GLOSSARY (continued 4)

in-frōd, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frōdum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to: acc. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.

inn, st. n., apartment, house: nom. sg. in, 1301.

innan, adv., within, inside, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (in the interior), within, 1741, 2716; þǣr on innan (in there), 71; burgum on innan (within his city), 1969. Also, therein: þǣr on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245.

innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.

inne, adv.: 1) inside, within, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne ābēad (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; þǣr inne (therein), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.—2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867.

inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.

inwit-gæst, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hrōf, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, 3124.

inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cunning snare: acc. sg., 2168.

inwit-nīð, st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pl. inwit-nīðas (hostility through secret attack), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nīða, 1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit-þanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.

irnan (for rinnan), st. v., to run: so be-irnan, to run up to, occur: pret. sg him on mōd be-arn (came into his mind), 67.

on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, 722.

irre-mōd, adj. See yrre-mōd.

Ī

īdel, adj., empty, bare; deprived of: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (deprived of his land-possessions among the people [of the Gēatas]), 2889.

īdel-hende, adj., empty-handed, 2082.

īren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren (the doughty, lordly sword), 893; īren ǣr-gōd, 990; acc. sg. lēoflīc īren, 1810; gen. pl. īrena cyst (choicest of swords), 674; īrenna cyst, 803; īrenna ecge (edges of swords), 2684.

īren, adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg wæs īren, 1460.

īren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet: instr. pl. īren-bendum fæst (bold), 775, 999.

īren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, 2987. See īsern-byrne.

īren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.

īrenne, adj., of iron: in comp. eall-īrenne.

īren-þrēat, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.

īs, st. n., ice: dat. sg. īse, 1609.

īsern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īsern-byrnan, 672. See īren-byrne.

īsern-scūr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, 3117.

īs-gebind, st. n., fetters of ice: instr. sg. īs-gebinde, 1134.

īsig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass): nom. sg. īsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.—Leo.

IO IU

iū. See geō.

iū-man. See geō-man.

īo-mēowle. See geō-meowle>geō-mēowle.

L

laðu, st. f., invitation.—Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., lake, sea: nom. sg., 1631.

lagu-cræftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon (pilot), 209.

lagu-strǣt, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239.

lagu-strēam, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas, 297.

land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; tō lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 311.—Comp.: el-, ēa-land.

land-būend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95.

land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. lēoda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.

land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes īdel, 2887.

land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, population: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.

lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, 2094; næs þā long (lang) tō þon (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tīd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.—2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, 3044.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; tō lange (too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nō þȳ leng (none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest (longest), 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared: nū is rǣd gelang eft æt þē ānum (now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone), 1377; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), 2151. See ge-lenge.

lang-ge-strēon, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestrēona, 2241.—Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long, yearn: pres. sg. III. him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, continuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.

lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.

lā, interj., yes! indeed! 1701, 2865.

lāc, st. n.: 1) measured movement, play: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lāc.—2) gift, offering: acc. pl. lāc, 1864; lāðlīcu lāc (loathly offering, prey), 1585; dat. pl. lācum, 43, 1869.—Comp. sǣ-lāc.

ge-lāc, st. n., sport, play: acc. pl. sweorda gelāc (battle), 1041; dat. pl. æt ecga gelācum, 1169.

lācan, st. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc.: inf. dareðum lācan (fight), 2849; part. pres. æfter lyfte lācende (flying through the air), 2833.

for-lācan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda geweald forð forlācen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.

lād, st. f., street, way, journey: dat. sg. on lāde, 1988; gen. sg. lāde, 569.—Comp.: brim-, sǣ-lād.

ge-lād, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, 1411.

lāð, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lāð, 816; lāð lyft-floga, 2316; lāð (enemy), 440; nē lēof nē lāð, 511; neut. lāð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lāðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lāðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lāðes (much evil), 930; so, 1062; lāðan līges, 83; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þæs lāðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, 550; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lāðum dǣdum (with evil deeds), 2468; lāðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lāðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lāðra (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, 2433.

lāð-bite, st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. lāð-bite līces (the body's hostile bite = the wound), 1123.

lāð-getēona, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, 559.

lāð-līc, adj., loathly, hostile: acc. pl. lāð-līcu, 1585.

lāf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fēla lāfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lāfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lāfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lāfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lāfe, 2578.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.

lār, st. f., lore, instruction, prescription: dat. sg. be fæder lāre, 1951; gen. pl. lāra, 1221; lārena, 269.—Comp. frēond-lār.

lāst, st. m., footstep, track: acc. sg. lāst, 132, 972, 2165; on lāst (on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. lāstas, 1403; acc. pl. lāstas, 842.—Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fōt-, wræc-lāst.

læger. See leger.

lāger-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

lǣs, adj., less, 1947; þȳ lǣs (the less), 487; conjunct, that not, lest, 1919.

lǣssa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. lǣssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lǣssan, 43; fem, lǣssan hwīle, 2572; dat. sg. for lǣssan (for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōt[a], 2355.

læt, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes læt, 1530.

lǣdan, w. v. w. acc.: to lead, guide, bring: inf. lǣdan, 239; pret. pl. lǣddon, 1160.

for-1ǣdan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, 2440 (?).

ge-lǣdan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-lǣded, 37.

lǣfan, w. v.: 1), to bequeathe, leave: imper. sg. þīnum magum lǣf folc and rīce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and lēodbyrig, 2471.—2) spare, leave behind: āht cwices lǣfan (to spare aught living), 2316.

lǣn-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. lǣn-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. lǣn-daga, 2342.

lǣne, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; þās lǣnan gesceaft (this fleeting life), 1623; gen. sg. lǣnan līfes, 2846.

lǣran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr be þon (learn this, take this to heart), 1723.

ge-lǣran, to teach, instruct, give instruction: inf. ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg ... rǣd gelǣran (I can give H. good advice about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. þā mē þæt ge-lǣrdon lēode mīne (gave me the advice), 415.

lǣstan, w. v.: 1) to follow, to sustain, serve: inf. þæt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde (that his body would not sustain him), 813.—2) perform: imper. lǣst eall tela (do all well), 2664.

ge-lǣstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft gelǣste, 2501.—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (render war service), 24; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. bēot ... gelǣste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelǣste swā (kept his word), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), 830.

lǣtan, st. v., to let, allow, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lǣteð, 1729; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, 397; sg. II. lǣt, 1489; pret. sg. lēt, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lēton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lēte, 1997; sg. III. lēte, 3083.

ā-lǣtan: 1) to let, allow: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þū ne ālǣte ... dōm ge-drēosan, 2666.—2) to leave, lay aside: inf. ālǣtan lǣn-dagas (die) 2592; so, ālǣtan līf and lēodscipe, 2751.

for-lǣtan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971; pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793.—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt (where he had previously left him), 2788.

of-lǣtan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē worold oflǣtest (leavest the world, diest), 1184; so pret. sg. oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft, 1623.

on-lǣtan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder on-lǣteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.

ā-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, 835; þæt hē on Bēowulfes bearm ā-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142.—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and glēo-drēam (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.

lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, oppress: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tō lange, 906. MS.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., extending along or to, near (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn (nor was it yet long), 83.

ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.

let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).

lettan, w. v., to hinder: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þæt syððan nā ... brim-līðende lāde ne letton (might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569.

ā-lēdon. See ā-lecgan.

lēg, st. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna lēg (the lurid flame), 3116; swōgende lēg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lēge, 2550. See līg.

lēg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon: nom. sg., 3041.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

lēaf, st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pl. lēafum, 97.

lēafnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.

lēan, st. v. w. acc. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. sg. lōg, 1812; pret. pl. lōgon, 203, 863.

be-lēan, to dissuade, prevent: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte sorhfullne sīð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), 511.

lēan, st. n., reward, compensation: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. lēane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þā lēan, 2996; dat. þām lēanum, 2146; gen. lēana, 2991.—Comp.: and-, ende-lēan.

leān (for lǣn, O.H.G. lēhan), st. n, loan, 1810.

lēanian, w. v., to reward, compensate: pres. sg. I. ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige (repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures), 1381; pret. sg. mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scyldinga fǣttan golde fela lēanode (the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold), 2103.

lēas, adj., false: nom. pl. lēase, 253.

lēas, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. drēama lēas, 851; dat. sg. winigea lēasum, 1665.—Comp.: dōm-, drēam-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlāford-, sāwol-, sige-, sorh-, tīr-, þēoden-, wine-, wyn-lēas.

lēasig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-lēasig(?).

leoðo-cræft, st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770.

leoðo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891.

leomum. See lim.

leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan: pret. him þæs gūð-cyning ... wræce leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337.

lēod, st. m., prince: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. lēod, 626.

lēod, st. f., people: gen. sg. lēode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. lēode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (people of the race of the Gēatas), 260; acc. pl. lēode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. lēoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.

lēod-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lēod-bealewa, 1947.

lēod-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.

lēod-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.

lēod-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. lēod-fruman, 2131.

lēod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.

lēod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. æfter lēod-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frōda, cf. 2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, 2392.

lēod-sceaða, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þām lēod-sceaðan, 2094.

lēod-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þām lēod-scipe, 2198.

lēoð, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1160.—Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gūð-, sorh-lēoð.

lēof, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., lēofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lēofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. lēofum, 1074; gen. pl. lēofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lēofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lēofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone lēofestan, 2824.

lēoflīc, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. lēoflīc lind-wiga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. lēoflīc īren, 1810.

lēogan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive. subj. pres. næfne him his wlite lēoge (unless his looks belie him), 250; pret. sg. hē ne lēag fela wyrda nē worda, 3030.

ā-lēogan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. hē bēot ne ā-lēh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), 80.

ge-lēogan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah (hope deceived him), 2324.

lēoht, st. n., light, brilliance: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan lēoht, 649; godes lēoht gecēas (chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. tō lēohte, 95.—Comp.: ǣfen-, fȳr-, morgen-lēoht.

lēoht, adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. lēohtan sweorde, 2493.

lēoma, w. m.: 1) light, splendor: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. lēoman, 1518; sunnan and mōnan lēoman (light of sun and moon), 95.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-lēoma), the glittering sword: nom. sg. līxte se lēoma (the blade-gleam flashed), 1571.

lēosan, st. v., = amitti, in

be-lēosan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (hēo) wearð beloren lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074.

for-lēosan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þǣr hē dōme for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas (to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þām lēanum for-loren hæfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.

libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þē lifigendum (in thy lifetime), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.

licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nū sēo hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), 1344; nū se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrēd læg (after Heardrēd had fallen), 2389; pret. pl. lāgon, 3049; lǣgon, 566.—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre læg wīd-cūðes wīg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052.

ā-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þæt his dōm ā-læg (that its power failed it), 1529.

ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147.

lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ȳð-lida.

lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.

lim, st. n., limb, branch: instr. pl. leomum, 97.

limpan, st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hū lomp ēow on lāde (how went it with you on the journey?), 1988.

ā-limpan, to come about, offer itself: pret. sg. oð þæt sǣl ā-lamp (till the opportunity presented itself), 623; pret. part, þā him ā-lumpen wæs wistfylle wēn (since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734.

be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, 2469.

ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; swā him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frōfor eft gelamp sārig-mōdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825.

lind, st. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366.

lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.

lind-hæbbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403.

lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.

lind-wiga, w. m., shield-fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 2604.

linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived of: inf. aldre linnan (depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.

lis, st. f., favor, affection: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.

list, st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cunning: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (cunningly), 782.

līxan, w. v., to shine, flash: pret. sg. līxte, 311, 485, 1571.

līc, st. n.: 1) body, corpse: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. līc, 2081; þæt līc (the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. līce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. līces, 451, 1123.— 2) form, figure: in comp. eofor-, swīn-līc.

ge-līc, adj., like, similar: nom. pl. m. ge-līce, 2165. Superl. ge-līcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.

līc-hama, -homa, w. m. (body-home, garment), body: nom. sg. līc-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. līc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. līc-haman, 3179.

līcian, w. v., to please, like (impers.): pres. sg. III. mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl, 1855; pret. pl. þām wīfe þā word wēl līcodon, 640.

līcnes. See on-līcnes.

līc-sār, st. n., bodily pain: acc. sg. līc-sār, 816.

līc-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body: nom. sg., 550.

1īðan, st. v., to move, go: pres. part. nom. pl. þā līðende (navigantes, sailors), 221; þā wæs sund liden (the water was then traversed), 223.—Comp.: hēaðu-, mere-, wǣg-līðend.

līðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lāra līðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. līðost, 3184.

lið-wǣge, st. n., can in which līð (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained: acc. sg., 1983.

līf, st. n., life: acc. sg. līf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. līfe, 2572; tō līfe (in one's life, ever) 2433; gen. sg. līfes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde līfes (of the earthly life), 1388, 2344.—Comp. edwīt-līf.

līf-bysig, adj. (striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death: nom. sg., 967.

līf-dagas, st. m. pl., lifetime: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.

līf-frēa, w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., 16.

līf-gedāl, st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842.

līf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.

līf-wraðu, st. f., protection for one's life, safety: acc. sg. līf-wraðe, 2878; dat. sg. tō līf-wraðe, 972.

līf-wyn, st. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life): gen. pl. līf-wynna, 2098.

līg, st. m. n., flame, fire: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. līge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. līges, 83, 782. See lēg.

līg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon; nom. pl., 2334. See lēg-draca.

līg-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror: acc. sg., 2781.

līge-torn, st. m., false, pretended insult or injury, fierce anger(?): dat. sg. æfter līge-torne (on account of a pretended insult? or fierce anger? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.

līg-ȳð, st. m., wave of fire: instr. pl. līg-ȳðum, 2673.

lēon, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. þæt him on þearfe lāh þyle Hrōðgāres (which H.'s spokesman lent him in need), 1457.

on-lēoon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þā hē þæs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, 1468.

loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bān-, burh-loca.

locen. See lūcan.

lond, long. See land, lang.

lof, st. m. n., praise, repute: acc. sg. lof, 1537.

lof-dǣd, st. f., deed of praise: instr. pl. lof-dǣdum, 24.

lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184.

loga, w. m., liar; in comp. trēow-loga.

losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. hē on weg losade (fled away), 2097.

lōcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (booty of the sea that thou lookest on), 1655.

ge-lōme, adv., often, frequently, 559.

lufe, w. f., love: in comp. hēah-, mōd-, wīf-lufe.

lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nourishment), w. m., food, subsistence; property, real estate: acc. sg. on lufan (on possessions), 1729.—Comp. eard-lufa.

lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?): nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ēðel-wyn), 2887.

luf-tācen, st. n., love-token: acc. pl. luf-tācen, 1864.

lufian, w. v., to love, serve affectionately: pret. sg. III. lufode þā lēode (was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983.

lungre, adv.: 1) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.—2) quite, very, fully: fēower mēaras lungre gelīce (four horses quite alike), 2165.

lust, st. m., pleasure, joy: dat. pl. adv. lustum (joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600.

lūcan, st. v., to twist, wind, lock, interweave: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra bēaga (rings wrought of gold wire), 2996.

be-lūcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter ȳðe be-lēac īs-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac manegum mǣgða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.

ge-lūcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.

on-lūcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259.

tō-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., 782.

lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. æfter lyfte (along, through, the air), 2833.

lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., enjoyment of the air: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

lyhð. See leahan.

lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for: pret. sg. Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste(the Gēat [Bēowulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794.

lȳt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan (few escaped homeward), 2366; lȳt ǣnig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, 1928; lȳt ... hēafod-māga, 2151; wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), 2898; dat. sg. lȳt manna (too few of men), 2837.

lȳtel, adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. tō lȳtel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lȳtle hwīle (a little while), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lȳtle (little protection for his life), 2878.—Comp. un-lȳtel.

lȳt-hwōn, adv., little = not at all: lȳt-hwōn lōgon, 204.

lȳfe, st. n., leave, permission, (life?): instr. sg. þīne lȳfe (life, MS.), 2132.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.

lȳfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in

ā-lȳfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. nǣfre ic ǣnegum men ǣr ālȳfde ... þrȳð-ærn Dena (never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), 656; pret. part. (þā mē wæs) sīð ... ālȳfed inn under eorð-weall (the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), 3090.

ge-lȳfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr gelȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Bēowulf and Grendel), 440.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.

ā-lȳsan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. þā wæs of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne lungre ā-lȳsed (helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him), 1631.

M

maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk: pret. sg. maðelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþēowes (Bēowulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (Wīglāf), 2676; Grendeles maga (a relative of Grendel), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þū, 2048; subj. pres. mǣge, 2531, 2750; þēah ic eal mǣge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. wē mǣgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.

mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., male, son: nom. sg. mago Ecglāfes (Hunferð), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.

mago-rinc, st. m., hero, man (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, hēap, 731.

magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., vassal, war-thane: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sēlestan (the best of vassals), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wīd-cūðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.—Comp.: fyrn-, glēo-, gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.

man. See munan.

man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.

man-drēam, st. m., human joy, mundi voluptas: acc. sg. man-drēam, 1265; dat. pl. mon-drēamum, 1716.

man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.

ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of the fourteen Gēatas that returned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., to warn, admonish: pres. sg. III. manað swā and myndgað ... sārum wordum (so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058.

manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snellīc sǣ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mǣgðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum māðmum, 2104; monegum mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mēda, 1179.—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, 1772; monegum fīra, 2002; hæleða monegum bold-āgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (māðm)-ǣhta monige, 1614.

manig-oft, adv., very often, frequently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected].

man-līce, adv., man-like, manly, 1047.

man-þwǣre, adj., kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-þwǣrust, 3183.

mā, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

māðum, māððum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. māððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. māðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. māðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mādmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. māðmum, mādmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. māðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mādma, 36, 41.—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-māðum.

māðm-ǣht, st. f., treasure in jewels, costly objects: gen. pl. māðm-ǣhta, 1614, 2834.

māððum-fæt, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.

māðm-gestrēon, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. māðm-gestrēona, 1932.

māðum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. æfter māððum-gife, 1302.

māðum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. māððum-sigla, 2758.

māðum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.

māðum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. æfter-māððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.

māgas. See mǣg.

māge, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles māgan (mother), 1392.

mān, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. māne, 110, 979; adv., criminally, 1056.

mān-for-dǣdla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mān-for-dǣdlan, 563.

mān-scaða, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; mān-sceaða, 2515.

māra (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. māra, 1354, 2556; neut. māre, 1561; acc. sg. m. māran, 2017; mund-gripe māran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. māran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. māran, 533, 1012; neut. māre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala māre (more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. māran, 1824.

mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mǣst, 78, 193; fem. mǣst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fǣhðe mǣste, 459; mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, 2646; hond-wundra mǣst, 2769; bǣl-fȳra mǣst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mǣste cræfte, 2182.

mæcg. See mecg.

mægð, st. f., wife, maid, woman: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mægða hōse (accompanied by her maids of honor), 925; mægða, 944, 1284.

mægen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mægen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (great in strength), 1845, 196; mægenes rōf (id.), 2085.—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde mægen Hrēðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), 155.—Comp. ofer-mægen.

mægen-āgend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -āgendra, 2838.

mægen-byrðen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.

mægen-cræft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.

mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.

mægen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.

mægen-rǣs, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: acc. sg., 1520.

mægen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.

mægen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.

mæst, st. m., mast: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mæste (beside the mast), 36; to the mast, 1906.

mǣðum. See māðum, hyge-mǣðum.

mǣg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mǣg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mǣg (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mǣge, 1979; gen. sg. mǣges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. māgas, 1016; acc. pl. māgas, 2816; dat. pl. māgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; mǣgum, 2354; gen. pl. māga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.—Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.

mǣg-burh, st. f., borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þǣre mǣg-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Gēatas), 2888.

mǣgð, st. f., race, people: acc. sg. mǣgðe, 1012; dat. sg. mǣgðe, 75; dat. pl. mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. mǣgða, 25, 1772.

mǣg-wine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480 (nom. pl.).

mǣl, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; þā wæs sǣl and mǣl (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. mǣl, 2634; instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mǣla, 1250; sǣla and mǣla, 1612; mǣla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.

mǣl-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: acc. sg. mǣl-ceare, 189.

mǣl-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bād mǣl-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.

mǣnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) to remember, mention, proclaim: inf. mǣnan, 1068; pret. part. þǣr wæs Bēowulfes mǣrðo mǣned, 858.—2) to mention sorrowfully, mourn: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mǣnde (mourned sorrowfully), 2268; pret. pl. mǣndon, 1150, 3150.

ge-mǣnan (see mān), w. v. with acc., to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pl. ge-mǣnden, 1102.

ge-mǣne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemǣne, 2474; þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm bām gemǣne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemǣne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þām folcum sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra (we two shall share many treasures together), 1785.

mǣrðu, st. f.: 1) glory, a heroes fame: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mǣrðo, 660, 688; acc. pl. mǣrða, 2997; instr. pl. mǣrðum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pl. mǣrða, 504, 1531.—2) deed of glory, heroism: acc. sg. mǣrðo, 2135; gen. pl. mǣrða, 408, 2646.—Comp. ellen-mǣrðu.

mǣre, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mǣre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mǣra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mǣra, 1475; nom. fem. mǣru, 2017; mǣre, 1953; neut. mǣre, 2406; acc. sg. m. mǣrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mǣre, 1024; dat. sg. mǣrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tō þǣm mǣran, 270; gen. sg. mǣres, 798; mǣran, 1730; nom. pl. mǣre, 3071; superl. mǣrost, 899,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mǣre.

mǣst. See māra.

mǣte, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. mǣtost, 1456.

mecg, mæcg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, ōret-mecg, wræc-mæcg.

medla. See on-medla.

medu, st. m., mead: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tō medo, 605.

medo-ærn, st. n., mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-ærn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-drēam, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.

medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. 625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.

medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.

medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead-house: acc. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stīg, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-stīg, 925.

medo-wang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644.

meðel, st. n., assembly, council: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877.

meðel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083.

meðel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236.

melda, w. m., finder, informer, betrayer: gen. sg. þæs meldan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se mōd-sefa (his courage did not desert him), 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., neck ornament, necklace, collar: acc. sg., 1200.

mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. acc. of thing: inf. sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan, to mix with, commingle: pret. part. 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., multitude, many: nom. and acc. sg. māðma menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, mænigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., mark, aim: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., sea, ocean: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-dēor, st. n., sea-beast: acc. sg., 558.

mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.

mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish: gen. pl. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540, 549.

mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.

mere-hrægl, st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum, 1906.

mere-līðend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-līðende, 255.

mere-strǣt, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-strǣta 514.

mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.

mere-wīf, st. n., sea-woman, mer-woman: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsǣl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

ge-met, st. n., an apportioned share; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis þæt ... gemet mannes nefne mīn ānes (nobody, myself excepted, can do that), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mīn gemet (beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swā him gemet þince (þūhte), (as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.

metan, st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pl. fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (measured the yellow road with their horses), 918; so, 514, 1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925.

metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scīr metod, 980; sōð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.—Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tō metod-sceafte, 2816.

mēce, st. m., sword: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mēce, 2048; brādne mēce, 2979; gen. sg. mēces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mēcum, 565; gen. pl. mēca, 2686.—Comp.: beado-, hæft-, hilde-mēce.

mēd, st. f., meed, reward: acc. sg. mēde, 2135; dat. sg. mēde, 2147; gen. pl. mēda, 1179.

ge-mēde, st. n., approval, permission (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mēdu, 247.

mēðe, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, sǣ-mēðe.

mētan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with acc., pret. pl. syððan Æscheres ... hafelan mētton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran man mundgripe māran (that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), 752.

ge-mētan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemētte, 758, 2786; pl. næs þā long tō þon, þæt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton (it was not long after that the warriors again met each other), 2593.

ge-mēting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together: nom. sg., 2002.

mēagol, adj., mighty, immense; formal, solemn: instr. pl. mēaglum wordum, 1981.

mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. tō mearce (the end of life), 2385.—Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain: pres. ind. sg. mearcað mōrhopu (will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (murder-marked [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swā wæs on þǣm scennum ... gemearcod ... hwām þæt sweord geworht wǣre (engraved for whom the sword had been wrought), 1696.

mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., horse, steed: nom. pl. mēaras, 2164; acc. pl. mēaras, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mēarum, 856, 918; mēarum and māðmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. mēara and māðma, 2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodu. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod.

meowle, w. f., maiden: comp. geō-meowle.

micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. māre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ærn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre ge-frūnon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle lēofre (far dearer), 2652; efne swā micle (lǣssa), ([less] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedōn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tō fela micles (far too much, many), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see māra.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrōðgāre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesīðum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his frēo-drihtne, 2628; mid þǣm lācum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hǣle (with good luck!), 1218; mid bǣle fōr (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; with him, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Gēatum (among the Gēatas), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (at dawn), 126.—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid ār-stafum (through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid grāpe (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gōde (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid þǣre sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr.: mid þȳ wīfe (through [marriage with] the woman), 2029.—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mīnne gold-gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.

midde, w. f., middle = medius: dat. sg. on middan (through the middle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tō-middes (in the midst), 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., might, power, authority: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtig, adj.: 1) physically strong, powerful: acc. sg. mihtig mere-dēor, 558; mere-wīf mihtig, 1520.—2) possessing authority, mighty: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.—Comp.: æl-, fore-mihtig.

milde, adj., kind, gracious, generous: nom. sg. mōdes milde (kind-hearted), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (graciously), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (a king most liberal to men), 3183.

milts, st. f., kindness, benevolence: nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in: pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), 2440.

missēre, st. n., space of a semester, half a year: gen. pl. hund missēra (fifty winters), 2734, 2210; generally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; fela missēra, 153, 2621.

mist-hlið, st. n., misty cliff, cloud-capped slope: dat. pl. under mist-hleoðum, 711.

mistig, adj., misty: acc. pl. mistige mōras, 162.

mīl-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. mīl-gemearces, 1363.

mīn: 1) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelāc mīn (my lord, or king, H.), 2435.—2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc.

molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. græs-molde.

mon. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

morð-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136.

morðor, st. n., deed of violence, murder: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (guilty of murder), 1684.

morðor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wæs þām yldestan ... morðor-bed strēd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.

morðor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.

morðor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon; also morrow: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (morrow), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (in the morning), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (every morning), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gār morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne dæg (the whole forenoon), 2895.

morgen-lēoht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-swēg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.

morgen-tīd, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tīde, 484, 818(?)

morn. See morgen.

mōd, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; wǣfre mōd (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on mōd (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mōde (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hrēoum mōde (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blīðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, mōdes milde, 1230; mōdes sēoce (depressed in mind), 1604.—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, geōmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd.

mōd-cearu, st. f., grief of heart: acc. sg. mōd-ceare, 1993, 3150.

mōd-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. mōd-gehygdum, 233

mōd-ge-þanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. mōd-ge-þonc, 1730.

mōd-giōmor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.

mōdig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509; se mōdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þām mōdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mōdges, 502; mōdiges, 2699; Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. mōdge, 856; mōdige, 1877; gen. pl. mōdigra, 312, 1889.—Comp, fela-mōdig.

mōdig-līc, adj., of bold appearance: compar. acc. pl. mōdiglīcran, 337.

mōd-lufe, w. f., hearts affection, love: gen. sg. þīnre mōd-lufan, 1824.

mōd-sefa, w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mōd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mōd-sefan, 180.

mōd-þracu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his mōd-þræce, 385.

mōdor, f., mother: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. mōdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

mōna, w. m., moon: gen. sg. mōnan, 94.

mōr, st. m., moor, morass, swamp: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, 1406; dat. sg. of mōre, 711; acc. pl. mōras, 103, 162, 1349.

mōr-hop, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp: acc. pl. mōr-hopu, 450.

ge-mōt, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt.

mōtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, 186, 442, 604; II. mōst, 1672; pl. mōton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mōte, 431; III. sē þe mōte, 1388; pret sg. mōste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. mōston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine selfne gesēon mōste (mightest see), 962.—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. mōt, 2887; pret. sg. mōste, 1940; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð æt hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.

ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), 265; ic þē þæs lēan geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (I remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif hē þæt eall gemon hwæt ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, hond gemunde fǣhðo genōge (his hand remembered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglāfes þæt ... (remembered not that which ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.

on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ūsic mǣrða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.

mund, st. f., hand: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092.

mund-bora, w. m., protector, guardian, preserver: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939.

murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), 1443.—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wæs ... murnende mōd, 50; pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (than that he should mourn much), 1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., to mourn over: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078.

murn-līce. See un-murn-līce.

mūð-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer: dat. sg. tō mūð-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080.

mūða, w. m., mouth, entrance: acc. sg. recedes mūðan (mouth of the house, door), 725.

ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. tō gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.

myhdgian, w. v., to call to mind, remember: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frēsna hwylc ... þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre (were to call to mind the bloody feud), 1106.

ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sīð (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc.

myne, st. m.: 1) mind, wish: nom. sg., 2573.—2) love(?): nē his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mǣrðo! 660.

myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant to entrap all(?) [see sum], some one of (?), the men), 713; mynte þæt hē gedǣlde ... (thought to sever), 732; mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē meahte swā, wīdre gewindan (intended to flee), 763.

myrce, adj., murky, dark: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, 1406.

myrð, st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, 8n.

N

naca, w. m., vessel, ship: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.—Comp.: hring-, ȳð-naca.

nacod, adj., naked: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gūð-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nīð-draca, 2274.

nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.

nama, w. m., name: nom. sg. Bēowulf is mīn nama, 343; wæs þǣm hæft-mēce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scōp him Heort naman (gave it the name Hart), 78.

nā (from ne-ā), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537.

nāh, from ne-āh. See āgan.

nān (from ne-ān), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, 804; adjectively, nān ... īren ǣrgōd, 990.

nāt, from ne-wāt: I know not=nescio. See witan.

nāt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nāt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces (þāra banena), 2054; niða nāt-hwylces(?), 2216; nāt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, 1514.

næbben, from ne-hæbben (subj. pres.). See habban.

næfne. See nefne.

nægel, st. m., nail: gen. pl. nægla (of the finger-nails), 986.

nægled, part., nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?: acc. sg. neut. nægled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024.

næs, st. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory: acc. sg. næs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. næsse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige næssas, 1412; gen. pl. næssa, 1361.

næs, from ne-wæs (was not). See wesan.

næs, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263.

næs-hlið, st. n., declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea: dat. pl. on næs-hleoðum, 1428.

nǣfre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: nǣfre ne, 1461.

ge-nǣgan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press; pret. pl. nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces (in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nīða genǣged, 1440.

nǣnig (from ne-ǣnig), pron., not any, none, no: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nǣnegum, 599; gen. pl. nǣnigra, 950.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ōðer nǣnig, 860; nǣnig wæter, 1515; nǣnig ... dēor, 1934; acc. sg. nǣnigne ... hord-māððum, 1199.

nǣre, from ne-wǣre (were not, would not be). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nōðer ... ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō ... (so that he absolutely could not), 1509.

nē ... nē, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sūð nē norð (south nor north), 859; ādl nē yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum nē worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (knew not and weened not), 1605.

nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson: nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; so, 1963; (nephew), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (nephew), 882.

nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (unless his face belie him), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-frēa (except the husband), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2534.—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082.

ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille (I will not). See willan.

nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to name, call: pres. pl. þone yldestan ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (the warriors call the most distinguished one Bēowulf), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.—2) to address, as in

be-nemnan, to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... āðum be-nemde þæt (asserted, promised under oath that ...), 1098; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre (put under a curse), 3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfǣgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (saved from hostility), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. sē þā sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.

net, st. n., net: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

nēdla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.

nēðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., to venture, undertake boldly: pres. part. nearo nēðende (encountering peril), 2351; pret. pl. þǣr git ... on dēop water aldrum nēðdon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538.

ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (none durst undertake to ...), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genēðde fela gūða (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), 961.

nēh. See nēah.

ge-neahhe, adv., enough, sufficiently, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (many an earl of B.'s), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., omnino non, not at all, by no means: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812.

nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

nearo, adj., narrow: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.

nearwe, adv., narrowly, 977.

nearo-cræft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.

nearo-fāh, m., foe that causes distress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo-fāges, 2318.

nearo-þearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.

ge-nearwian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon: pret. part. genearwod, 1439.

nēah, nēh: 1) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. nēah, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = last: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (for the last time), 1204; nīehstan sīðe, 2512.

2) adv., near: feor and (oððe) nēah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sǣ-grunde nēah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nēh, 2412. Compar. nēar, 746.

nēan, adv., near by, (from) close at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and nēan, 840; nēan and feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-nēat, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.

nioðor. See niðer.

neowol, adj., steep, precipitous: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.

nēod, st. f., polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?: acc. sg. nīode, 2117; inst. (= joy), 2216.

nēod-laðu, st. f., polite invitation; wish: dat. sg. æfter nēod-laðu (according to his wishes), 1321.

nēosan, nēosian, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for; to attack: inf. nēosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nīosan, 2389, 2672; nēosian, 115, 1126; nīosian, 3046; pret. sg. nīosade, 2487.

nēotan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. nēot, 1218.

be-nēotan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-nēotan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (deprived the king of life), 2397.

nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846.

nicor-hūs, st. n., house or den of sea-monsters: gen. pl. nicor-hūsa, 1412.

nið st. m., man, human being: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage corrupt), 2216.

niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., down, downward: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045.

nið-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, 1514.

nigen, num., nine: acc. nigene, 575.

niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.

niht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., lasting through the night: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (space of a night), 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.

niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, 2117.—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs ... sēo cwēn numen (the queen carried off), 1154.

be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.

for-niman, to carry off: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (whom death carried off), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, 2829.

ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873.—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303; segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor ... æt mīnum fæder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.

ge-nip, st. n., darkness, mist, cloud: acc. pl. under næssa genipu, 1361; ofer flōda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (is not): see wesan.

nīwe, nīowe, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... nīwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; nīowan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra spella (new tidings), 2899.

ge-nīwian, w. v., to renew: pret. part. ge-nīwod, 1304, 1323; genīwad, 2288.

nīw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.

nīð, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wið (æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.—Comp.: bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.

nīð-draca, w. m., battle-dragon: nom. sg., 2274.

nīð-gast, st. m., hostile alien, fell demon: acc. sg. þone nīð-gæst (the dragon), 2700.

nīð-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.

nīð-grim, adj., furious in battle, savage: nom. sg., 193.

nīð-heard, adj., valiant in war: nom. sg., 2418.

nīð-hȳdig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pl. nīð-hȳdige men, 3167.

ge-nīðla, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genīðla.

nīð-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.

nīpan, st. v., to veil, cover over, obscure; pres. part. nīpende niht, 547, 650.

nolde, from ne-wolde (would not); see willan.

norð, adv., northward, 859.

norðan, adv., from the north, 547.

nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape: dat. sg. of hlīðes nosan, 1893; æt brimes nosan, 2804.

nō (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nō ... nō (neither ... nor), 541-543; so, nō ... ne, 168. See ne.

nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg., and not, nor, 2125.

ge-nōh, adj., sufficient, enough: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, 2490; acc. pl. genōge ... bēagas, 3105.

nōn, st. f., [Eng. noon], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 2: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. nōn, 1601.

nū, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū gȳt (up to now, hitherto), 957; nū gēn (now still, yet), 2860; (now yet, still), 3169.—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.

nymðe, conj. w. subj., if not, unless, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

nyt, st. f., duty, service, office, employment: acc. sg. þegn nytte behēold (did his duty), 494; so, 3119.—Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., useful: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., to make use of, enjoy: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed, made use of), 3047.

nȳd, st. f., force, necessity, need, pain: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd, 2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, tie of blood.—Comp. þrēa-nȳd.

ge-nȳdan, w. v.: 1) to force, compel: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded (forced by hostile power), 2681.—2) to force upon: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nȳde genȳdde ... gearwe stōwe (the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

nȳd-bād, st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force: acc. pl. nȳd-bāde, 599.

nȳd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.

nȳd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.

nȳd-wracu, st. f., distressful persecution, great distress: nom. sg., 193.

nȳhst. See nēah.

O

oððe, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.—2) and(?), till(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (shineth from heaven), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (from which light streamed), 2770; þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum ... gelǣded (from distant lands), 37; þā cōm of mōre (from the moor), 711, 922.—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of searwum cōm (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum ... word ūt faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer ȳðe (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rāde (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (along upon (under?) the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; so, 1718;—606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: hē ofer benne spræc, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer mīn ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;—hence, against, contrary to: hē ofer willan gīong (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;—also, without: wīg ofer wǣpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), 686;—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hȳda, 1761.

ofer-māðum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.

ofer-mægen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mægene, 2918.

ofer-þearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nō] seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. see am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

onsȳn. See ansȳn.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on hēah-stede (in the high place), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (in my native place), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on ræste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (on the wall), 1663; on þǣm wæl-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (on him shone the corselet), 405; on ōre (at the front), 1042; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; þæt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (until he stood in the hall), 404; on fæder stǣle (in a father's place), 1480; on ȳðum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc.; on flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358.—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (in which the mighty one abode), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (in my mind), 473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on þām lēod-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (too powerful in speed), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982;—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353.—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;—hence, with verbs of taking: on ræste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton (took it before from thee), 2249.—e) with: swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312.—f) by: mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), 1485.—g) to, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), 1729; him on mōd bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwōm) on worðig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.—b) towards, on: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (for help), 2663; wearð on bīd wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), 2740; on spēd (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sīnne selfes dōm (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), 1740.—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.—f) of, as to: ic on Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (from, on this side), 1676.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), 76; on ūhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-mǣl (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (far oftener than once), 1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (in there), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; þē gē þǣr on standað (that ye there stand in), 2867.

on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., pain, suffering: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831.

on-drysne, adj., frightful, terrible: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

ōnettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: pret. pl. ōnetton, 306, 1804.

on-līcnes, st. f., likeness, form, figure: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mēdla, w. m., pride, arrogance: dat. sg. for on-mēdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sǣge, adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. þā wæs Hondscīo (dat.) hild on-sǣge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., power, authority: acc. sg. (him) bēga ge-hwæðres ... onweald ge-tēah (gave him power over, possession of, both), 1044.

open, adj., open: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., to open, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcnē, st. m., sea-monster: nom. pl. orcnēas, 112.

ord, st. n. point: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord brēost-hord þurh-bræc (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance), 2792; acc. sg. ord (sword-point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263.

ōret-mecg, st. m., champion, warrior, military retainer: nom. pl. ōret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. ōret-mecgas, 332.

ōretta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.

or-leg-hwīl, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg 1887.

or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, ibid. 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st. m., mechanical art, skill: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, 406.

or-wēna, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen.: aldres or-wēna (hopeless of life), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., unguarded, without watch or guard: adv., 3128.

oruð, st. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840.

Ō

oð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., to, till, up to, only temporal: oð þone ānne dæg, 2400; oð dōmes dæg, 3070; ō woruld-ende, 3084.—2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, until, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

ōðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, 2062; ōðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelāc), 2482; ōðer ... ōðer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig mān-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350, 1339; se ōðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ōðer, 2118; neut. ōðer geār (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. ōðer swylc(another such, an equal number), 1584; instr. sg. ōðre sīðe (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ōðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ōðres dōgores, 219, 606; neut. ōðres, 1875.—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, 1756; ōðer nǣnig (no other), 860. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ōðer in (a different house or room), 1301; acc. sg. ōðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan (ale drinkers said other things), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, 871.

ōfer, st. m., shore: dat. sg. on ōfre, 1372.

ofost, st. f., haste: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tō gecȳðanne (haste is best to make known, best to say at once), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bēo þū on ofeste (ofoste) (be in haste, hasten), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091.

ofost-līce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131.

ō-hwǣr, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871.

ōmig, adj., rusty: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ōmige, 3050.

ōr, st. n., beginning, origin; front: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ōre, 1042.

ō-wiht, anything, aught: instr. sg. ō-wihte (in any way), 1823, 2433.

P

pād, st. f., dress; in comp. here-pād.

pæð, st. m., path, road, way; in comp. ān-pæð.

plega, w. m., play, emulous contest; lind-plega, 1074.

R

raðe, adv., quickly, immediately, 725, Cf. hrāðe.

rand, rond, st. m., shield: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bī ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.—Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sīd-rand.

rand-hæbbend, pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.

rand-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794.

rād, st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rād.

ge-rād, adj., clever, skilful, ready: acc. pl. neut. ge-rāde, 874.

rāp, st. m., rope, bond, fetter: in comp. wæl-rāp.

rāsian, w. v., to find, discover: pret. part. þā wæs hord rāsod, 2284.

ræst. See rest.

rǣcan, w. v., to reach, reach after: pret. sg. rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme (reached out his hand toward the foe), 748.

ge-rǣcan, to attain, strike, attack: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne ge-rǣhte (struck him with his sword), 2966; so, 556.

rǣd, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (counts that a gain), 2028; ēcne rǣd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.—Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, fæst-rǣd.

rǣdan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rǣdend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-rǣdend.

rǣd-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

rǣden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rǣden(?).

ā-rǣran, w. v.: 1) to raise, lift up: pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg ... ricone ā-rǣrdon (there were many that lifted up his brother quickly), 2984.—2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate: pret. part. blǣd is ā-rǣred (thy renown is far-spread), 1704.

rǣs, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs (the storm of battle, attack), 2627; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, 2357.—Comp.: gūð-, hand-, heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rǣs.

(ge-)rǣsan, w. v., to rush (upon): pret. sg. rǣsde on þone rōfan, 2691, 2840.

rǣswa, w. m., prince, ruler: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.

reced, st. n., building, house; hall (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.

regnian, rēnian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.

ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; tō ræste (to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. ǣfen-ræst.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) to rest: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þā rūm-heort, 1800.—2) to rest, cease: inf., 1858.

rēc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. rēce, 3157.—Comp.: wæl-, wudu-rēc.

rēcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., to reck, care about something, be anxious: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him), 434.

rēðe, adj., wroth, furious: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rēðe, 771. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. rēðes and-hāttres (fierce, penetrating heat), 2524.

rēaf, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf.

rēafian, w. v., to plunder, rob, w. acc.: inf. hord rēafian, 2774; pret. sg. þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, 2986; wæl rēafode, 3028; pret. pl. wæl rēafedon, 1213.

be-rēafian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part. since be-rēafod, 2747; golde be-rēafod, 3019.

reord, st. f., speech, language; tone of voice: acc. sg. on-cnīow mannes reorde (knew, heard, a human voice), 2556.

reordian, w. v., to speak, talk: inf. fela reordian (speak much), 3026.

ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þā wæs eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789

rēot, st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult? (grave?): instr. sg. rēote, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rēote as dat. from rēot (rest, repose).

rēoc, adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., 122.

be-rēofan, st. v., to rob of, bereave: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rēote berofene, 2458.

rēon. See rōwan.

rēotan, st. v., to weep: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas rēotað, 1377.

rēow, adj., excited, fierce, wild: in comp. blōd-, gūð-, wæl-rēow. See hrēow.

ricone, hastily, quickly, immediately, 2984.

riht, st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; sōð and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; —Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See æt-rihte.

rinc, st. m., man, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrōðgār, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.—Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sǣ-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., appropriate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.

rīce, st. n.: 1) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rīce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rīces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swīo-rīce.—2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rīce tō rūne, 172.

rīce, adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), 1238; (of Hygelāc), 1210; (of Æsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rīca (Hrōðgār), 310; (Bēowulf), 399; (Hygelāc), 1976.—Comp. gimme-rīce.

rīcsian, rīxian, w. v. intrans., to rule, reign: inf. rīcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rīxode, 144.

rīdan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum rīdan, 856; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, 1884; him tō-gēanes rād (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), 3171.

ge-rīdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād (who rode over the promontory), 2899.

rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.

ge-rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.

ge-rīman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.

ā-rīsan, st. v., to arise, rise: imper. sg. ā-rīs, 1391; pret. sg. ā-rās þā se rīca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; ā-rās þā bī ronde (arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan sīo fǣhð ā-rās (whence the feud arose), 2404.

rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rōf, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. mægenes rōf (strong in might), 2085; so, þēah þe hē rōf sīe nīð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rōfne, 1794; on þone rōfan, 2691.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rōf.

rōt, adj., glad, joyous: in comp. un-rōt.

rōwan, st. v., to row (with the arms), swim: pret. pl. rēon (for rēowon), 512, 539.

rūm, st. m., space, room: nom. sg., 2691.

rūm, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, 278.

rūm-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-rūm-līc, adj., commodious, comfortable: compar. ge-rūm-līcor, 139.

rūn, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sæt rīce tō rūne, 172.—Comp. beado-rūn.

rūn-stæf, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: acc. pl. þurh rūn-stafas, 1696.

rūn-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, 1087; pret. part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum ... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (as access was permitted me), 3089; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, 2984.

S

ge-saca, w. m., opponent, antagonist, foe: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), to withdraw, take away, deprive of: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fēores on-sæce ... lēofne mannan, 1943.—2) to contest, dispute, withstand: inf. þæt hē sǣmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brȳde), 2955.

sacu, st. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. sæce, 154; sæcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. æt (tō) sæcce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. sæcca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., strife, enmity: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., saddle: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., together, united; in æt-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

tō-somne (together), 3123; þā se wyrm ge-bēah snūde tō-somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., simultaneously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod æt-gædere, 387, 730, 1064.—II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with: samod ǣr-dæge (with the break of day), 1312; somod ǣr-dæge, 2943.

sand, st. n., sand, sandy shore: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); æfter sande (along the shore), 1965; wið sande, 213.

sang, st. m., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, 90; acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sārigne sang (Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.