GLOSSARY (continued 2)

drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, the men drank wine, 1234; þǣr guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg heorð-genēatas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.

drīfan, st. v., to drive: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, 1131.

to-drīfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employment: nom. sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, there was no employment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757.

drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors: nom. sg. mīnra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.—b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors).

dryht-līc, adj., (that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent: dryhtlīc īren, excellent sword, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-māðum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., drink: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fæt, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, especially is the prince capable, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; þē him selfa dēah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, 526.

duguð (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, praised with all their might(?), 3176.—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; lēoda duguðe on lāst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bīdan, darest to await, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., door, gate, wicket: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dūfan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (the sword sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dūfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wæter up þurh-dēaf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. nō hine wiht dweleð, ādl nē yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., useful, good for: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.—Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., bold, daring: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839.

ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dȳgol. See dēogol.

dȳre. See dēore.

E

ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; sīo ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;—blade: ecg wæs īren, 1460.—Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain wearð tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a former condition): þā þǣr sōna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), 2189.

edwīt-līf, st. n., life in disgrace: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., even, like, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., upon the same level, near: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904.

efnan (see æfnan) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish knightly deeds), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelāc efnan (to battle), 1042; gerund. tō efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, just so much as, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, by so much the less as ..., 1284; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1250.

efstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nū efstan, let us hurry now, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494.

eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna bið, then it happens immediately, 1763; bōt eft cuman, help come again, 281.—2) again, on the other side: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, 22;—anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643.—3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (did not believe that he would come back), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., return: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sīð, st. m., journey back, return: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, went the road back, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), 1758.—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.—Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., horrible (full of fear, fearful), 2930.

eges-līc, adj., terrible, bringing terror: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pl. pres. þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, that thee men shall esteem, praise, 1223.

elde (those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., men: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, among men, 2612.—See ylde.

eldo, st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (shall be banished), 3020.

ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, show bravery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.—Comp. mægen-ellen.

ellen-dǣd, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901.

ellen-gǣst, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-līce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123.

ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rōf, adj., renowned for strength: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rōfum, 1788.

ellen-sēoc, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., else, otherwise: a (modal), in another manner, 2521.—b (local), elles hwǣr, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255.

ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, 1350.

ellor-sīð, st. m., departure, death: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), another: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þēodig, adj., of another people: foreign: acc. pl. el-þēodige men, 336.

ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.—2) boundary: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735.—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.—Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-dæg, st. m., last day, day of death: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dōgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897.

ende-lāf, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814.

ende-lēan, st. n., final reparation: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sǣta, w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), end: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft gelimpeð, then it draws near to the end, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., to end: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., narrow: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, narrow paths, 1411.

ent, st. m., giant: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., coming from giants: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., to eat, to consume: pres. sg. III. blōdig wæl ... eteð ān-genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.

Ē

ēc. See ēac.

ēce, adj., everlasting; nom. ēce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ēce eorðreced, the everlasting earth-hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecēas ēcne rǣd, chose the everlasting gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, 1761.

ēdre. See ǣdre.

ēð-begēte, adj., easy to obtain, ready: nom. sg. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēð-begēte, then from the young man (Wīglāf) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, 2862.

ēðe. See ēaðe.

ēðel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961.

ēðel-riht, st. n., hereditary privileges (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, estate and inherited privileges, 2199.

ēðel-stōl, st. m., hereditary seat, inherited throne: acc. pl. ēðel-stōlas, 2372.

ēðel-turf, st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate: dat. sg. on mīnre ēðeltyrf, 410.

ēðel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), 617.

ēðel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.

ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

ēg-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

ēg-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, in the sea-floods, 577. See ēagor-strēam.

ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Bēowulf)(?), 1513.

ēst, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara and māðma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (to present), 2150; him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum geēawed (presented), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum miclum fremedon, 959.

ēste, adj., gracious: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Bēowulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, shall rob of strength, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, made him great through strength, 1718.

eafor, st. m., boar; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (offspring), w. m.: 1) son: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.—2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., eight: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, 1036; ēode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408.—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, 2728. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hīe dēað fornam, 2237; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flǣschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1568; hæfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, had devoured entirely feet and hands, 745; sē þe eall geman gār-cwealm gumena, who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, although I am entirely able, 681; hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments, 3165.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes ūhtflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde wīsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. older: mīn yldra mǣg, 468; yldra brōðor, 1325; oð þæt hē (Heardrēd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bēowulf.

eald-fæder, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.

eald-gesīð, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.

eald-gestrēon, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658.

eald-hlāford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewāt, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwēna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; tō aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; āwa tō aldre, for ever and ever, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. nǣfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (in former days), 758.

ealdor-gedāl, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.

ealdor-lēas, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.

ealdor-lēas, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; ealdor-lēasne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., very much: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-īrenne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.

ealu, st. n., ale, beer: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wǣge, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowǣge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowǣge (at the ale-carouse), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wæs bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prǣdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. ēacne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 3051.—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð, st. n., trouble, difficulty, struggle: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534.

earfoð-līce, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexation, angrily, 86; sorrowfully, 2823; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrāg, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrāge, 283.

earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð (no coward undertaken that), 2542.

earm, st. m., arm: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, supported himself with his arm, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., poor, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577.

earm-bēag, st. m., arm-ring, bracelet: gen. pl. earm-bēaga fela searwum gesǣled, many arm-rings interlaced, 2764.

earm-hrēad, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-līc, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedāl earmlīc wurðan, his end should be wretched, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

ĒA

ēac, conj., also: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ēc, 3132.

ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, broad plains, 1622.—great, heavy: eald sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: æðele and ēacen, of Bēowulf, 198.

ēacen-cræftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.

ēadig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property: nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; ēadig mon, 2471.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tīr-ēadig.

ēadig-līce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.

ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, no pleasant way, 2587; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, no easy purchase, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.

ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., easily. ēaðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

ēað-fynde, adj., easy to find: nom. sg. 138.

ēage, w. n., eye: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht unfǣger, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727; þæt ic ... ēagum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.

ēagor-strēam, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.

ēa-land, st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Gēatas): acc. sg. ēa-lond, 2335; island.

ēam, st. m., uncle, mothers brother: nom. sg. 882.

ēastan, adv., from the east, 569.

ēawan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, shows evil enmity, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.

ge-ēawan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum ge-ēawed, was graciously presented, 1195.

EO

ēode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038.—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., strength: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, 1113.—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-līc, st. n. boar-image (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-līc scionon, 303.

eofor-sprēot, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., sea(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stān, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, fell to the ground, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (in the bosom of the earth), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scræf, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestrēon, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245.

eorl-gewǣde, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.

eorlīc (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chivalrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lāf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.

eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., gigantic, coming from giants: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

ĒO

ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.

ēowan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See ēawan, ȳwan.

ēower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, that one of you (namely, Bēowulf), 248; fǣhðe ēower lēode, the enmity of the people of you (of your people), 597; nis þæt ēower sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2533.—2) poss. pron., your, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tō hām faran, to go home, 124; lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; sǣgenga fōr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan scīrhame tō scipe fōron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896.

gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.

ūt faran, to go out: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552.

faroð, st. m., stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge: dat. sg. tō brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, with the stream, 580; æt faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. ād-faru.

fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019.

fāh, fāg, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (covered with blood), 420; blōde fāh, 935; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fāh and fǣted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, 447; goldsele fǣttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.—Comp. bān-, blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh.

fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, 578, 1464.—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fāg, 1264; māne fāh, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-dǣdum fāg, 1002.—Comp. nearo-fāh.

fāmig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910.

fæc, st. n., period of time: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, during a short time, 2241.

fæder, st. m., father: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg. fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188—Comp.: ǣr, eald-fæder.

fædera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefæderan.

fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.

fæderen-mǣg, st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.

fæðm, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. fēondes fæð[mum], 2129.—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.—Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.

fæðmian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. þæt minne līchaman ... glēd fæðmie, 2653; inf. lēton flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fæg, adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly): comp. ge-fægra, 916.

fægen, adj., glad, joyous: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, the glad at heart, 1634.

fæger, fǣger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.—Comp. un-fǣger.

fægere, fægre, adv., beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, 1015; þā wæs flet-sittendum fægere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1789; Higelāc ongan ... fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fær, st. n., craft, ship: nom. sg., 33.

fæst, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, fast in the forged hinges, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879.—Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst.

fæste, adv., fæst 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.—Comp. fæstor, 143.

be-fæstan, w. v., to give over: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1116.

fæsten, st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access: acc. sg. lēoda fæsten, the fastness of the Gēatas (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten (Ongenþēow's castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.

fæst-rǣd, adj., firmly resolved: acc. sg. fæst-rǣdne geþōht, firm determination, 611.

fæt, st. m., way, journey: in comp. sīð-fæt.

fæt, st. n., vessel; vase, cup: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times, 2762.—Comp.: bān-, drync-, māððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.

fǣge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges, 1528.—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026.—Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge.

fǣhð (state of hostility, see fāh), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.—Comp. wæl-fǣhð.

fǣhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, 3000; acc. fǣhðo, 2490.

fǣlsian, w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse: inf. þæt ic mōte ... Heorot fǣlsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrōðgāres ... sele fǣlsode, 2353.

ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefǣlsod ... sele Hrōðgāres, 826; Heorot is gefǣlsod, 1177; wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod, 1621.

fǣmne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta: dat. sg. fǣmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fǣmnan, 2060, both times of Hrōðgār's daughter Frēaware.

fǣr, st. m., sudden, unexpected attack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fǣr-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacherous gripe, attack: nom. sg. fǣr-gripe flōdes, 1517; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, 739.

fǣr-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack: dat. pl. wið fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

fǣringa, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, 1415, 1989.

fǣr-nīð, st. m., hostility with sudden attacks: gen. pl. hwæt mē Grendel hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, 476.

fǣt, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fǣttum fāhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.

fǣted, fǣtt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form: gen. sg. fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fǣttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate: nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, 2702; acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fǣtte scyldas, 333; fǣtte bēagas, 1751.

fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras fǣted-hlēore (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.

fǣt-gold, st. n., gold in sheets or plates: acc. sg., 1922.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.

fel, st. n., skin, hide: dat. pl. glōf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncūðes fela, 877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.—Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrōr, adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very warlike, 27.

fela-mōdig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

fēolan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in Heorot), 1282; þǣr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.—to fall into, undergo, endure: searonīðas fealh, 1201.

æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough, 969.

fen, st. n., fen, moor: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tō fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fȳres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fāra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.—Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably he who takes possession, cf. tō fōn, 1756, and fōn tō rīce, to enter upon the government), st. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wīsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-lād, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād (fens difficult of access), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., marshy precipice: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., refuge in the fen: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., life; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., each of them trusted to his (Hunferð's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, happy at heart, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genīðla, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tō scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

æt-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum ætferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361.

oð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)

fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring: pres. subj. nāh hwā ... fe[tige] fǣted wǣge, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles lāfe, caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought, 2191.

ā-fēdan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up: pret. part. þǣr hē āfēded wæs, 694.

fēða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) foot-soldiers: nom. pl. fēðan, 1328, 2545.—2) collective in sing., band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors: nom. fēða eal gesæt, 1425; dat. on fēðan, 2498, 2920.—Comp. gum-fēða.

fēðe, st. n., gait, going, pace: dat. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

fēðe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

fēðe-gæst, st. m., guest coming on foot: dat. pl. fēðe-gestum, 1977.

fēðe-lāst, st. m., signs of going, footprint: dat. pl. fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633.

fēðe-wīg, st. m., battle on foot: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.

fēl (= fēol), st. f. file: gen. pl. fēla lāfe, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033.

fēran, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wǣre (to die), 27; gewiton him þā fēran (set out upon their way), 301; mǣl is mē tō fēran, 316; fēran ... gang scēawigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wīde fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; fērdon forð, 1633.

ge-fēran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre līfgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ..., 1222, 1856.—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frēcne gefērdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.

feal, st. m., fall: in comp. wæl-feal.

feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall headlong: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, 773; similarly, fēoll on foldan, 2976; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon, 1043.

be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: frēondum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257.

ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down: pres. sg. III. þæt se līc-homa ... fǣge gefealleð, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefēoll, 2101; hē eorðan gefēoll, 2835.

fealu, adj., fallow, dun-colored, tawny: acc. sg. ofer fealone flōd (over the sea), 1951; fealwe strǣte (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, 866.—Comp. æppel-fealo.

feax, st. n., hair, hair of the head: dat. sg. wæs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hēafod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him ... swāt ... sprong forð under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968.—Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-fēa, w. m., joy: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, joy at the abundant repast, 562; ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban (can rejoice at all this), 2741.

fēa, adj., few dat. pl. nemne fēaum ānum, except some few, 1082; gen. pl. fēara sum, as one of a few, with a few, 1413; fēara sumne, one of a few (some few), 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwæð, spoke few words, 2663, 2247.

fēa-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden, 7; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. fēasceaftum men, 2286; Ēadgilse ... fēasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fēasceafte (the Gēatas robbed of their king, Hygelāc), 2374.

feoh, fēo, st. n., (properly cattle, herd) here, possessions, property, treasure: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fēo þingian, would not allay life's evil for treasure (tribute), 156; similarly, þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, 470; ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige, 1381.

ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefǣgon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sǣlāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.

feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.

feoh-lēas, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts: nom. sg. þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader tō gefeohte bær, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049.

ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084.

feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., far, remote: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, 1362; næs him feor þanon tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (all that is far, past), 1702.

feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oððe) nēah, far and (or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.—b) of time: gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled (has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.

feor-būend, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254.

feor-cȳð, st. f., home of those living far away, distant land: nom, pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah, foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability, 1839.

feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh ālegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ǣr hē feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, 2142; oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fēore, 1294, 1549; tō wīdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swā geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum, 1307.—Also, body, corpse: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelāc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.

feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, 2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267.

feorh-genīðla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg. brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) bebohte frōde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801.

feorh-lāst, st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lāstas bær, 847.

feorh-sēoc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., 2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.

feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertainment: acc. sg. nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 451.—2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386.

feormend-lēas, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762.

feormian, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257.

ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sōna hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745.

feorran, w. v., w. acc., to remove: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156.

feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, from far and from near, 840; similarly, nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne ... nēan and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.—b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., far way: dat. pl. mādma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign lands), 37.

ge-fēon. See feohan.

fēond, st. m., enemy: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fēond on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fēonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. fēondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fēond, 699; dat. pl. fēondum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.

fēond-grāp, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. fēond-grāpum fæst, 637.

fēond-sceaða, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), 554.

fēond-scipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000.

fēower, num., four: nom. fēower bearn, 59; fēower mēaras, 2164; fēower, as substantive, 1638; acc. fēower māðmas, 1028.

fēower-tȳne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, 1642.

findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hīe at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela frēonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swā hyt weorðlīcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ōðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (discovered), 7.—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne wer wīges bīdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.—d) with dependent clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre (could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374.

on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part. þā hēo onfunden wæs (was discovered), 1294.—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, the stranger (Bēowulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.

finger, st. m., finger: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.

fīras, fȳras (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., men: gen. pl. fīra, 91, 2742; monegum fīra, 2002; fȳra gehwylcne lēoda mīnra, 2251; fīra fyrngeweorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fǣhðe, 153; fǣhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-dǣd, st. f., wicked deed: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-dǣdum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.

firen-þearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.

firgen-bēam, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas, 1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.

firgen-strēam, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.

fisc, st. m., fish: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.

fīf, num., five: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fīfe (?), 420.

fīfel-cyn (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg. fīfelcynnes eard, 104.

fīf-tȳne, num., fifteen: acc. fȳftȳne, 1583; gen. fīftȳna sum, 207.

fīf-tig, num., fifty: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fīftig wintra, 2734; gen. sē wæs fīftiges fōt-gemearces lang, 3043.—2) as adjective: acc. fīftig wintru, 2210.

flān, st. m., arrow: dat. sg. flāne, 3120; as instr., 2439.

flān-boga, w. m., bow which shoots the flān, bow: dat. sg. of flān-bogan, 1434, 1745.

flǣsc, st. n., flesh, body in contrast with soul: instr. sg. nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body, 2425.

flǣsc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, 1569.

flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.

flet-ræst, st. f., resting-place in the hall: acc. sg. flet-ræste gebēag, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.

flēam, st. m., flight: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, had turned to flight, 1002; flēam ēowerne, 2890.

flēogan, st. v., to fly: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, 2274.

flēon, st. v., to flee: inf. on heolster flēon, 756; flēon on fenhopu, 765; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas flēah, 2226.

be-flēon, w. acc., to avoid, to escape: gerund nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004.

ofer-flēon, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.

flēotan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, floated away over the waves, 1910.

fliht. See flyht.

flitme. See un-flitme.

flītan, st. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate: pres. part. flītende fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (rode a race), 917; pret. sg. II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, art thou the Bēowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming? 507.

ofer-flītan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.

ge-flīt, st. n., emulation: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 866.

floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga.

flota (see flēotan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, 294.—Comp. wǣg-flota.

flot-here, st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, 2916.

flōd, st. m., flood, stream, sea-current: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. flōd, 3134; ofer fealone flōd, 1951; dat. sg. tō flōde, 1889; gen. pl. flōda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flōda genipu, 2809.

flōd-ȳð, st. f., flood-wave: instr. pl. flōd-ȳðum, 542.

flōr, st. m., floor, stone-floor: acc. sg. on fāgne flōr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þā æfter flōre, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gāres fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.

ge-flȳman, w. v., to put to flight: pret. part. geflȳmed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene folc, 464; folc and rīce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ sīde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.—The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.—Comp. sige-folc.

folc-āgend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-āgende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwēn, st. f., queen of a warlike host: nom. sg., of Wealhþēow, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-rǣd, st. m, what best serves a warlike host: acc. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation: gen. pl. him ǣr forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swā his fæder āhte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fāra (the battle-field), 1464.

folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body of warriors, duke: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrōðgār are called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.

fold-būend, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275; fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309.

folde, w. f., earth, ground: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fēoll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1138; foldan scēatas, 96; foldan fæðm, 1394.—Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197.

fold-weg, st. m., field-way, road through the country: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.

folgian, w. v.: 1) to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow: pret. pl. þēah hīe hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, 1103.—2) to pursue, to follow after: folgode feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) 2934.

folm, st. f, hand: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. fēt and folma, feet and hands, 746; dat. pl. tō banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.—Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; for hlāwe, 1121.—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for þǣm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, 2021.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for þrēanȳdum, 833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; līg-egesan wæg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mīnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967; ne meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, to the assistance, 382, 458.—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: hē hine feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu frēogan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.

foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (each before himself), 985; þæt wæs ān foran ealdgestrēona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365.

be-foran: 1) adv., local, before: hē ... beforan gengde, went before, 1413; temporal, before, earlier, 2498.—2) prep. w. acc. before, in conspectu: mǣre māððum-sweord manige gesāwon beforan beorn beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., ford, water-way: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

forð: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ætstōp, approached nearer, 746; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wīsade, led him (Bēowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further: gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; hē tō forð gestōp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; fērdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719.—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furðum and furðor.

forð-gerīmed, pres. part., in unbroken succession, 59.

forð-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1751.

forð-weg, st. m., road that leads away, journey: hē of ealdre gewāt frōd on forð-weg (upon the way to the next world), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm werede spræc, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dǣdum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnæf), 1065.

fore-mǣre, adj., renowned beyond (others), prǣclarus: superl. þæt wæs fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, 309.

fore-mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), prǣpotens: nom. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-þanc, st. m., forethought, consideration, deliberation: nom. sg., 1061.

forht, adj., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; hē on mōde wearð forht on ferhðe, 755.—Comp. unforht.

forma, adj., foremost, first: nom. sg. forma sīð (the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sīðe, 741, 2287; forman dōgore, 2574.

fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: hē fyrmest læg, 2078.

forst, st. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.

for-þām, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., therefore, on that account, then: forþām, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, because, 503.

fōn, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, 439; pret. sg. him tōgēanes fēng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþēow's equipment), 2990.

be-fōn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde fæste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, encircled by fire, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara līge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.

ge-fōn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne rinc, 741; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, 1502; gefēng þā be eaxle ... Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, 1538; gefēng þā fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefēng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091.

on-fōn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ... scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, the hall received the loud noise, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Bēowulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749.

þurh-fōn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, 1505.

wið-fōn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fæste wið-fēng, 761.

ymbe-fōn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum, encircled his (Bēowulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.

fōt, st. m., foot: gen. sg. fōtes trem (the measure of a foot, a foot broad), 2526; acc. pl. fēt, 746; dat. pl. æt fōtum, at the feet, 500, 1167.

fōt-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.

fōt-lāst, st. m., foot-print: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fēondes fōt-lāst, 2290.

fracod, adj., objectionable, useless. nom. sg. næs sēo ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576.

fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bǣron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: þā ic cwōm ... from fēondum, 420; ǣghwæðrum wæs ... brōga fram ōðrum, 2566.—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., away, thence: nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ǣrest cwōm oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock 2557.

fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sīð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.—Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.

ge-frægen. See frignan.

frætwe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stānas, 1208; frætwe,... brēost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelāc's collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þām frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, 2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þāra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

frætwan, w. v., to supply with ornaments, to adorn: inf. folc-stede frætwan, 76.

ge-frætwian, w. v., to adorn: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum and lēafum, 96; pret. part. þā wæs hāten Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod, 993.

ge-frǣge, adj., known by reputation, renowned: nom. sg. lēod-cyning ... folcum gefrǣge, 55; swā hyt gefrǣge wæs, 2481.

ge-frǣge, st. n., information through hearsay: instr. sg. mine gefrǣge (as I learned through the narrative of others), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ge-frǣgnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?

freca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Bēowulf, 1564.—Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wīg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly distant, foreign; then estranged, hostile: nom sg. þæt wæs fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).

fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce fremman, 2500; fǣhðe ... mǣrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fācenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, 2135. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.

ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlīc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tō gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nū scealc hafað ... dǣd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.

fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume: inf. þā (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fȳftȳne men, 1582.

frēcne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frēcne fȳr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frēcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frēcne dǣde, 890; frēcne fengelād, 1360; frēcne stōwe, 1379; instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (through provoking words), 1105.

frēcne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692.

frēa, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc. sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. frēan, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frēan, 27.— Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa.

frēa-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797.

frēa-wine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler: nom. sg. frēa-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, 2439.

frēa-wrāsn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum, 1452; see wrāsn.

freoðu, friðu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, 188; nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175.—Comp. fen-freoðo.

freoðo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522.

freoðo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.

freoðo-wǣr, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.

freoðo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.

frēo-burh, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, 694.

frēod, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.

frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628.

frēogan, w. v., to love; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum frēoge, 3178; inf. nū ic þec ... mē for sunu wylle frēogan on ferhðe, 949.

frēo-līc, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, 616; frēolīcu folc-cwēn, 642.

frēond, st. m., friend: acc. sg. frēond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frēondum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. frēonda, 1307, 1839.

frēond-laðu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewægned, 1193.

frēond-lār, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. frēond-lārum, 2378.

frēond-līce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. frēond-līcor, 1028.

frēond-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070.

frēo-wine, st. m. (see frēawine), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-wine folca! 430.

fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry: pres. pl. syððan hīe ge-fricgeað frēan ūserne ealdorlēasne, when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt..., 1827; pl. syððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for: inf. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2557.

friðo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoðo-webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.

frignan, fringan, frīnan, st. v., to ask, to inquire: imp. ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, ask not after the well-being! 1323; inf. ic þæs wine Deniga frīnan wille ... ymb þīnne sīð, 351; pret. sg. frægn, 236, 332; frægn gif ..., asked whether ..., 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn Grendles dǣda, 194; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne gefrūnon hringas dǣlan, 1970; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ærn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, 70; pret. part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, 2953; hæfdon gefrūnen þæt..., had learned that ..., 695; hæfde gefrūnen hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās, 2404; healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.

from, See fram.

frōd, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frōd, 2626, 2951; frōd cyning, 1307, 2210; frōd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frōd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frōda, 2929; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), 2801; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frōd, 1367; frōd and gōd, 279; on mōde frōd, 1845.—Comp.: in-, un-frōd.

frōfor, st. f., consolation, compensation, help: nom. sg. frōfor, 2942; acc. sg. frōfre, 7, 974; fyrena frōfre, 629; frōfre and fultum, 1274; frōfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tō frōfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frōfre, 185.

fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bēowulf), 2310.—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), descent, origin: acc. sg. nū ic ēower sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gār, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince: dat. sg. frumgāre (of Bēowulf), 2857.

frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelīcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tō gamene, 2942.

ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē wæs innan full wrǣtta and wīra, 2413.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.

ful, adv., plene, very: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.

ful, st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer ȳða ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, 1170.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.

fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., help, support, protection: acc. sg. frōfor (frōfre) and fultum, 699, 1274; mægenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.—Comp. mægen-fultum.

fundian, w. v., to strive, to have in view: pres. pl. wē fundiað Higelāc sēcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.

furðum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan cwōmon, 323; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, 2010;—before, previously: ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, 1708.

furður, adv., further, forward, more distant, 254, 762, 3007.

fūs, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nū ic eom sīðes fūs, 1476; lēofra manna fūs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sūðan fūs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120; nom. pl. wǣron ... eft to lēodum fūse tō farenne, 1806.—Sometimes fūs means ready for death, moribundus: fūs and fǣge, 1242.—Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.

fūs-līc, adj., prepared, ready: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, 1425; fyrd-searo fūs-līc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, 232.

fyl, st. m., fall: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545.—Comp. hrā-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., troop, band of warriors: in comp. æl-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fāne gefyllan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pl. fēond gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707.

ā-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill: pret. part. Heorot innan wæs frēondum āfylled (was filled with trusted men), 1019.

fyllo, st. f. (plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrǣgnod, 1334; gen. sg. næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, 562; fylle gefǣgon, 1015.—Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-wērig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wērigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) to bear, to bring, carry: pret. pl. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance, 378.

fȳras. See fīras.

fyren. See firen.

fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.

fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505.

fyrd-hrægl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.

fyrd-hwæt, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.

fyrd-lēoð, st. n., war-song, warlike music: acc. sg. horn stundum song fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, 1425.

fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232.

fyrd-wyrðe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317.

ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., to bring forward, to further: pret. part. ār wæs on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frætwum gefyrðred, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Bēowulf), 2785.

fyrmest. See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.

fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ōr fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.

fyrn-man, st. m., man of ancient times: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.

fyrn-wita, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years: dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fīf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.

fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefȳsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, provided with fire, 2310; þā wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.

fȳr, st. n., fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fȳre, 2220; as instr. fȳre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fȳres fæðm, 185; fȳres feng, 1765.— Comp.: ād-, bǣl-, heaðu-, wæl-fȳr.

fȳr-bend, st. m., band forged in fire: dat. pl. duru ... fȳr-bendum fæst, 723.

fȳr-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon: nom. sg., 2690.

fȳr-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire: nom. pl. (eoforlīc) fāh and fȳr-heard, 305.

fȳr-lēoht, st. n., fire-light: acc. sg., 1517.

fȳr-wylm, st. m., wave of fire, flame-wave: dat. pl. wyrm ... fȳrwylmum fāh, 2672.

G

galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gæleð, 2461; inf. gryre-lēoð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433.

ā-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., tribute, interest: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11.

gamen, st. n., social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen glēobēames, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and glēodrēam, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.—Comp. heal-gamen.

gamen-wāð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, 855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þām gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lāfe (legacy), 2037.—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m.: 1) gait, way: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twǣman, could not keep him from going, 969.—2) step, foot-step: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fēran Grendles māgan gang scēawigan, 1392.—Comp. in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far as something goes), extent: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the extent of the sea, 362; ofer flōda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flōda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, 2368.

gangan. See under gān.

ganot, st. m., diver, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bæð (i.e. the sea), 1862.

gād, st. n., lack: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gād (thou shalt have no lack of desirable [valuable] things), 661; similarly, 950.

gān, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel, 455; gǣð eft ... tō medo, 605; þonne hē ... on flett gǣð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, 1783; nū þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, 2744; inf. in gān, to go in, 386, 1645 'forð gān, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār gesēon, 395; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwōm ... tō hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tō, let us go thither, 2649.—As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gīong, went in, 2215; hē ... gīong tō þæs þe hē eorðsele ānne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; þā se æðeling, gīong, þæt hē bī wealle gesæt, then went the prince (Bēowulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.—2) gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þā æfter flōre, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē ... beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.—4) from another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, went forth, 613; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 641; ēode yrremōd, went with angry feeling, 727; ēode ... tō sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād, 1313; ēode weorð Denum æðeling tō yppan, the prince (Bēowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, 3124; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, 493; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went to meet him, 1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032.