Volume 1 / Part 5 — CHAPTER I.
Reading edition
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
First heard of by the companions of Alexander the Great 549
Various ancient names of Ceylon (note) 549
Early doubts whether it was an island or a continent 550
Mentioned by Aristotle 550
Alleged mention of Ceylon in the Samaritan Pentateuch (note) 551
Onesicritus's account 552
Megasthenes' description 552
Ælian's account borrowed from Megasthenes (note) 552
Ceylon known to the Phoenicians and to the Egyptians (note) 552
Hippalus discovers the monsoons 553
Effect of this discovery on Indian trade 554
Pliny's account of Ceylon 555
Story of Jambulus by Diodoros Siculus (note) 556
Embassy from Ceylon to Claudius 556
Narrative of Rachias, and its explanation (note) 557
Lake Megisba, a tank 557
Early intercourse with China 558
The Veddahs described by Pliny 558
Interval between Pliny and Ptolemy 558
Ptolemy's account of Ceylon 559
Explanation of his errors 559
Ptolemy discriminates bays from estuaries (note) 559
Identification of Ptolemy's names 560
His map 560
His sources of information 561
Agathemerus, Marcianus of Heraclea 562
Cosmas Indicopleustes 562
Palladius—St. Ambrosius (note) 562
State of Ceylon when Cosmas wrote 563
Its commerce at that period 563
In the hands of Arabs and Persians 564
Ceylon as described by Cosmas 565
Story of his informant Sopater 566
Translation of Cosmas 567
The gems and other productions of Ceylon—"a gaou" (note) 567
Meaning of the term "Hyacinth" (note) 568
The great ruby of Ceylon, its history traced (note) 568
Cosmas corroborated by the Peripius 570
Horses imported from Persia 570
Export of elephants 570
Note on Sanchoniathon 571
CHAP. II.
INDIAN, ARABIAN, AND PERSIAN AUTHORITIES.
Absurd errors of the Hindus regarding Ceylon 578
Their dread of Ceylon as the abode of demons 578
Rise of the Mahometan power 579
Persians and Arabs trade to India 579
Story in Beladory of the first invasion of India by the Mahometans (text and note) 580
Character of the Arabian geographers 581
Their superiority over the Greeks 581
Greek Paradoxical literature 582
A.D. 851. The two Mahometans 583
Their account of Ceylon 583
Adam's Peak 583
Obsequies of a king 584
Councils on religion and history 584
Toleration 585
Carmathic monument at Colombo (note) 585
Galle, the seat of ancient trade 586
Claim of Mantotte disproved 587
Greek fire (note) 588
"Kalah" is Galle 589
The Maharaja of Zabedj help possession of Galle 589
Evidence of this in the Garsharsp-Namah 590
Derivation of "Galle" (text and note) 591
Aversion of the Singhalese to commerce 592
Identification of the modern Veddahs with the ancient Singhalese 593
Their singular habits, as described by Robert Knox, Ribeyro, and Valentyn 593
By Albyrouni 593 By Palladius 593 By Fa Hian 594 By the Chinese writers (note) 594 By Pliny 594
For this reason the coast only known to strangers 595
Arabian authors who describe Ceylon 595
Albateny and Massoudi 595 Tabari (note) 595 Sinbad the Sailor 596 Edrisi 597 Kazwini 598
Cinnamon, no mention of 599
Was cinnamon a native of Ceylon? 599
No mention by Singhalese authors 600
No mention of by Latin writers 600
The Regio Cinnamomifera was in Africa (note) 600
No mention by Arabs or Persians 600 First noticed in Ceylon by Ibn Batuta 601 By Nicola di Conti (note) 601
Ibn Batuta describes Ceylon 604
His Travels 605
CHAP. III.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE CHINESE.
Early Chinese trade with Ceylon 607
Early Chinese travellers in India 607
Chinese translations of M.S. Julien 608
List of Chinese authors relating to Ceylon (note) 608
Their errors as to its form and site 609
Their account of Adam's Peak and its gems 609
Chinese names for Ceylon 610
Curious habit of its traders 611
They describe the two races, Tamils and Singhalese 611
Origin of the cotton "Comboy" 612
Costume of Ceylon 612
Early commerce 613
Works for irrigation noticed 613
Island of Junk-Ceylon 614
Galle resorted to by Chinese ships 614
Vegetable productions 614
Elephants, ivory, and jewels 615
Skill of Singhalese goldsmiths and statuaries 615
Pearls and gems sent to China 615
No mention of cinnamon 616
Chinese account of Buddhism in Ceylon 616
Monasteries for priests first founded in Ceylon 616
Cities of Ceylon in the sixth century 617
Patriotism of Singhalese kings 617
Domestic manners of the Singhalese 617
Embassies from China to Ceylon 618
Chinese travels prior to the sixth century 619
Fa Hian's travels in sixth century 620
First embassy from Ceylon to China, A.D. 405 620
Narrative of the image which it bore (note) 620
Ceylon tributary to China in sixth century 620
Hiouen-Thsang describes Ceylon in the seventh century (note) 621
Events in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 621
King of Ceylon carried captive to China, A.D. 1405 623
Last embassy to China, A.D. 1459 625
Traces of the Chinese in Ceylon 626
Evidences of their presence found by the Portuguese 626
Modern Chinese account of Ceylon (note) 626
CHAP. IV.
CEYLON AS KNOWN TO THE MOORS, GENOESE, AND VENETIANS.
The Moors of Ceylon 629
Their origin 629
The early Mahometans in India 629
Arabians anciently settled in Ceylon 630
Real descent of the modern "Moormen" 631
Their occupation as traders, ancestral 632
Their hostilities with the Portuguese 633
They might have been rulers of Ceylon 633
Indian trade prior to the route by the Cape 634
The Genoese and Venetians in the East 634
Rise of the Mongol empire 635
Marco Polo, A.D. 1271 635
Visits Ceylon 636
Friar Odoric, A.D. 1318 636
Jordan de Severac, A.D. 1323 (note) 637
Giov. de Marignola, A.D. 1349 (note) 637
Nicola di Conti, A.D. 1444 637
The first traveller who speaks of Cinnamon 638
Jerome de Santo Stefano (note) 639
Ludov. Barthema, A.D. 1506 639
Odoardo Barbosa, A.D. 1509 640
Andrea Corsali, A.D. 1515 (note) 640
Cesar Frederic, A.D. 1563 641
Course of trade changed by the Cape route 642
Irritation of the Venetians 643
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE FIRST VOLUME
MAPS.
"Gobbs" on the East Coast By ARROWSMITH 45
"Gobbs" on the West Coast ARROWSMITH 46
Ceylon, according to the Sanskrit and Pali authors SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT 318
Map of Ancient India LASSEN 330
Position of Colombo, according to Ptolemy and Pliny SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT 559
Ceylon, according to Ptolemy and Pliny SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT 560
PLANS AND CHARTS.
Geological System By 12
Currents in the N.E. Monsoon 43
Currents in the N.W. Monsoon 44
Diagram of Rain in India and in Ceylon DR. TEMPLETON 66
Diagram of the Anthelia DR. TEMPLETON 73
Plan of a Fish-corral 211
Summit of a Dagoba, with Lightning apparatus 509
WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
.
Marriage of the Fig-tree and the Palm By MR. A. NICHOLL 96
Fig-tree on the Ruins of Pollanarrua MR. A. NICHOLL 97
The "Snake-tree" MR. A. NICHOLL 98
The Loris M.H. SYLVAT 134
The Uropeltis grandis M.H. SYLVAT 195
A Chironectes M.H. SYLVAT 207
Method of Fishing in Pools From KNOX 210
The Anabas of the dry Tanks By DR. TEMPLETON 220
Eggs of the Leaf Insect M.H. SYLVAT 251
Cermatia DR. TEMPLETON 298
The Calling Crab 300
Eyes and Teeth of the Land Leech DR. TEMPLETON 302
Land Leeches DR. TEMPLETON 304
Upper and under Surfaces of the Hirudo sanguisorba DR. TEMPLETON 305
The Bo-tree at Anarajapoora MR. A. NICHOLL 343
A Dagoba at Kandy From a Photograph 345
Ruins of the Brazen Palace By MR. A. NICHOLL 357
The Alu Wihara MR. A. NICHOLL 375
The fortified Rock of Sigiri MR. A. NICHOLS 392
Coin of Queen Leela-Wattee 412
Coin showing the Trisula 461
Hook-money 463
Ancient and Modern Tom-tom Beaters From the JOINVILLE MSS 471
A Column from Anarajapoora 479
Sacred Goose from the Burmese Standard 485
Hansa, from the old Palace at Kandy 487
Honeysuckle Ornament From FERGUSSON'S Handbook of Architecture 491
Egyptian Yoke and Singhalese Pingo 497
Veddah drawing the Bow with his Foot By MR. R. MACDOWALL 499
Method of Writing with a Style MR. R. MACDOWALL 513
The "Comboy," as worn by both Sexes MR. A. FAIRFIELD 612