.

wæl-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war-knife: instr. sg. wæll-seaxe, 2704.

wæl-stenge, st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on þām wæl-stenge, 1639.

wæl-stōw, st. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wæl-stōwe, 2052, 2985.

wæstm, st. m., growth, form, figure: dat. sg. on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353.

wæter, st. n., water: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wæter, 1365, 1620; dēop wæter (the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wīd wæter (over the high sea], 2474; dat. sg. æfter wætere (along the Grendel-sea), 1426; under wætere (at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. wætere, 2723; wætre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), 471; on wæteres ǣht, 516; þurh wæteres wylm (through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wæteres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), 2792.

wæter-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261

wæter-ȳð, st. f., water-wave, billow: dat. pl. wæter-ȳðum, 2243.

wǣd, st. f., (weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wǣd.

ge-wǣde, st. n., clothing, especially battle-equipments: acc. pl. gewǣdu, 292.—Comp. eorl-gewǣde.

wǣg, st. m., wave: acc. sg. wǣg, 3133.

wǣg-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlīc wǣg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.

wǣg-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship: acc. sg. wēg-flotan, 1908.

wǣg-holm, st. m., the wave-filled sea: acc. sg. ofer wǣg-holm, 217.

wǣge, st. n., cup, can: acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283.—Comp.: ealo-, līð-wǣge.

wǣg-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, MS.), 3160.

wǣg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., 1490.

wǣn, st. m., wain, wagon: acc. sg. on wǣn, 3135.

wǣpen, st. n., weapon; sword: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wǣpen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. wǣpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wǣpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wǣpen, 292; dat. pl. wǣpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. —Comp.: hilde-, sige-wǣpen.

wǣpned-man, st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, 1285.

wǣr, st. f., covenant, treaty: acc. sg. wǣre, 1101;—protection, care: dat. sg. on frēan (on þæs waldendes) wǣre (into God's protection), 27, 3110.—Comp.: frioðo-wǣr.

wǣsma, w. m., fierce strength, war-strength: in comp. here-wǣsma, 678.

wē, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.

web, st. n., woven work, tapestry:, nom. pl. web, 996.

webbe, w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoðu-webbe.

weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. wīg-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), 2047; nalles hearpan swēg (sceal) wīgend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), 3025; ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend weccan (the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre (roused him with water, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), 2855.

tō-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him (with one another), fǣhðe tō-wehton, 2949.

wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge: dat. sg. hyldo tō wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999.

weder, st. n., weather: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546.

ge-wef, st. n., woof, weaving: acc. pl. wīg-spēda ge-wiofu (the woof of war-speed: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698.

weg, st. m., way: acc. sg. on weg (away, off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf þū on weg cymest (if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.—Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wīd-weg.

wegan, st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nāh hwā sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum (no earl shall wear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. hē þā frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan wæg, 2705; heortan sorge wæg (bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.

æt-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. bore from the bright city the Brōsing-collar), 1199.

ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight: inf. þē hē wið þām wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401.

wēl, well, adv.: 1) well: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (well for him that ...!), 186; sē þe wēl þenceð (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.—2) very, very much: Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793.—3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856.

wela, w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ǣr-, burg-, hord-, māððum-wela.

wēl-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all): gen. pl. wēl-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wēl-hwylc, 266;—substantively: acc. neut. wēl-hwylc, 875.

welig, adj., wealthy, rich: acc. sg. wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga, 2608.

wēl-þungen, pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, wēl-þungen, 1928.

wenian, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor: subj. pret. þæt ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hēap hringum wenede (sh. honor), 1092.

be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet gǣð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wǣron hēr tela willum be-wenede, 1822.

wendan, w. v., to turn: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan (all the world turns at his will), 1740.

ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) to turn, turn round: pret. sg. wicg gewende (turned his horse), 315.—2) to turn (intrans.), change: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... frōfre ne wēnan, wihte ge-wendan (woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all), 186.

on-wendan, to avert, set aside: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor hæleð wēan on-wendan, 191.—2) intrans.: sibb ǣfre ne mæg wiht on-wendan þām þe wēl þenceð (in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside), 2602.

wer, st. m., man, hero: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Bēowulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.

wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scīr wered, 496.

were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.

werhðo, st. f., curse, outlawry, condemnation: acc. sg. þū in helle scealt werhðo drēogan, 590.

werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrūda ... þæt mīne brēost wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þōhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwīta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), 238, 2530.

be-werian, to protect, defend: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... lēoda land-geweorc lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend), 939

werig, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gāstes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748.

werod, weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior-troop: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.

wer-þēod, st. f., people, humanity: dat. sg. ofer wer-þēode, 900.

wesan, v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þū eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nū is þīnes mægenes blǣd āne hwīle (the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. wē synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sīe, 435, 683, etc.; sȳ, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hǣl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wæs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), 3029; II. wǣre, 1479, etc.; pl. wǣron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wǣran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wǣre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), 1106.—Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wæs, 890, 1472); nǣron = ne + wǣron, 2658; nǣre = ne + wǣre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.

wēg. See wǣg.

wēn, st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nū is lēodum wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 2911; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, þæs þe ic [wēn] hafo, 3001; wēn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), 2896. See or-wēna.

wēnan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēne (as I hope), 272; swā ic þē wēne tō (as I hope thou wilt: Bēowulf hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no more pain), 1397.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, 2523; III. secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 601; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (to expect, count on, a brilliant [? a lighter penalty] atonement), 157; pret. pl. þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that...), 779; þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt hē ... sēcean cōme (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek ...), 1598.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, 934.—4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., 1185; wēn' ic þæt..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wēnde, 2330; pl. wēndon, 938, 1605.

wēpan, st. v., to weep: pret. sg. [wēop], 3152 (?).

werig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wērig (weary from the journey, way-weary), 579; dat. sg. siðes wērgum, 1795;—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wērge (wound-weary), 2938.—Comp.: dēað-, fyl-, gūð-wērig.

ge-werigean, w. v., to weary, exhaust: pret. part. ge-wērgad, 2853.

wērig-mōd, adj., weary-minded (animo defessus): nom. sg., 845, 1544.

wēste, adj., waste, uninhabited: acc. sg. win-sele wēstne, 2457.

wēsten, st. n., waste, wilderness: acc. sg. wēsten, 1266.

wēsten, st. f., waste, wilderness: dat. sg. on þǣre wēstenne, 2299.

weal, st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.—2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.—3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wið þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.

ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, 464.

ge-weald, st. n., power, might: acc. sg. on fēonda ge-weald (into the power of his foes), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald āgan, hæbban, ā-bēodan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have power over, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.

wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (if he may prevail), 442; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), 2575; pres. part. waldend (God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.—2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (to wield, prevail with, the weapons), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (to rule the Gēatas), 2391; þēah-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; wæl-stōwe wealdan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold, 703, 1771.

ge-wealdan, to wield, have power over, arrange: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. hālig god ge-wēold wīg-sigor, 1555.—2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-wēold his ge-witte (the king possessed his senses), 2704.—3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne mihte nō ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, 1510.

ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733.

weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.—2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wæl-nīðas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (his heart was moved within him), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883.

weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.

weallian, w. v., to wander, rove about: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782.

weard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (the Scyldings' warden of the march), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sāwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.—Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.

weard, st. m., possession (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eorð-weard, 2335.

weard, st. f., watch, ward: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde hēold, 305.—Comp. ǣg-weard.

weard, adj., -ward: in comp. and-, innan-, ūt-weard, 1288, etc.

weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), 2165.—2) to hold, possess, inhabit: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (an immense number of earls held the hall), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon, 2076.

wearh, st. m., the accursed one; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.

wearn, st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, 366.—2) warning?, resistance? See un-wearnum, 742.

weaxan, st. v., to wax, grow: pres. sg. III. oð þæt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (till within him pride waxeth), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. wēox, 8.

ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66.

ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him to willan (grew not for their benefit), 1712.

wēa, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. wēana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.

wēa-lāf, st. f., wretched remnant: acc. pl. þā wēa-lāfe (the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.

wēa-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tidings: dat. sg. wēa-spelle, 1316.

ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.

weorc, st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., 74; (war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.—2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), 1639.—Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.

ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) work, deed, labor: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, gūð-, hond-, nīð-ge-weorc.—2) fortification, rampart: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.

weorce, adj., painful, bitter: nom. sg., 1419.

weorð, st. n., precious object, valuable: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497.

weorð, adj., dear, precious: nom. sg. weorð Denum æðeling (the atheling dear to the Danes, Bēowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þæt hē syððan wæs ... māðme þȳ weorðra (more honored from the jewel), 1903; cf. wyrðe.

weorðan, st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (is concealed), 414; underne weorðeð (becomes known), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.—2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (to become a help), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.—3) pret. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.—4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (it shall befall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (there was soon a renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.

ge-weorðan: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs genīwod ge-worden (care was renewed), 1305; swā us ge-worden is, 3079.—2) to finish; complete?: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997.—3) impersonally with acc., to agree, decide: pret. sg. þā þæs monige ge-wearð þæt ... (since many agreed that ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that ...), 2027.

weorð-ful, adj., glorious, full of worth: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100.

weorðian, w. v., to honor, adorn: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... þīne lēode weorðode weorcum (there honored I thy people by my deeds), 2097; subj. pret. (þæt hē) æt feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving), 1091.

ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, to deck, ornament: pret. part. hire syððan wæs æfter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, 2177; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (known, honored, afar), 1960.

weorð-līce, adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weorð-līcost, 3163.

weorð-mynd, st. f. n., dignity, honor, glory: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah þā eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tō worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, 1753.

weorðung, st. f., ornament: in comp. brēost-, hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.

weorod. See werod.

weorpan, st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532.—2) to throw around or about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wæl-fȳre (threw death-fire around), 2583.—3) to throw upon: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), 2792.

for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.

ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena strengest, 1544.

weotian, w. v., to provide with, adjust(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wæl-bende weotode, 1937.

be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213;—to carry out, undertake: pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, 1429.

wicg, st. n., steed, riding-horse: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046.

ge-widor, st. n., storm, tempest: acc. pl. lāð ge-widru (loathly weather), 1376.

wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: þā wið gode wunnon, 113; āna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lāð wið lāðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (strove against right), 144; hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (had saved H.'s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), 1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (to sunder soul from body), 2424; strēamas wundon sund wið sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674; holm storme wēol, won wið winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), 1133; so, hiora in ānum wēoll sefa wið sorgum (in one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567.—2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wið Hrōðgār (fought against H.), 152; wið fēonda gehwone, 294; wið wrāð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw?, Kemble), 155; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte (towards foe and friend), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), 326; wið eorðan fæðm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle ēode] (went to the door of the hall), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain), 3028.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nū wið Grendel sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;—with, beside: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, 1978-79.

wiðer-gyld, st. n., compensation: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].

wiðer-ræhtes, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040.

wiðre, st. n., resistance: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, 2954.

wiht, st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.—2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (nor does aught check him), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (it helped him naught), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (nor did he count the worm's warring for aught), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan (I could not do aught ...), 1661;—w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (did not blame their friendly lord aught), 863; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; nō wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), 1992; ne ... wihte (by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.—Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = aught), æl-wiht, ō-wiht.

wil-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea lēodum (welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (welcome to the Gēatas), 1895.

ge-wild, st. f., free-will? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), 2223.

wil-dēor (for wild-dēor), st. n., wild beast: acc. pl. wil-dēor, 1431.

wil-gesīð, st. m., chosen or willing companion: nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, 23.

wil-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor: princely designation), joy-giver?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, 2901.

willa, w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ānes willan (for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tō willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.—2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.

willan, aux. v., will: in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic ā-secgan (I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tō sǣ wille (I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), 543; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.—Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.

wilnian, w. v., to long for, beseech: inf. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms), 188.

wil-sīð, st. m., chosen journey: acc. sg. wil-sīð, 216.

ge-win, st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., 878; þā hīe ge-win drugon (endured strife), 799; under ȳða ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), 1722.—2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.—Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.

wīn-ærn, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall: gen. sg. wīn-ærnes, 655.

wind, st. m., wind, storm: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wið winde, 1133.

windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand tō wolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.—2) w. acc., to twist, wind, curl: pret. pl. strēamas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (twisted, spirally-twined, gold), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383.

æt-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde æt-wand, 143.

be-windan, to wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (wound with wires) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gār ... mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), 3053; (āstāh ...) lēg wōpe be-wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147.

ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape: inf. wīdre ge-windan (to flee further), 764; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, 1002.

on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð wæl-rāpas, 1611.

win-dæg, st. m., day of struggle or suffering: dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.

wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind-roar: nom. sg., 3147.

wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., 2457.

windig, adj., windy: acc. pl. windige (weallas, næssas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.

wine, st. m., friend, protector, especially the beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 148, 1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bēowulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.

wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360.

wine-geōmor, adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., 2240.

wine-lēas, adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, 2614.

wine-mǣg, st. m., dear kinsman: nom. pl. wine-māgas, 65.

ge-winna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.

winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan āna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, 151; holm ... won wið winde (the sea fought with the wind: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þǣr þā graman wunnon (where the foes fought), 778.

wīn-reced, st. n., wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests: acc. sg., 715, 994.

wīn-sele, st. m., the same, wine-hall: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wīn-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).

winter, st. m. n.: 1) winter: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.—2) year (counted by winters): acc. pl. fīftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.

wintre, adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.

ge-wislīce, adv., certainly, undoubtedly: superl. gewislīcost, 1351.

wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence: 1) good condition, happiness, abundance: dat. sg. wunað hē on wiste, 1736.—2) food, subsistence, booty: dat. sg. þā wæs æfter wiste wōp up ā-hafen (a cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128.

wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.

wit, st. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., 590.—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.

ge-wit, st. n.: 1) consciousness. dat. sg. ge-wēold his ge-witte, 2704.—2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll (the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast), 2883.

wit, pers. pron. dual of wē, we two, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer.

wita, weota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser; pl., the king's council of nobles: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.—Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita.

witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt hē ... (I know as to H., that he ...), 1831; so, god wāt on mec þæt ...(God knows of me, that ...), 2651; sg. II. þū wāst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.—2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wāt, 1864.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, 647.—4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.

nāt = ne + wāt, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.—2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, 682.

ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan meahton, 1351.

be-witian. See be-weotian.

wītig, adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. wītig god, 686, 1057; wītig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.

ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg. 3095.

ge-wītnian, w. v., to chastise, punish: wommum gewītnad (punished with plagues), 3074.

wīc, st. n., dwelling, house: acc. sg. wīc, 822, 2590;—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. wīca, 125, 1126.

ge-wīcan, st. v., to soften, give way, yield (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wāc, 2578, 2630.

wīc-stede, st. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wīc-stede, 2608.

wīd, adj., wide, extended: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wīd wæter, 2474; gen. sg. wīdan rīces, 1860; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.—2) temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tō wīdan feore, 934.

wīde, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde cūð (widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914; wīde geond eorðan (over the whole earth, widely), 3100;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), 899.—Compar. wīdre, 764.

wīd-cūð, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), 1490; wīd-cūðne wēan, 1992; wīd-cūðes (Hrōðgār), 1043.

wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wīde-ferhð, 1223.

wīd-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. wīd-flogan, 2347.

wīd-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide? 937.

wīd-weg, st. m., wide way, long journey: acc. pl. wīd-wegas, 841, 1705.

wīf, st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow), 616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēawaru), 2029; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wīfes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, 994.—Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.

wīf-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love: nom. pl. wīf-lufan, 2066.

wīg, st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr., 1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.—2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, 350; wīg, 1043; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.—Comp. fēðe-wīg.

wiga, w. m., warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen. pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.—Comp.: æsc-, byrn-, gār-, gūð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga.

wīgan, st. v., to fight: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, 600; inf., 2510.

wīgend, pres. part., fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wīgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wīgend, 3025; gen. pl. wīgendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.—Comp. gārwīgend.

wīg-bealu, st. n., war-bale, evil contest: acc. sg., 2047.

wīg-bil, st. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608.

wīg-bord, st. n., war-board or shield: acc. sg., 2340.

wīg-cræft, st. m., war-power: acc. sg., 2954.

wīg-cræftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.

wīg-freca, w. m., war-wolf, war-hero: acc. sg. wīg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. wīg-frecan, 1213.

wīg-fruma, w. m., war-chief or king: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. wīg-fruman, 2262.

wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.

wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See Note.

wīg-gryre, st. m., war-horror or terror: nom. sg., 1285.

wīg-hete, st. m., war-hate, hostility: nom. sg., 2121.

wīg-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan, 2662.—Leo.

wīg-hēap, st. m., war-band: nom sg., 447.

wīg-hryre, st. m., war-ruin, slaughter, carnage: acc. sg., 1620.

wīg-sigor, st. m., war-victory: acc. sg., 1555.

wīg-sped, st. f.?, war-speed, success in war: gen. pl. wīg-spēda, 698.

wīg-weorðung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176.

wīn, st. n., wine: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wīne, 1468.

wīr, st. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pl. wīrum, 1032; gen. pl. wīra, 2414.

wīs, adj., wise, experienced, discreet: nom. sg. m. wīs (in his mind, conscious), 3095; f. wīs, 1928; in w. form, se wīsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. þone wīsan, 1319; gen. pl. wīsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs wordcwida (wise of speech), 1846.

wīsa, w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, 259.—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wīsa.

wīscte. See wȳscan.

wīs-dōm, st. m., wisdom, experience: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wīs-dōme, 1960.

wīse, w. f., fashion, wise, custom: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wīsan (after ancient custom), 1866.

wīs-fæst, adj., wise, sagacious (sapientiā firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.

wīs-hycgende, pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, 2717.

wīsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (I shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade, 370; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade (the hall-thane led him thither forthwith, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather on snyredon ætsomne]), 402.

wītan, st. v., properly to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga, 2742.

æt-wītan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151.

ge-wītan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, 26; gewāt him ... rīdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.—2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, 115; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... man-drēam flēon, 1264; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.—3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu niðer ge-wīteð, 1361; ge-wīteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wāt, 217; him ge-wāt, 1237, 1904; of līfe, ealdre ge-wāt (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wāt (time went on), 210; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, 663; ge-wāt him hām, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), 1480.

oð-wītan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne þorfte him þā lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.

wlanc, wlonc, adj., proud, exulting: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. ǣse wlanc (proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. māðm-ǣhta wlonc (proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.—Comp. gold-wlanc.

wlātian, w. v., to look or gaze out, forth: pret. sg. sē þe ǣr ... feor wlātode, 1917.

wlenco, st. f., pride, heroism: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.

wlite, st. m. form, noble form, look, beauty: nom. sg., 250.

wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.

wlite-sēon, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., 1651.

wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663.

wlītan, st. v., to see, look, gaze: pret. sg. hē æfter recede wlāt (looked along the hall), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (looked on the sea), 1593; wlitan on Wīglāf, 2853.

geond-wlītan, w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, 2772.

wōh-bogen, pret. part., (bent crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrm wōh-bogen, 2828.

wolcen, st. n. m., cloud (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (under the clouds, on earth), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tō wolcnum, 1120, 1375.

wollen-tēar, adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-tēare, 3033.

wom. See wam.

won. See wan.

worc. See weorc.

word, st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þā word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.—2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, 30.—Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.

word-cwide, st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.

word-gid, st. m, speech, saying: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.

word-hord, st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth: acc. sg. word-hord on-lēac (unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259.

word-riht, st. n., right speech, suitable word: gen. pl. Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela, 2632.

worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd.

worðig (for weorðig), st. m., palace, estate, court: acc. sg. on worðig (into the palace), 1973.

worn, st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; wintra worn (many years), 264; þonne hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (how very much thou hast spoken!), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.

woruld, worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (die), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dāl (his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brūcan (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712.

worold-ār, st. f., worldly honor or dignity: acc. sg. worold-āre, 17.

woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966.

worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.

woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: acc. sg., 3084.

worold-rǣden, st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?

wōp, st. m., (whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. wōp, 786; instr. sg. wōpe, 3147.

wracu, st. f., persecution, vengeance, revenge: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wræce, 2337.—Comp.: gyrn-, nȳd-wracu.

wraðu, st. f., protection, safety: in comp. līf-wraðu.

wrāð, adj., wroth, furious, hostile: acc. sg. neut. wrāð, 319; dat. sg. wrāðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrāðra, 1620.

wrāðe, adv., contemptibly, disgracefully, 2873.

wrāð-līce, adv., wrathfully, hostilely (in battle), 3063.

wrāsn, st. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.

wræc-lāst, st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: acc. sg. wræc-lāstas træd (trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), 1353.

wræc-mæcg, st. m., exile, outcast: nom. pl. wræc-mæcgas, 2380.

wræc-sīð, st. m., exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sīðum, 338.

wrǣt, st. f., ornament, jewel: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wrǣttum, 1532; gen. pl. wrǣtta, 2414.

wrǣt-līc, adj.: 1) artistic, ornamental; valuable: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wundur-māððum, 2174; wrǣt-līc wǣg-sweord, 1490; wīg-bord wrǣt-līc, 2340.—2) wondrous, strange: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, 1651.

wrǣc, st. f., persecution; hence, wretchedness, misery: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wrǣc, 3079.

wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, 2963.—2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wræc, 2707.—3) to wreak or utter: gid, spel wrecan (to utter words or songs); subj. pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.—4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. þæt hē his frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so, 1334, 1670.

ā-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē ā-wræc (I have told this tale for thee), 1725; so, 2109.

for-wrecan, w. acc., to drive away, expel; carry away: inf. þȳ lǣs him ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship), 1920; pret. sg. hē hine feor for-wræc ... man-cynne fram, 109.

ge-wrecan, w. acc., to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish: pret. sg. ge-wræc, 107, 2006; hē ge-wræc (i.e. hit, this) cealdum cear-sīðum, 2396; hē hine sylfne ge-wræc (avenged himself), 2876; pl. ge-wrǣcan, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.

wrecca, w. m., (wretch), exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wīde mǣrost (Sigemund), 899.

wreoðen-hilt, adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., 1699.

wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring up: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742.

wriða, w. m., band: in comp. bēag-wriða (bracelet), 2019.

wrixl, st. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (in a worse way, with a worse exchange), 2970.

ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1305.

wrixlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan (to exchange words, converse), 366; 875 (tell).

wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, 965.—2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen.

wrītan, st. v., to incise, engrave: pret. part. on þǣm (hilte) wæs ōr writen fyrn-gewinnes (on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle), 1689.

for-wrītan, to cut to pieces or in two: pret. sg. for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.

wrōht, st. m. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.

wudu, st. m., wood: 1) material, timber: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear: acc. pl. wudu, 398.—2) forest, wood: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.—3) wooden ship: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.—Comp.: bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mægen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.

wudu-rēc, st. m., wood-reek or smoke: nom. sg., 3145.

wuldor, st. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (God), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).

wuldor-cyning, st. m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796

wuldor-torht, adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.

wulf, st. m., wolf: acc. sg., 3028.

wulf-hlið, st. n., wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359.

wund, st. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.—Comp. feorh-wund.

wund, adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076.

wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.

wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.

wunden-heorde?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., 3153.

wunden-mǣl, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).

wunden-stefna, w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., 220.

wundor, st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.—2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.—Comp.: hand-, nīð-, searo-wundor.

wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.

wundor-dēað, st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor dēaðe, 3038.

wundor-fæt, st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), 1163.

wundor-līc, adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., 1441.

wundor-māððum, st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., 2174.

wundor-smið, st. m., wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.

wundor-sēon, st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996.

wunian, w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284; wunað hē on wiste (lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), 1129.—2) w. acc. or dat., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261; wīcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām wunað, 1924.

ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) to inhabit: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.—2) to remain with, stand by: subj. pres. þæt hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas, 22.

wurðan. See weorðan.

wuton, v. from wītan, used as interj., let us go! up! w. inf.: wutun gangan tō (let us go to him!), 2649; uton hraðe fēran! 1391; uton nū efstan, 3102.

wylf, st. f., she-wolf: in comp. brim-wylf.

wylm, st. m., surge, surf, billow: num. sg. flōdes wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (with winter's flood), 516; acc. sg. þurh wæteres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.—Comp.: brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. See wælm.

wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), 1081; eorðan wynne (earth-joy, the delightful earth), 1731; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; þæt hē ... ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (in joy of strength), 1717; so, 1888.—Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.

wyn-lēas, adj., joyless: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, 1417; wyn-lēas wīc, 822.

wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (the ship), 1920; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, 613.

wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) to do, effect, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.—2) to make, create, w. acc.: pret. sg. þæt se æl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], 92; swā hine (the helmet) worhte wǣpna smið, 1453.—3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, sē þe mōte, dōmes ǣr dēaðe, 1388.

be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.

ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swā sceal geong guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that ...), 20.—2) w. acc., to do, make, effect, perform: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þām āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.—3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-ærn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.—4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, 1492.

Wyrd, st. f., Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = fate, providence): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)

wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, destroy: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.

ā-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum ā-wyrded, 1114.

wyrðe, adj., noble; worthy, honored, valued: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dōn) (to esteem worthy), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rīces wyrðra (worthier of rule), 862.—Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð.

wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.

ge-wyrht, st. n., work; desert; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.

wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431.

wyrm-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.

wyrm-fāh, adj., dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh, 1699.

wyrm-hord, st. n., dragon-hoard: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.

for-wyrnan, w. v., to refuse, reject: subj. pres. II. þæt þū mē nō for-wyrne, þæt... (that thou refuse me not that...), 429; pret. sg. hē ne for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, 1143.

ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., to refresh one's self, recover: pret. sg. hē hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.

wyrpe, st. m., change: acc. sg. æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), 1316.

wyrsa, compar. adj., worse: acc. sg. neut. þæt wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wīg-frecan, 1213, 2497.

wyrt, st. f., [-wort], root: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fæst, 1365.

wȳscan, w. v., to wish, desire: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, MS.) þæs yldan (wished to delay that or for this reason, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.

Y

yfel, st n., evil: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.

yldan, w. v., to delay, put off: inf. nē þæt se āglǣca yldan þōhte, 740; weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan, þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona brūcan mōste, 2240.

ylde, st. m. pl., men: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde.

yldest. See eald.

yldo, st. f., age (senectus), old age: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.—2) age (ǣtas), time, era: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo.

yldra. See eald.

ylf, st. f., elf (incubus, alp): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.

ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (around, with, him), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb þā gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (around the helm's roof, crown), 1031.—2) temporal, about, after: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb āne niht (after a night), 135.—3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (hast spoken about B.), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nā ymb his līf cearað (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507.

ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.—II. adv., around: him ... ymbe, 2598.

ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.

ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735.

yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne: dat. sg. ēode ... tō yppan, 1816.

yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy: nom. sg., 3052.

yrfe-lāf, st. f., sword left as a bequest: acc. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1904.

yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)

yrmðo, st. f., misery, shame, wretchedness: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006.

yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093.

yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious: nom. sg. yrre ōretta (Bēowulf), 1533; þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gæst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre.

yrringa, adv., angrily, fiercely, 1566, 2965.

yrre-mōd, adj., wrathful-minded, wild: nom. sg., 727.

ys, he is. See wesan.

Ȳ

ȳð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pl. ȳða, 548; acc. pl. ȳðe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ȳðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ȳðum weallan (to surge with waves), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ȳða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.—Comp: flōd-, līg-, wæter-ȳð.

ȳðan, w. v., to ravage, devastate, destroy: pret. sg. ȳðde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. īðende = depopulating, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret. ȳðde, Wanderer, 85).

ȳðe. See ēaðe.

ȳðe-līce, adv., easily: ȳðe-līce hē eft ā-stōd (he easily arose afterwards), 1557.

ȳð-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.

ȳð-gewin, st. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water: dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.

ȳð-lād, st. f., water-journey, sea-voyage: nom. pl. ȳð-lāde, 228.

ȳð-lāf, st. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore: dat. sg. be ȳð-lāfe, 566.

ȳð-lida, w. m., wave-traverser, ship: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, 198.

ȳð-naca, w. m., sea-boat: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, 1904.

ȳð-gesēne. See ēð-gesȳne.

ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (showed itself, appeared), 2835. See ēawan, ēowan.

ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150.

GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.

ābrecan, st. v., to shatter: part. his byrne ābrocen wǣre (his byrnie was shattered).

ānyman, st. v., to take, take away.

bān-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].

buruh-þelu, st. f., castle-floor.

cēlod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.

dagian, w. v., to dawn: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan (this is not dawning from the east).

dēor-mōd, adj., brave in mood: dēor-mōd hæleð.

driht-gesīð, st m., companion, associate.

ēastan, adv., from the east.

eorð-būend, st. m., earth-dweller, man.

fēr, st. m. fear, terror.

fȳren, adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (as if all Finnsburh were afire).

gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult.

gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (the gray wolf yelleth?).

genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from: pret. pl. þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).

gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments).

grǣg-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?—Brooke).

gūð-wudu, st. m., war-wood, spear.

hæg-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl.

heaðo-geong, adj., young in war.

here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail.

hleoðrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (the prince exclaimed).

hrǣw, st. n., corpse.

hrōr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hrōr (strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.).

lac (lað?)? for flacor, fluttering?

oncweðan, st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (the shield answers the spear).

onwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (awake, my warriors!).

sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft.

sealo-brūn, adj., dusky-brown.

sige-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior.

swæðer (swā hwæðer), pron., which of two, which.

swān, st. m., swain, youth; warrior.

sweart, adj., swart, black.

swēt, adj., sweet: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).

swurd-lēoma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.

þyrl, adj., pierced, cloven.

undearninga, adv., without concealment, openly.

wandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover: pret. sg. hræfn wandrode (the raven hovered).

waðol, st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].

wæl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle: gen. pl. wæl-slihta gehlyn (the din of combats)

weā-dǣd, st. f., deed of woe: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.

witian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. þē is ... witod.

wurðlīce (weorðlīce), adv., worthily, gallantly: compar. wurð-līcor.

wæg, weg, st. m., way.

CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:

ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 ōfest = ōfost l. 303 scīonon = scionon l. 706 buton = būton l. 1115 āt = æt l. 1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-stræl = here-strǣl l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower l. 1747 stræle = strǣle l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað l. 1926 betlic = betlīc l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd ll. 2288, 3036 wās = wæs l. 2453 to = tō l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l. 2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- l. 3056 sóð = sōð l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra glossary, under: æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's ān, gehwilces = gehwylces ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum = lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle = strǣle ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga = Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ = þā cūð, wīð- = wīd- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dōgor, gehwam = gehwām dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl = herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore fela, maððum- = māððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fēran, wære = wǣre fēond, feonda = fēonda flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wīd- folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fōt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frætwum ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gæst, fēde- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan gēoc, gást = gāst geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hār, heāre = hēare here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hōp, hōp = hop (twice) hreow, þāt = þæt hrōf, gesēah = geseah hwīl, seo = sēo hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc inne, abēad = ābēad īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lēan, beleān = belēan mētan, Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwām morðor-bed, stred = strēd mōd, stið- = stīð nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) scānan, scīonon = scionon scīnan, scīnon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon standan, stræl = strǣl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres stincan, þæ = þā styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = māððum ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; teodan = tēodan tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trūwan, -wære = wǣre ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan = ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām ge-þolian, þāt = þæt þū, sǣlran = selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc wacan, wōcon = wōcun werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna weorðian, leōde = lēode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre

Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (Revisions that were mentioned in the source text have been siltently incorporated and aren't listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes are to all related forms of the word.) Abel = Ābel aglǣc (æglǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) āttor = attor āwā = āwa begen = bēgen gebræd = gebrǣd breme = brēme Brosinga = Brōsinga cōfa = cofa cymlīcor = cȳlīcor drusian = drūsian ēfstan = efstan eode (-iode) [pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] fæger = fǣ [in cpd. un- and l. 774 only] fīftena = fīftȳna feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. 73, 934, 1844] forþam = forþām Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan frinan (gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon gen = gēn genunga = gēnunga gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounts] gigant = gīgant Hǣðcyn = Hæðcyn hēht = heht her = hēr ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian hliðe/hliðes = hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] hlifian = hlīfian Hreosna- = Hrēosna (H)ūnferð = (H)unferð hydig = hȳdig hyda = hȳda læs = lǣs lixan = līxan lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] Merewioingas = Merewīoingas meagol = mēagol mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- missere = missēre ne = nē [as conjunct/disjunct] niwe = nīwe geniwian = genīwian niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed ōfost = ofost onettan = ōnettan oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta ōð = oð [and as verbal prefix] scōp = scop [n. only] scyran = scȳran se = sē [as substantive and relative] singal = singāl sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð sleac = slēac stæl = stǣl swēlan = swelan Sweon = Swēon (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan tux = tūx twegen = twēgen tydre = tȳdre (un)tyder = (un)tȳder tyn = tȳn þrag = þrā þritig = þrītig þryð = þrȳð þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig wag = wāg wæfre = wǣfre wel = wēl [and in compounds] weōx = wēox wīga = wiga Wihstān (Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) witig = wītig ge-witnian = ge-wītnian wræt = wrǣt uhte = ūhte [and in compounds]