PART II. (continued 2)

The day following the death of Mohammed Bána, the army having reentered the town of Gágho, Ís-hák, another son of Dáúd, ascended the throne as Áskíá. But the Pretender, having been raised by his troops on his way to Gágho, to the dignity of Áskíá, pursued his march, while Áskíá Ís-hák left his capital, when both armies met at a place called Kamba-Kíri, evidently only four days’[225] march from Gágho, where, after a violent struggle which lasted the whole day, the army of the Pretender was beaten, and he escaped towards Timbúktu. Great was the disappointment of the inhabitants of this town. They had celebrated the accession to power of their favourite, Mohammed e’ Sádik, with the greatest manifestations of joy, and had even imprisoned, on the 21st, at his request, the messenger who had announced the accession of Ís-hák. On the 28th, there arrived the favourite as a fugitive, who brought them the account of the unfortunate battle, and, having plunged them into deep sorrow, continued his flight, in company with the Hómborikoy, the Barakoy, by way of Tindírma, across the river to the other side. He was, however, overtaken, and confined in the state prison at Kantú, where he was killed, together with the Barakoy; as were also the Túmbutu-koy and the Ímóshaghenkoy. Of course the inhabitants of Timbúktu, having so openly favoured the proceedings of the Pretender, were severely punished, and a new Túmbutukoy, Al Hasan, the last during the Songhay period, and a new Ímóshaghenkoy, were installed. Áskíá Ís-hák likewise installed new governors of Banku, Bal, and Kúrmina, and confirmed others in their provinces.

Having recovered from the severe shock inflicted upon the empire by this rebellion, Áskíá Ís-hák undertook an expedition against Namandúgu, evidently the place touched at by myself on my road to Timbúktu, inhabited by pagans of the Gurma tribe, and the following year he undertook an expedition against some other part of Gurma[226],—namely Tínfiri. Having thus had some respite, and consolidated his empire, he planned an expedition against Kala, the province to the north of Jinni, which it would seem had been subjected to the former Áskíá; but when about to undertake this expedition into the furthest parts of his empire, he heard of the arrival[227] of the Mahalla of the Bashá Jódar, a valiant eunuch of Múláy Hámed, the emperor of Morocco, with an army of 3600 musketeers, in 174 divisions of 20 each besides the officers[228]; and he met him on the battle-field on the 18th Jumád II., but fled before him. 1588-9 997

998-999

Jódar remained only seventeen days in Gágho, when the Khatíb Mahmúd behaved in a very hostile manner towards the strangers. On visiting the palace of the Áskíá, in the presence of witnesses, he found it not equal to his expectation, and accepted the conditions of Ís-hák, who offered to give him 1000 slaves and 100,000 mithkál of gold, if he gave up the conquered country. The Bashá, although he was not authorized to agree upon these conditions himself, consented to write an account of them to his liege lord, and return meanwhile to Timbúktu. He therefore wrote to Múláy Hámed, in conjunction with the Káíd Áhmed ben el Haddád, adding at the same time, in order to show his master that the conquered country was not worth a great deal, that the dwelling of the Sheikh El Harám (a very inferior personage) in Morocco excelled by far the palace of the Áskíá. But the ambitious Múláy Hámed, the friend of Philip II., who, in following the example of his friend the mighty prince of Europe, contemplated the conquest of new regions, was filled with wrath at the receipt of the despatches of his officer Jódar, deposed him on the spot, and sent the Bashá Mahmúd ben Zarkúb, accompanied by 80 musketeers, with instructions to undertake the command of the army, and drive Áskíá Ís-hák out of Sudán.

Meanwhile Jódar having arrived at Móse- or Bóse-Bango (the same creek of the great river where I was encamped for some time) on the last day of Jumáda II., remained encamped for thirty-five days, from the 1st Rejeb till the 6th Shʿabán, outside the town of Timbúktu[229], when the term fixed for the return of his courier from Morocco having elapsed, he well saw that all was not right, and that his master was not content with his proceedings. He therefore entered the town with his soldiers, chose for himself the quarter of the Ghadámsíyín, between the gate leading to Kábara and the market, as the most densely inhabited quarter, and as containing the largest houses, for the purpose of erecting there a kasbah, driving the inhabitants out of their dwellings by force. It also seems, from another passage of Áhmed Bábá, that the Rumá shut all the gates of the town with the exception of the gate leading to Kábara, the consequence of which was that all the people, in order to enter the town or to go out of it, had to pass through or under the kasbah, so that the whole traffic and all the intercourse could easily be overawed by a limited garrison.

On Friday, the 26th Shawál, the new Bashá Mahmúd arrived in Timbúktu, accompanied by the two káíd’s, ʿAbd el ʿAálí and Ham Baraka, and deposed Jódar, reproaching him bitterly for not having pursued the king Ís-hák; but Jódar excused himself by pleading that he had no boats at his disposition. The first thing therefore which the Bashá Mahmúd had to do was to procure boats, the inspector of the harbour having fled with the whole fleet in the direction of Banku, or Bengu. It was on this occasion that all the trees in the town were cut down.

On the 20th Dhú ’l Káda, the Bashá Mahmúd left Timbúktu with the whole of his army, taking the ex-bashá Jódar with him, and installing in the government of the town the káíd El Mustapha and the emír Ham from Wádí Darʿa. Having kept the great festival near the town in a place called Síhank (?), he marched against Ís-hák, who approached with his army to make a last struggle for his kingdom and the independence of his country. But although the Áskíá seems to have been not totally devoid of energy, he could not contend against that terrible weapon which spread devastation from a great distance, for the Songhay do not seem to have possessed a single musket; and it is not impossible that the Moroccains had some small field pieces[230], while the Songhay did not even know how to use the one small cannon which the Portuguese had once made them a present of, and which the Bashá afterwards found in Gágho. The consequence was, that in the battle which ensued on Monday the 25th Dhú-el Hijje, Ís-hák and the Songhay were beaten, and the king fled on the road to Dendi, making a short stay in Kira-Kurma, and leaving behind him some officers, whom he ordered to make a stand in certain stations, especially the Balmʿa Mohammed Kágho, who had been wounded by a ball, and the Barakoy Buttu. To the latter he gave orders at the same time to make forays against the Fullán, a fact of the highest importance, and which, combined with another fact, which I shall soon bring forward, shows how this remarkable tribe, which we have seen stirring in these regions already several years previously, as soon as they saw the established government endangered, broke out in order to make use of circumstances for establishing themselves firmly in the country. 1591 999 The Fúlbe or Fullán begin to play a prominent part in the history of this region.

Áskíá Ís-hák wanted the Bara-koy to imprison the royal princes who were in his company at the time, in order to prevent their joining the enemy, but they escaped; and he also endeavoured, in vain, to cause a diversion in his rear, by raising a revolt in Timbúktu, but his messenger was killed. The Bashá Mahmúd ben Zarkúb pursued the king, and did not halt till he reached Kúkíá, having, with him, according to Áhmed Bábá, 174 divisions of musketeers, each of twenty men[231]; so that, if the ranks were all filled, he had 3480 men, or, including the officers, about 3600; and these being all armed with matchlocks, there was certainly no army in Negroland able to resist them.[232] Seeing that a numerous undisciplined army against a well disciplined and compact band, armed with such a destructive weapon, was only a burthen, the Songhay king seems to have thought that a band of choice men, even if small in numbers, was preferable, and he therefore sent Híki Serkía, an officer of acknowledged bravery, with a body of 1200 of the best horsemen of his army, who had never fled before an enemy, to attack the Bashá. But the fate of Songhay was decided; treachery and disunion still further impaired the power which, even if well kept together, would still have had great difficulty in resisting such an enemy. When therefore that very body of cavalry rendered homage to the Balmʿa Mohammed Kágho, in the beginning of the last year of the tenth century of the Hejra, and made him Áskíá, Ís-hák seeing that all was lost, (from Dendi, where he staid at the time?) took the direction of Kebbi.[233] He was, however, obliged to retrace his steps, as the Kanta, the ruler of that kingdom, which at that period was still enjoying very great power,—afraid probably of drawing upon himself the revenge of the dreaded foreign foe, who with the thunder of his musketry was disturbing the repose of Negroland; or, moved by that ancient hatred which, since the expedition to Ágades, existed between the Songhay and the inhabitants of Kebbi,—refused him admission into his dominions. Ís-hák therefore crossed the river, and went to Téra[234], where his last friends took leave of him. Even the inhabitants of this very place, who have preserved their independence till the present day, were not able, or were not inclined, to defend their liege lord. “There they separated, and bade each other farewell. The king wept, and they (the courtiers) wept, and it was the last time that they saw each other.” There was certainly a strong reason for weeping over the fate of Songhay. That splendid empire, which a few years back had extended from the middle of Háusa as far as the ocean, and from Mósi as far as Tawát, was gone, its king an exile and fugitive from his native land, deserted by his friends and nearest relations, had to seek refuge with his very enemies. Driven back from the Mohammedans in Kebbi, he now turned towards the pagans of Gurma, and those very inhabitants of Tínfiri upon whom he had made war two years before; and, indeed, the pagans were more merciful than the Mohammedans, and forgot their recent wrong sooner than the latter their old one; but probably the ex-king excited their fear; and, after having resided there some time, he was slain, together with his son and all his followers, in the month of Jumáda the second. 1591-2 1000 The tribe of the Erhámena becomes powerful in the west. The Zoghorán or Jawámbe conquer great portions of the former Songhay country.

Meanwhile there seemed to be still a slight prospect for the pretender Mohammed Kágho to save at least part of the empire, as all that remained of wealth and authority in Songhay gathered round him to do him homage; but even now the ancient family discord prevailed; and while he strengthened himself by some of his brothers, whom he liberated from prison, especially Núh, the former governor of Bantal, others among his brothers, sons of Dáúd, fled to the enemy, and, being well received, dragged after them a great many of the most influential men of the army. After this, Mohammed Kágho was induced by treachery to throw himself upon the mercy of the Bashá, from whom he received the assurance that he had nothing to fear; but he was laid in chains, and soon after executed.

The Bashá Mahmúd, although he evidently governed the country with a strong hand, nevertheless, in the beginning at least, thought it more prudent to keep up a certain national form, and conferred the dignity of Áskíá upon the Barakoy Bultu; but the latter soon found it better to provide for his own safety by a speedy flight, and the Bashá then gave the hollow title of Áskíá to Slímán ben Áskíá Dáúd, who had been the first to put himself under his protection.

The Bashá then went to pursue Núh, formerly governor of Bantal, who, having been liberated from his prison by Mohammed Kágho, returned to Dendi, that outlying and important province of Songhay, as soon as he saw his protector fail, and declared himself Áskíá in Dendi; but even beyond the Niger he seemed not to be safe; such was the remarkable vigour of this small Moroccain army, and the energy of its leader, under the auspices of that aspiring genius Múláy Hámed. On the frontier of Dendi, the Moroccain musketeers, within hearing of the subjects of Kanta, fought a battle with this last germ of Songhay independence, and vanquished Áskíá Núh even there; and the Bashá pursued the fugitive prince without relaxation from place to place for full two years, fighting repeated battles with him. Nay, he even built a fortress or kasbah in Kalna (?[235]), and placed there a garrison of 200 musketeers under the Káíd ʿOmár, as if he intended to hold possession for ever of this distant province for his master in Morocco. This is a highly interesting fact. But a small spark of native independence nevertheless remained behind in this province, from whence the Moroccains, after the first energetic impulse was gone, were forced to fall back.

While the Bashá himself was thus waging relentless war against the nucleus and the eastern part of the Songhay empire, the conquest and destruction of national independence was going on no less in the west. The great centre of national feeling and of independent spirit in that quarter was Timbúktu, a town almost enjoying the rank of a separate capital, on account of the greater amount of Mohammedan learning therein concentrated. It was on account of this feeling of independence, probably, that the inhabitants would not bear the encroachments of the Káíd el Mústapha upon their liberty, especially as he wanted to fill from his own choice, after the death of Yáhia, the place of the Túmbutu-koy, or Túmbutu-mangha, as he is here called, the office of the native governor. Thus a bloody tumult arose in the town, when the Tárki chief Ausamba came to the assistance of the distressed Káíd, probably from motives of plunder; and thus the whole town was consumed by flames, it being a dreadful day for the inhabitants. Nay, the enraged Káíd, who had now got the upper hand, wanted to slaughter them all; but the Káíd Mámi succeeded in reestablishing peace between the inhabitants and El Mústapha; and quiet and comfort began to return; so that even those who had emigrated again returned to their native homes. Even the inspector of the harbour, who had retired to the province of Banku, or Bengu, came back with the fleet. The communication therefore with Jinni and the region on the upper course of the river was reopened.

Having then made a successful expedition against the Zoghorán, who devastated the districts of Bara and Dirma, and inflicted upon them a most severe punishment, the Káíd Mámi went himself to Jinni, which had suffered a great deal from the devastating incursions of the pagan Bámbara, and took up his residence for a time in the palace of the Jinnikoy. Having then installed ʿAbd-Allah ben ʿOthmán as governor of Jinni, and arranged matters in that distant place, he returned to Timbúktu. Samba Lámido (“lámido” means “governor”), evidently a Púllo, in Danka, or Denga, devastated many of the places on the Rás el má, and committed great havoc and bloodshed. The Bámbara appear as a conquering race.

Thus the Moroccains had conquered almost the whole of this extensive empire, from Dendi as far as, and even beyond, Jinni; for they even took possession of part of Bághena, and conquered the whole province of Hómbori, or, as it is called from its rocky character, Tóndi or El Hajri, to the south of the river. Nay, they even conquered part of Tombo, the strong native kingdom inclosed between Hómbori, Mósi, Jinni, and Jimballa. They had their chief garrisons in Jinni, Timbúktu, Bámba, which on this account received the name Kasbah, in Gágho, and Kalna in Dendi; and their chief strength consisted in intermarrying with the natives, and thus producing a distinct class of people, who, as Ermá, or Rumá, are distinguished to this very day; while the peculiar dialect of Songhay, which they speak, has been produced lately as a distinct language by M. Raffenel.[236] But these half-castes soon found all their interest in their new abode, and cared little for Morocco; so that the advantage which the latter country drew from this conquest was only of a very transitory character. Certainly, there was some sort of order established; but there was no new organization, as it seems; the old forms being preserved, and soon becoming effete. On the whole, we cannot but admire the correctness of the following passage of Bábá Áhmed, who says: “Thus this Mahalla, at that period, found in Sudán (Songhay) one of those countries of the earth which are most favoured with comfort, plenty, peace, and prosperity everywhere; such was the working of the government of the Emír el Múmenín, Áskíá el Háj Mohammed ben Ábú Bakr, in consequence of his justice and the power of his royal command, which took full and peremptory effect, not only in his capital, but in all the districts of his whole empire, from the province of Dendi to the frontiers of Morocco, and from the territory of Bennendúgu (to the south of Jinni) as far as Tegháza and Tawát. But in a moment all was changed, and peaceful repose was succeeded by a constant state of fear, comfort and security by trouble and suffering; ruin and misfortune took the place of prosperity, and people began everywhere to fight against each other, and property and life became exposed to constant danger; and this ruin began, spread, increased, and at length prevailed throughout the whole region.”

Thus wrote old Bábá Áhmed, who had himself lost everything in consequence of that paramount calamity which had befallen his native land, and who had been carried a prisoner to the country of the conqueror, till, owing to the unbounded respect which the enemy himself felt for the learning and sanctity of the prisoner, he was released, and allowed to return to Songhay, where he seems to have finished his days, by endeavouring to console himself, for the loss of all that was dear to him, with science, and in writing the history of his unfortunate native country. The kingdoms of Asianti and Dahóme begin to become powerful.

Múláy Hámed el Mansúr, the conqueror of Songhay, died. 1603 1012

Zédán, his youngest son is proclaimed sultan; but has to sustain a long struggle against his brothers ʿAbd-Alla and Sheikh; and after an unfortunate battle on the 8th December, is driven beyond the limits of Morocco, when Sheikh is recognised for a limited period. 1607 1016

All these changes could not fail to exercise an immediate influence upon the government of Songhay, which had now become a province of Morocco.[237]

Múláy Zédán died. 1630 1040

Múláy ʿAbd el Melek succeeds him: is assassinated.

Múláy Wálid succeeds him. 1635 1045-6

1637 1048 The French make a settlement on the Senegal.

The history of Songhay, composed by Áhmed Bábá. 1640 1050 The Tademékket are driven out of their former seats and deprived of their supremacy by the Awelímmid or Áwelímmiden (the Lamta), who formerly had been settled in Igídi with the Welád Delém, with whom they were allied. Karidénne, the son of Shwásh and of a wife from the tribe of the Tademékket, murdered the chief of the latter tribe, and drove them out of Áderár, when they went westward and implored the protection of the Bashá, who assigned them new seats round about the backwaters between Timbúktu and Gúndam.

Great inundation in Timbúktu, in consequence of the high level attained by the river.

Múláy Áhmed Sheikh succeeds to Múláy Wálid; but is soon after killed in a revolt. 1647 1057

Króm el Háji usurps the throne: is soon after assassinated. 1654-5 1065

Múláy Mohammed, son of Múláy ʿAlí, the founder of the Filáli dynasty, dethroned by his brother E’ Rashíd: E’ Rashíd takes possession of the town of Morocco. 1664 1075-8

Sídi ʿAlí, governor of Sús, takes refuge in Songhay[238]—a proof that the garrison stationed there had made themselves quite independent of Morocco at that time, notwithstanding the energetic rule of E’ Rashíd, who died 1667 1078-9 About this period the Welád Bille, in Tishít, possessed great power.

1672 1083

Múláy Ismáʿaíl succeeds him, but without being able to establish his power over all parts of the empire. It is very remarkable, that this king formed a standing army of Negroes, especially Songhay, whom he married to Moroccain women, in order to rule his own subjects; just in the same manner as a body of Moroccain soldiers intermarrying with Negro women dominated Songhay. These were the “ʿabíd mtʿa Sídi Bokhári.”[239] 1672 1083 Hennún, the son of Bóhedal, chief of the Welád Mebárek, received the investiture as ruler of Bághena from Ismáʿaíl.

Múláy Áhmed, the nephew of Múláy Ismáʿaíl, governor of Darʿa and Sús, undertook an expedition into Súdán, with a large body of troops, and although he lost 1500 men in crossing the desert, brought back a rich spoil in gold and slaves, principally from a place called Tagaret, which it is not easy to identify, especially as it is said that he found there a king of Súdán. It is probably a place in Taganet, most likely Tejígja. There is no mention of a garrison dependent upon Morocco. In this same year Timbúktu is said to have been conquered by the Mandingoes (Bámbara?). 1680 1091 About this time Sóba, the mighty king of Góber, residing in Mághale, one day W. of Chéberi, makes warlike expeditions beyond the Kwára.

Múláy Áhmed el Dhéhebi succeeds to the aged Ismáʿaíl. Although his reign lasted only two years, and he was constantly engaged in civil war, he is said to have made an expedition into Súdán, from whence he brought back great treasures.[240] But this is evidently a confused statement, and probably refers to the deeds of his elder namesake, Múláy Áhmed el Dhéhebi. Mar. 22, 1727 1140-1

Múláy ʿAbd-Alla succeeds to the throne. Constant civil war in the beginning of his reign. 1729 1142-3

1740 1153 About this time the Kél-owí take possession of Áír or Ásben.

Sídi Mohammed built Swéra or Mogadór. 1757 1171-2 Babári, powerful king in Góber.

About this time Gógo, which had hitherto been ruled by the Rumá, was conquered by the Tawárek tribe of the Awelímmiden. Probably in consequence of this event, Ágades, having been deprived of its commercial resources, begins to decline. 1770 1184 ʿAbd el Káder produces a religious revolution in Fúta, combined, perhaps, with a reaction of the Wolof against the conquerors[241], or rather of the race of the Toróde,—the Wolof intermixed with the Fúlbe—against the element Málinké and Púllo. Sáttigi Sambalámu, the last of the Sóltana Deniankóbe. The order of the succession is as follows:— Chéro Solimán Bal, Almáme ʿAbdu, Almáme Mukhtár, Almáme Bú-bakr, Almáme Shíray, Almáme Yúsuf, Almáme Birán, Almáme Hammád, Almáme Makhmúdo, Almáme Mohammed el Amín, son of Mohammed Birán.

The chief Káwa, who rules seventy years over the Awelímmiden, establishes a powerful dominion on the north bank of the Niger (Áusa). 1780 1195 Venture collects his information from two Moroccain merchants. Tombo very powerful. Marka, the Aswánek, in Bághena. Kawár, the Fúlbe, in Másina.

Timbúktu, according to the very doubtful statement of Shabíni[242], under the supremacy of Háusa. If this were true, it would be a very important fact; but it is evidently a mistake, Áusa being meant. 1787 1202-3 About this period falls the quarrel between the Sheikh El Mukhtár el kebír and the Welád Bille, the former overthrowing the latter with the assistance of the Méshedúf and the Áhel Zenághi.

Timbúktu, under the sovereignty of Mansong, at that time king of Bámbara [very questionable].[243] Professor Ritter[244] supposes the Moors to have been ejected at that time, so that Timbúktu became an independent Negro town. 1803-4 1218 El Mukhtár opens friendship with ʿOthmán dan Fódie, the Jihádi, who this year entered into open hostility against Bawa, the king of Góber, and brought about that immense revolution in the whole centre of Negroland.

About this period a great struggle between the Awelímmiden and the Tademékket.

1804 1219 The Fúlbe make Gandó, in Kebbi, the seat of their operations.

Mungo Park navigates the Niger. 1805-6 1220-1 The Rumá, still powerful between Sébi and Timbúktu, dominate the passage of the Niger.

1811 1226 Sídi Mukhtár dies.

Mohammed or Áhmed Lebbo brings the religious banner from Gandó: and gradually acquires the supremacy in Másina over the native chiefs. 1816 1232-3 Great and sanguinary battle between the Songhay, Rumá, and Berabísh on the one side, and the Awelímmiden on the other, near the island Kúrkozay.

1817 1233 Sheikh ʿOthmán dan Fódie before his death divides his extensive dominions between his brother ʿAbd-Alláhi and his son Bello, the former receiving all the western provinces along the Niger, with Gandó as his capital, the latter the south-easterly provinces, with Sókoto.

Lebbo commences hostilities with Mohammed Galáijo, the chief of Konári, vanquishes him, and forces him to retreat eastward. 1820 1236-7 Constant war between Másina and Bámbara.

The Fúlbe of Másina occupy Timbúktu in the beginning of the year. 1826 1242-3

Major Laing left ʿEn-Sálah on the 10th of January; was attacked, and almost slain, in Wádi Ahennet, on the 27th (?) by a party of Tawárek; was received very kindly by Sídi Mohammed, the son of Sídi Mukhtár, in the hillet e’ Sheikh Sídi Mukhtár, in Ázawád. Sídi Mohammed died in consequence of a contagious fever. Laing left this place about August 12th; arrived at Timbúktu, August 18th; being ordered out of the town by the Fúlbe, he left that place on September 22nd, under the protection of Áhmed Weled ʿAbéda; and was murdered by him and Hámed Weled Habíb, probably on the 24th.

The Sheikh El Mukhtár, the son and successor of Sídi Mohammed, settles in Timbúktu. 1827 1243 ʿAbd-Alláhi, the ruler of Gandó, dies. Is succeeded by his son Mohammed Wáni.

Caillié stays in Timbúktu from the 20th April till the 3rd May. 1828 1244

The Fúlbe enter Timbúktu with a stronger force. 1831 1247

1836 1250 Khalílu succeeds to the empire of Gandó.

The Tawárek conquer the Fúlbe. 1844 1260

The Fúlbe, under ʿAbd-Alláhi, make a great expedition along the Niger as far as Burrum.

Lebbo dies. His son Áhmedu succeeds him. 1846 1262

Sheikh El Mukhtár dies in the month Rebí el áwel; El Bakáy succeeds him. 1848 1264

1851 1268-9 The Kél-gerés kill e’ Nábegha, the chief of the Awelímmiden, at Tintaláít.

The young Áhmedu succeeds his father Áhmedu. 1852-3 1269

The Fúlbe make a great expedition against Timbúktu. 1855 1272-3 The Igwádaren opposed to the Awelímmiden.

APPENDIX X.

FRAGMENTS OF A METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.

Date. Hour of Day. Degrees in scale of Fahrenheit. Remarks.

1852.

Nov.

25 sunrise 41 Outside Kúkawa at the village Kalíluwa.

1.30 p.m. 91

27 sunrise 50

sunset 74

28 sunrise 52

1.15 p.m. 91

sunset 81

29 sunrise 64

1.30 93

sunset 81

30 sunrise 58·5

Dec.

1 sunrise 57·5

2 p.m. 87

sunset 77

2 sunrise 59

sunset 75

3 sunrise 52

2 p.m. 88 Heavy E. gale.

4 sunrise 51

1 p.m. 88

sunset 77

5 sunrise 47

1.30 p.m. 94

sunset 82·3

6 No observation.

7 1.30 p.m. 81·2

sunset 70·2

8 sunrise 52 Heavy northerly gale.

sunset 69·5

9 sunrise 48

2 p.m. 82·5

sunset 75

10 sunrise 56 Foggy in the morning.

sunset 73·5

11 sunrise 54

sunset 75

12 sunrise 53

sunset 72·5

13 1.20 p.m. 84

14 1.45 p.m. 83

15 sunrise 57

1.30 p.m. 81

sunset 76

16 1.30 p.m. 83

sunset 72·30

17 18 No observation.

19 1.30 p m. 81

sunset 73

20 sunrise 50

21 sunrise 52 Cold N.E. gale; very heavy.

1.40 p.m. 77

22 sunrise 40 Very cold, but no wind.

23 Foggy morning.

24 sunrise 55

25 sunrise 43

1.30 p.m. 78

26 sunset 72

27 to 31 No observation. Sky all this time cloudy.

Jan.

1 sunset 73

2 sunrise 55

3 to 10 No observation.

11 1.30 p.m. 85 Fine morning.

12 sunrise 56 Fine morning.

1.30 p.m. 87·5

13 sunrise 54 Strong wind.

2 p.m. 75

14 sunrise 54

1.30 p.m. 76

15 sunrise 51

1.30 p.m. 76

16 sunrise 55

17 sunrise 57

1.30 p.m. 77

18 sunrise 55

1.30 p.m. 77

19 sunrise 57

2 p.m. 80

sunset 71·5

20 sunrise 56·5

21 2 p.m. 86

22 sunrise 56 Cold wind.

2 p.m. 75

23 sunrise 47·2

1.30 p.m. 75

24 sunrise 50·4

2 p.m. 80·2

25 sunrise 50

1.45 p.m. 85·7 Fine day.

26 sunrise 48·5

1.45 p.m. 85·2

27 sunrise 51·5

1.50 p.m. 89·4

28 sunrise 59·6

1.45 p.m. 89·5

29 30 No observation.

31 sunset 75

Feb.

1 sunrise 59·5

2 to 24 } sunrise 58-60

1.30 p.m. 90

sunset 76

25 In the evening heat-lightning towards N.

26 Cloudy, the sun shining forth at times; in the afternoon the whole sky towards the S. overcast with thick clouds; in the evening cool and fresh as if after a rain. Heat-lightning.

27 Windy.

March

3 1.15 p.m. 95

9 1.30 p.m. 96

10 sunrise 66

11 sunset 85 Cloudy; heavy gale.

12 sunrise 75 Clear.

2 p.m. 97

sunset 92 The evening and the following night very sultry.

13 sunrise 72

1.30 p.m. 92 The whole day heavy gale.

14 sunrise 70

2 p.m. 92

15 sunrise 70 Weather clear.

sunset 88

16 sunrise 72

2 p.m. 96

17 sunrise 72 Fine morning.

2 p.m. 96·5

sunset 91·5

18 sunrise 72 Fine morning.

2 p.m. 98·3

19 sunrise 75

2 p.m. 99

sunset 92

20 sunrise 72 Very fine morning.

2 p.m. 98·5

sunset 92

21 sunset 90

22 1.15 p.m. 101

23 sunrise 74

2 p.m. 106

24 1.30 p.m. 103·5

25 1.15 p.m. 100·5

26 No observation.

27 3 p.m. 100

28 3 p.m. 103

29 sunrise 79·5

30 sunrise 81

2.15 p.m. 103·5

5.30 p.m. Heavy gale, sky thickly overcast; no rain with us, but heat-lightning.

31 No observation.

April

1 8 p.m. Sky thickly overcast; thunder-storm the following night, but no rain.

2 Sky thickly overcast in the morning; a few drops of rain.

3 (Some rain early in the morning.)

4 1.30 p.m. (94) In the cool hall of a clay house.

104·5 In shade outside.

sunset 80

5 sunrise 70

1.30 p.m. (95)

105·7

6 sunrise 71·3

7 1.30 p.m. (95)

105·7

sunset 94

8 sunrise 77·5

sunset 90

9 sunrise 72

1.30 p.m. 105·7

sunset 89

10 sunrise 68

2 p.m. 106

sunset 89

11 sunrise 70

1.30 p.m. 105

sunset 85

12 sunrise 64

1.30 106

2 p.m. 108

13 sunrise 66

2 p.m. 109

sunset 90

14 sunrise 77

2 p.m. 107·5

2.45 110

sunset 93

15 sunrise 77·4 Strong wind.

2 p.m. 108

sunset 95

16 sunrise 81

2 p.m. 110·5

17 sunrise 72

2 p.m. 110·5

sunset 93

18 sunrise 77

2 p.m. 108·5 Sky towards W. overcast with clouds.

sunset 94

19 sunrise 80

2 p.m. 106·5

sunset 93 4.30 p.m. a few drops of rain.

20 sunrise 79 Sky overcast.

21 2 p.m. 103

sunset 98

22 sunrise 78

2 p.m. 102

sunset 95

23 sunrise 78

24 2 p.m. 106·5

sunset 93 Cloudy in the afternoon.

25 sunrise 82

2 p.m. 106 Sky overcast.

sunset 96

26 sunrise 81·7 Thunder-clouds from east, only a few drops of rain; heat-lightning.

2 p.m. 106

sunset 95

27 sunrise 82

2 p.m. 110

sunset 97

28 2 p.m. 110

sunset 98

29 sunrise 83

sunset 98·5

30 sunrise 85

2 p.m. 110 In the afternoon a thunder-storm rose from E. 5.15 p.m. heavy gale and a little rain.

sunset 92

May

1 sunrise 82

2 p.m. 109 During the night heavy wind, but no rain.

sunset 97

2 sunrise 80

2 p.m. 106

sunset 98

3 sunrise 82

2 p.m. 109 During the night wind, heat-lightning.

4 sunrise 82

2 p.m. 108 In the afternoon sky cloudy; in the evening heat-lightning.

sunset 98

5 sunrise 81·5

2 p.m. 105 Sky overcast and cloudy, but no rain.

sunset 97

6 sunrise 83

2 p.m. 106

sunset 98 9 o’clock, p.m. all on a sudden, a heavy shower, lasting about one hour.

7 sunrise 77 Air refreshed; windy.

2 p.m. 101

8 No observation. No rain.

9 sunrise 80

2 p.m. 109

sunset 95

10 sunrise 84

2 p.m. 105

sunset 102 A most oppressive and disagreeable evening.

11 sunrise 82·5

2 p.m. 104

sunset 86 About sunset thunder-storm from N.; good fall of rain lasting about one hour, refreshing the air.

12 sunrise 76

2 p.m. 103

13 sunrise 99 In the afternoon thunder-storm with very heavy rain.

sunset 96·5

14 sunrise 75

15 No observation.

16 sunrise 80·5

sunset 93 In the afternoon clouds.

17 sunrise 79 Clouds towards the S.

18 No observation. (Gandó.)

19 2 p.m. 104 Fine cool morning; in the afternoon thunder-storm, but no rain.

sunset 92·3

20 In the afternoon thunder-storm from N.; after sunset a slight shower with us, lasting about half an hour.

21 sunrise 80·5

22 sunrise 83·5

2 p.m. 102

sunset 92

23 sunrise 82·5

2 p.m. 104

4 p.m. 99 About 4 p.m. thunder-storm from N. with moderate rain about 5 o’clock.

5 p.m. 79

24 sunrise 78 A slight fall in the morning; cloudy.

2 p.m. 95

sunset 88

25 sunrise 78·5

2 p.m. 107 About 4 p.m. thunder-storm in the S.

sunset 92

26 sunrise 77·5 Early in the morning a few drops of rain.

2 p.m. 96

sunset 89

27 sunrise 78 Early in the morning a slight thunder-storm with a little rain; the whole day sky overcast.

sunset 84

28 sunrise 79

sunset 90·5

29 sunrise 80

2 p.m. 94·4

sunset 82·4

30 sunrise 75 Early in the morning a little rain.

sunset 89·5

31 sunrise 79·5

2 p.m. 99 At 5 p.m. thunder-storm accompanied by heavy rain, lasting till late at night.

June

1 sunrise 73·5

2 p.m. 90 Sky gloomy.

sunset 86

2 sunrise 76

7 a.m. 73 Thick clouds gathering. From 7.30 a.m. rain half an hour tolerably heavy, then gentle till 9 o’clock, when the sun shone forth.

2 p.m. 90

sunset 87

3 sunrise 77 A thunder-storm in the distance.

2 p.m. 92

sunset 89

4 sunrise 73 In the night thunder-storm, with much rain, lasting till late in the morning.

5 sunrise 78 Thunder-storm gathered from E.; 6.5 a.m. it began raining, the first hour heavy, then gentle till about 9 o’clock. Thunder-storm late in the evening, with a few drops of rain.

7 a.m. 73

6 No observation. Fine morning.

7 8 a.m. the sun broke through the clouds.

2 p.m. 91

sunset 84·5

8 sunrise 75 Very fine morning.

9 About 3 o’clock in the morning a moderate shower.

10 About midnight from 10th to 11th a little rain accompanied by heat-lightning, but no thunderstorm.

11 In the afternoon thunder-clouds gathering, but the rain went southwards.

12 At 4½ o’clock a.m. a thunder-storm gathering from E., followed by violent rain.

13 No observation.

14 sunset 98

15 sunrise 87

16 No observation. The following night a little rain.

17 The sun broke through the clouds about 8 a.m.

18 Fine morning; in the afternoon thunder-storm from the E. passed by.

19 About 4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm from the E., but no rain.

20 In the afternoon thunder-storm at some distance. (Say.)

21 In the afternoon overcast. After sunset a thunder-storm gathered from E.N.E., refreshing the air; much wind but no rain.

22 In the following night thunder-storm, but no rain.

23 The sky clearer.

1.30 p.m. 100

24 Sky overcast. 7 a.m. severe thunder-storm gathered, setting in with a violent gale, followed by heavy rain, lasting about three hours.

sunset 84

25 sunrise 73·5 Fine morning.

26 Cloudy and stormy.

27 Sky thickly overcast, the clouds proceeding from N. 6.45 a.m. to 7.25 moderate rain, afterwards gentle till 9 o’clock.

28 Sky overcast. About noon a few drops. About 1.30 p.m. heavy rain.

29 Sky thickly overcast in the morning, afterwards cleared up.

30 Fine morning, tolerably clear. In the afternoon a thunder-storm in the distance; late in the evening a second one gathered from E. and reached us after 11 o’clock, with extraordinary force for the first hour, then more gentle till 2 o’clock a.m.

July

1 No observation.

2 Sky about noon thickly overcast and atmosphere oppressive; cleared up in the afternoon.

3 Clear.

4 No observation.

5 Sky overcast. 8.30 a.m. a thunder-storm gathered, accompanied by violent rain till 9.45, afterwards lasting with intermission till 12.30.

6 Fine weather.

7 No observation.

8 In the afternoon a heavy thunder-storm, but no rain.

9 Sky overcast, rainy. 10 a.m. the sun broke through the clouds.

10 4 p.m. a thunder-storm gathered from N. proceeded westward, bringing us only a few drops.

sunset 80

11 In the afternoon a thunder-storm, but only a few drops of rain.

12 No thunder-storm; windy. (Libtáko.)

13 During the following night heavy thunder-storm, but no rain here.

14 About 4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm towards S., but not a drop of rain.

15 In the afternoon again thunder-storm without a drop of rain.

16 Cool.

17 After 2 p.m. thunder-storm in the distance, the whole sky becoming gradually overcast. From 5.15 p.m. moderate rain till 8.30, and afterwards a slight fall.

18 Atmosphere refreshed. In the evening moderate rain.

19 At 2 p.m. considerable rain, with frequent interruptions, but no thunder-storm.

20 Sky in the morning very cloudy, but no rain.

21 Wind westerly; no rain.

22 At 7.40 a.m. a black thunder-storm gathering from the E., followed by moderate rain lasting till 10 o’clock.

23 Sky mostly overcast. About 5 p.m. thunder-storm towards N.W., then turned by E. towards S., and reached us about 8 p.m. again from the W.; first moderate rain, afterwards very heavy, but not accompanied by wind, continuing till 11 o’clock at night.

24 Fine sunny day; no rain.

25 Clear.

26 About 2 a.m. heavy thunder-storm, followed by rain lasting till 7 o’clock.

27 Late in the evening thunder-storm followed after midnight by moderate rain, at times interrupted.

28 At 6.30 a.m. a heavy thunder-storm gathering from E., followed by heavy rain, lasting till noon. Sky did not clear up till near sunset.

29 Clear.

30 Heavy dew at night, fine morning, scarcely a cloud to be seen. At 9 o’clock p.m. a violent thunder-storm with heavy rain.

31 The sun broke through the clouds about 7 a.m., and the day remained fine till 3 o’clock p.m., when the clouds gathered, and at 4 p.m. were followed by a very heavy shower, lasting about hour with the utmost violence, after which it became more moderate, lasting till long after midnight.

Aug.

1 In the afternoon cloudy, but no rain.

2 Very fine day, but the heat gradually oppressive; clouds gathering in the afternoon. At 9 o’clock p.m. heavy gusts of wind and moderate rain till morning.

3 At 2 p.m. thunder-storm in S.W.; about 9 p.m. violent thunder-storm with heavy rain, lasting about ½ hour, followed by a second rain very slight, but lasting till morning.

4 At 4.40 p.m. a heavy shower lasting till 4.55.

5 Clear.

6 In the evening thunder-storm with heavy rain.

7 No rain.

8 Clear.

9 Sky overcast.

10 7 p.m. a very violent thunder-storm with heavy gusts of wind and much rain.

11 No rain.

12 4 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm from the E., with rain lasting about ¾ hour, first violent, afterwards becoming more moderate.

13 In the afternoon thunder-storm towards the S.

14 7 a.m. dark thunder-clouds gathered from N., bringing a little rain, and the electric matter not having been discharged a very sultry day followed.

15 The whole day thunder-storm towards N. and W.

16 Past midnight a violent thunder-storm gathered, followed by moderate rain, and another fall of rain towards morning.

17 At 4½ o’clock p.m. a little rain.

18 No observation.

19 In the night thunder-storm but no rain.

20 No observation.

21 Clear but very warm.

22 After 6 p.m. a heavy thunder-storm from E., with much wind, but moderate rain; the air not much refreshed.

23 Warm sunny day.

24 25 No observation.

29 A thunder-storm; heat-lightning without rain.

30 At noon a thunder-storm from the east. 12.45 a little rain. The rain clouds went from S. to W., then turned northwards; in that direction much rain.

31 Morning cool; in the evening a thunder-storm without rain in our neighbourhood.

Sept.

1 In the evening the sky thickly overcast; thunder-storm gathered, only a few drops of rain, heavy gale.

2 No observation.

3 3 p.m. a thunder-storm as in general, from the E. 3.3 tolerably heavy rain, only three minutes. 4.35 p.m. a second thunder-storm.

4 Heat-lightning in the evening; heavy gale.

5 Heavy westerly gale.

6 7 No observation. (Timbúktu.)

8 In the evening thunder-storm with heavy clouds, but without rain.

9 In the evening heavy thunder-storm from the N.; violent rain from 8 to 8.30 p.m., then less severe till 11.5; afterwards heavy gale.

10 In the afternoon a little rain.

11 Sky in the afternoon thickly overcast.

12 13 Cloudy.

14 2.5 p.m. a little rain; afterwards thunder-storm and considerable rain.

15 The clouds driven about by a storm.

16 Greater part cloudy.

17 Tolerably clear.

18 2 p.m. very violent gale, followed by considerable rain.

19 Fine morning.

20 Early in the morning heavy gale with a few drops of rain; air became cooler.

21 Tolerably clear.

22 At 7 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm with moderate rain.

23 Heavy gale.

24 Clearer.

25 Sunrise not clear; afterwards windy.

26 In the evening thunder-storm without rain.

27 Sky not clear. About noon a gale arose.

28 Towards morning a little rain; sky thickly overcast; several times rain, especially in the afternoon; in the evening considerable rain.

29 1.30 p.m. heavy rain, but short. 8 p.m. another fall of rain, moderate, but lasting till 11 o’clock.

30 No observation.

Oct.

1 No observation.

2 In the afternoon thunder-storm passed by towards the W. without bringing rain.

3 3.33 p.m. thunder-storm with heavy rain, lasting more than an hour.

4 to 7 Clear.

8 4 o’clock p.m. thunder-storm towards the N.

9 4 p.m. rain with interruption.

10 Sky not clear.

11 12 Clear.

13 Overcast; at 4 p.m. a thunder-storm from the N. with heavy gale, but only a few drops of rain.

14

15 Cloudy in the east.

16

17 In the afternoon cloudy.

18 Night cool; fine morning.

19 Cool night.

20 No observation.

21 The morning cloudy; N.E. gale.

22 N.E. wind.

23 Clear; gradually N.E. wind arose.

24 No observation.

25 Very cold night.

26 Clear cold morning.

27 to Nov. 24 No observation. Tolerably clear.

25 sunrise 56

sunset 76

26 sunrise 56

27 sunrise 63

28 sunrise 62

30 Very cold; heavy northerly gale.

Month of December no rain; sky generally dull in the morning, only occasionally clear.

END OF THE FOURTH VOLUME.

LONDON PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW-STREET SQUARE

VOL. 1 VOL. 2 VOL. 3 VOL. 4 VOL. 5

ToC ToC ToC ToC ToC

Illus. Illus. Illus. Illus. Illus.

CHAP. 1 22 38 53 70

2 23 39 54 71

3 24 40 55 72

4 25 41 56 73

5 26 42 57 74

6 27 43 58 75

7 28 44 59 76

8 29 45 60 77

9 30 46 61 78

10 31 47 62 79

11 32 48 63 80

12 33 49 64 81

13 34 50 65 82

14 35 51 66 83

15 36 52 67 84

16 37 68 85

17 69

18

19

20

21

APP. 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7

8 8 8

9 9

10 10

IND.