DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES.

☞ For Additions see Appendix. ☞

A.

Aachen.

A sub-dialect of low-German or Platt-Deutsch, vernacular at Aix-la-Chapelle, Lower Rhine. See Müller and Weitz’s “Idiomatikon,” Leipsig, 1836.

Ababdeh or Abadeh.

Semitic: a different form of speech was formerly vernacular at Sheikh Abade, in Upper Egypt; the site of some ancient ruins on the banks of the Nile. Since superseded by Arabic. Adelung: “Mithridates,” iv., p. 502.

⁂ A division of the Beja, Bejawi, or Bishari family; they are the most northerly members of this class, which occupies the desert between the Nile and Red Sea from Cosseir to Suakim. R. G. L.

Abadja.

African: a sub-dialect of the Otam.

Abak.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands, closely allied to Bissayan and Tagala. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 1.

Abantes.

An extinct form of speech, classed as Thraco-Illyrian, formerly vernacular in the I. of Eubœa, now called Negropont or Egripos, in the Grecian Archipelago. Adelung: “Mithridates,” ii., p. 362.

Abasci or Abassian, see Absne.

Abbeville.

A sub-dialect of French, vernacular in Picardy. See De Soilly’s “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.

Abbitibbe.

American: dialect of the Christinos or Cree Indians; classed as Algonkin. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 204.

Abenaki or Abenaqui.

A dialect of the Algonkin race of N. American Indians, spoken in Lower Canada and the State of Maine. The tribe once occupied the valley of the R. Kennebeck; but the name also includes the Etchemins, Micmacs, and others. See Rasles. Dict., 1833; Vocabulary in Amer. Ethnol. Trans, ii., p. 109.

Abiponian.

A name given by the early Spaniards to the language spoken on the western bank of the Parana in S. America; although on the borders of the Gran Chaco it differs considerably from the dialects spoken in that district. See Dobrizhoffer’s “Geschichte,” 3 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1784. D. F.

Abor.

A dialect of Assamese, spoken by a hill tribe on the north-western extremity of Assam. Logan, Jnl. Indian Archipelago, 1853, p. 190. See Aka.

Absne or Abkhazian.

A name for the ancient Abasci, now represented by Abascia or Abgah (Abkasia), a country of Asiatic Russia, lying between the Caspian and Black Seas. The modern word Absné is called Abkhazi by the Georgians; with the terminal “eti” for “land,” it is Abkhazeti, and extends from Soukum-kale to Jenikale. The affinities of the Absné language are very uncertain; a large number of its words are similar to Circassian, but a larger proportion apparently not so. See Vocabularies in Güldenstädt’s “Reisen;” Klaproth’s “Reise;” “Asia Polyglotta,” &c. H. H. H.

Abyssinian, see Agau, Amharic, Galla, Tigre, &c. ☞

Acadian.

American: That division of the Algonkin family containing the languages of Lower Canada and Nova Scotia.

Acaxe.

American: a doubtful name for a probable dialect of the Tubar.

Accad.

The oldest known language before the Semitic population settled in Mesopotamia. W. S. W. V. See Akkadian.

Accaway.

A dialect of native S. American, belonging to the Carib, or Karib group. Vernacular in the Highlands of British Guiana.

⁂ Carib of Demerara, closely allied to the Carabisi. See Hilhouse, Schomburgk, &c.

Accra or Accarah.

A language of the Mandingo branch of native African, spoken by a small nation on the Gold-coast, about lat. 5° 35′ N., long. 0° 12′ W.; it is sometimes designated the Ghah or Ga, and the people are supposed to have been removed by emigration from the interior. Ghana or Gana is a city, governed by a Sultaun, near the upper course of the Niger. Rask’s “Vejledning,” 8vo, Copenhagen, 1828. See Aquapim.

Achæmenian Persian.

The name of that form of the Old Persian language which is used in the inscriptions of the Achæmenian kings, or the line of native monarchs which commenced with Cyrus the Great and terminated with Darius Codomannus, the antagonist of Alexander. The language is written in an arrow-headed or cuneiform character of a simple kind, and is closely akin to the Zend, Pazend, and the modern Persian. The best work on the language is that of Spiegel, “Altpersische Keilinschriften.” G. R.

Achagua.

A dialect of native S. American, vernacular on the R. Casanare, a tributary of the R. Orinoco; and closely allied to Maipur. “Mithridates,” iii., p. 631.

Achastli.

American: spoken on the coast of California between San Francisco and St. Diego.

Achinese.

A language of the Malayan family, spoken in the kingdom of Ache or Achin, the northernmost part of Sumatra. It is distinguished from all other Malay languages by having the accent on the terminal instead of the penultimate syllable, and by a good deal of monosyllables. It is at present very little known, but its presumed affinity to the monosyllabic languages of Asia renders its study highly interesting for investigating the origin of the Malay race. P. J. V.

Acoma.

A dialect of native American, vernacular in New Mexico. It is one of the dialects spoken by the Pueblo Indians on the R. Grande. It is also called Laguna.

Acroa-Merim.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144.

Adaihe or Adaihi.

A very isolated language of N. American. Spoken in Louisiana, in 1805, by forty individuals only. Vocabulary in “Archæologia Americana.” It is also called Atayo. Vocabulary Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 95.

Adali (pl. Adaiel or Adal.)

Largely Semitic. An Abyssinian dialect, spoken by the tribes between the Highlands and the sea-coast. See Salt’s “Voyage,” Appdx. i., p. 6. C. T. B.

Adampi.

A native African dialect, closely resembling Accra and Krepee, vernacular on the Gold-coast, W. Africa.

Adareb, see Beja.

Adelaide.

A variety of native Australian, formerly vernacular at Adelaide, S. Australia; it differs but little from other dialects of the Gulf St. Vincent.

Adige.

A name for the Circassian proper, as opposed to the Apkhaz.

Adiyah.

Otherwise Fernandian: the language of Fernando Po, an island on the W. coast of Africa, near the mouths of the Niger.

Æolic.

A dialect of ancient Greek spoken in Bœotia, Thessaly, Ætolia, Elis, Lesbos, Chios and the N.W. part of Asia Minor. Pindar, Sappho, and Alcæus wrote in it. G. R.

Æthiopic, under E.

Afer.

Native name of the Danakil.

Affadeh.

African: a dialect of the Bornu.

Affar, see Adali.

Afghan, see Pushtoo.

Afnu.

African: a dialect of the Haussa.

African.

A name for all native dialects of Africa, not directly Semitic. Works by Borth, Kölle, Bleek, Beke, Sir G. Grey, Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa.” See Introduction.

Afudu.

A native African dialect of the Otam, vernacular on the coast of W. Africa, about 4° N.L.

Agau or Agaw.

A language of Abyssinia, spoken in three dialects; 1. The Hhámara, or Agau of Lasta, the Tcheratz Agows of Bruce; 2. The Agáwi or Aghagha of Agaumider, i.e. Agau-land; 3. The Falasha spoken by the Israelitish people scattered over the northern and western parts of the country. Salt’s “Voyage,” Appdx. i., p. 6. C. T. B.

Agglutinative.

A name applied to certain languages, when “two unaltered roots combine to form words;” and words brought into mutual relation by syntax undergo a change of form, accent, or meaning; the Coptic, for example, is considered as essentially agglutinative. The American agglutinative languages are called polysynthetic or incorporating. These languages have generally little or no literature.

Agolelegmüt.

The Eskimo of N. America and Behring’s Straits, especially the island of Nunivok. The terminal “müt,” which is common from Behring’s Straits to the parts about Mount St. Elias, is derived from the Eskimo. See Chromtschenko’s “Reise-Journal,” 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1824. R. G. L.

Ahom.

A nearly extinct language formerly spoken in Assam, a province of British India; it is a dialect of Siamese, monosyllabic in form, and appears to have been transported by emigration from the borders of China.

Aht, The.

American: dialect of Van Couver Island; spoken by all the W. coast tribes, from S. of Quatseeno to Port San Juan on De Fucas Straits. See Sproat: “Scenes of Savage Life.” All the tribes speaking it end in “aht.” R. B.

Ahtiago.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Ceram, closely allied to Teluti and Alfuros.

⁂ The more correct form would be Atiahu, the name of a village on the S. coast, with a mixed population. The vocabulary quoted by Mr. Wallace does not constitute a distinct dialect. P. J. V.

Aiawong.

A dialect of native Australian, belonging to the W. coast.

Aimara.

A dialect of the Indians of S. America, largely augmented by Spanish. The natives were subject to the Incas of Peru, at the conquest, and now inhabit the high ground near Lake Titicaca or Chucuito. They are closely allied to the Quichua or native Peruvians. See Aymara.

Aimauk.

A dialect of Moghol, spoken by the Tshehar-Aimauk, N. W. Afghanistan, in the neighbourhood of Herat.

Aino.

The native name for the language of the Curile Islands, meaning “man.” ☞

Airica.

American: a dialect of the Betoi.

Aitutakìan.

A mixed form of the Tahitian and the Rarotongan dialects. An island in the Hervey group, S. Pacific. Example, “mau-tangata” = “men.” W. G.

Aka (1).

A dialect spoken by a hill-tribe to the N. of Assam. It is almost identical with Abor. See Brown’s Table: “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

Aka (2).

African: sometimes used for the Yoruba, of which it is a sub-dialect.

Akabi, see Ukuafi.

Akkadian.

A name sometimes given to the language used on the earliest Babylonian bricks, especially those found at Mugheir (Ur), Warka (Erech), Senkareh, Niffer, and other very ancient Mesopotamian cities. The general character of the language is Turanian; but its vocabulary connects it with the dialects of Southern Arabia and Abyssinia, more especially with the Mahra, Galla, and Wolaitsa. The writing is a rude and very complicated cuneiform. It is supposed that the language was spoken in Babylonia from a very early age (B.C. 2500?) to the date of the Assyrian conquest, about B.C. 1300. By that time it had become the language of an extensive literature, and as such, continued to be studied by the more learned Assyrians down to the close of the Empire, B.C. 624. The later Assyrian tablets are to a great extent translations from it. See Rawlinson’s “Ancient Monarchies,” vol. i., pp. 61-69, 2nd ed. G. R.

Akkim.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti.

Ako.

An African dialect, somewhat allied to Afudu.

Akra.

African. Language of the Gold-coast, for the parts about Cape Castle. See Aquapim.

Akripon.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti.

Akush.

A dialect of Lesgian, spoken in Daghestan (the ancient Albania), a district situated between the Caspian and the Black Sea.

Akwambu, see Aquapim.

Alabama.

American. Derived from “Alibamon,” the original occupants of the modern State so called.

Alani.

A people originally settled in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, very powerful from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 461. They are now generally considered to have been of the Finnish stock, akin to the Ostiaks, Samoeids, and other races of Northern Asia. G. R.

Alarodii, see Urarda.

Alatyan.

A name used by Prof. Steinthal for the Ural-Altaic or Turanian languages.

Albanian.

The vernacular tongue of modern Albania, a maritime province of European Turkey, which answers to the ancient Epirus; the inhabitants are a mixed race, including Arnauts, who are probably descended from the ancient Illyrians, Greeks, and Turks. The ancient language, called old Illyrian, and closely allied to Greek, has become mingled with Slavonic, written in Greek characters. The native name of the Albanian dialect is Skipetar. Both terms mean “mountaineers.” The modern language is sub-divided into the Ghegh and the Toski. See Hahn: “Albanische Studien,” Jena, 1854.

Alemannic or Allemanian.

The oldest form of Teutonic or High-German with which we are acquainted; it is the language attributed to the Suevi or Swabians, who, emigrating to the S., formed with other tribes a great confederation on the Rs. Maine, Rhine, and Danube.

⁂ See Bosworth’s “Dict. of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” ed. 1838, p. 120. W. W. S.

Aleutian or Aliout-Liseyeff.

The dialect of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the N. Pacific, between Asia and America. The inhabitants resemble the Moghols in physical peculiarities, but their language is allied to the Esquimaux. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 130. ☞

Alfuros.

Dialects of Malay, spoken by uncivilized tribes of the Indian Ocean. Adelung calls them “Harafora auch Alfurier” in the Moluccas. “Mithridates,” i., p. 585. Wallace calls them the true indigines of Gilolo, and the predominant type of Ceram. “Malay Archipelago,” ii., pp. 16, 19, 96. It is the same word as in the Arafura Seas, W. of N. Guinea. ☞

Algierian.

A form of Arabic vernacular in N. Africa.

Algonkin or Algonquin.

A very large class of native N. American dialects, including the Chippewas, Blackfoot, Ogibeway, Ottawa, Mohican, Shawnees, and other principal eastern tribes of red Indians. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., pp. 78, 106.

Alieh, see Eyish.

Alikhulip.

A dialect of Fuegian, spoken in Terra del Fuego, S. America. Described in Darwin’s “The Voyage of the Beagle.” See also Tekeenica and Tsoneca.

Alleutiac, see Milcocayac.

Allophylian.

A name for the American and certain unclassified languages; generally used for all languages which philologists have not yet defined.

Allor.

A dialect of insular Malay, vernacular in the Indian Ocean. This island belongs to the Timor group; its inhabitants are of the dark Papuan type. The language is said to differ but little from that of the neighbouring island of Solor. P. J. V.

Almeida.

A dialect of S. American, belonging to the Tupi or Guarini family, spoken in Brazil, and allied to Carib. See Omagua.

Alphabet.

The English name for the collection of letters or written characters in our language, and derived from their Greek synonyms—viz., Alpha (A) + Beta (B), as in the line from Juvenal—

“Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellæ.” —Sat. xiv., l. 209.

These letters or characters are the representatives of certain sounds or utterances; and their numbers, forms, names, and equivalents differ very materially in different countries and in different districts. Ballhorn’s “Alphabete or. und occ. Sprachen,” Leipsig, 1853; 2nd ed., London. See Letters.

Alpine.

A collective name for several local dialects derived from old Italic, but mingled with modern French.

Alsacian.

A sub-dialect of old High-German.

Altaic or Ural-Altaic.

Generic name for the Moghol, Tungus, Turk, Samoyed, and Ugrian languages. See Castrén’s “Altaischer Volker.”

Amakosa.

African. See Kaffir.

Amat.

A dialect of older Dravidian vernacular in Nepaul.

Amazig.

A name for the Berber of N. Africa. It is called Aquel Amarigor Amazig, i.e. “Noble tongue;” the native dialect of Berbers.

Amazons.

A class of native dialects spoken by tribes along the banks of the R. Amazon, S. America; more especially the Amazonas and Humanos, formerly of the lower Putumayo. Wallace, p. 250.

Amberbaki.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in a village so named on the N. W. coast of N. Guinea.

Amblau.

An island of the Amboyna group; the language, belonging to the Alfuru, or semi-Alfuru, dialects of the Moluccas, seems to differ very considerably from that of the neighbouring islands; judging from the vocabulary given in Mr. Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.” P. J. V.

Amboyna.

A dialect of the Molucca Islands, in the Indian Ocean; known as Amboynese Malay. The provincial dialect is termed Bahasa-tanah, the language of the Moluccan Alfuru. See Vocabularies by Wallace and Lüdeking. P. J. V.

American.

A name for all dialects of the aborigines throughout N. and S. America. Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” London, 1858. See Introduction.

Amharic.

The Court tongue of Abyssinia for many centuries. Amhara proper is that district lying between the Dender and Tacazze branches of the Nile. It closely resembles the Ethiopic, with alphabets that are nearly identical. The root word is probably identical with “Ham” or “Chem,” the poetical name for Egypt in the Psalms of David.

⁂ A Semitic dialect sprung from the ancient Ethiopic, which has gradually become the dominant language of Abyssinia. Its vocabulary and grammar still closely resemble the Ethiopic, but it has adopted a barbarous pronunciation, and the gutturals, which form so important a part of the Semitic alphabet, are no longer pronounced. The best memoir upon it is that by Gesenius in the Encyclopædia of Ersch and Grüber, under the heading “Amharische Sprache.” Other Abyssinian dialects are the Adari, the Afar, the Somauli, the Saho, the languages of Tigré, Danakil, Adaiel, and of Harar. R. P. S.

Amour or Amur.

Dialects of Tungus, vernacular in E. Asia on the R. Amúr. See Latham, pp. 75, 76.

Amyrgii.

An ancient Scythic people, called “Humawarga,” by the Achæmenian Persians, and “Amyrgians” (Ἀμύργιοι) by the Greeks. They seem to have inhabited the high plateau between the Thian-Chan and the Hindu-Kush ranges. Most probably they were Turanians. G. R.

Anadeer or Anadyr.

The upper and central parts of the R. Anadyr, on the north-eastern extremity of Asia, are occupied by the Tshuktshi, an Asiatic tribe. On the lower Anadyr, however, there is an Eskimo settlement. See Namollo. R. G. L.

Anamite or Annamite.

A monosyllabic tongue, closely allied to Chinese. It is the dialect of Tonquin and Cochin-China, extensive tracts of land in S.E. Asia. Also called Annamese. See Dictionaries, A-Latin and Latin-A, by Taberd and Pigneaux, 2 vols., 1838; Marshman, Serampore; and Brown’s “Comparative Table,” vol. vii., Trans. As. Soc. of Bengal.

Andaman.

The dialect of the Mincopie or inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. It is considered to be allied to the Burmese.

Andaqui.

American. Dialect of New Grenada, vernacular on the eastern slope of the Andes, and upper part of the R. Putumayo. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” pp. 27-29. R. G. L.

Andarcos, see Texan.

Andi.

A dialect of Lesghian, allied to Akush; vernacular in the Caucasus.

Andian or Ando-Peruvian.

A collective name for certain native dialects of S. America, as Aimara, Araucanian, Quichua, &c.

Andoa.

American. Spoken on the frontiers of New Grenada, and on the head waters of the Rs. Tigre and Pastazza. It is bounded by the Shimigas and Zaparu. Small vocabulary by Spruce. R. G. L.

Andreanowski Islands, see Aleutian.

Aneiteum or Annatom.

A Polynesian dialect, allied to Papuan, vernacular in Aneiteum, the easternmost island of the New Hebrides group, S. Pacific Ocean. The language began to be reduced to written form, by the use of Roman letters, by the London Missionary Society; subsequently completed in books, now used by natives, by the “U. P. R. C.” Mission of Scotland. W. G. ☞

Anfue.

A native dialect, allied to Adampi, from the Gold-coast, W. Africa.

Angami.

A dialect of Assamese, vernacular in central and lower Assam.

Anglian.

A name sometimes given to that dialect of the oldest English which was spoken in the north and east of England. It has been sub-divided into the Northumbrian and East-Anglian. It has also been called Dano-Saxon. See Bosworth’s “Dict. of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” ed. 1838, p. 21. W. W. S.

Anglian, East, under E.

Anglo-Saxon.

A compound language formed by the union of several tribes of Teutonic origin, who conquered and settled in Britain, about A.D. 449, thence called England. The language is of cognate origin with the Alemannic and Gothic; but with accretions from the Scandinavian and Low-Dutch.

⁂ What is called Anglo-Saxon is really the oldest form of English. The Anglo-Saxon of the first period extends from A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100; that of the later period from A.D. 1100 to about A.D. 1250; after which date we arrive at early Middle English. The specimens of the literature are too numerous to require mention. See the dictionaries by Lye and Manning, Bosworth, Grein, Ettmüller, and the list of MSS. in Hickes’s “Thesaurus,” vol. iii. W. W. S.

Angoane.

A dialect of Mozambique, vernacular on the E. coast of Africa.

Angola.

A dialect of Bantu, vernacular in S.E. Africa; classed by Bleek as Bunda.

Angus.

A dialect of the Lowlands of Scotland, frequently cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S.

Ankaras.

An African dialect, almost identical with Wun.

Annamese, see Anamite.

Annatom, see Aneiteum.

Ansoes.

A Papuan dialect, spoken at Port Dorey, New Guinea.

Antes or Antis.

A native dialect of S. American, vernacular in Peru on the eastern slope of the Andes. The nearest affinities are to the Moxos. See D’Orbigny’s “L’homme Américain.”

Antonio, San.

Dialect of a mission, so called, current in California, N. America.

Antshukh.

A dialect of Lesghian, allied to Andi.

Anu.

Dialect of a tribe so named, in N. Arracan, in which are many words intelligible to the people of Munipoor. A. C.

Apache or Apatsh.

A dialect of Athabascan, vernacular in New Mexico.

Apaing.

The same language as Arorae. W. G.

Apatsh, see Apache.

Apiaca.

A dialect of Brazil, allied to Guarani, vernacular on the R. Arias, a tributary of the Upper Tapuyos. See Castelnau’s “Expedition,” &c., appdx.

Apinages.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Castelnau’s “Expedition,” &c., appdx.; Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.

Apkhaz.

The Georgian name for the tribes between Jenikale and Soukum-Kale, as distinguished from Circassians proper.

Apolonia.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti, vernacular at Point Apollonia, on the frontier of the Gold and Ivory coasts. R. G. L.

Aponegicrans.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.

Appa.

A dialect of S. Africa, allied to Nufi.

Aquapim.

African: collective name for certain dialects of the Gold-coast near Cape Castle; 1. The Akra. 2. The Krepee. 3. The Otshi. 4. The Adampi. See Rühs: “Elemente des Akwapim.”

Aquitanian.

The dialect of Aquitania or Aquitaine, a division of ancient Gaul, lying S.W., which included the provinces of Guyenne, Gascony, &c.

Ara.

A name for the Arini.

Arabic.

One of the three main branches of the Semitic family, spoken in the peninsula of Arabia. Unknown till the century before Mahomet, it suddenly then reached its highest perfection in the poems of the Moallakât. It is the richest, the most flexible, and most exact of all the Semitic tongues, and its grammar the most subtle and perfect, probably, of all known languages. The dialect of the tribe of Koreisch, adopted by Mahomet in the Koran, has been, since the seventh century, the classical language of large parts of Asia and Africa, and has greatly influenced the Turkish, Maltese, Persian, Hindi, and other tongues, owing to the wide range of Arabian conquest. Classical Arabic must be distinguished from Arabic as actually spoken. The “vulgar” Arabic makes scarcely any distinction of vowel-sounds, has a grammar simple to rudeness, and is destitute of the richness and versatility of the tongue as employed by its most famous scholars. R. P. S.

Arago.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Araiacu.

American: a dialect of N. Brazil, to the W. of Fonteboa; it is allied to the Barré, Baniwa, Manoa, &c. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 133, who places it in his Cren or Guereno class. R. G. L.

Arakanese or Arracanese.

A monosyllabic tongue closely allied to the Burmese, otherwise called the Reccan or Rukheng. The district in which it is spoken forms a narrow strip of sea-coast, about 500 miles long, extending from Cape Negrais in the S. towards Chittagong in the N., along the E. peninsula of S. Asia.

Aramaic.

Generic name of the languages spoken in the region extending from the Taurus and Lebanon to the R. Tigris. It is one of the main branches of the Semitic stem, and is itself divided into two dialects, East Aramaic, or Chaldean, and West Aramaic, or Syriac. The former became the medium of Jewish thought, and is the language of the Targums and the Talmud, and also of the Samaritan Pentateuch. The latter is Christian. A sub-dialect spoken by the heathen is called Sabaean, or Nabathean. The oldest remains of the Aramaic are found in the name given by Laban to the Hill of Witness between him and Jacob. R. P. S.

The Aramaic alphabet was identical with, or derived from, the Phœnician.

Arapaho or Arrapaho.

The dialect of a native tribe of N. American Indians of the Algonkin family, vernacular on the R. Platte; originally on the Upper Saskatshewan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii., p. 446; Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 96.

Araquaju.

American: a dialect of the Brazilian class, vernacular on the Upper Amazons. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 17.

Araucanian.

Dialect spoken by the powerful independent Indian tribe inhabiting the western slope of the Andes, south of Chili proper. D. F.

Arawack.

A dialect of Carib, spoken on the N. coast of S. America, in Surinam, Venezuela, and the Guianas (Berbice); supposed to have been introduced by aboriginal settlers from Hayti and other W. Indian islands.

Arayas, see Taino.

Archaic Greek.

A name for the original Cadmean alphabet of ancient Greece, it consisted of seventeen letters only, and was derived from the Phœnician.

Arda.

Spoken, according to Alcedo, on the Upper Napo, on the boundaries of New Grenada, Brazil, and Ecuador. A “Doctrina Christiana,” Madrid, 1658, and a “Paternoster” are the only recorded specimens of the Arda. No philologist seems to have examined them. The fragmentary languages with which they are the most likely to have been allied are the Andoa, the Shimigaes, and the Zapara. “Ludwig,” p. 12. R. G. L.

Ardrah.

African: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

Argot.

French patois, applied to cant and slang dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 132, 485.

Argubba.

African: a dialect of Abyssinia.

Arecuna.

A dialect of the Carib of Demerara, allied to Macusi. See Schomburgk’s “British Guiana.”

Arfak.

A Papuan dialect vernacular among the mountaineers inland of Doreh, New Guinea. P. J. V.

Arini or Arinzi.

A dialect of Yeniseian, spoken in Siberia. See Castrén’s “Versuch einer Ienissei Ostiakinen Sprachlehre.” H. H. H.

Aripe.

American: dialect of Lower California.

Aris.

A dialect of Toumbulu.

Arkiko.

A dialect of Ethiopic allied to Adaiel; otherwise classed as a sub-dialect of Amharic.

Armenian.

The vernacular speech of Armenia, a mountainous country of Asiatic Turkey, bordering on the S.E. extremity of the Black Sea, including Mt. Ararat. Armenian is written from left to right, and has an alphabet peculiar to itself, which has been modernized from an older original, attributed to Miesrob, A.D. 406.

⁂ The language is essentially an Aryan dialect, akin to Achæmenian Persian and Zend, but still distinct from either: into which have been absorbed a large number of Turanian roots. G. R.

Armenic.

A branch of the great Indo-European family of speech not yet clearly defined. It is the parent of modern Armenian, and of an older form of the same language, called Old Armenic, now extinct. It has, provisionally, been classed with Kurdish, Ossetic and Pushtoo. See Aryan.

Armeno-Kurdish.

A name for the Kurdish dialect, written in the characters of the Armenian alphabet.

Armorican.

A Celtic dialect, called also Breton, anciently vernacular in Armorican Gaul; it was the national language of the independent Duchy of Brittany, and is still spoken in the modern French departments of Finisterre, Morbihan, and Côtes-du-Nord; the language is closely allied to Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Gaelic, &c.

Arnaut, see Albanian.

Arniya.

A dialect of Dardu, allied to Kashkari.

Aro or Oro.

A dialect of W. Africa, allied to Mbofia, vernacular in the locality of Brass Town.

Aroo or Arru.

Dialects of Papuan, vernacular in a group of islands lying to the S.W. of New Guinea, in the Asiatic Archipelago.

⁂ Herr Van Rosenberg distinguishes two chief dialects. 1. A vocabulary collected at Wammer, Watelei, and Traugan. 2. His “Wanumbae Vocaby.” Others are the Wokam Uju dialects, given by Herr Von Eybergen. Mr. Wallace writes Wamma, Wokan and Ougia. P. J. V.

Aropin.

A Papuan dialect, vernacular in S. Pacific. See Latham, p. 332.

Arorae.

An island of Kingsmill group, S. Pacific. The language is a mixed dialect of Samoa and Sandwich groups. First reduced by missionaries from Hawaii, 1858; now occupied by Samoan Christian teachers. W. G.

Arrow-Head.

A term employed to designate writing of a particular kind. The ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, Persia, and other adjacent regions used characters of which the ultimate element was the wedge: ► The resemblance of this form to the metallic point with which arrows were anciently tipped caused our early Oriental travellers to call all characters thus composed “arrow-headed.” Recently, the term “cuneiform,” adopted from the French, has displaced “arrow-headed,” which is now seldom used. It is important to remember that the two terms, whichever of them we employ, in no case properly designate a language, or an alphabet, but simply a manner of forming the conventional signs of speech. There are at least five quite distinct “arrow-headed” alphabets; and in one case the same cuneiform alphabet is used to give written expression to two quite different languages. G. R.

Aryan.

A name for the Indo-European family of languages, derived from Ariana, a province of the ancient Persian empire. The word is widely diffused throughout Eastern Asia: ex. gr., the small river Arius, now Heri-Rúd, on which stands the city of Herat; also the river Arus, or Araxes, near Mt. Ararat, in Armenia; Iran, Irac, or Iron. The term “Aryan,” in Sanskrit, implies “noble,” but the root is very widely diffused in an agricultural sense; as in the Greek ἀρόω; Latin, “aro” “to plough;” English, “arable.”

The Aryan family of languages is divided into the following branches:—Armenic, Celtic or Keltic, Hellenic, Illyric, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Teutonic, and Wendic (or Slavonic-Lettic). Each of these groups or branches will be treated under its proper stem, with sub-branches. See Introduction. ☞

Ashantee or Ashanti.

Sometimes called Odjii or Otshi, the national language of the Guinea coast, W. Africa; it belongs to the Mandingo branch, and is closely allied to the Fantee, spoken on the Gold-coast.

Asian or Asiatic.

Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” Paris, 1823, 1832. See Introduction.

Asilulu, see Amboyna.

Assamese.

The modern language of Assam, an extensive province of British India adjoining Bengal; it extends along the course of the R. Brahmapootra, towards Thibet. The archaic dialect known as Ahom, being extinct, has been superseded by a dialect of Bengali; Assamese is, however, unintelligible to the natives of Bengal. It is written in the Bengali character. See Brown’s “Comparative Table of Dialects: Asiatic Society of Bengal.”

Assan.

A dialect of Ostiak, or Yeniseian, vernacular in Siberia. See Castrén’s “Versuch.”

Assineboine.

A N. American dialect, spoken by native tribes of the Saskatchewan River line, between the Red River and Rocky Mountains.

Assinese.

African: a sub-dialect of the Fanti.

Assyrian.

The language of the ancient Assyrians, or people of Assyria, a tract lying upon the R. Tigris, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels. This language has become known to us within the last twenty years, through inscriptions disinterred from the buried cities of this region. The form of speech is found to be Semitic, akin to Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, Phœnician, and especially to Hebrew. It is written, however, unlike most Semitic tongues, from left to right. The characters are very numerous and complicated; they are of the class called “cuneiform” or “arrow-headed,” being formed out of combinations of wedges. The best account of the Assyrian alphabet will be found in the “Expédition Scientifique en Mésapotamie” of M. Oppert. The language must be studied in the “Assyrian Dictionary” of Mr. Norris, and the “Elémens de la Grammaire Assyrienne” of M. Oppert. G. R.

Astek, see Aztec.

Aswarek, see Serawulli.

Atacama.

American: belongs to a desert land between Chili and Peru.

Atafu.

“Duke of York’s Island.” In Tokelau group; when found it had a mixture of Eastern Polynesian dialects; but now, by use of Samoan books, generally speak that language. W. G.

Athabascan or Athapascan.

A collective name for certain native dialects of N. America, lying to the S. of the Esquimaux. Vocaby. American Ethn. Trans., vol. ii. pp. 78-105. Buschmann: “Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm,” Berlin, 1856-63. ☞

Atiago, see Ahtiago.

Atinan.

Largely Tahitian, with some local peculiarities, but by the use of books in the Rarotongan dialect, is fast becoming Rarotongan; example, “fenua-maitai” = “good land.” W. G.

Atlas (Mount.)

The Mount Atlas languages, more or less known, are: 1. The Kabail or Showiah; more definitely the Zoave. 2. The Shilha or Morocco Berber. 3. The Touarik or Tamazight of the Great Desert. 4. The Ghadamsi or the Wadreagh. F. W. N.

Atna.

A name for Selish. It is derived from the native word for “man”—“tinni” or “tnai.” Vocaby. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Society, vol. ii., p. 118. ☞

Atorai.

A dialect of Carib, vernacular in Demerara.

Atshin.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Sumatra. See Achinese.

Attakapa.

A nearly monosyllabic dialect, vernacular among the native Americans of St. Bernard’s Bay, Texas. See Archæol. Americana, ii., p. 307. ☞

Attic Greek.

A dialect of ancient Greek, originally peculiar to Attica, but which became the parent of the so-called “common dialect,” or ordinary language of Greek literature. The Attic had much in common with the Ionic, but affected contractions and retained aspirates where the Ionic discarded them. G. R.

Attigae.

A tribe of the Chech in Caucasia. H. C.

Atures.

According to Humboldt, the Atures were the original occupants of the cataract on the R. Orinoco, which bears their name; their language, on the authority of Gilij, is a form of the Salivi. ☞

Atye, see Whidah.

Augsburg.

Germanic: dialect of High-German spoken in Bavaria. See “Jnl. Für Deutschland,” 1783.

Auramoiset.

A dialect of Karelian, vernacular in the Government of St. Petersburgh. See “Memoirs of the St. Petersburgh Academy.”

Austral.

A group of numerous islands east of Tahiti, and so far Tahitian as to use books in the Tahitian language, though having some local peculiarities by the introduction of letters not in Tahitian; example, “param-akoako” = “exhortation.” W. G.

Australian.

The natives, now fast disappearing, had numerous dialects, all more or less closely allied; resemblances have been traced to the Tamul and other languages of S. India; the Polynesian, and Papuan. See Grey’s “Vocabulary” (of S. Western A.) 2nd Edit., London, 1841; and others by Ridley; Sidney, 1856, 1866: Eyre’s “Discoveries,” vol. ii., p. 391.

Auvergne.

Dialect of Provençal; glossaries in “Mem.: Soc. Ant.” French vols. ii., xii.

Avan or Avani.

American: a sub-dialect of Maipur.

Avar (1).

An extinct dialect, belonging to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. It was Turkish.

Avar (2).

The most important dialect of Lesgian. See Vocabulary in Güldenstadt’s “Travels,” and “Asia Polyglotta.”

Avaricoto.

American: Carib of Cumana, belonging to the Tamanack division.

Avekvom.

A dialect of the Ivory-coast, W. Africa.

Awaiya.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Ceram, an island of the Indian Ocean; quoted in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.” See Ahtiago and Hawaiian.

Aymara.

The language of the Indians of the highlands around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia; by many regarded as the so-called secret language of the Incas, as, according to their traditions, Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, came from that district; and although ruder and more primitive, it is closely allied to the Quechua, which, after the Inca conquest, became the general language of Peru. The oldest published works extant on Aymara are by Alcabiça, 1585; Ricardo, 1585; Bertonio, 1603-12. D. F. ☞

Aztec.

The language of the aborigines of Mexico; extinct in its original form, it has been fused with Spanish, and is now the native language of Mexican Indians.

ADDENDA.

Aberdeen.

A local dialect of Scotland.

Abkhass, see Absne.

Abunda.

African: same as Bunda. See Vocaby. in Douville’s “Voyage,” Paris, 1832.

Achaian.

A name for the ancient Greeks. ☞

Adamawa, see Hamarua.

Adang.

A Dayak dialect of N. Borneo. P. J. V. See Murut.

Adima.

Name for the servile class of Malabar; they have a dialect peculiar to themselves. W. E.

Adiyar.

A sub-dialect of Dravidian origin, spoken by aborigines of Malabar. W. E.

Akhwash.

Caucasian: like Andi, but with peculiar numerals. H. C.

Americanisms.

Name for Transatlantic idioms of English. See Webster’s Dicty., various editions: Bartlett’s Glossary, London, 1859.

Amoy.

An important dialect of Chinese; see “Manual,” by Macgowan; Hong Khong, 1869.

Andalusian.

Romance: a sub-dialect of Spanish.

Andhra.

An ancient kingdom and powerful dynasty in the Dekhan, now merely traditional: compare the Greek word ἀνδρος.

Anspach.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See “Jnl. Für Deutschland,” 1789.

Antilles.

American of the W. Indies. See “Histoire des Iles Antilles,” &c. Rotterdam, 1681.

Appenzell.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See Tobler: “A: Sprachschatz,” Zürich, 1837.

Arayans, Araans.

Important hill tribe of Travancore, called Malai-arasar, “Hill kings;” they speak a dialect of Tamul or Malayalim. W. E.

Arragonese.

A provincial dialect of Spanish.

B.

Bab, see Port Doreh.

Baba.

A dialect allied to Javanese, vernacular in an island called Babber by the Dutch; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. See Kissa.

Babuma.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.

Babylonian.

A Semitic dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed. It is closely allied to the Assyrian (which see), but is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to B.C. 540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achæmenian Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on the Assyrian, will be found in Sir H. Rawlinson’s “Analysis of the third column of the Behistun Inscription”—Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856. G. R.

Bachan, see Batchian.

Bactrian.

The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly supposed to be identical with the literary language called Zend. It is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt that Bactrian was a very ancient form of Aryan speech. G. R. See Zend.

Bagba.

An African dialect allied to the Bakele of the R. Gaboon.

Bagbalan.

A dialect of Kouri, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 584.

Bagherme, see Begharmi.

Bagnon.

A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S. of the R. Nunez; long Vocabulary in “Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique,” Paris, 1845.

Bago.

The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa; classed as a sub-dialect of Timmani.

Bagwan.

A native patois of British India, derived from Tamil.

Bahasa-tanah, see Amboyna.

Baikha.

A dialect of Ostiak of the Yeniseian class, spoken in Asiatic Russia. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.

Bajau or Bajou.

Dialects of Malay, spoken by the Sea-gipsies. See Vocabulary in Wallace; Appdx. to “Malay Archipelago.”

⁂ “Fishmen of Borneo.” Bajau properly belongs to all Borneo. The Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak Bajau. Bugis is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines. E. B. See Biajuk.

Bakele.

A dialect of Kaffir, somewhat allied to Mpongwe, spoken on the R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.

Baladea.

The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to Annatom, also called Duaura. See Aneiteum.

Bali.

An insular dialect of Javanese, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago. See Crawfurd’s Dissertation in “Malay Grammar,” p. 75. ☞

Balu.

African: a dialect allied to the Bakele, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

Bambarra.

African: a division of the Mana class, spoken on the Upper Niger; including also the Jallunka, the Sokko, and the Susu. It is bounded on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.

Bamon.

African: a dialect of the N. W. division of Kaffir, allied to Ralu.

Banca or Bangka.

Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and other foreign elements. P. J. V.

Banffshire.

A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See “Remarks on the dialect of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary,” by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866. W. W. S.

Banga.

A dialect of Bengali, vernacular in Arracan. See “Asiatic Researches,” vol. v., p. 238.

Bangbay.

African: short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Barth to the Geographical Society.

Baniwa.

A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to Chimanos, vernacular between Brazil and Venezuela. ☞

Banjak.

Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects:—(1) the primitive language called Batta, and (2) the Malay of Sumatra. See Maruwi.

Bantek or Bantik.

An Alfuru dialect vernacular in N. Celebes.

Bantu.

African: Dr. Bleek’s name for a very large class of languages, including the Kayo, Bunda, Zangian, and Mozambique branches.

Baraba or Barama.

A dialect of Asia; in its Russian form called Barabinski.

Barabinski.

A dialect of the Siberian Turkish spoken in the steppe of Baraba, or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia. See Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” p. 226. H. H. H.

Baraki.

A dialect of Persian, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at Kàniguram. ☞

Barbara, Santa.

A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.

Barbary, see Berber.

Barea.

African: a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier. Vocabulary in Salt’s “Voyage to Abyssinia.”

Bari or Barree.

A dialect of Central Africa. Mitterrutzner: “Die Sprache der Bari,” Brixen, 1867. See Barea.

Barre.

American: closely akin to the Baniwa, Tariana, and Uainambeu; it is probably the same as the Pareni of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a class-name. “Travels on the Amazon,” &c., 8vo, 1853.

Basa or Bhasa-Krama.

A form of Javanese. Literally “The polite language.” See Bhasa.

Basa, Bassa, or Bassah.

A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the Grebo family and allied to Mandingo, vernacular in parts of Liberia.

⁂ A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Bas-Breton, see Armorican.

Bashee or Bashi.

A dialect of Negritic, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa; a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby.: Belcher’s “Voyage of the Samarang,” vol. ii.

Bashkir.

A dialect of Turkish, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.

⁂ The Baskir now speak Turkish, but there are many reasons for believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and Müller, “Ugrische Volkstamm.” H. H. H.

Bashmuric.

A dialect of Coptic, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the delta of the Nile; it was largely infused with Greek.

Basian.

A dialect of Turkish spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with Nogay. See Klaproth, “Reise in den Kaukasus.” H. H. H.

Baspa or Bhaspa, see Moghol.

Basque or Escuara.

A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre; in France, only in the arrondissements of Mauléon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects:—Guipuzcoan, Biscayan (and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain; and the Bas-Navarrais, Souletin and Labourdin, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with the Finnish, by Prince L. L. Buonaparte and others; and N. American (Algonkin) by Pruner-Bey and Charency; also with the Khamitic by D’Abbadie, and Accadian by Sayce. Fabre’s “Dict. Français-Basque,” Bayonne, 1870, “Essai de Grammaire,” par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867. W. W. See Escuara.

Basundo.

A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the Kaffir group, vernacular in the R. Gaboon.

Batak, or Batta.

A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra; it is allied to Bugis, with written characters imitated from the Devanagiri alphabet of Sanskrit.

⁂ The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra; Banjak, Pakpak, Zingkal, Toba, are all sub-dialects of Batta in Sumatra. See Van der Tunk’s “Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations,” 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; “Bataksch Leesboek”; and “Bataksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek,” Amsterdam, 1861. ☞

Batar, see Bor.

Batavian-Malay.

What is called Batavian-Malay is perhaps rather a Sundanese than a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost every part of the Archipelago; yet the Sundanese element seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low-Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible. P. J. V.

Batchian.

A dialect of Malay, somewhat allied to Gilolo.

⁂ This island is one of the Moluccas; it has no indigenous population, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements. P. J. V.

Batemdakaiee, see Kulanapo.

Bathurst.

A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.

Batta (1), see Batak.

Batta (2).

A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.

⁂ One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa, spoken under 9° N.L.

Batu-Merah (“Red-rock” in Malay).

A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Amboyna, closely allied to Liang. See Morella.

Bauré, see Moxos.

Bauro or San Cristoval.

A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific Ocean.

Bavarian (Baierische).

A dialect of Teutonic, typical High-German. See “Bayerisches Wörterbuch,” by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37. W. W. S.

Bayano.

A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala. See Darien and Savaneric.

Bayeiye.

African: a sub-dialect of Bantu, vernacular in the interior.

Bayon or Bayung.

A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

⁂ The name is important because it is the last of the languages on the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.

Beak.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Béarnais.

The dialect of Béarn, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot’s “Proverbes Béarnais, avec un Vocabulaire,” 8vo, Paris, 1862. W. W. S.

Beaver.

American: dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson’s Bay country; sometimes classed as Chipewayan.

Bechuana.

African: a dialect of Kaffir. Moffat’s “Spelling-book,” London 1826; “Bukauiane A B C,” Kapstadt, 1839. See Sechuana.

Bedfordshire.

A dialect of England. See “An Analysis of English, with an Analysis of the dialect of Bedfordshire,” by T. Batchelor, London, 1809. W. W. S.

Begharmi.

A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. of Lake Tshad; Dr. Barth assigns it to the Shiluk class. Vocabulary in Klaproth’s “Essai sur la Langue du Bornou,” Paris, 1826.

Beja or Boje.

A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollonopolis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called Bishari. See Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” pp. 160-1.

Belang or Bilong.

A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to Langowan. See Bentenang.

Belgic or Belgian.

Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low-German, classed as a dialect of Frisian. Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg’s “Nouv. Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique,” “Echo du Monde Savant,” 1840.

Belonese.

Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese dominion; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby. by Mr. Heymering, in “Tyd. v. Ned. Ins.” viii., 3. P. J. V.

Beloochi or Biluch.

The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan and the Indian Ocean, N. India; it is allied to Persian.

Beltin.

A dialect of Turkish, spoken by a small tribe on the R. Abakan in Siberia. “Asia P.” p. 229. H. H. H.

Benga or Benguelan.

A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of Bantu, N.W. branch. Mackey’s “Grammar,” N. York, 1855. See Bienga.

Bengali.

The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India; it is derived from Sanskrit, and written in characters modified from the Divanagari alphabet. See Carey’s “Dict. of the Bengalee Language,” &c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825; Yates’s “Introd. to Bengali,” Calcutta, 1847.

Beni, Benin, or Bini.

A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the Moko. Other dialects are the Bonny, the Ibo, and Aro. See Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35.

Beni Menasser, see under M.

Bentenang.

Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes called Pasan Bangko. P. J. V.

Berber.

A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians; it somewhat resembles Coptic in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a form of οἰ βάρβαροι, “people whose speech is not intelligible; gibberish.”

⁂ More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several widely spread languages of N. Africa. “Dict. Français-Berbère,” Paris, 1844. F. W. N. See Libyan.

Berberini.

A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the Berber, properly so called. F. W. N.

Beresov.

The Ostiaks of Beresov speak a dialect of Ostiack. See Klaproth, “Asia P.” H. H. H.

Bergamasco.

A provincial dialect of Italian.

Berkshire.

A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol’s “Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica,” 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44; see also T. Hughes’s “Scouring of the White Horse.” W. W. S.

Bethuck.

The native dialect of Newfoundland; it is allied to Algonquin.

Betoi.

American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Andes. Sub-dialects are the Airico, Ele, Girari, and Situfa.

Bhasa.

Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and composition. 1. In Bhasa-krama, the ceremonial language of Java, and in the Bahasa-tanah of Amboyna, it precedes; 2. In Brij-bhasa, it follows the word. Compare Sanskrit, वाचा, vâchâ, “speech.” See Amboyna.

Bhatui, or Bhatore.

A dialect of Tamul.

⁂ One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India; its basis is Marathi. Balfour’s “Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India.”

Bhil or Bheel.

A name for the Biluch of Beloochistan. See Beloochi. ☞

Bhojepoora.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares, in the N. of British India.

Bhootanese.

A dialect of the Bhotiya family, spoken in the modern Bhootan; it is allied to Tamul. G. R.

Bhot or Bhotia.

The language of Bhot or Bootan. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak to Lassa, are Bhotiäs, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the “Asiatic Society’s Journal of Bengal.” A.C.

⁂ Bhot or Bhotiya: native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans; Bútan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Bútanis call themselves Lhopa. R. G. L. See Thibetan.

Bhotiya.

A general name for the Sub-Himalayan languages. G. R.

Bhramu.

A dialect of Nepaul, allied to Dahl. See Bramhu.

Biafada.

A negro dialect, allied to Padsade, vernacular in the Bissagos, or Bijugas islands at the mouth of Rio, W. Africa.

Biajuk or Biajú.

A dialect of Malay, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.

⁂ Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule. P. J. V. ☞

Bibliography.

An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading article; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective form, the following list of books is here supplied:—

Hervas: “Catalogo delle lingue conosciute,” &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).

Empress Catherine and Pallas: “Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa,” 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.

Adelung and Vater: “Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,” &c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.

Vater and Jülg: “Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde,” 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.

Balbi: “Atlas Ethnographique du Globe,” &c., Paris, 1826.

Migne: “Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie comparée,” &c., Paris, 1864.

Latham: “Elements of Comparative Philology,” London, 1862.

Tregelles and others: “The Bible of every Land: a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alphabets, maps,” &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.

Müller: “Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Prof. Max Müller, London, 1862-64.

Farrar: “Families of Speech,” by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London, 1870.

⁂ For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see published catalogues of Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, and other dealers.

Bidduma, see Buduma.

Bienga.

African: language of the I. of Corisco.

Bight-head.

A native dialect of Australia.

Bijenelumbo.

A native dialect of Australia.

Bikanira.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India; using characters of the Divanagari alphabet.

Biluch, see Beloochi.

Bima.

A dialect of Malayan, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E. of Java. ☞

Bimbpa, see Cameroons.

Bini, see Benin and Moko.

Bisaya or Bissayan.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. ☞

⁂ Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the R. Limbang, N. Borneo. Vocaby. in St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East;” appdx. p. 407. P. J. V.

Biscayan, see Basque.

Bishari.

African: a collective name for the Danakil, Ilmormo, and Somauli. See Beja.

Bissago.

African: numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N.L. See Biafada.

Blackfoot.

A native dialect of N. America, classed as Algonquin. It is now spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land,” London, 1873, p. 385; “Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,” vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Blackmouths, see Juripixunha.

Bobia.

African: a sub-dialect of Otam.

Bode.

A dialect of Bornu. See Kölle’s “Africa Pol.”

Bodega, see Olamentke.

Bodo.

A dialect of Thibetan vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodgson (H. B.) “Aborigines of India.” See Mech.

Boëro, see Cajeli.

Bohemian.

Sometimes called Chekh or Tschekh, spoken in Bohemia, a province of the Austrian Empire; it is of Slovack origin, and closely allied to Russian. “Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky,” by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary; published by the Royal Academy of Prague. W. W. S. See Romany.

Bokhara or Bokaree.

A dialect of Persian, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth “Asia Pol.,” pp. 242-54. Pallas’s “Vocab. Cath.” p. 102.

Boksa, see Kumaon.

Bolaango.

Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloöng, Uki, Bentaüna and Andagile of Kattingola. P. J. V.

Bolar.

A negro dialect, allied to Bulanda.

Bolong, Bolaang, or Bulong.

A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis; and sub-divided into Bolong-itang-ota and Bolong-mongondo. Respectively Upper and Lower, the former is the Bolang-itam or Hitam of Wallace’s App. “Malay Archipelago.” Classed as sub-dialects of Menadu. ☞

Bonny.

A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea. See Obany.

Booro, see Cajeli.

Bor.

A sub-Turanian dialect spoken by a broken tribe of Nepaul.

Borabora.

Polynesian: A Tahitian language. Vernacular in one of the Society’s Is. W. G. See Tahitian.

Boraiper.

A dialect of Australia, allied to Aiawong.

Borgia, San.

A native dialect of California, N. America.

Boritsu.

A dialect of Kaffir (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon. See Kölle: “Polyg. Afric.”

Bormio.

A dialect of Italian, vernacular in Lombardy.

Borneo.

The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks, Biajús or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects of Kagan or Kayan, Kupua, Malo, Meri, Millanow, Murung, Sakarron, Sangouw, Sibnow, Sow, Suntab. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, &c.; for details see Latham, pp. 305-7; Vater, p. 465. See Dajak.

Bornu or Bornui.

A large class of native African, allied to the Haussa. Klaproth: “Essai, &c.” 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35. Kölle: “Grammar of the Bornu language.” See Kanuri.

Boro.

A dialect of Thibetan, allied to Bodo.

Bororo.

An unclassed dialect of S. American, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.

Bosjesman.

Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.

Bosnian.

Slavic, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.

Botango.

A sub-dialect of Menadu. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309. See Bolong.

Botia or Botya, see Bhot.

Botocudo.

A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America.

⁂ The dialect is quite distinct from the Guarani. D. F. ☞

Boustrophedon.

“To turn,” as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek writing, which went alternately in different directions; Solon’s laws were thus written. It comes intermediate between the Semitic order of writing, viz., from right to left, and the European form from left to right.

Bouton, see Buton.

Bowditch Island.

The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had no written language before visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles the Samoan that its books are easily read and understood by the people. W. G.

Bowri.

A dialect of Tamul.

Brahminic.

A name for Sanskrit.

Brahooi or Brahui.

A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied to Tamil. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 1861; Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.

⁂ Interesting as showing affinities to Japanese, Loochoo, Korean, and Basque. H. C. See Beloochi.

Brai.

A dialect of France; Cambrai (Nord)? See “Dictionnaire du Patois du Pays de Brai,” 1852. W. W. S.

Braj-Bhaka, see Bruj.

Bramhu or Bhramu.

A dialect of Thibetan, vernacular in Nepaul.

Brasilian, see Brazilian.

Brass-town.

A class of negro dialects allied to Aro. See Oru.

Brazilian.

A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay; it is largely infused with Portuguese, and much used by residents. In Portuguese the “lingua Brasilica” means the “lingua geral.” See Da Silva: “Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil,” &c., Bahia, 1854.

Bremisch.

A name for the Low-German dialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See “Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch,” Bremen, 1767-71, with Supplement, 1869. W. W. S.

Brescian.

An Italian patois, vernacular in Lombardy.

Breton.

See “Dictionnaire Breton-Français et Français-Breton,” par Villemarqué, 2 vols., 1847-50; and “Dict. Celto-Breton and Breton-Français,” par Legonidec, 1807-21. ☞

Brissi.

A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied to Teto. Vocaby. in Wallace: Appdx. See Kupang.

British.

A name for the Pre-Roman dialects of England. See Celtic or Keltic.

Bruj.

A dialect of Hinduwi, otherwise called Brij-bhaka, spoken in the province of Agra, Hindustan.

Bubonko.

Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toühia Islands, in the Gulf of Tomini, N. Celebes. P. J. V.

Buchan.

A dialect of Scotland.

Budugur.

A dialect of Canarese, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.

Buduma.

A native dialect of Africa, allied to Kanuri. Spoken by the islanders of Lake Tshad.

Bughelcundi.

A corrupted Hinduwi, otherwise called Baghelcundi, vernacular in Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.

Bugis or Buji.

A dialect of the Malayan family spoken in the Island of Celebes or Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a different character from Old Macassar. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” Dissertation p. 88. “Vocabulary,” Mission Press, 1833; “Chrestomathies,” Paris. See Mangkasar.

Buji.

African: a sub-dialect of Kabyle.

Bulanda.

A dialect of W. Africa, allied to Bago.

Bulgarian.

Also called Cyrillic; a dialect of Slovack origin, brought into Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them, is a province of European Turkey. Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c., Constantinople, 1859-60. ☞

Bulgarian, Old, see Slavonic.

Bullom.

A dialect of Mandingo, vernacular near Sierra Leone, W. Africa.

⁂ It is in contact with Timmani, but totally different therefrom.

Bulochi, see Beloochi.

Bumbete.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the R. Gaboon. It is classed as a N.W. form of Kaffir.

Bunda.

The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a sub-genus of Bantu, including also Angola, Nano, Otziherero, and Sindonga. See Cannecattim’s Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.

Bundelcoondi.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in the district of Bundelcund, Allahabad, British India.

Buol or Buool.

Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis.

Burgundian.

The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal dialects of the old Langue d’oil; the others being the Picard, the Norman, and the French of the I. de France. W. W. S.

Buriat.

A Mongolian dialect of the Turanian family of languages, vernacular near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia in Asia. Castrén: “Versuch einer Burjätischen Sprachlehre,” by Schiefner, 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857. See Kalka. ☞

Burmese.

A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia; originally conformable to Chinese, it has been modified by the fusion with Pali, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd: “Embassy to Ava,” Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries: Hough (Maulmein, 1845); Judson (Rangoon, 1866).

Bushman.

A dialect of African, remotely related to the Hottentot; it is also called Saab.

Butan.

A dialect of Thibetan, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan. See Bhootanese and Bhot.

Buton or Boutang.

A dialect allied to Bugis, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to the S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

Buttanir.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana, N.W. India; it is sometimes called Virat.

Byzantine.

A name for the Greek of the Eastern Empire. Sophocles: Lex., Boston, U.S., 1870.

ADDENDA.

Badagry.

A language of W. Africa.

Badakshan, see Shighnis.

Bangsa.

African: a tribe of Kouri.

Barabra, Berabra.

African: names for the Nubians.

Barba.

African: a dialect of the W., like Mose and Fanti. H. C.

Behistun.

Trilingual inscription.

Belakan.

A tribe of Marulat in Caucasia. H. C.

Benua.

Orang Benua: people of Malacca. See Jakun.

Berne.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Berry or Berrichon.

A patois of French; “Vocabulaire,” by Jaubert, Paris, 1839.

Besleyeutsi.

A sub-dialect of Circassian.

Bhumij.

A Kol tribe of India, allied to Sontal. H. C.

Bohmen.

A sub-dialect of High-German. See “Geschichte,” by Pelzel, Vienna and Prague, 1788-91.

Boje or Boye.

African: a name for the Taka or Takue.

Boko.

African: a dialect like Bangbay. H. C.

Bola.

African: allied to Pepel. H. C.

Bolognese.

Italian: dialect of Bologna. See Vocabulary by Verrari, Bologna, 1835.

Bora, see Mabang.

Bortlykh.

A tribe of Kasi-Kumuk, in Caucasia. H. C.

Botlik.

Caucasian: a dialect of Andi, allied to Akhwash. H. C.

Bourges, see Cher.

Bourgogne.

French: dialect of Burgundy. Glossary by Barôzai and Monnoye, Châtillon, 1825.

Brabant.

Provincial dialects of Holland; sub-dialects of N. Brabant are Bosch and Bredaasch.

Brandenburg.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Moritz: “Märkischer Dialekt,” Berlin, 1781.

Bredaasch.

Low-German: dialect of the Netherlands. See Hoeufft: “Proeve van B. taal-eigen,” Breda, 1837.

Bregentzish.

Sub-dialect of High-German. See Bergmann: “Ueber die Volkssprache-Bregenzerwalde,” Innspruch, 1827.

Brescian.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocabulary by Melchiori, Brescia, 1817-20.

Brinni.

African: name of a Kouri tribe.

Burrah-Burrah.

Also written Boora-Boora: a dialect of the Lower Murray R., Victoria; named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge. J. B.

Burtuna.

Caucasian; a tribe of Marulat. H. C.

Bute.

African: allied to Bangbay.

Bzub.

Caucasian: the best known dialect of the Ude. See Schiefner’s Grammar. H. C.

C.

Cabaros.

American; aborigines on the R. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau: “Expedition,” vol. v., pp. 273-4.

Cabool, see Caubul.

Cacharese.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal; more generally spelt with a K. See Kookie.

Cachiquel, under K.

Caddo.

A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin’s Synopsis in “Archæol. Amer.” vol. ii., and “Tr. Amer. Ethnol.”

Cadiak, under K.

Cadmean.

Name for the earliest form of the archaic Greek alphabet, consisting originally of seventeen letters, derived from the Semitic; eight letters being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from Pliny.

Caffre or Kaffir.

One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in Caffraria, S. Africa; remotely derived from Coptic, and mingled with native African.

Cagataic, under K.

Cagayan.

Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands.

Cagliari.

A dialect of Sardinian.

Cag-Mag.

Coarse speech.

Cahita.

American: dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See Vocaby. in “Nouvelles Annales,” Paris, 1841.

Cahuillo.

American: dialect of U. California. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.

Cairnos.

American: see “Catechismo,” by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.

Cajeli.

A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Calabar, New, see Efik.

Calabar, Old.

A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa. See Otam.

Calabrian.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian.

Calchaqui.

American; name for the Inca, Quichua, Kechua, or Peruvian, dialects of Tucuman.

Caldani, see under K.

Caledon Bay.

Australian; tribe of natives. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

Caledonia, New, see Baladea.

Californian.

American: numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the chief being the Juma or Yuma, Cochimi, Pericu, Kechi or Kizh, Netela and Waikuru. See “Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.,” vol. vi., London, 1850; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes,” iv., 406.

Callilehet.

American: mountaineers of Patagonia.

Calmuc or Kalmuk.

A dialect of Moghol, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes of the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.

Camacan.

American: a dialect of Botocudo. Da Silva: “Diccionaria ... Lingoa Geral.” See Mongoyo. ☞

Camarian.

A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied to Amboyna. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Camba, see Kambali.

Cambojan.

A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of S. Asia.

Cambrai.

A patois of France; Dept. du Nord.

Cambrian.

A name for Welsh.

Cambridgeshire.

The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of Norfolk. See Forby’s “Vocabulary of East Anglia.” W. W. S.

Cameroons.

African: a geographical term for some dialects of Bantu, ex. gr. the Bimbra, Dualla, and Isubu.

Cames.

American: Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect of Guarani.

Campaspee.

Australian: name for the Gnurellean.

Canaanite or Canaanitish.

The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the Jordan, closely allied to Hebrew. As the Canaanites were descended from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their languages has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald, Winer, Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had a common origin. But since the publication of Knobel’s work on the ethnology of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and critics hold with Gesenius and J. G. Müller that the Hebrews adopted the language of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic dialect, while Jacob uses Hebrew. R. P. S.

Canaanitic.

Semitic: a name for the central branch, comprising Hebrew, Punic Phœnician, and Samaritan.

Canamerim.

American: dialect of the R. Purus. See “Trans. R. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1870.

Canarese.

A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore, a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the Presidency of Madras; it is allied to Tamil and Cingalese, with a cursive alphabet very similar to Telinga, called also Karnatika and Kannada. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864; Dicty. by Reeve (E. & C.), Madras, 1832; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.

Canary, see Guanche.

Canaway.

American: name for the Kenay.

Canchi, Casnas, see under K.

Canichana.

American: a dialect of the Moxos missions.

Canistoga.

American: spoken on the R. Susquehanna.

Canoj.

An ancient dialect of Hinduwi, closely allied to Brug, localised at Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India; spoken also in the Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges, and sometimes called Canyacubya.

Canopus.

Inscription: bilingual Egyptian: known as the decree of Canopus.

Cant.

Slang or vulgar speech, derived from the Latin “canto,” “I sing.” See dicty. in “Life ... of Bamfylde Moore Carew,” London, 1789.

Cantabrian.

A name for a pre-Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or Hispania.

⁂ Also sometimes used as a synonym for Basque. W. W. S.

Cantonese.

A local dialect of Chinese, called Kong; spoken in the province of Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.

Caraho, see Caraja.

Caraib or Carib.

A native American dialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America; the natives, called Karifs, have peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For Vocaby. See Davies’ “History of the Carriby Is.,” London, 1866. ☞

Caraja or Caraya.

American: dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.

Caranca.

American: dialect of the Quichua.

Carian.

An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found only in inscriptions, written in a modified Archaic Greek character. The language has not yet been explained; see “Révue Archéologique,” March, 1870.

Caribisi.

A sub-dialect of Carib.

Caripuna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cariri, see Kiriri.

Carnataca, see Canarese.

Carnicobar.

A sub-dialect of Malay, allied to Mon, vernacular in the Nicobar Islands.

Carniolan.

A dialect of Slovack, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.

Carolines.

A dialect of Polynesian, vernacular in the N. Pacific: see dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

Carpentarian.

A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Carpentras.

Egyptian: bilingual inscription in so-called Aramaic and hieroglyphics, called the Carpentras stone.

Carriers.

American: Mackenzie’s name for the Tacullies.

Carshun.

A name for Arabic, written in the characters of the Syriac alphabet as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.

⁂ Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, “Bibl. Med. Laur. Catal.,” p. 51. R. P. S.

Carthaginian, see Punic.

Cartouch.

An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an inscription, device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian hieroglyphics. See cut: Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., (Cheops).

Cashgar, same as Kashkari.

Cashmerian or Cashmeree.

A dialect of Sanskrit, largely influenced by Persian; vernacular in Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India. It is written in the Divanagari characters.

Cassia, see Khassee.

Castelmagno.

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Alps.

Castilian.

Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of “Galligo-Castellano,” by Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863.

⁂ In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana) prevailed exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the proper name for modern Spanish. W. W. S.

Catalan, Catalonian.

A dialect of Spanish, vernacular in the province of Catalonia; it consists of a mixture of corrupted Latin and Gothic.

⁂ The old Catalonian strongly resembled Provençal, and was spoken in Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. W. W. S.

See “Diccionario,” by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.

Catawbas or Kutahbas.

American: dialect of the Catawhays, formerly vernacular in N. and S. Carolina. Gallatin’s “Synopsis,” Camb., U. S. 1836. See Waccoa.

Cathlascon.

American: a mixed language of L. Columbia, also called Wasco, and sometimes classed as Chinuk; sometimes as Tschaili-Selish.

Catoquina.

American: a dialect of Brazil. R. G. L.

Caubul, under K.

Caubulee.

Modern dialect of Kabulistan.

Caucasian.

A term for Georgian.

⁂ Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them; but more properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial, and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the Circassians, &c. See Max Müller: “Languages of the Seat of War,” p. 113. G. R.

Cauixana.

American: a dialect of Brazil.

Cauke.

American: a dialect of the Quichua.

Caveri.

American: a spelling of Carib.

Cayagau.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied to Bisaya.

Cayapo.

American: a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl’s “Reise,” Weimar, 1832.

Cayenne.

American: dialects of French Guiana. Those known are the Emerillons or Rocouyenne, the Oampi, and Oyapok.

Cayowa.

American: a native dialect of Brazil, classed as Guarani. See Castelnau’s “Expedition.”

Cayubaba, or Cayuvava.

The dialect of the Caháns or Woodmen of S. America; it is allied to Guana; spoken on the R. Mamoré.

Cayuga.

American: a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 482.

Cayus.

The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.

Celdales or Tzendales.

American: dialect of the Maya spoken in Guatemala.

Celebese.

The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the Eastern Sea; all are allied to Batta.

⁂ Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of Celebes. P. J. V. ☞

Celt-Iberian.

A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the Roman era, with characters framed on the Old Italic. See Basque.

Celtic or Keltic.

A branch of the Aryan or Indo-European family of languages. See Ebel: “Celtic Studies by Sullivan,” London, 1863; Zeuss: “Grammatica Celtica,” Berlin, 1868-71.

⁂ It contains two classes: 1, the Cymric, which includes Welsh, Cornish (now extinct), and Bas-Breton; 2, the Gadhelic, which includes Erse, or Irish, Gaelic (spoken in the Highlands of Scotland), and Manx (spoken in the Isle of Man). W. W. S.

Celto-British.

A name for Welsh.

Ceram.

A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied to Buton.

⁂ Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies of Camarios, Hatusua, Kaibolu, Peru, Rumahkai, Tehulate, and Waisamu. P. J. V.

Ceris.

American: dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett’s “Personal Narrative.”

Ceylon, see Cingalese.

Chaco.

The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.

Chagos.

American: dialect of Auraucanian, vernacular in a small archipelago off Chili.

Chaldee or Chaldaic.

An extinct language of Semitic origin, generally supposed to be Hebrew, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name given to a dialect of Aramaic written in characters of square Hebrew, as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and Levy.

⁂ Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of their empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among later Jews. G. R. ☞

Chamori.

A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.

Champenois.

Romance: French patois of Champagne.

Chandor.

Tartar tribe of Central Asia.

Chandragupta, see Gupta.

Changlo.

A dialect of Butan, allied to Burmese.

Changos.

American: independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about 24° S.L.; dialect unknown.

Chanta.

A dialect of Yeniseian, spoken by Ostiaks.

Chaouia.

African: French form of the Showiah.

Chapa, under Chiapaneca.

Chapacura.

American: dialect of the Moxos Missions; also called Huachi. See D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

Charca.

American: dialect of the Aymara.

Charlotte, Queen, Cape, see Baladea.

Chasdim.

In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees are called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.

Chavante.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil. See Cherente.

Chaw.

A dialect of N. Arracan.

Chayma.

American: a dialect of Venezuelan Carib spoken along the watershed of the Rs. Orinoco and Amazon.

Check, Chekhe, see Bohemian.

Cheecheelee.

American: one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head Indians. The more correct form would be Tsihaili.

Chemehuevi.

American: dialect of U. California, allied to Paduca.

Chemmesyan.

A dialect of Atna or Selish, vernacular in N. America.

Chepang.

A dialect of Nepaulese, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian origin.

Chepewyan.

American: dialect of Athabascan about Hudson’s Bay. It is the “Northern Indian” of early explorers.

Cher.

Romance: a patois of France; see de Gembloux: “Notices sur Bourges et la Dept. du Cher,” Bourges, 1840.

Cheremiss, see Tscheremissian.

Cherente.

American: a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied to Chavante.

Cherokee.

A large family of native N. American dialects, classed as Appalachian or Floridian, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R. Tennessee was formerly called Cherokee.

Cheshire.

A dialect of England. See Wilbraham’s “Glossary of Words used in Cheshire,” 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826. W. W. S.

Chetimacha.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Muskogulge or Creek.

Cheyenne, see Shyenne.

Chiapaneca.

American: dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See “Artes,” by Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chibcha.

Otherwise Muysca, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at Santa-Fé de Bogota, New Grenada.

Chichua.

American: same as Quichua.

Chikkasah.

American: a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas; also called Chicachas; classed as Mobilian.

Chilian or Chileno.

American: name for the dominant language of the original Indians of Chili; also called Araucanian. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres Santiago, 1846. See Moluche.

Chimanos.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Baniwa, vernacular on the R. Orinoco. See Ticuna.

Chin.

(1.) American: a form of the Chinese word for “men;” it appears in Atna, as applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word “Tshin” or “Chinook.” See Nagailer. ☞

(2.) Asiatic: a dialect of N. Arracan.

Chinantaca.

American: a dialect of Maya, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. “Artes,” by Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chinchaisuyu.

American: Quichua, dialect of Lima.

Chinese.

(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages, vernacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects, and resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is considered to have originated from drawings of actual objects, somewhat analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture writing of Mexico. The word “chin,” in Chinese, means “man,” “men,” i.e. the inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F. Davis, Bart., “Chinese Miscellanies,” London, 1865; “Moral Maxims,” Macao, 1823; “Poetry of the Chinese,” London, 1870. Dicty. by Lobschied, Hong-Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.

(2.) Dialects are Amoy, Cantonese, Foochow, Mandarin, Miau, Punti, Shanghai.

Chinook.

(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects are Clatsop, Cathlascon or Wasco, and Wakaikam. Vocaby. in “Hale’s Exploring Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1840.

(2.) A mingled patois, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N. America, and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes.” See Jargon.

Chippewayan.

A native dialect of N. America, sometimes called Ojibway, belonging to the Algonquin family of languages, spoken by races spread through Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg. They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to the Cree.

See “Cree Grammar,” by Howse, London, 1805; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., 4.

Chiquito.

A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguiñañeis, in Bolivia, S. America. Used also for the Missions. ☞

Chiriguano.

American: Bolivian dialect of the Tupi or Guarani. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

Chocha.

American: dialect of Mexico. See De Souza: “Biblioteca Megico,” 3 vols., 1816-19.

Chocktaw or Chahtah.

A native dialect of N. America, belonging to the Appalachian or Floridian group; the tribes, originally settled E. of the Mississippi, have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington, Philadelphia, 1870.

Choco or Cholo.

American: dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.

Chomano.

A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied to Chimanos.

Chondal or Chontal.

American: Squire’s class-name for the Woolwa. See Wulwa.

Chorotegan.

American: language of Nicaragua. See Squier: “History of Nicaragua,” 2 vols., 1861.

Chorti.

American: dialect of Maya, spoken in Guatemala. “Amer. Ethnol.,” N. Y., 1845.

Chouan.

French term; bucolic; speech of peasantry.

Choweshak.

American: language of Upper California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” Philadelphia, 1855.

Chowiah, see Chaouia.

Chrestomathy.

Greek word, from “χράω” “to import, to use;” a selection of useful passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with vocabularies, &c.

Chudic, see under T.

Chunipi.

American: dialect of the Chaco district. See Chunupies.

Chuntaquiro.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatins, allied to Caraja. Also called Simisenchis.

Church-Slavic.

A synonym for the Old Bulgarian of the eleventh century. See Schleicher’s “Formenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache,” Bonn, 1852. W. W. S.

Churwelsche.

A sub-dialect of Romanese or Romanic, spoken in the Engadine or Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also called Rhæto-Romanic.

⁂ It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, “Welsche,” i.e. “foreign.” W. S. W. V.

Chutia.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Singhpo.

Ciampa, see Tshampa.

Ciganis.

A name for Gipsey. See Zigani.

Cingalese.

The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based upon Sanskrit; and apparently formed by the admixture of Pali, a Sanskritic dialect, with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis, Colombo, 1852.

Circassian.

A dialect of the Caucasus, divided into Adigé and Absné. The native term is Tscherkess. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.

Clallam.

A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.

Clamets, see Lutuami.

Classification.

A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or supposed affinities.

⁂ The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.

LANGUAGES. | +--—--—--—--—---------—--—+--—--—--—-----------—--—+ | | Uncultivated. Cultivated. | | +--—--—-----—-+--—-----—--—-+ +--—--—------+--—-----—--+ | | | | Isolating. Inflectional. Isolating. Inflectional. | | | | | +--—-----—--—--+--—-----—--—-+ | +--—------—--+--—-----—--+ | | | | | | | | I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan. Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By (By loose (By internal (By languages. the (By the incorporation.) annexation vowel-changes.) proper modifications attachment of the suffixes.) of meaning by of suffixes grammatical reduplications to the elements.) and prefixes.) root.)

LANGUAGES. | +-------------------+-------------------+ | | UNCULTIVATED. | | | +-------------+-------------+ | | | | Isolating. Inflectional. | | | | | +--------------+-------------+ | | | | | | I. II. III. IV. | The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. | Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By | languages. the (By the incorporation.) | modifications attachment | of meaning by of suffixes | reduplications to the | and prefixes.) root.) | | +----------------------------------+ | | CULTIVATED. | +-----------+----------+ | | Isolating. Inflectional. | | | +------------+------------+ | | | | V. VI. VII. VIII. Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan. (By loose (By internal (By annexation vowel-changes.) proper of the suffixes.) grammatical elements.)

Farrar: “Families of speech,” p. 173.

Cleve.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Geerling: “Ueber die Clevische V.,” Wesel, 1841.

Cleveland.

A dialect of England, spoken in the district of Cleveland, situate in the North Riding of Yorkshire. See Atkinson’s “Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,” London, 1868. W. W. S.

Clydesdale.

A Lowland Scottish dialect, from which numerous words are cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S.

Cobeu.

American: language of the R. Negro. Allied to Uainambeu, and described by Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.

Coblentz.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Low-German.

Cocama.

American: spoken on the R. Ucayale.

Cochetimi.

A N. American dialect, allied to Acoma.

Cochimi.

A N. American dialect, vernacular in Old California.

Cochin-Chinese.

Monosyllabic: also called Anamite. Dissertation by Du Ponceau, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1838.

Cochnewagoes.

American: described as Iroquois; either extinct or another form of Cayuga. R. G. L.

Cockney.

Cant term for idiomatic speech of London, metropolis of the United Kingdom.

Cocomaricopa.

American: a dialect of Sonora, allied to Cuchan.

Coconoons.

American: a dialect of U. California, allied to Tularena. Spoken in the R. Mercede.

Coconuco.

American: dialect of New Grenada. See “Memoria,” by Mosquera, N. York, 1852.

Cocos.

A dialect of Polynesian, allied to Samoan.

Coeruna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cohistan I., see under K.

Colack.

A native dialect of Australia.

Collagua.

American: a dialect of the Aymara.

Comanch.

A dialect of Texas in America, classed as Paducan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 494. ☞

Comasque.

Romance: dialect of Lake Como.

Comeya.

American: a language of California; spoken by Indians of the San Diego Mission (Bartlett); a tribe of the Yumas, according to Whipple. See “Pacific R. R.,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.

Comparative Philology.

That branch of philology which treats of a comparison of languages by their grammatical structure, or the similarity of radical words.

Concho.

American: a dialect of Old Mexican. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 52.

Congo or Kongo.

A large genus of native African languages, vernacular on the W. coast. Classed by Dr. Bleek as Bantu.

Conibos.

American: dialect of Peru, on the U. Ucayale. “Bulletin de la Soc. Géo.,” Paris, 1853.

Coolie.

Indian word for “porter” or “bearer.”

Coorg, or Curg.

The dialect of Coorg, a mountainous district of Madras, S. India. Grammar by Cole, Bangalore, 1867.

Cootani, see Kitunaha.

Copeh.

American: dialect of U. California, vernacular on the R. Sacramento.

Coptic.

A language supposed to be derived from the ancient Egyptian, but mingled with Archaic Greek; it was spoken in the valley of the Lower Nile until the seventeenth century, but is now extinct. The alphabetical system greatly resembles Greek, with six letters adopted from the hieroglyphics.

⁂ The upper dialect is called the Sahidic or Theban; the middle dialect is the Memphitic, and the language of the Delta the Bashmuric. Greek words abound in all those, but most in the last. Vocaby. by Parthey, Coptic and Latin, L. & C., Berlin, 1844; Grammar by Schwartze, Berlin, 1850.

Cora.

A dialect of Central America, allied to Pima.

Cordofan.

African: dialect of the Capital, Obeyd.

Corean.

A dialect vernacular in the Corea, a peninsula of N. E. Asia, intermediate between China and Japan; it is a compound of Japanese with the Tatar. See Giliak.

Coretu.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Tucano.

Vocabularies are given by Wallace (Travels on the Amazon), and by Balbi (“Atlas Ethnog.”)

Corio (1).

A native dialect of Australia.

Corio (2) or Cureo.

A dialect of Italian, defined as Alpine.

Corneilles.

American: French name for the Upsaroka or Crow Indians.

Cornish.

An extinct dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Welsh and Breton; formerly vernacular in Cornwall.

⁂ See “Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum,” by R. Williams, 4to, Llandovery, 1862-65; and Norris’s “Ancient Cornish Drama.” W. W. S.

Cornish, Modern.

The Modern Cornish is an English, not a Celtic dialect; see “Specimens of Cornish Dialect,” by Treenoodle, 8vo, 1846. Another list has been given by Polwhele, Truro, 1808. W. W. S.

Cornouaillere.

Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton spoken in the diocese of Quimper Corentin.

Coroado.

A dialect of S. American, allied to Purus, spoken in Brazil; a similar vocabulary is called Coropos.

Coropo.

A dialect of S. American, vernacular in Rio Janeiro.

Correguaje.

American: language of New Grenada, spoken on the eastern slope of the Andes. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” Popayan, 1855.

Corsican (1).

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Isle of Corsica. See Robert’s “Sketches of Corsica,” London, 1825.

Corsican (2).

A dialect of modern Greek, allied to Mainot.

Costano.

A dialect of N. American classed as Talatui, spoken by the Olhones and Romonans, or Coast-men, in U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Costa-Rica, see Tularena.

Cotswold.

A dialect of Gloucestershire. See Huntley’s “Glossary of the Cotswold Dialect.” W. W. S.

Courland, see Curish.

Covareca.

American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions; see D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cowelits, under K.

Cowichan.

Language of Van Couver Is.; spoken in several dialects on the S.E. Coast, also on the mainland, up Fraser R. to Yale. R. B.

Craven.

A dialect of Yorkshire. See “The Dialect of Craven, with a copious Glossary,” by a Native (the Rev. W. Carr); 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1828. W. W. S.

Cree.

A dialect of Algonquin spoken by the Kristeneaux or Nehethowuck race of N. American Indians, widely spread along the tributaries of the R. Hudson in Canada. They use a system of characters greatly resembling our own stenographs. They are also found between the Red River and Rocky Mountains. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land:” London, 1873, p. 385. Grammar by Howse, London, 1805.

Creek.

The dialect of the Muskogulge race of N. American Indians, allied to Chocktaw. Spoken in Florida.

Cremonese.

Romance: dialect of Cremona, in Italy.

Creole.

Spanish word “criòllo,” from “creár” “to nourish”; it is a diminutive of “cría,” a “brood” or “suckling,” i.e. “a native.” A true Spaniard, one of the same breed; but brought up in America or the W. Indies; but applied also to any W. Indians of European extraction. In Creole forms of speech the basis is European; in Jargon it is American. Grammar by Thomas, Port of Spain, 1869. See Jargon.

Creolese.

A name given to the corrupted dialects of European languages spoken by negroes in S. America and the W. Indies.

⁂ (1.) English and Negro in Surinam. See Grammar (Neger-Englische) Bautzen, 1854; Dicty. (Dutch and Neger-Englische) Löbau, 1856.

(2.) Portuguese and Negro in Surinam. See Saramacca.

(3.) Dutch and Negro in St. Thomas (Danish.) Grammar by Magens, Kjobenhavn, 1770.

(4.) Spanish and Negro. Putman, “Gemeenzame Zamenspraken,” Santa Rosa, 1853.

(5.) French and Negro in Trinidad. Vocaby. by Joly, Paris, 1802.

Cretan.

Hellenic: a sub-dialect of Greek; see under K.

Cristeneux, under K.

Crivingian or Crivonian.

Mixed dialect of Lett and Fin. It is sometimes called Crivono-Lithuanic. See Lief.

Croatian.

Slavonic: a dialect of Servian spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia, Austrian provinces bordering on the Adriatic. It is closely allied to Illyrian, and is written with Latin and also with Glagolitic characters. See Dicty. by Sulek, “Deutsch-Kroatische,” Agram, 1854-60.

Crow.

A dialect of the Sioux class of native N. American dialects. The native name is Upsaroka.

Cuba, see W. Indies.

Cuchan.

The dialect of the Yuma Indians, in N. America, vernacular on the R. Colorado.

Cuciquia.

American: same as Chiquitos.

Cufic.

The most ancient mode of writing Arabic, so named from Kufah, in Irak, originally a province of Persia; the alphabet is modified from the Syriac, and is found in the earliest copies of the Koran and on coins of the first three centuries after Mohammed’s flight from Mecca, A.D. 622; now superseded by the Nishki, since adopted by Turks and Persians. W. S. W. V. ☞

Culino.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cumana, Cumanagota.

American: dialects of Carib, closely allied to Chayma. See Tamanaque.

Cumanch.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Shoshone, vernacular in Texas. See Comanch.

Cumanian.

An extinct dialect of Turkish.

Cumberland or Cumbrian.

A dialect of England. See Ballads and Poems by J. Relph, T. Sanderson, Rev. R. Nelson, E. Clarke, J. Stagg, Miss Blamire, A. C. Gibson, &c.; especially Cumberland Ballads, by R. Sanderson, with a Glossary by S. Gilpin. W. W. S.

Cunacuna.

A dialect of central American, allied to Darien.

Cuneiform, see Arrow-Head.

Cuneo, see Corio.

Cunipusana.

American: dialect of the Barre or Baniwa class.

Curacoa.

A compounded Negro-Dutch, spoken in the Caribbean Is., W. Indies.

Curaves.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Curdish, under K.

Curgi.

A dialect of Malayalim, called Kodugu, and allied to Tulu.

Curish, Curlandish.

Lithuanic: dialect of Courland or Kurland. See Lief.

Cursive.

So-called running hand; applied to alphabets of small, rounded or connected letters, that may be rapidly formed; from the Latin, “curro,” “I run.”

It is generally contrasted with (1) monumental or lapidary; (2) printing.

Curuminaca.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cushna.

American: dialect of U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii.

Cutchi.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken over the district known as the Runn of Cutch, N. W. India.

Cuzco, Cuzcucano.

American: dialect of Quichua.

Cymraig, see Welsh.

Cynurian.

A name for certain forms of ancient Greek.

Cyprian or Cypriote.

An extinct dialect, formerly vernacular in the Isle of Cyprus, not fully understood, but perhaps allied to ancient Greek, and expressed by a peculiar alphabet having some analogies with the Lycian. Inscriptions found at Citium, &c.; “Jl. of Biblical Archæology,” January, 1873. G. R.

Cyrillic.

A name applied to the written characters of Slavonian and Wallachian, ascribed to Constantine the philosopher, known as St. Cyril, the apostle of the Slaves, circa 850 A.D.

⁂ These characters are chiefly taken from the Greek, with many additions, and the number of distinct characters exceeds forty. The Russian alphabet is derived from it, but is simpler. G. R.

The name is also used for Old Bulgarian, the ecclesiastical dialect of Old Slavonic. See Church-Slavic.

Czech, see Bohemian.

ADDENDA.

Cabala, see under K.

Caipotorade.

American: sub-dialect of Zamuca.

Camshava, Cumshewan.

American: tribe of Haidah in Q. Charlotte’s Is.

Cathay, see Munipoori.

Cauraseni.

Indic: dialect of Prakrit.

Chacahuaxti.

American: sub-dialect of Totonaka.

Chahtah, see Chocktaw.

Chalchesi.

American: sub-dialect of Nahuatl.

Chamer.

American: Osage tribe of Arkansas.

Chami, Chumi.

Illyric: sub-dialect of Albanian.

Champhung.

Indo-Chinese: a Naga dialect.

Chanos, Chonos, Chunos.

American: tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.

Chasowo.

Ugrian: dialect of Samoyed.

Chechehet.

American: tribe of Puelche.

Chelake, Chilake, see Chirake.

Chellouh.

African: same as Shilluk.

Chichimek.

American: ancient dynasty of Mexico.

Chilcart.

American: leading tribe of Sitka.

Chilicothe.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Chimmesyan, see Chemmesyan.

Chin-cheo.

Chinese: name for the dialect of Fu-Kian.

Chirake.

American: same as Cherokee.

Chirupa.

American: dialect of Maypur.

Chola.

American: mestizo race of Peru.

Chonos, see Chanos.

Chopunish.

American: name for Sahaptins.

Choscot.

Moghol: dialect of Kalmuk.

Chowhone.

Dravidian: sub-dialect of Bowri.

Chuchu.

American: dialect of the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia.

Chumi, see Chami.

Chuno, see Chanos.

Chunupies.

American: tribe of Vilela.

Cole, see Kol.

Concha.

American: Chikkasah dialect of W. Florida.

Crimean.

Turkee: called Krim-Tartar; dialect of the Crimea. Vocaby. in Montandon’s “Guide,” Odessa, 1834.

Crnogorci.

Servian: same as Montenegrine.

Culilan-Cunny.

American: tribe of Tehuelhets. Cunny: a tribal designation of that people.

Cumshewan, see Camshava.

D.

Dabantshi.

African: dialect of the district of Hamarua and Adamawa; Barth’s Collection; Gotha, 1862-6. See Batta.

Dacian or Daco-Wallachian, see under W.

Dacotah.

American: chief dialect of the Sioux; Pond: “Dakota Reading-book,” Boston, 1842. See Sioux.

Dagamba or Dagwumba.

African: dialect of the Kouri. See Ingwa.

Dahi or Darahi.

Indic: a dialect of Nepaul allied to Kuswar; it is also called Denwar.

Dahomy.

African: a large group of languages vernacular on the Guinea Coast. McLeod’s “Voyage,” London, 1820. See Widah.

Dairi.

The dialect of Western Battas, in Sumatra. P. J. V.

Dajak or Dyak.

The native dialect of Borneo, a large island in the Indian Archipelago: spoken by Polynesian aborigines as distinct from Malay. Keppel: “Expedition,” London, 1846; Hardeland’s Dicty., Dajacksch-Deutsches, Amsterdam, 1859.

Dakhani or Dukhani.

Indic: a dialect of Hindostani vernacular among the Mohammedans of the Madras Presidency, in the Deccan or S. Peninsula of India.

Dalecarlian.

Sub-dialect of Swedish; see Arborelius Conspectus: “Lexici,” Upsala, 1813; “Grammatices,” 1818; Ihre’s “Swenskt Dialect-Lexicon,” Upsala, 1766. W. W. S.

Dalla.

African: a negro dialect spoken on the Abyssinian frontier. See Shangalla.

Dalmatian.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Servian. See Frölich “Der Kleine Illirier,” Vienna, 1840.

Dalrymple, Port.

Tasmanian; native dialect of district so-called.

Damantshi.

African; assigned by Barth to a district of Hamarna.

Dammara.

African: sub-dialect of Hottentot.

Damot.

African: sub-dialect of Agaw.

Damulic.

Dravidian: same word as Tamulic.

Danish.

Teutonic: a language of the Scandinavian branch. It is the vernacular tongue of modern Denmark and its dependencies, and closely allied to Swedish and Norwegian. See the Dictionaries by Molbech, Copenhagen, 1841-59; Ferrall and Repp, 1861; and the Society’s great “Danske Ordbog,” in 8 or 9 vols., still unfinished.

Dankali (pl. Danakil).

A sub-dialect or division of Galla, spoken by the Danakil or Afers, an intrusive tribe located between the Red Sea and Abyssinia; the word “Afer” has been plausibly referred to as containing the lost root of the word “Africa;” most probably a variant of Kaffir; and “Dana,” taken speculatively, may be connected with the Greek legend of the alleged Danaan migration from Egypt, in pre-historic times. See Isenberg: “Vocabulary,” London, 1840.

Dano-Saxon, see Anglian.

Darahi, see Dahi.

Dard or Dardu.

A group of languages vernacular in Caubul, more especially on the mountainous tracts of the Paropamisan range; known also as Shina. Vocaby., &c., by Leitner. ☞

Darfur.

African; König: “Vocabulaire,” Paris, 1839; Perron: “Sheikh Mohammed’s Voyage,” Paris, 1845. See Furian.

Darien.

American: spoken by aborigines in the Isthmus, so-called. ☞

Darling.

Australian: dialect of Yak-Kumban. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Dar-Mitchegua, see Dizzela.

Darnley (1).

Australian: native dialect of an island so named.

Darnley (2), see Erroob and Maer.

Dar-Runga.

African: allied to Mobba. Browne’s “Travels,” London, 1799.

Darsaleh Wady or Bergu.

Large district of Central Africa between Bornu and Darfur. The following languages are said to be spoken in it:—(1) Abue Gedam; (2) Ain Gamara; (3) Bili; (4) Bilting; (5) Girri; (6) Kajanga; (7) Kawak; (8) Kelingen; (9) Kodoyi; (10) Koromboy; (11) Kumo; (12) Madaba; (13) Madala; (14) Malanga; (15) Ogodongda; (16) Sheferi. Of these the Mobba is the only one known by printed specimens. The unpublished papers of Dr. Barth contain much new material for the investigation of this large and obscure region. R. G. L.

Dasen.

Papuan; dialect of the district about Port Doreh, New Guinea.

Dauphignese.

Patois of Old French: a sub-dialect of Provençal, formerly vernacular in the Dauphiné, S. France. See “Essai” by Jules, Paris, 1840.

Daura.

African: sub-dialect of Haussa.

Daurai.

American: Carib of Demerara; closely allied to Atoria.

Dautgart.

Australian: native dialect of W. Colack.

Deer.

Indian: a dialect of Swauti, closely allied to Shina. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

Degombah, see Dagamba.

Dehwar, see Dahi.

Delagoa Bay, see Lagoa and Tekeza.