ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

PLATES

1. a, "Old Minto" on the Tanana. Indian village. (A. H., 1926.) b, Present Nulato and its cemetery (on hill to the right of the village) from some distance up the river. (A. H., 1926.) c, The Greyling River site, right bank, 22 miles above Anvik; site and graveyard (male skeleton) from top of knoll. (A. H., 1926.) 54

2. a, View on the Yukon from above Kaltag. (A. H., 1926.) b, Indian burial ground, middle Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) c, Anvik, from the mission. (A. H., 1926.) 54

3. a, Midnight on the Yukon. b, Lower middle Yukon: painted burial box of a Yukon Indian (before 1884) said to have been a hunter of bielugas (white whales), which used to ascend far up the Yukon 64

4. a, Eskimo camp below Paimute, Yukon River. b, Old "protolithic" site 12 miles down from Paimute, right bank, just beyond "12-mile hill" (skull, bones, stones). c, "Old" site in bank seen in middle of picture, 12 miles down from Paimute, opposite that shown in preceding figure. (A. H., 1926.) 64

5. a, Cape Prince of Wales from the southeast. (A. H., 1926.) b, Village and cemetery slope. Little Diomede. (A. H., 1926.) 96

6. a, Asiatics departing for Siberia from the Little Diomede Island. (Photo by D. Jenness, 1926.) b, c, "Chukchis" loading their boat with goods on Little Diomede Island, before departure for Siberia. (Photos by D. Jenness, 1926.) 96

7. a, Eskimos from East Cape arriving at Nome, Alaska. b, East Cape of Asia (to the southward). (Photo from Joe Bernard.) 96

8. A group of women at Shishmaref. (Taken at 2 a. m. by A. H., 1926.) 96

9. a, My "spoils," loaded on sled, Point Hope. (A. H., 1926.) b, The load is heavy and sledding over sand and gravel difficult. (A. H., 1926.) 136

10. Characteristic stone axes, middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

11. Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

12. Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

13. Tanana Indian woman 150

14. Chief Sam Joseph, near Tanana village, on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) 150

15. a, Yukon Indians, at Kokrines, Jacob and Andrew. Jacob probably has a trace of white blood. (A. H., 1926.) b, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. (A. H., 1926.) 150

16. Yukon Indians. a, Marguerite Johnny Yatlen, Koyukuk village. (A. H., 1926.) b, Lucy John, Koyukuk, daughter of a former chief. (A. H., 1926.) 150

17. Yukon Indians. a, George Halfway, Nulato on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) b, Jack Curry of Nulato, 41 years. (Now at Ruby, middle Yukon; Eskimoid physiognomy.) c, Arthur Malamvot, of Nulato 150

18. a, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. b, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. c, Two women of Anvik, on the Yukon, somewhat Eskimoid 150

19. Terminal piece of a lance or harpoon, northern Bering Sea. Black, high natural polish. Most beautiful piece of the fossil ivory art. (A. H., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

20. Fossil ivory specimens showing the old curvilinear designs. Northern Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

21. Objects showing the old fossil ivory art, northern Bering Sea. (U.S.N.M., Nos. 1 and 3 coll., A. H., 1926.) 174

22. Fossil ivory needle cases and spear heads, northern Bering Sea, showing fine workmanship. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

23. a, Small, finely made objects in fossil ivory and stone (the head), from the ruins at Point Hope. (A. H. coll., 1926.) b, Old fossil ivory objects, northern Bering Sea. The article to the right is almost classic in form; it is decorated on both sides. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

24. Fossil ivory combs, upper Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926) 174

25. Fossil ivory objects from the upper Bering Sea region. Transitional art. (Museum of the Agricultural College, Fairbanks, Alaska.) 174

26. Old black finely carved fossil ivory figure, from the northeastern Asiatic coast. (Loan to U.S.N.M. by Mr. Carl Lomen.) 174

27. Wooden figurines from a medicine lodge, Choco Indians, Panama. (U.S.N.M. colls.) 174

28. Left: Two beautiful knives lately made of fossil mammoth ivory by a Seward Peninsula Eskimo. (Gift to the U.S.N.M. by A. H., 1926.) Right: Two old ceremonial Mexican obsidian knives. Manche de poignard en ivoire, avec sculpture représentant un renne. Montastruc (Peccadeau de l'Isle; in De Quatrefages (A.)—Hommes fossiles, Paris, 1884, p. 50.) 174

29. Billings and Gall's map of Bering Strait and neighboring lands, 1811 178

30. Eskimo villages and sites, Norton Sound and Bay and Seward Peninsula, and the Kotzebue Sound, from Zagoskin's general map, 1847 178

31. Graves at Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island. (Photos by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) 214

32. The school children at Wales 214

33. a, Children, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) b, Adults, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) 214

34. King Island Eskimo; a family group 214

35. King Island native 214

36. A fine full-blood Eskimo pair, northern Bering Sea region. a, Young Eskimo woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) b, Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by F. H. Nowell.) 214

37. Typical full-blood Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 214

38. Elderly man, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.) 214

39. The Wales people. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

40. The long broad-faced types, Wales. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

41. a, The broad-faced and low-vaulted Eskimo, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.). b, Broad-faced type, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U. S. N. M.) 242

42. The long-faced type. a, A young man from Seward Peninsula. b, A boy from St. Lawrence Island 242

43. A "Hypereskimo," King Island. Excessively developed face 242

44. Eskimo "Madonna" and child, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

45. Young woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

46. Young women, full-blood Eskimo, Seward Peninsula. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

47. A Point Hope group 250

48. a, Eskimo woman, Kevalina. (Photo on the "Bear" by A. H., 1926. U.S.N.M.). b, The body build of an adult Eskimo woman, upper Bering Sea 250

49. Elderly woman, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.) 250

50. a, Yukon Eskimo, below Paimute. (A. H., 1926.) b, Norton Sound Eskimo woman and child. (A. H., 1926.) 250

51. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.) 250

52. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.) 250

53. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

54. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

55. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

56. Eskimo, Indianlike, Arctic region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

57. Siberian Eskimo and child, Indian type 250

58. a, Mrs. Sage, Kevalina. Fine Indian type. Born on Notak. Both parents Notak "Eskimo." (Photo by A. H., 1926.) b, Eskimo family, Indianlike, near Barrow. (Photo by A. H., 1926.) 250

59. Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.) 262

60. Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.) 262

61. Western Eskimo and Aleut (middle) lower jaws, showing lingual hyperostoses. (U.S.N.M.) 308

TEXT FIGURES

1. The Tanana River between Nenana and Tanana, with Indian villages 125

2. The Yukon from Tanana to below Kokrines 137

3. The Yukon from below Kokrines to below Koyukuk 137

4. The Yukon from below Koyukuk to Lofkas 138

5. Old map of the Nulato district 139

6. Map of Kaltag and vicinity. (By McLeod) 139

7. The Yukon from Bystraia to below Holy Cross 140

8. The Yukon from above Holy Cross to below Mountain Village 141

9. The Yukon from below Mountain Village to near Marshall 141

10. The Yukon from near Marshall to below Kavlingnak 142

11. From above Kobolunuk to mouth of river 143

12. Conventionalized design from fossil ivory specimen shown in Plate 19 174

13. World map 177

14. Dall's map of the distribution of the tribes of Alaska and adjoining territory, 1875 178

15. Nelson's map, Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1898 179

16. Linguistic map, United States census, 1920 180

17. Villages and sites on Kodiak Island 185

18. Villages and sites on the proximal half of Alaska Peninsula 187

19. Villages and sites on the distal half of Alaska Peninsula 188

20. Eskimo villages and sites on Nushagak Bay to Kuskokwim Bay 191

21. Eskimo villages and sites, Kuskokwim Bay to Scammon Bay 193

22. Eskimo villages and sites, Scammon Bay to Norton Sound and Bay to Cape Rodney 198

23. Eskimo villages and sites, Wales. (By Clark M. Garber, 1927) 201

24. Eskimo villages and sites, Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and Arctic coast, to Kevalina 203

25. Eskimo villages and sites, Kevalina to Point Barrow 207

26. Russian map of St. Lawrence Island, 1849. (Tebenkof) 209

27. Eskimo villages and sites, St. Lawrence Island, the Diomedes, and the eastern Asiatic coast 211

28. The Bering Strait Islands 212

29. Probable movements of people from northeastern Asia to Alaska and in Alaska. (A. Hrdlička) 360

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA

By Aleš Hrdlička