DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES. (continued 2)

Delaware.

American: a dialect of Algonkin spoken by the true Beaver Tribe of the Lenni-Lenape race, originally located in the State of Delaware, but now removed to the frontier. The modern tribes are said to represent those with whom William Penn first treated in 1682. Pickering: “Vocabulary,” Boston, U. S., 1823. See Lenni-Lennape.

Delgado, Cape.

African: dialect of the Mozambique.

Dembea.

Semitic: sub-dialect of Amharic.

Demotic. (“Of the people.”)

A name for the most cursive writing of ancient Egypt; also called Enchorial.

⁂ It is written invariably from right to left, and has been derived from the primitive hieroglyphic. The earliest known employment of it was in the 7th century before Christ. See Brugsch: “Grammaire Démotique,” Berlin, 1855. G. R.

Denka (1).

Turanian; a name for the Odh or Sable Ostiaks.

Denka (2).

African: called also Dinka; it is spoken in Kordofan, and is allied to Shilluk. See vocabulary in Rüppel: “Reise in Abyssinien,” 2 vols., Frankfort, 1838-40.

Denwar.

Indic: very much like Dahi. H. C.

Deoria-Chutia, under C.

De-Peyster, see Fakaofo.

Derbyshire.

A provincial dialect of England; see “Glossaries,” by Mawe, 1802; Mander, 1821; also “The Reliquary,” ed. by Ll. Jewitt, F.S.A., a periodical. W. W. S.

Deri.

Persic: a sub-dialect of the Parsi, the descendant of the ancient Persian language, spoken in Persia from about A.D. 800. G. R.

Desya.

Dravidian: a term for provincial Malayalim.

Deutsch, see German.

Devonshire.

A provincial dialect of England: Dialogues and Glossaries by Palmer, 1837; Phillips and Gwatkin, 1839.

Dewalla, see Dualla.

Dewanagari, see Divanagari.

Dewa-ntshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

Dewoi.

African: a dialect spoken in Dahomey, and allied to Bassa, Grebo, Kru. &c. H. C.

Dey.

African: a sub-dialect of Grebo, formerly spoken at Cape Mesurado, on the W. Coast.

Dhamuk.

A sub-dialect of Turanian, spoken by a broken tribe of the Himalayas.

Dhangur.

A dialect of the Kol language. The Dhangres of Chota-Nagpoor are the principal emigrants (as Coolies) to Mauritius and the W. Indies. A. C.

Dhenwas, see Dahi.

Dhimal.

The same language as the Mech; the Dhimals, like the former, live and thrive in the malarious tracts of Nipal, along the base of the Himalaya. A. C.

Dialect.

The division of a language. Term used for the local variation of a language that is habitually used by, or usually intelligible among, the speakers (applied to provinces or large districts).

Dialect, Sub.

A further division of dialects (applied to townships or small tribes).

Dibon, see Moab.

Dido.

Lesgian, same as Unso. ☞

Diebes-Sprache.

German term for “cant or slang speech”; also called Gauner-Sprache; See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 310-12.

Diebs Is.

German name for the Ladrones. See Chamori.

Dieguno.

American: language of the mission of S. Diego, vernacular in California. ☞

Diepholz.

Sub-dialect of Low-German, vernacular in Westphalia. See Müller: “Westphälisches Idiotikon,” Churlande, 1794.

Dikele.

African: classed by Bleek in the N. W. branch of Bantu.

Dimal.

Same as Dhimal. See Mech.

Dinka.

African: same as Denka. See Mitterrutzner’s “Die Dinka-Sprache,” Brixen, 1866-7.

Dioscurian.

A name for the various languages vernacular in the Caucasus; used collectively.

⁂ The word is derived from Dioscurias, a Greek colony on the coast of Mingrelia. G. R.

Dippil.

A native dialect of the Australian aborigines. Vocaby. by Ridley, Sydney, 1866.

Divanagari.

A name for the alphabet adopted in Sanskrit, and transferred to Hindostani and many sub-dialects; the word is compounded of “Diva,” “God,” “nagara,” “a city,” i.e., “the sacred city”; scil. Benares. It is apparently derived from the Cufic, and quite distinct from old Sanskrit, a name for Bactrian or Zend.

Divihet.

American: same as Puelche.

Dizzela.

African: spoken on the frontiers of Abyssinia; also called Dar-Mitchegua. It belongs to the Agaw group. Salt’s “Voyage,” London, 1814. See Shangalla.

Djabu.

African: name for Eyo or Aku.

Djebaly.

African: same as Kabyle.

Djoe-Tong, see Saramacca.

Doba.

A Negro dialect of Abyssinia. See Shangalla.

Dodi.

African: a dialect of Bornu, allied to Bode and Ngodzen.

Dofla.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Abor.

Dog-rib.

American: a dialect of Athabascan, allied to Slave.

Dogura or Dogra.

Indic: a dialect of Sanskrit, otherwise called Jumboo or Mountain Punjabi, spoken in the Punjaub, N. W. India.

Doing-nuk or Nak.

Monosyllabic: a sub-dialect of Arakanese.

Dolganen.

Tatar: the most westerly dialect of the Yakut spoken between the Yenisey and the Chatunga by three small tribes: 1, the Dongot; 2, the Adgan; 3, the Dolgan. The Samoeids call them “younger brothers,” Dolgan being the Russian term. Latham’s “Nationalities,” vol. i., p. 262, London, 1863.

Dolkhali.

A dialect of Older Dravidian, vernacular in Nepal.

Domantshi.

African: the same as Damantshi and Dumantshi.

Dongolawy.

African: dialect of the Nubian Group, spoken on the Nile in 12° N.L. R. G. L.

Dor.

African: spoken on the Nile, about 3° N.L. See vocabulary by Petherick: “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 8vo, 1861.

Dorbot or Durbet.

A dialect of Moghol.

Doreh or Dorey, Port.

Papuan: dialects of N. Coast of New Guinea; Wallace: “Malay Archip.”

Doric or Dorian.

Hellenic: a dialect of Ancient Greek, spoken in Laconia, Argolis, Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, and several cities of Asia Minor, known to us both through books and inscriptions. It is of a broader character than common Greek. See Portus: “Dict. Doricum,” &c., 1603. G. R.

Dorpat.

Sub-dialect of Esthonian, vernacular at Dorpat in Esthonia, a Russian province on the Baltic. It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles Finnish. Masing: “Vorschläge,” 8vo, Dorpat, 1820; Faehlmann, “Versuch,” Dorpat, 1842.

Dorsetshire.

A provincial dialect of English. See Barnes: “Poems in Dorset Dialect,” 3 vols., 1847-62; also Grammar and Glossary in “Trans. of Phil. Society,” 1863. W. W. S.

Dravidian, Dravirian, or Tamulic.

A family of languages, agglutinative in character, vernacular in the S. Peninsula of British India, and classed as Sub-Turanian. It includes Canarese, Malayalim, Tamil, Telugu, and Tulu. The term is derived from “Dravira,” a Sanskrit name for the Coromandel Coast. It is also called Nishada. See Caldwell: “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 8vo, 1861. ☞

Drewin.

African: a dialect of Grebo, allied to Bassa, spoken at Cape Palmas, Ivory-Coast, Guinea, W. Africa.

Dsuku.

African: allied to Nufi.

Dualla.

African: spoken at Fernando Po, W. Coast; classed by Bleek as Bantu. It is also spelled Dewalla.

Duaura, see Baladea.

Dugorian.

A sub-dialect of Ossetinian.

Dumagat.

A dialect of Negrito; vernacular in the Philippine Islands.

Duman.

A Gipsey dialect of Persia. See Latham’s “Elements,” &c., London, 1862, p. 248.

Dumantshi.

African: dialect of Hamarua. A form of Damantshi. See Domantshi.

Durbet, see Dorbot.

Durham.

A provincial dialect of English. See Glossary in “Surtees’ Society Publications,” 1837. See Teesdale.

Dutch.

The modern typical language of Low-German, called Nieder- or Platt-Deutsch; it is the name formerly given to High-Dutch or German and Low-Dutch or Flemish, but now narrowed to the Netherlandish of Holland. It includes the dialects of Holland or Low-Dutch, and of Flanders, or Flemish, with their sub-dialects, and is allied to Platt-Deutsch, being one of the great classes of the Teutonic. The Dutch of Holland has a copious literature, and is spoken in Holland, parts of the West Indies, South Africa, and Australasia or Netherland-India. Provincial dialects are numerous. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 93-98; De Vries and Te Winkel “Woordenboek,” 1864-70, still unfinished; Hermansz’s “Aenleiding,” Amsterdam, 1723; Tuinman’s “Fakkel,” Leyden, 1722-31. H. C.

Dwama.

African: dialect of the Mana.

Dyak, see Dajak.

Dzekire.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Dzelana.

African: classed as Kouri, but allied to Mose, Guresa, and Gurma. H. C.

Dzhellaba.

African: dialect of Bornu.

Dzukaghir, or Jugaghir.

Ugrian: a sub-dialect of Fin.

ADDENDA.

Daco-Roman, see Wallachian.

Dakota, see Dacotah.

Danger Is.

Polynesian: language of the S. Pacific; a mixed dialect of Samoan and Tahitian. W. G.

Date.

African: a dialect of Akwapim. H. C.

Dauria.

Alatyan: a class of Tungus. H. C.

Dayak.

Correct form: the word is not “Dyak,” and “Dajak” is only a foreigner’s form of “Dayak.” H. C.

Dembo.

African: a branch of Shilluk. H. C.

Derbendian.

Sub-dialect of Turkish, spoken by certain tribes near the centre of the Caucasus. G. R.

Devanagari, Dewanagari, see under Di.

Dhangar.

Hindi: applied generally to the people of hill tracts, who come to the plains and engage as labourers; they are also shepherds, and closely allied to the Kurubars of S. India. They have a dialect peculiar to themselves. See Wilson’s “Glossary,” London, 1855. W. E.

Dher.

The lowest race in India, now generally reduced to a state of slavery, but retaining many household words, indicative of their origin, and well worth attention. W. E. See Pariah.

Dhurani.

A dialect of Affghan.

Djagataic, see under J.

Djetki.

Sanskritic: a dialect of Punjabi, spoken by the Djets or Djats, a people of the Punjab and Scinde. G. R.

Djoe-Tongo, see Saramacca.

Dofar, see Himyaritic.

Dom, Dombar.

Remnants of an aboriginal race in India, once a powerful people, now scattered as nomades, sometimes as predial slaves, or as acrobats, speaking all dialects, but having a domestic jargon peculiar to themselves. See “Supplementary Glossary, N. W. P.” W. E.

Domingo, St., see W. Indies.

Donki, see Tungus.

Double-Dutch.

Gibberish: anything perfectly unintelligible.

Dsebu, Dsekiri, Dsuma.

African: Aku dialects. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

Dsungar, Dzungarian.

Moghol: sub-dialect of Tatar.

Dukhani, see Dakhani.

Dumhoeta.

A dialect of Danakil.

Duzen.

German term: familiar speech.

Dynke.

African: dialect of the U. Nile.

Dyur or Luoh.

African: name for the Shilluk, including Bellanda and Dembo. See Schweinfurth’s Grammar and Vocaby., Berlin, 1873. H. C.

Dzungarian, see Dsungar.

E.

Eafen.

African: a dialect of the Otam.

Eap, see Yap.

East-Anglian.

A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. See Forby’s “Glossary of the East-Anglian Dialect”; Moor’s “Suffolk Words”; and the glossary appended to Nall’s “Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.” W. W. S.

Easter Is., see Teapy.

Ebe.

African: a dialect of the Nufi.

Ebo, see Ibo.

Ecclemachs.

American: a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few words. See “Mithridates,” iii., 3.

Ecuador.

American: general name for a group of languages vernacular in State so called.

Edo, see Shiho.

Efik.

African: language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to Avekvom. H. C.

Egarra.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Egba.

African: dialect of the Yoruba. See Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

Egbele.

African: dialect of the Ibo, allied to Okuloma, Uago, Sobo, Bini, and Olomo. H. C.

Egbira-Hima and Egbira-Panda.

African: dialects of the Nufi.

Egyptian.

A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri. Works by Champollion, Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of “England’s Place in Universal History” contains a most copious dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.

⁂ By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic; by others as undeveloped Semitic; by others it is called Hamitic, and thought to be allied to Turanian. G. R. See Coptic.

Ehnek.

American: vernacular in N. California.

Ekamtulufu.

African: a dialect of the Otam.

Eke.

African: a dialect of the Aku. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

Ekhkili.

A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in S. Arabia; it is allied to Tigre and other dialects of Abyssinia, and classed with the Old Egyptian. G. R.

Ele.

American: a dialect of the Betoi.

Eleuth.

A dialect of Calmuc, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.

Elminah.

African: a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold-coast.

Eloikob, see Ukuafi.

Elu.

A name for the written and most ancient dialect of Cingalese.

Elugu.

African: akin to the Isoama and Iswani. See Clarke’s “Vocabulary.”

Emden.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. See Krüger: “Uebersicht,” Emden, 1843.

Emerillon.

American: name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok. See Oyapok.

Emilian.

A patois of native Italian, vernacular along the upper course of the ancient Via Æmilia.

Enarean.

Portuguese name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke; if so, the word for “water,” which is “maidy,” is Kaffir; and the Enarean is a language of the Kaffir class, of which it is the most central representative. R. G. L.

Enchorial (“Of the Country”).

The same thing as Demotic.

Ende.

A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archipelago, closely allied to Bima. See Flores.

Endkek or Enedkek.

A dialect of Sanskrit, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.

Engadino or Enghadine.

A variety of the Romanese or Romance family, derived from Latin; it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubünden of Switzerland, vernacular on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn; it is sub-divided into two dialects, the upper and lower.

Engano or Enganho.

A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of Sumatra, spoken in an island so named. R. G. L. See Tilanjang.

Engerekmung.

American: native name for the Botocudos of Brazil. See Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” pp. 67-8.

England, New, under N.

English.

The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England; it is an offshoot from the Teutonic, formed directly from the Anglo-Saxon, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to Frisian and other dialects of Platt or Low-German. Mr. Skeat proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz.: 1, Old English (old and late old); 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle); 3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern); or, 1, to A.D. 1100; 2, to about A.D. 1240; 3, to A.D. 1327; 4, to A.D. 1484; 5, to A.D. 1603; 6, to present time. See Latham: “English Language,” and others; Stratmann’s and Wedgwood’s Dictionaries; Halliwell and Wright: “Archaic and Provincial”; Ellis: “Pronunciation”; publications of the E. E. Text Society; Morris: “Outlines of English Accidence”; Mätzner: “Englische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1860; Koch’s “Historische Grammatik,” Weimar, 1863-9. ☞

Enishi.

African: akin to the Umowo. See Clarke’s “Vocabularies.”

Eregba.

African: a dialect of the Nufi.

Erromango.

A class of Western Polynesian, allied to Annatom or Aneiteum, the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group. W. G.

Erroob.

A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes: “Voyage of the Fly,” vol. ii., p. 274.

Erse, see Irish.

Escuara or Euskarian.

Native name for the Basque language. The word is of doubtful etymology; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the B, V, and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative, but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have been detected. The people call themselves “Escualdun.” See De Larramendi: “Diccionario trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,” St. Sebastian, 1853; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to “Mithridates”), 8vo, Berlin, 1817; D’Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836. J. V. See Basque.

Esitako.

African: a dialect of Nufi.

Eskelen or Eslenes.

American: vernacular in U. California. See Vocaby. in “Tr. Am. Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. ii., p. 127.

Esquimaux or Eskimo.

The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it is allied to many other native American dialects, but with decided affinities to the languages of N.E. America. This people call themselves “Innuit,” i.e., “the people”; Eskimo is the Danish, Esquimaux the French form of the same word. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 78. ☞

Essex.

A sub-dialect of English. See “John Noakes and Mary Styles,” London, 1839.

Esthonian.

The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe; it is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and Riga (Dorpat). It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles Finnish. See Wiedemann: “Esthnisch-D. Wörterbuch,” St. Petersburg, 1869.

Estrangelo.

The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modification of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies “the gospel character,” it having been retained by the scribes for the copying of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land’s “Anecdota Syriaca,” vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palæographical introduction. R. P. S.

Etchemin.

American: a dialect of New England, belonging to the Abenaki division of the Algonkin class. The name tells us that it was spoken in the State of Maine.

⁂ See Barratt: “The Indian, &c.,” Middletown, Conn., 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 109.

Ethiopic.

Semitic: An extinct dialect of Arabic, closely resembling Amharic, and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic; it was spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the natives as “Lisana Gheëz.” See Ludolph; Schrader: “De Lingua Æthiopica,” Göttingen, 1860; Dillman: “Lexicon, Grammar, and Chrestomathy,” Leipsig, 1857-66.

Ethnology.

The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations; treating of all that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners, customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word Anthropology. See Latham: “Descriptive Ethnology,” and others; Prichard: “Physical History of Mankind,” and others.

Etrurian or Etruscan.

An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions; it is classed by some as Thraco-Pelasgic or Greco-Latin. The Etruscans were the most dominant power of Italy in pre-Roman times; their native appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abbé Migne has discussed the whole question. See “Dict. de Linguistique,” &c., folios 554-600, where the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray, Lord Crawfurd, Döderlein, Müller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub. See Palæo-Georgian.

Etymology.

The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of words.

Eudeve, see Heve.

European, see Indo-European.

Euskarian, see Escuara.

Ewoi.

African: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

Exmoor.

A provincial dialect of English, spoken in Devonshire. See “Exmoor Courtship and Scolding,” London, 1839.

Eyo or Eyish.

African: the same as Alieh, a sub-dialect of the Yarriba or Yoruba.

ADDENDA.

Ediya, see Adiyah.

Edjo.

African: tribes encroaching on Abyssinia. H. C.

Eelikinoo.

American: Sitka dialect of Chatham’s Strait.

Ehatsar.

American: name for Minetare.

Eijiquaijegi.

American: native name for Guaykuru of Cujaba.

Ejo.

African: same as Oru.

Ek-afir.

African: a form of the word Kaffir.

Ekklemache.

American: tribe of Eskelen in California.

Ellikpur.

Indian: dialect of Gond.

Empungwa, see Mpongwe.

Enagua.

American: extinct tribe of Omagua in Venezuela.

Enakaga.

American: dialect of Guaykuru.

Encounter Bay.

Australian. See Eyre’s “Journal,” London, 1845.

Endeavour River.

Australian. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

English, Old.

A name for Anglo-Saxon, sometimes applied to early English. See Mätzner’s “Altenglische Sprachproben”; Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe, London, 1865; Hyde Clarke’s “Comparative Philology of the English,” &c., London, 1859.

Enimaga.

American: name for the Kochaboth tribe of Guaykuru.

Enua, under F.

Epic Greek.

That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See Pinzger’s “Formenlehre des Epischen,” Breslau, 1829.

Epigraphic, see Inscriptions.

Erigas.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as Irokese.

Escopie, see Skoffi.

Eurasian.

The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese and Hindustani: the English ones English and Hindustani and Bengali. A. C.

F.

Fakaofo or Bowditch Is.

Polynesian: dialect of De Peyster’s Is.

Fala, Falantshi, or Falanji.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

⁂ Judging from Barth’s account, the termination “anji” would seem to mean “tongue”; he gives us instances of similar forms so applied. W. S. W. V. See Batta.

Falasha.

A dialect of Agaw, spoken by a people, called “Black Jews,” scattered throughout Abyssinia. See D’Abbadie, in “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog.,” Paris, 1845, and a modern book by Flad.

⁂ Derived from the Hebrew “fallâsi” (root פלש) a “wanderer” or “stranger.” A. H. B.

Fall-Indians.

American: a name for tribes of the Alasar. See Minetari.

Fallersleben.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. See Hoffmann’s “Mundartliche,” in Spiel’s “Archives,” 1821.

Families of Speech.

A name for primary divisions of languages, classed genealogically. See Dr. Farrar’s book, so called, London, 1870.

Fan.

Dialect of Sanskrit, used by Chinese Buddhists.

⁂ The full term is “Fan-lan-mo,” equivalent for “Brahma” in Chinese. See “Families of Speech,” p. 14.

Fanintshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Fant or Fante (1).

A name for the Gipsey dialect of Norway.

Fantee or Fanti (2).

African: dialect of the Gold-coast, closely resembling Avekvom, Ashantee, &c. See Kilham’s “Specimens.” Same as the Inta of Bowditch.

Faroer or Faroese.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Scandinavian, spoken in the Faroe Is., and closely resembling Icelandic. See Ferroe.

Farsi or Parsi.

A name for Old Persic, now extinct, but from which modern Persian has been derived.

⁂ It is that stage of the Persian language which followed on the Pehlevi, and prevailed from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000. G. R.

Faschetru.

African: a negro dialect of Nubia. See Rifaud: “Tableau de l’Egypte,” Paris, 1830.

Fassa.

Sub-dialect of Italian, spoken in the Tyrol.

Faté.

Polynesian: a dialect of the New Hebrides.

Favorlang.

A dialect of Malay, spoken in Formosa. See Happart: “Dict.,” Batavia, 1840.

Fazoglo.

African: spoken in Kordofan; also called Qamamyl, and somewhat allied to Denka and Shilluk. See Rüppell: “Reisen,” &c.

Feejeean or Fiji.

Language of the Yiti, Figi, Fidjee, or Viji Is. in the S. Pacific; the largest island is called Viti Lebu. See Hazlewood: “Grammar and Dict.,” 1850-2.

⁂ Classed as Malayan; it has sub-dialects, and has been reduced to writing by missionaries. H. C.

Feis.

Dialect of the Carolines. See Ulea.

Fella, Fellatah, see Fula.

Felup or Flup.

African: spoken on the R. Gambia. See Park’s “Travels.” Allied to Bagnon, &c.

Fenua.

A dialect of Papuan. In eastern islands, Ennua. W. G.

Fernandian.

African: dialects of Fernando Po, classed by Bleek in the N.W. branch of Bantu. See Adiyah.

Ferrara.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocabulary by Mannini, 1805.

Fertit (Golo).

African: spoken in Kordofan, about 9° or 10° N.L.; it is somewhat allied to Shabun. See Rüppell: “Reisen in Nubien.” See Kredy.

Fetu.

African: said to be a dialect of Fanti or Inta. H. C. See Afudu.

Fiaka.

Sub-dialect of Aino or Kurilian.

Fico, see California, Lower.

Fidah, see Widah.

Fiji, see Feejeean.

Filani.

African: Haussa name for Fula.

Finnic, Finnish, or Finlandish.

Agglutinative; the typical language of the Chudic, or Tschoudic family of Turanian; it is the native dialect of Finland, a grand duchy of European Russia, N. of the Baltic; it is, like Turkish, Tatar, and Moghol, classed as Alatyan, but largely influenced by Swedish and Russian. See Kellgren: “Die Grundzüge der Finnischen Sprache,” Berlin, 1847.

⁂ Dialects are (1) Province of Abo, (2) Tavastrian, (3) Karelian, (4) Olonetsian, (5) Vadialaiset. See Suomelaiset.

Firokana.

The name of an alphabetic character used by the Japanese.

Flash.

A name for Cant or Slang, derived, it is said, from a village so named in Staffordshire, but see the Swiss “flatschen,” “flatzgen.” Vocabularies in “The Scoundrel’s Dictionary” and “Life of James Hardy Vaux.”

Flat-bow.

A name for the Kútani tribes of N. American Indians. See Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

Flat-head, see Selish.

Flemish.

A dialect of Platt-Deutsch or Low-German, spoken in Flanders and other provinces of Belgium; it is closely allied to Dutch, and of cognate origin with Anglo-Saxon. See Van de Velde et Sleeckx: “Dict. Fr.-Flamand et Fl.-Fr.,” 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1848-51.

⁂ Classed as Netherlandish, and closely allied to Holland. Its chief variations consist in the introduction of French roots (Walloon or Welsh). It has an ancient and a modern literature. H. C.

Flores.

Sub-dialects of Malay, vernacular in the I. of Flores or Mangeylo, and closely allied to Bima. It is also called Ende.

Flup, see Felup.

Fobi.

African: dialect of the Soudan, lying N. of the Dagwamba.

Fokien.

A provincial dialect of Chinese.

Fonofo.

A sub-dialect of Papuan.

Foo-Chow.

A local dialect of Chinese. Dict. by Maclay and Baldwin.

Formosan.

Dialect of Malay, vernacular in Tae-wan or Taiouan, called Formosa, an island near the E. coast of China.

Fot.

African: dialect of the W. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Fotuna.

Polynesian: mixed dialect vernacular in the New Hebrides. W. G.

Fox-Indians.

American: name for the Kikkapu Indians.

Fox Is., see Unalaskhan.

Franche-comte.

A patois of French. “Essai” par de Brun et Petit-Benoist, Besançon, 1755.

Franconian.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Old High-German.

Frangi.

Lesgian: sub-dialect of Kasi-Kamuk.

⁂ A Caucasian dialect along the R. Terek. W. S. W. V.

Frank or Frankisch.

Teutonic: a dialect of Germanic, classed as Middle-High-German, spoken by tribes of Franks who were the founders of the French Monarchy. See French.

French.

A language derived directly from the Latin, as adopted by the Romanised Celts of ancient Gaul, and subsequently intermingled with the Teutonic dialects of Frankish and other Allemanic invaders, whence the name. It is the vernacular tongue of the modern European state known as France, and one of the most polished languages of the Universe. Migne: “Dict. de Linguistique,” folios 1018-21, quotes eighty-seven specimens from sub-dialects, called patois. “Dict. de l’Académie,” 2 vols., Paris; Fleming and Tibbins: “Royal Dict.,” 2 vols., Paris, 1866-7; Littré: “Histoire, Etudes, Dictionnaire,” &c. ☞

French, Old.

A sub-dialect of Langue d’oïl, formerly vernacular in the I. de France. See Orelli: “Altfranzösische Grammatik,” &c., Zürich, 1848. ☞

Fribourg.

A patois or sub-dialect of the French Rhenish provinces. Gaudy-Lefort: “Notice,” &c., in “Jnl. de Genève,” 1826.

Friendly Vill.

American: dialect of Billechoola, Salmon R.

Frisco Bay.

African: a Kru and Grebo dialect of the W.

Frisian (Friesisch).

Teutonic: the ancient dialect of Friesland, on the German Ocean, now partly submerged, or annexed by Holland and Prussia; it belongs to the Low-German branch, and is closely allied to Anglo-Saxon. It still survives as one of the local dialects of the Netherlands.

⁂ It is divided into three branches, viz.: 1, Batavian-Frisic, the most resembling Anglo-Saxon; 2, Westphalian-Frisic; 3, N. Frisic, the dialects of Heligoland, Schleswig, &c. See Richthofen: “Alt-F. Wörterbuch,” Göttingen, 1840: Rask: “Friesische Sprachlehre,” Freiburg, 1834. ☞

Fuca Strait.

American: dialect of the N.W. coast. See “Archæol. Am.,” vol. ii., p. 378.

⁂ Straits of S. Juan de Fuca, probably Oregones. W. S. W. V.

Fuegian.

Language of Tierra del Fuego, S. America.

⁂ Classed as Pygmean; it has two dialects, the Alikulip and Tekeenica. H. C. See Pescherai.

Fula, Fulah, or Fulfelde.

African: the chief language on the W.; it is allied to Mandingo. See Macbrair and Norris: “Grammar,” London, 1854; Clarke’s “Dialects,” p. 6.

⁂ This word is also glossed as “Fella”; it is probably a variant of the Greek word “πελλός,” “dark,” “swarthy,” “black.” See Peul.

Fungi.

African: name for the Shilluk.

Furian.

African: dialect of Dar-Foor or Dar-fur. See Rüppell’s “Reisen.”

⁂ Allied to the Akush of the Caucasus. H. C.

Futhorc.

Name for the Runic alphabets, taken from the first six letters, viz.: “Fe,” “Ur,” “Thurs,” “Os,” “Reid,” “Kaun.”

ADDENDA.

Felipe, San, see Pueblo.

Fellahin.

Arabic: plural of “fallah,” “a farmer,” or properly “a ploughman”; from the root “falh,” “ploughing or cleaving.” A. H. B.

Fenic, see Irish.

Feringee, Ferhengi.

Asiatic term for Europeans of doubtful etymology. Cf. Frank, Varangian, and Frängi.

Ferroe.

Same as Faroer. See Bosworth’s A. S. Dicty., ed. 1838, p. 161. W. W. S.

Florentine.

Romance: dialect of Florence in Italy.

Freiburg.

Teutonic: High-German of Switzerland. See Schreiber’s “Freiburg im Breisgau,” 1825.

Friendly Is., see Tongan.

Fukien, see Fokien.

Funge.

African: name for a population of Sennaar. H. C.

Furbesco.

Italian: term for cant or slang. “Trattato,” &c., Pisa, 1828.

G.

Ga.

African: a name for Accra or Akra. Zimmermann: “Grammatical Sketch,” 4to, Stuttgart, 1858. See Aquapim.

Gaboon or Gabun.

A large class of native African. See Mpongwe.

Gadaba.

Non-Aryan: a language vernacular in the highlands of Gaddapur in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, Circar of Ganjam.

Gadhelic or Gaelic.

A dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Irish and Manx; it is spoken in parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the neighbouring islands. Dictys. by Armstrong, McAlpine, Shaw, Macleod, and Dewar, &c., the best being that published by the Highland Society. Grammars by Forbes and Stewart.

Gadi.

A dialect of the Punjab, allied to Hindi.

Gafat.

A sub-dialect of Amharic, spoken in S. Abyssinia. See “Mithridates,” Dr. Beke, &c.

Gah.

A dialect of Malay, spoken by wild Alfuru of E. Ceram. See Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix.

Galaio.

A sub-dialect of Papuan.

Galego or Gallego.

A sub-dialect of Portuguese, allied to the Gallician of Spain, the same name being applied indifferently to both.

Galela.

A language anterior to Malay, vernacular in Gilolo. Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix. H. C.

Galgai.

A sub-dialect of the Caucasus, same as Ingush.

Galibi.

American: a form of the word Carib, belonging more especially to French Guiana.

Galilean.

A dialect of Aramaic. See Matth. xxvi., 73.

Galla.

African: spoken by the Gallas, i.e. “mountaineers,” a numerous people in Abyssinia and over a wide extent from the E. coast inwards, and S. till it reaches the Kaffir. See Tutschek: “Dictionary and Grammar,” Munich, 1844-5.

Gallic.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of France, anciently divided into Gallia Belgica, Celtica or Lugdunensis (i.e. Armorica), Aquitania, and Narbonensis. See Gaulish.

Gallician.

Language of Gallicia, in N.W. Spain, classed as a sub-dialect of Spanish. Rodriguez: “Dict. Galligo-Castellano,” Coruña, 1863. See Galego.

Gallois.

French name for Welsh.

Galzanen.

American: same as Koltschanen.

Gamamyl, see Qamamyl.

Gaman.

African: same as Buntuku; a dialect of Ashantee.

Gani.

Native dialect of So. Gilolo, an island of the Indian Archipelago. See Wallace: Appdx.

Garangi.

African: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich: “Mission to Ashantee.”

Garo.

(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.

(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to Borro. See Robinson’s “Assam,” Calcutta, 1841.

Garu.

A dialect of Bhot or Thibetan, also called Gartop. See Gerard’s Vocaby., “Jnl. A. S.,” Calcutta, 1842.

Gascon.

Sub-dialect of Provençal.

Gasconade.

Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the Gascons, a people in the S. of France supposed to be given to boasting. R. P. S.

Gauner.

German term for “cant,” “flash,” or “slang”; “Zigeuner,” i.e., “Gipsey.”

Gaur.

African: same as Geber. “Gaiour,” “Kaffir,” i.e. “infidel.”

Gaura.

A name for Bengali and other languages of N. India. See Panch.

Gawilghuri.

Name for Gond, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.

Gbe.

African: a dialect of the Manu class, allied to Bassa, Dewoi, and Kru. See Köelle: “Afr. Pol.” H. C.

Ge, Geiko.

American: dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” 3 vols., München, 1823-31. See Gez.

Geber.

African: a term for Kaffir. See Guebre.

Geez or Gheez.

Sub-Semitic or Hebræo-African, the modern language of Tigré, a province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the Ethiopic. See “Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez.”

Genevese.

Sub-dialect of French, spoken in Switzerland. “Glossaire,” Genève, 1819.

Gens de Pitié.

American: name for the Shoshones (“root diggers”).

Gentoo.

Name for Telinga, Telugu, in the Madras Presidency.

⁂ Introduced by the Portuguese from “Gentile.” W. E.

Genua, Genovese.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842. See Ligurian.

Geographical Distribution of Languages. See Introduction.

George’s Sound, King.

District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.

Georgian.

Caucasian: a family of languages spoken in several dialects, generally classed as Turanian, but mingled with Aryan. The main language is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province lying between the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the ancient Iberia. The characters of its written alphabet are altered from the Armenian, which people still call the Georgians by the name of “Virb.” See Tschoubinof: “Dict. Géorg.-Russ.-Fr.,” St. Petersburg, 1840; Vocaby. in Klaproth: “Asia P.”; Grammar by Brosset, Paris, 1837. ☞

Geral.

American, i.e. “lingua geral”: a name for the Guarani, or native vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with Portuguese.

German.

A word of very doubtful etymology, used for:—

(1) German: the typical language of modern High-Dutch, which is naturally derived from the ancient Alemannic, and allied to Gothic, which, however, is classed as Low-German. It is, in many dialects, the vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, &c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called Gothic, and both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the use of Roman letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert, Sanders, Flügel, Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.

(2) Old High-German. See Massmann: “Gedrängtes althochdeutsches Wörterb.,” Berlin, 1846. See Germanic.

(3) Middle High-German. See Benecke: “Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1854-60; Ziemann, 1838. See Germanic.

(4) New High-German. See Lutheran.

(5) Dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 84-93; Works by Hoefer, Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.

(6) Nieder Platt-Deutsch, or Low-German. See Dutch.

Germanic.

The main stem of Teutonic: divided into (1) High-German, (2) Low-German.

Under (1) we class the sub-branches called Old High-German and Middle High-German; from which again issue the modern dialects of High-German. Under (2) we class Mœso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, from which again issue the modern dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (Platt-Deutsch), Holland, and Flanders.

Eccardus: “Historia,” Hanover, 1711; Julius: “Bibliotheca,” Hamburg, 1817; Meidinger: “Vergleich. Wörterb.,” Frankfort, 1836; Hickes: “Thesaurus,” London, 1708. See Scandinavian.

Gerri.

African: a language of the Darsaleh.

Gez or Ghez.

Portuguese of S. America. See Jahyco.

Gha or Gha, see Ga.

Ghadamsi.

One of the African languages called Berber, known to us as spoken in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly in latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very imperfectly known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent; yet, in spite of the geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the Tamazight. Dr. Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and a translation of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were partly lithographed, and partly printed by the Foreign Office. F. W. N. See Libyan.

Ghagar.

A Gipsey dialect of Egypt; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.

Ghandi.

African: dialect of the Mana class, in the W. See Köelle: “Pol. A.”

Ghegh.

An unwritten dialect of Albanian. It is spoken in the more N. districts. See Hahn’s “Albanisch. Studien,” Vienna, 1853. G. R.

Ghindzhar or Gindzhar.

Abyssinian: dialect of Adali.

Ghond, see Gundi.

Ghurbat, see Khurbat.

Gibberish.

A name for nonsensical speech: it is a word peculiar to English, derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but, compare the words “gabble” and “jabber,” with the Old Norse “gifra.” (Wedgwood.)

Gidantshi or Gida.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Gien.

African: dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.

Giessen.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Giliak.

A dialect of Mantshu, very probably a form of the word “Koriak”; it is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk, in the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the Amúr. See Middersdorp. R. G. L.

Gilolo.

In this island are languages of the Galela and Malayan families. H. C. See Gani.

Gipsey, under Gy.

Gizagantshi or Gizaga.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Glagolitish.

A name for the Old Slavonic alphabet, derived from their word for the letter “G,” scil. “glagol.” See Hieronymic.

Glossotype.

A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis: “Early English Pronunciation,” London, 1867-71.

Gloucestershire.

A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by the Rev. R. W. Huntley. W. W. S.

Gnurellean.

A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See Eyre: “Journals, &c.,” London, 1845.

Goali.

African: dialect of the Nufi.

Gohuri.

A dialect of Tamul, allied to Bowri.

Gold-coast, see Otshi.

Gond, see Gundi.

Gonga.

Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia. They probably lie between the Semitic and Amharic of the North and Kaffir forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies. Beke, &c. R. G. L. See Wolaitsa, Woratta, Woraitsa.

Goopta or Gupta.

Numismatic: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandracottus) reigned in the Punjab, circa B.C. 300, and the coinage of his successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very earliest form of that language confirmed by an authentic date. The character of the letters is the same as that of the Aryan inscriptions on Bactrian coins. See Sassanian.

Goorung or Gurung.

A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as Dravidian or Sub-Turanian.

Goram.

Dialects of Malay. Wallace: ii., 296-7.

Gorgotoquienses.

American: dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice: “P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en el Peru.” Mentioned in Barcia’s edition of Piñelo, but not known to be printed. Ludwig: Appendix, p. 221. R. G. L.

Goropiser.

A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from “Goropius,” i.e. “Van Gorp,” appellation borne by Jan Bécan, or Becanus (1518-1572), author of some speculative works.

Gothic.

An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as Low-German. The Goths formed that large body of people who, under the names of “ostro,” i.e. Eastern, and “visi,” i.e. Western Goths, harassed the latter centuries of imperial Rome. The most permanent record of their tongue is found in the “Codex Argenteus,” or “Silver Book,” an imperfect version of the four Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in Sweden; it has frequently been printed, and represents the dialect of the Mœso-Goths, who were settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This version is attributed to Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated the Scriptures into Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself and adapted to their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D. 318-378. See Diefenbach: “Wörterb.” 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51; Meyer: “Die Gothische Sprache,” Berlin, 1869. See Mœso-Gothic.

Göttingen.

A sub-dialect of Platt or Low-Dutch. See Quentin: “Annalen der Braunschweig,” &c., Hanover, 1789.

Goulburn.

District of Australia. See Eyre: “Journals,” &c., 2 vols., London, 1845.

Gould Is.

District of S. Australia.

Grammar.

A word derived from the Greek “γράμμα,” “a written character or letter,” used to signify the science that treats of the elements of any language; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it correctly. See Comparative.

Grammatography.

A study of Letters; any work that describes or illustrates and treats of the alphabets of various languages.

Granada, New.

The name for a class of native S. American, superseded by Columbia.

Grebo.

African: dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to Kru. “Vocaby,” Cape Palmas, 1837. See Krepi.

Greco-Latin.

A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects included in, or formed from, the languages so named. G. R.

Greco-Turkish.

A name for Turkish, when expressed in the Greek character, for newspapers, correspondence, &c. H. C.

Greek.

The typical language of the Hellenic branch of the great Indo-European family of languages.

(1) An extinct language, called Archaic Greek, spoken in numerous dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the most polished race of antiquity; and is the language of Plato, of Demosthenes, of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape, Liddell, and Scott. Grammars by Jelf, Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.

(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also Romaic and Neo-Hellenic, derived directly from ancient Greek. Lex. by Contopoulos, “Eng. and Mod. Greek,” 2 vols., Smyrna and London, 1868-70; Sophocles: “Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar,” London, 1866.

(3) Dialects of Classical Greek: Æolic, Attic, Doric, Ionic. See Stephanus: “Thesaurus,” Salmasius, Hermann.

(4) Later Greek: “χοινή,” “the common language”; Byzantine; Alexandrian (of the Septuagint); Scriptural (of the N. Test.); Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. See Hellenic.

Greenlandish.

A dialect of Eskimo, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of Arctic America. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” 8vo., Berlin, 1851; “Efterretninger om Grönland,” by Paul Egede.

Grimm’s Law.

A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve as equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in languages derived from a common original. ☞

Gröningen.

A sub-dialect of Frisian in Holland. See Swaagmann: “Annales Acad.: Gröningen,” 1825.

Guachi.

American: spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” München, 1823-31.

Guadalcanar.

Polynesian: the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to Bauro.

Guaham.

A dialect of Lesser-Polynesian, closely allied to Chamori. See Crawfurd: “Dissert.,” p. 262.

Guajiquiro.

American: a dialect of Lenca, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier: “Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.”

Guana.

American: an isolated Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso. See short Vocaby. in Castelnau, vol. v., appendix.

Guanche.

A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is.; the few glosses extant of their original language are Berber. The modern dialect is allied to Shelluh. See Glas: “Histy. of the Canary Is.,” London, 1764.

Guaque.

American: a dialect of New Granada. See Vocaby. by M. M. Albis: “Los Indios del Andaque,” Popayan, 1855.

Guarani, see Tupi.

Guarpes, see Milcocayac.

Guasava.

American: a Mexican dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan. See “Arte,” por P. F. Villafaña; M. S. “Ludewig,” by Trübner. London, 1858.

Guatimala.

A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.

Guato.

American: a Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied to Purus and Coroato. See Castelnau, vol. v. H. C. See Quado.

Guatusos.

American: a dialect of Nicaragua. See “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages,” Squier in “Ath. Français.” Dec. 25, 1852. R. G. L.

Guavapuava.

Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Cames, Votoroes, Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima: “Memoria sobre o Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Revista Trimensal.” Tom. iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix. R. G. L.

Guayacuru.

American: the most E. language of the Chaco district. See Mbaya.

Guberi.

African: a dialect of the Haussa.

Guda, Gudantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua; spoken by the Guda, “a very learned people.” R. G. L.

Gudang.

An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” ii., 279.

Guebe.

A dialect of Papuan.

Guenoa.

American: a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas’ “Saggio,” pp. 228-9; Catalogo, p. 46. R. G. L.

Guharibo.

American: a dialect of Venezuela; short vocabulary by Spruce.

Guiana or Guyana.

American: a group of dialects allied to Carib. Also called Guinau. See Schomburgk: “Report of B. Assot.,” 1848. See Talkee-Talkee.

Guildford.

District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.

Guinea, New, see Papuan.

Guipuscoan.

A dialect of Spanish Basque.

Gujarati or Guzerati.

The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W. India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to Hindi, but has a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the Devanagari. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas and Shapurjí.

Gundi.

The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, and generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to Tamil and Telugu. See Caldwell “Dravid: Comp: Gram.,” London, 1861. See Khond.

Gunungtellu.

Papuan: a dialect of Celebes or Macassar; allied to Bugis.

Gupta, see Goopta.

Guresa or Gursea.

African: a dialect of the Kouri, closely allied to Dzelana. See Guren.

Gurmukhi.

The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.

Gurung, see Goorung.

Gurwhal, Gurhwal.

A dialect of Hindi, also called Shreenagur; it is the vernacular speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of the R. Sutlej.

Guzerathi, see Gujarati.

Gyami.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.

Gyarung.

A dialect of Bhot, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.

Gypsy.

(1) The patois of English gipsies, also called Romany. The prefix “gip” may be compared with the word “Egypt.” These people are also known as “Gitano,” “Zincali,” “Zingari,” “Zigeuner,” and by many other names in different countries. The prefix “Zin” may be compared with the word “Sindh,” or “Indian,” meaning “dark.”

(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia; they are very ancient, and classed as Indian, but with later additions from the country in which they reside, the principal being Egyptian, Hungarian, Spanish, and Turkish. See Grellmann: “Dissertation,” London, 1807; Paspati: “Etudes sur les Tchinghianés,” Constantinople, 1870; translation, Newhaven, Conn.; Borrow: “Lavengro,” “Romany Rye”; Roberts: “Gypsies,” London, 1842; Glossary by Smart: “Phil. S. Trans.,” 1862.

ADDENDA.

Gabriel, San.

American: Kizh Indians of California; classed as Diegunos.

Gaiour.

Turkish form of “Guebre,” “an unbeliever,” applied to Christians by Mohammedans.

Galchas.

Persian tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.

Galgai.

Caucasian: native name of the Tshetsh. Same as Halhai.

Galik.

Moghol: form of written character.

Gangetic.

Class name for the Bhotiya or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges. G. R.

Gaulish.

Name for the Old Celtic, spoken in Gaul. See “Notes on Endlicher’s Glossary” in “Phil. Soc. Trans.,” 1868, p. 251. W. W. S.

Gayeti.

Non-aryan dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Gbandi.

African: allied to Dahomey and Whydah. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

Gbese.

African: classed as Mandingo. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

Gelderic.

Germanic: dialect of Dutch, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen of the Geldersche Taal in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 111. W. W. S.

Gergo.

Italian word for “cant” or “slang.” See Zerga.

Gherin.

American: tribe of Engerekmung. The Botocudos of Almada sur la Taipe, Brazil.

Ghilani.

Iranic: sub-dialect of modern Persian.

Ghilghiti.

Paropamisan: a dialect of Dard, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner. H. C.

Ghissari.

Same as the Lohars. See Taremuki.

Giaga.

African: same as Agag. See Angola.

Gili, Jili.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Singpho.

Gio.

African: classed by Köelle as Mandingo. See “Afr. Pol.” H. C.

Gisan.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia.

Glatz.

Germanic: dialect of Silesia, classed as High-German.

Glossary.

A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in being, in general, partial or limited; as, a glossary of the difficult words in an old author, or of a dialect. W. W. S.

Gogoyan.

American: same as Cayuga.

Gojam.

Sub-Semitic: a local dialect of Amharic.

Golo.

African: a language formerly called Fertit; it is allied to Agaw, Falasha, &c. Vocaby. in Rüppell; “Reisen in Nubien,” Frankfurt, 1829; and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.

Gomera.

African: dialect of the Canary Is.

Gonaaqua.

African: mingled dialect of Hottentot and Kaffir.

Gondar.

Sub-Semitic; dialect of Amharic.

Goose-Ostiak.

Ugrian: same as Lake-Ostiak; classed as Samoied.

Gothlandic.

Scandinavian: dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

Gothungic.

Scandinavian: dialect of Sweden (Gönge district). Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

Griguas.

Mixed race of Hottentots; half-breed.

Grisons.

Teutonic: classed as High-German. See Lehmann’s “Republik Graubünden,” Brandenburg, 1799. See Churwelsche.

Gros-Ventre.

American: French name for the Minetare.

Grusian, Grusinian.

A name for the Georgian, most used by Russians.

Grutung.

Tribe of Gothones or Guttones; so-called Goths.

Guachire, Guaiqueri.

American: Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.

Guaicur, see Waikur.

Gudshri.

Indic: same as Dakhani.

Guebre.

Persian form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. See Gaiour.

Guege.

Dialect of Albanian.

Gueldres, see Gelderic.

Guentuse.

American: dialect of Paraguay, classed as Guaycuru.

Gumeddo.

Abyssinian: dialect of Danakil.

Gurani.

Dialect of Kurdish (Niebuhr).

Guren, Gurma.

African: allied to Guresa, Barba, Ashantee, &c. See Köelle’s “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

Gurgava.

A name for the Gujarathi or Guzeratti.

Guypunavi.

American: dialect of Maipur.

H.

Haidah.

American: an insular dialect of Atna or Selish, spoken in Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler: “Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.

⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak Haidah, are a remarkable people. H. C.

Hailha.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of Ingush.

Hailtsa or Haeeltzuk.

American: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53° N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.

Hainambeu, under U.

Haioo.

Dravidian: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal. A. C.

Haiti, see Taino.

Hajong.

A dialect of older Dravidian, vernacular in Nipal.

Hakka, Hakari.

A dialect of Kurdish, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in the Persian province of Azerbaijan.

Halifax, Hallamshire.

Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new edition by Gatty, 1869.

Ham.

African: dialect of the Otam. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”

Hamah or Hamath.

Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and early Semitic characters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞

Hamalaiset, see Tavastrian.

Hamarua, Adamowa.

Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth, with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”

Hamburg.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.

Hamiar.

A primitive dialect of Arabic.

Hamitic.

A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including the Egyptian, Ethiopic, S. Arabian, Akkadian, or early Babylonian, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive in Amharic and Amazig, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,” quasi “dark.” See Hebræo-African.

Hampshire, Hants.

A provincial dialect of English. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.

Hanau.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Handuri.

A dialect of Punjabi.

Hanover.

A dialect of Low-German.

Harafora, see Alfuros.

Haraya.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.

Harpa.

Bhot: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.

Harroti.

A dialect of Hindi, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.

Harz or Hartz.

A dialect of Low-German. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.

Hatigor.

A dialect of Assamese, classed as Singhpo.

Hatusua.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram.

Haussa, Houssa, or Hawsa.

A native dialect of African, largely infused with Arabic, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.

⁂ Bodo, &c., are related to Haussa; this language has vocalic euphony. H. C.

Havaiian, Hawaiian, Hawaian.

A dialect of E. Polynesian, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction to Tahitian, and the Maori of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.)

Hayu, see Vayu.

Hebræo-African.

An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the Hebrew. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the Galla, the Coptic, and the Libyan. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.

Hebrew.

Semitic: closely allied to Aramaic and Phœnician. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For Later Hebrew, see Talmudic, and for Modern Hebrew, see Jewey. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.

Hebrides, New, see Mallicollo.

Heilbronn.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Helebi.

A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the Arabic form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E.

Heligoland.

A sub-dialect of Frisian. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.

Hellenic.

Indo-European: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.

Helsinga.

A sub-dialect of Swedish. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841. See Helsingic.

Henneberg.

A sub-dialect of High-German. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.

Herefordshire.

A provincial dialect of English. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839. W. W. S.

Herero.

African: classed by Barth and Bleek as S.W. Bantu, with Benga, Benguela, and Bunda. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.

Herevi, Hetzvi.

An extinct dialect of Old Persian, formerly vernacular at Herat.

Herzegovinic.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Servian.

Hessian.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Heuma, see Shendu.

Heve.

A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also called Eudeve, and closely allied to Pima. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.

Hhamara, see Waag.

Hiang-Yan.

A name for the common colloquial language of Chinese.

Hiaqui.

American: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also called Ibequi and Yaqui.

Hieratic.

Greek name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞

Hieroglyphic.

Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. See Nahuatl.

Hieronymic.

Slavonic: name for the Glagolitic characters.

Highland.

Highland-Scottish: name sometimes used for Gaelic.

Hildesheim.

A sub-dialect of Low-German.

Hiligueina.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. See Ilocana.

Himalayan.

Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprising Kooch, Dhimal, Bodo, all closely allied to Nipalese and Bhot. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.

Himyaritic or Himjarite.

Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the Mahari of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ‏ה‎; ‏ח‎; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, see under U. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.” See Ekhkili.

Hinantshi or Hina.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

Hindi or Hinduwi.

The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived from Sanskrit, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.

Hindoo.

Class name for the Indian branch of the Aryan family of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.

Hindostani or Urdu.

The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, circa A.D. 1004. It is a compound of Arabic and Persian with Sanskrit, called Urdu-zaban, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.

Hinzuan.

African: a Kaffir form of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.

Hitchittee.

American: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.

Hoch-Deutsch, see German.

Hochelaga.

American: sub-dialect of Mohawk, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.

Hochungorah.

American: native name for the Winnebagos.

Hohen-lohe, Hohen-schwangau, Hohen-stein.

Sub-dialects of High-German.

Hok-keen.

Dialect of Chinese. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.

Holland or Hollandish.

(1) A name for the Netherlandish, a dialect of Platt-Deutsch.

(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.

Holophrasis.

Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words. See Polysynthetic.

Holstein.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S.

Honduras.

American: geographical term for the Lenca class.

⁂ The languages are allied to the Kouma, Legba, &c., of W. Africa. H. C.

Hoopah.

American: a variety of Athabaskan, spoken so far S. as U. California.

Hor or Horpa.

Thibetan: a local dialect of Bhot, called also (1) Khache: Chinese Koatse; (2) Igur, the native name, which appears to be the same as Uighur, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken. R. G. L.

Hotontalo.

Polynesian; a sub-dialect of Menadu.

Hottentot.

African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”

⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the Kaffir. R. G. L.

Hova.

Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under Herero. See Malagasy.

Hoya.

Malayan: a dialect of Ceram, allied to Teluti.

Huachi, Huancas.

American: Indians of Bolivia.

Huasteca.

American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the Maya class. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.

Hueco or Waco.

American: name for the Tallewitsus. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to Kechai, Pawnee, &c.

Huilliche.

American: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians. See Vuta. R. G. L.

Humming-bird Indians.

American: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

Hungarian or Magyar.

Ugrian: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the Ostiak of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to Finnish. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869. See Ungarn.

Hungarian-Wendish.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the Wendish of Lusatia.

Hunza, see Khajuna.

Huron.

American: classed as Iroquois; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.

Hurriana.

A dialect of Hindi spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”

Hurur.

Abyssinian, dialect of Amharic. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.

Huzvaresh.

Iranic: same as Pehlevi. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.

Hymiaritic, see under Hi.

Hyperborean.

Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for the Dzhukaghir, Samoyed, and Yeniseian group of languages.

ADDENDA.

Hadareb, Hadarem, under A.

Hadendoa.

African: a dialect of Nubia.

Halha.

Same as Hailha, also written Galgai.

Hallandic, Helsingic.

Scandinavian: dialects of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

Halle.

Germanic: sub-dialect of Swabian, see “Mundartliche Sprache,” 1814.

Hallenga.

African: a dialect of Nubia.

Hamburg-Indians.

American: English name for the T-ka’s of Scott’s River; they speak a dialect of Shasta.

Harar, Harrer, Harrargie, see Hurur.

Hattaquahe.

Caucasian: a dialect of Adige or Cherkess. H. C.

Hawstead (Halstead).

Suffolk dialect of English. See Cullum’s “History,” &c., 1784.

Hazorta.

African: same as Shiho, a dialect of Danakil.

Helsingic, see Hallandic.

Hennega.

American: Kolusch dialect of P. Wales’s Is.

Hervey Arch., see Rarotongan.

High-German.

English form of Hoch-Deutschen.

Hilluna, see Ilocana.

Hindelopian.

Germanic: a sub-dialect of Friesic. See specimen in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 74. W. W. S.

Hindmarsh Lake.

Dialect of Australian. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Hio, see Eyo.

Hiong-Nu.

Alatyan: dialect of Turkish. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediæval Huns.

Hlassa, under L.

Ho.

(1) African: Bomba dialect of Guinea. See Sala.

(2) Indian: native name for the Kol of Kolehan. It means “man.” See Singhbhum.

Holland (New), see Australian.

Honimoa.

Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to Sarapua.

Honin.

Negritic: dialect of Papuan.

Hood-Sunhoo.

American: Kolusch dialect of Hood’s Bay.

Horde.

That is “herd,” a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, “a camp,” in Urdu-zaban. See Hindostani.

Horn Is.

Polynesian: dialect of the Friendly group.

Horoje.

American: a name for the Winnebags.

Ho-te-day.

American: native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California.

Houssa.

African: German form of Haussa.

Huahine.

Eastern Polynesian: same as Tahitian. W. G.

Hudson’s-Bay Indians.

American: tribes of Chepewyans.

Hume R., see Murrumbidgee.

Hurn-pardee.

Indian: also called Baori; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah; they speak a peculiar dialect of Hindi. W. E. See Bowri.

Huzzaw, see Osage.

I.

Iaian.

A Polynesian dialect, allied to Lifu.

Iakon, under J.

Iapygian.

A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy; it was allied to Oscan, but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen: “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851. G. R.

Ibarekab.

African: a dialect of Beja. See Salt’s “Voyage.”

Ibbibby.

African: a name for the Qua or Calebar.

Ibequi, see Hiaqui.

Iberian or Iberic.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a synonym for Basque, which is supposed to have been derived from it. See Celt-Iberian.

Ibo or Eboe.

African: dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger.

Icelandic.

Old Icelandic is the same as Old Norse, and the modern dialect differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to the Scandinavian branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers, circa A.D. 874. Rask’s Grammar, translated by Dasent, London, 1843; Möbius: “Altnordisches Glossar,” Leipsig, 1866; Egilsson: “Dicty. of the Poetical Language,” Copenhagen, 1860; Cleasby and Vigfusson: “Dicty. of the Prose Language,” Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as “R.” W. W. S.

Ideographic.

Name for writing in which single characters express ideas; the hieroglyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic. G. R.

Idiom.

A native peculiarity of speech.

Igarra.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Igbira.

African: a dialect of the Yoruba. See Igala.

Igbira-hima, Igbira-panda.

African: dialects of the Nufi.

Ighur, see Uigur.

Ika.

American: dialect of L. California.

Illinois.

American: the Algonkin of the State so named after the original tribes, “Illeni,” “the men.” Vocab., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 112.

Illyrian.

Slavonic: a written dialect of Servian, closely allied to Wendish. See “Grammatik.,” by Babukic, Wien, 1839; Dicty. by Fröhlich, “Ill-Dutch,” Wien, 1853-4.

Illyric or Thraco-Illyric.

Name for a class of Aryan languages, of which the Skipetar or Albanian is the only modern representative. See Pelasgic.

Ilmormo.

African: a dialect of Galla.

⁂ It is a name for the Galla proper, by some alleged to be Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote. H. C.

Ilocana or Iloco.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila, 1849.

Inbask or Inbazk.

Moghol: a dialect of Yeniseian or Ostiak, somewhat allied to Arini. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 171.

Inca.

American: a name given to the Quichua language, after a dynasty of Peru. See Quichua.

Incorporating.

A name for the agglutinative languages of America. See Polysynthetic.

Indeni.

A dialect of Papuan, also called Nitendi.

India.

Name for Hindostan: land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who inhabit it.

⁂ For aboriginal languages see Hunter’s “Comparative Vocabulary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India”; Caldwell’s “Comp. Gr.”; Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. See West Indies.

Indian.

A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and other parts of America. ☞

Indian Archipelago.

Languages Polynesian: classed as Malayan and Negritic.

Indian, Old.

A name for Sanskrit.

Indians.

N. American: The Nova Scotia Indians have all decayed away. They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea-coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c.; the mountaineer is the country Indian, solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to leave but a slight trace of the old N. American sons of the forest. The Red Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-mac tribes, but frequently children of English and Esquimaux. J. T.

Indic.

A name for the Hindoo branch of the great Aryan family of languages, comprising Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Mahratta, Hindi, Bengali, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-âvarta, “abode of the Aryas.”

⁂ A S.W. branch of the great Aryan family, who in pre-historic times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kâbul, became in the end the Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia). There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S.W., crossing first, and settling in the Land of the Seven Rivers—the Indus, Punjâb (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvâti—and that they proceeded thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the Bay of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindûs (whence Hindûstan), they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who still inhabit the S.E. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the right hand—dexter—of the invading Hindû race), and who are allied to the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the existing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin. The principal Aryan dialects at present are Bengali, Hindi, and Mahratta, all of them lineal descendants of the Devanagari or Sanskrit, which is no longer a spoken language. Hindustani, though mainly Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See “Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India,” by Beames. W. S. W. V. See Dravidian.

Indo-Chinese.

A collective term for a class of languages embracing Anamite, Siamese, and allied dialects. See Leyden in “Asiatic Researches,” vol. x.; Brown’s “Comparative Table” in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

Indo-European, see Aryan.

Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar”; “Vergleichende Grammatik des Sansk., Zend., Griech., Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen und Deutschen,” 4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols., London, 1862.

Indo-Germanic.

Same as Indo-European. See Schleicher: “Indo-Germanische Chrestomathie,” Weimar, 1869; Fick: “Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen,” Göttingen, 1871. W. W. S.

Indo-Parthian.

Name for an early dynasty of Kabulistan, then probably of much greater extent; their coins are found over the whole of the Punjab and into India. W. S. W. V.

Indo-Portuguese.

Mixed dialect used at the seaports of Ceylon, formed by a combination of Portuguese with Dutch and Sanskrit.

Indo-Scythian, Indo-Scythic.

An early dynasty of Kabulistan founded about B.C. 80, by a nomadic people called Yue-tchi by the Thibetans.

⁂ The language used by these monarchs on their coins is two-fold; Aryan and Greek. See Wilson’s “Ariana Antiqua,” pp. 347-381. G. R.

Inflectional.

Same as polysyllabic; name for the highest class of speech yet known to man. It is specially applied to the Aryan family of languages, which express the “moods, tenses, cases, and all other modifications of meaning in verbs and nouns by means of suffixes ... mutilated fragments of words.”—Farrar.

Inganos.

American: Indians of N. Granada. See “Vocabulario,” “Los Indios del Andaqui,” pp. 20-21.

Ingush.

Lesgian: a dialect of Tshetsh, spoken by the Lamur, hill-men of Georgia and Circassia.

Inhambane.

African: a dialect of the Mozambique.

Inkalait, Inkilik, Inkulukhluait, Ingelmut.

American: dialects of Athabascan, spoken at the Eskimo frontier in the N.W.; belonging to the Kenai stock. ☞

Inkra, see Accra.

Inniut or Innuit.

Native name for the Eskimo. It means “the people.”

Inongo.

African: dialect of Yarriba, vernacular on the W. Coast.

Insam.

A Papuan dialect of New Guinea.

Inscriptions.

The most durable means of preserving individual records of written speech. They are termed, variously, “incised,” “impressed,” “lapidary,” “monumental,” “numismatic,” “painted.” The famous Rosetta and Carpentras stones, and the decree of Canopus from Egypt, and the Behistun rock inscriptions, are examples of bilingual records, that serve, by means of comparison, to facilitate decipherment. The Assyrian cuneiform writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs have thus been explained, and the Chinese have in use extensive libraries of stone inscriptions at the present day. See Gesenius: “Scripturæ Linguæque Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 2 vols., Leipsig, 1837.

Intibuca.

American: one of the four native languages of Honduras.

Ionic or Ionian.

A sub-dialect of classical Greek; the original Ionians are said to have been Pelasgoi. It was largely cultivated in Asia Minor, and is the dialect of Homer and Herodotus. For some time before the rise of the Attic school, circa B.C. 400, it was the established language of prose literature. See Portus: “Dict.: Ionicum-Græc.-Lat.” London, 1825.

Iowa.

American: a dialect of Dacota or Sioux. Iowa, a State admitted in 1846, is derived from the Pahoja, or “Grey-snow,” Indians, who now reside N. of the R. Des-Moines. Schoolcraft: “History ... of the I. Tribes,” Philadelphia, vol. iv., p. 307.

Iquito.

American: a dialect of Carib.

Iranic or Iranian.

Class name for the Persian branch of the Aryan family of languages. It includes Bactrian or Zend, ancient Persian, Pehlevi, Pazend, and modern Persian. The word “Iranian” is from “Arya.” See under Aryan.

Ireland, New, under N.

Irish or Erse (Fenic).

Celtic: the native dialect of Ireland, and closely allied to Gaelic. In writing it an alphabet is still in use, formed from the Latin, and closely resembling the old Anglo-Saxon characters, which were in fact borrowed from it. See Dicty. by O’Reilly, Dublin, 1864; “Old Irish Glosses,” by Stokes and others. W. W. S.

Irofa.

Japanese alphabet, taken from the first three letters.

Iron, Irun, Iran.

A dialect of the Caucasus. See Osset.

Iroquois, Irokese.

American: it has a double import—1. As the special name of a tribe or nation, of the State of New York. 2. As a general name for the class, the most important members of which, the Iroquois themselves, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the formidable Mohawks, and others are, probably, the most familiar representatives of the traditional Red Indian, especially in his capacity of hero and warrior. R. G. L.

See Schoolcraft: “Comparative Vocaby.,” Albany, 1847; Vocaby. by Howse, “Proceed. Philol. Socy.,” vol. iv., London, 1856.

Irula, Irular.

Dravidian: a dialect of Canarese, vernacular in the Nilgherry Hills; it is allied to Budugur. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Isanna.

American: a dialect of Baniwa; others are the Tomo-Maroa and the Javita.

Isère.

A sub-dialect of Provençal. Ducoin: Notice in “Courrier de l’Isère,” 1834.

Isiele.

African: a dialect of the Yoruba, allied to Aro, Mbofia, and Isoama. H. C.

Ismaelite, Ishmaelite.

Arabic: dialect of N. Arabia.

Isoama or Iswama.

African: a dialect of the Yoruba, with the same affinities as the Isiele. H. C.

Isolating.

A term for monosyllabic forms of speech.

Issel.

Over-Yssel: provincial dialect of Holland.

Isubu.

African: spoken near the Cameroon, W. Africa; it is classed by Bleek as Bantu.

⁂ One of the three best known languages of the coast belonging to the N.W. branch of the Kaffir; the Benga and Dualla being the other two. In all three there is a large and laudable amount of missionary literature: the most in the Dualla, the least in the Benga. R. G. L.

Italian.

(1) The native tongue of Italy, spoken in many dialects. It is formed directly from the Latin or Old Italic, by union with the Teutonic forms of Gothic and Longobardic settlers. Called the “vulgar tongue” by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacio, it has since been much polished in Tuscany, and now forms one of the most refined languages of modern society, lending itself specially to the requirements of vocal melody. See Manuzzi: “Vocab. della Crusca,” 4 vols., Florence, 1868.

(2) Dialects are divided into classes: 1, the Lombardic, or dialects of Upper Italy; 2, the Romanic, or dialects of Middle Italy; 3, the Neapolitan, or dialects of S. Italy; 4, Cant or slang, called Furbesco and Zerga or Gergo.

Italic or Old Italian.

A collective name for that branch of the Aryan family of languages which includes classical Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian or Iapygian, and perhaps Tosk, Tuscan, or Etruscan, all with alphabets allied to the early Roman. Fabbretti: “Glossarium,” Turin, 1838, &c. See Romance.

Itam.

Term in Malay. See Bolong.

Ite or Itenaz, and Itonoma.

American: dialects of Bolivia, spoken in the missions of Moxos, and allied to Chapacura. H. C.

ADDENDA.

Ibbodah.

African: native name of the Kacunda, who speak Shabun.

Iddoa.

American: native name of the Scott’s Valley Indians; they speak a dialect of Shasta.

Idibae.

American: aborigines of Darien.

Igala.

African: a separate language from Igarra, spoken in the Yoruba district. See Kölle’s “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

Ihongworong, under J.

Ildefenso.

American: same as Aldefenso. See Pueblo.

Illano, Ilyano.

Same as Hilluna. See Ilocana.

Inabak, Inagata.

Malayan: sub-dialects of Abak.

Ingrian.

Ugrian: a branch of Fin, government of St. Petersburg. They are called Ingricot or Izhor. H. C.

Ingwa.

African: Nigritian dialect of Dagamba.

Inies (Tachies).

American: tribe of Caddoes.

Inta.

African: Bowdich’s name for the Fantee. H. C.

Ionian Is., see Romaic.

Ipas.

American: tribe of Vilelas.

Isfor.

Same as Dofar; local dialect of Himyarite.

Isistine.

American: tribe of Lule.

Isi-Zulu, under Z.

Islandisch.

Same as Norse; German form of Icelandic.

Isty-Semole.

American: i.e. “Wild men,” Creek Indians of Florida. See Seminole.

Itelman, Itulmen.

Native name of the Kamtshatdales.

Izhor, see Ingrian.

J.

Jackson, under Port.

Jaconaiga, Jakonaiga.

American: a tribe of Aripones.

Jactung.

A dialect of Assamese.

Jagataic or Cagataic.

Alatyan: a dialect of E. Turkish spoken in Bokharia. It is a written language with a literature. See Vambery: “Cagataische Sprachstudien,” Leipsig, 1867.

Jagon or Jakon.

American: dialect of Lower Killamuks, spoken on the frontier of Oregon and U. California. Hale: “U. S. Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1846. See Nsietshawus.

Jagy.

A dialect of Albanian.

Jahyco.

American: shore tribes of Brazil.

⁂ These people are the Ge, Ges, or Geiko, the tribal name being post-fixed as in Ao-ge, Cran-ge, Canacata-ge, Poncata-ge, Paykob-ge. See V. Spix and V. Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” Munich, 1823-31.

Jajuorong.

A native dialect of Australian. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Jakon, under Jagon.

Jakun.

Malayan: dialect of the S. Peninsula of Malacca.

Jakut, Jakuti, or Yakut.

Alatyan: dialect of the parts between Lake Baikal and the Arctic Sea, which nearly coincides with the Russian Government of Jakutsk (Irkutsk). Boehtlingk: “Ueber die Sprache der Jakuten,” St. Petersburg, 1851. See Yak.

Jallonka.

African: a dialect of Mandingo, allied to Fantee.

Jalloof.

African: a branch of Mandingo, much mingled with French and Arabic; it is spoken by a numerous people between the R. Gambia and Senegal on the W. coast. Called also Guiloffs, Jolofs, Oualoofs, and Woloffs. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 6.

Jamaica, see W. Indies.

Jan.

A dialect of Malay. See Samang.

Jaoi, Jaoia.

American: Carib of Trinidad; it is closely allied to Tamanak. See De Laet: “Orbis Novus,” &c., Leiden, 1633.

Japanese.

Polysyllabic: the vernacular tongue of Nipon, Jesso, and the Kurile Is.; in its root words it is allied to the Moghol family, but its written characters are derived from Chinese; it has a syllabic alphabet, containing vowels and consonants in one sign, and is written in vertical columns from top to bottom. The language has no gender or article, but many pronouns, and the designations applied to various objects frequently change with the sex of the speaker. Dicty. by Hepburn, 1867; Grammar, 1861; “Dialogues,” by Alcock, 1863; “Anthologie,” by Rosny, Paris, 1871. See Loo-Choo.

Japhetan.

A name for the Aryan or Indo-European family of languages.

Jargon.

(1) French word for Gibberish.

(2) American: a mixed patois of L. Columbia and Vancouver’s I., combined chiefly of French, English, Chihaile, Nutka, and Chinuk, the last greatly preponderating. It is the trade language of Oregon, also called “Tshinuk-jargon.” Vocabularies in Hale: “Amer. Expedition”; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes.” See Menieng and Moors.

Javanese.

Malayan: the language of the greater part of Java. In the Western districts of the island the Sundanese language is spoken, though Javanese has been partly introduced into Bantam and Cheribon, probably by its being the language of the court in these otherwise Sandanese provinces. In the eastern districts of Java the Madurese prevails. Javanese is written with a peculiar native alphabet, derived and simplified from the Devanagari. Dicty. by Gericke and Roorda, Amsterdam, 1847-62; Grammar by Roorda, Amsterdam, 1855. P. J. V. See Kawi. ☞

Javita.

American: a dialect of Baniwa. Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853. See Isanna.

Jazyges.

A people anciently settled in the tract between the Danube and the Theiss; it means “Bowmen”: a Magyar word.

Jebu.

African: a dialect of Yoruba, spoken on the Atlantic coast at the outlet of the R. Formosa.

Jecorilla, Jicorilla.

American: a dialect of Athabascan, allied to Navaho.

Jelliba, under Dzhellaba.

Jervis Bay.

A district of Australia. See “Voyage de l’Astrolabe,” Paris, 1834.

Jesso.

Kurilian: dialect of Aino. See Broughton: “Voyage N. Pacific,” London, 1804.

⁂ There is also a jargon of Japanese and Aino employed for inter-communication. H. C.

Jewey, Jewish, or Judæan.

Names for modern Hebrew, as spoken by Jews in combination with many local idioms. ☞

Jhongworong.

A native dialect of Australian, closely allied to Gnurellean. See Eyre: “Journals,” London, 1845.

Jili.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Singpo.

Jiliake.

A dialect of Mantschu; the same as Giliak. It is the Chinese name for the Koreans.

Jitano.

A name for Gipsey. See Gitano.

Joboca.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Namsang.

Joliba, see Dzhellaba.

Jolof, see Jalloof.

Jooroo, Juru.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Malacca. See Samang.

Jower.

Papuan: a dialect of N. Guinea, allied to Seroci.

Juda.

African: dialect of Upper Guinea. “Grammaire abrégée” in “Des Marchais. Voyage,” Paris, 1730.

Judæo-Arabic.

Name for Arabic written in characters of Square Hebrew.

Judah, see Hebrew.

Juden-Deutsch.

Name for German written in Hebrew, Square, Rabbinic, or current-hand. Stern: Lex., Munich, 1833; “Heb.-Deutsche Druck- und Current-schrift,” Prague, 1817.

Jugaghir.

Ugrian: a dialect of Fin. It is the same as Dzukaghin.

Juiadge.

American: called Lenguas by the Spaniards. See “L’Homme Américaine,” vol. ii.

Jumboo, Jamoo or Jumoo.

Dialect of Punjabi. See Dogura.

Jupuroca.

American: a dialect of the Botocudo. Da Silva: Dicc. in Castelnau: “Exped.,” vol v., p. 249.

Juri, Juris, Yuris.

American: belonging to the R. Negro; an allied dialect is the Uainambeu. See Wallace: “Amazons,” &c., 1853.

Juriba, see Yoruba.

Juripixunha.

American: name for the Bocaprietos or Blackmouth Indians. Same as the Juri. It is vernacular in Brasil.

Juru.

Same as Jooroo. See Samang.

Jutish.

Teutonic: an extinct dialect, allied to Old Friesic, Anglo-S., &c.

Jutlandish.

Scandinavian: a sub-dialect of Danish.

Juyapoora (Jayapoori or Jeyapoori).

Indic: a dialect of Hindi, spoken at Jyanagur or Jeypoor, a province of Rajpootana, N.W. India. The dynasty of Jeypoor is next to Oodeypoor in antiquity.

ADDENDA.

Jamoo, see Jumboo.

Japurin.

American: native name of the Yarura Indians of New Granada.

Jar.

Caucasian: a branch of the Akush. Also written Dzhar. H. C.

Jayapoori, under Ju.

Jebero, see Xebero.

Jemtlandic.

A dialect of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialekt-Lex.” W.W.S.

Jenisch.

German word for Low-speech.

Jenisei, under Y.

Jeyapoori, under Ju.

Jezidi, under Y.

Jig.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect provisionally classed as Lesghian. It is also written Djig. H. C.

Joakema, see Yakama.

John’s, St., see Passamaquodds.

Jokong, see Jakun.

Jomay.

African: dialect of Shikan.

Joway, see Iowa.

Juan, San, see Pueblo.

Juan, San, Bautista.

American: Mutsun Indians of Monterey County, California.

Juan, San, Capistrano.

American: Californian Indians of the Acagchemem nation, classed as Diegunos, and also called Netelas.

Juanga, see Puttoos.

Jura.

Patois of France. Vocaby. in “Mém. de la Soc. des Antiq.,” vol. v., vi.

Jurazen.

Ugrian: Samoied dialect of the N. group (Klaproth).

Jutes.

Teutonic: tribes of ancient Germans, called Goths.

K.

Ka.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of Cambojan, allied to the Mon of Pegu.

Kabail or Kabyle.

African: an Arabic word; “Kabîlah,” singular; “Kabâyil,” plural, signifying “species,” “tribe,” “family,” or “kind.” It is applied to the people called Berbers. Dialects are Buji, Shilha, Tamaziht, Beni-Menasar, Gadamsi. Hanoteau: “Essai de Grammaire Kabyle,” Alger., 1858. See Showiah.

⁂ It is unwritten, but has remarkable alphabets of ancient type, and is supposed to represent the ancient Lybian. H. C.

Kabala.

Hebrew word: “mysticism,” superstition of Cabalistic Jews.

⁂ An alphabet used by the Rabbis and Freemasons; is supposed to be a type of cuneiform and square Hebrew. H. C.

Kabul.

Numismatic: early Indian coinage of Kabulistan, often bilingual; Greek and old Indian, or early Sanskrit, as represented under its Pali modification.

Kachari.

Non-Aryan; language of N.E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Cacharese.

Kachiquel or Kichequel.

American: a dialect of the Maya class, spoken in the province of Solola, Guatemala. See Flores: “Arte de la Lengua Kakchiquel,” Antigua, 1753.

Kacunda, Kakanda.

African: a name for the Shabun.

Kadiak, Kadjak.

Eskimo: a dialect of the Aleutian class, vernacular in the island so named. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 104. See Konagi.

Kaffa.

African: a dialect of Gonga, allied to Woratta and Yangaro.

Kafir, Kaffir.

Arabic word for “pagan” or “infidel” from the Moslem point of view. We have “Káfir,” singular; “Kuffar,” plural.

(1) Asiatic: Káfir of Kafristan. A dialect spoken by the Shiah-poosh, allied to Sanskrit; it is the vernacular speech of Hindu-Kush. Tribes of Kafristan are Ashkin, Ashpin, Kamoz, Pashai.

(2) Kâfirí, the Caffres of S. Africa, the most widely extended family of speech found there. See Bleek’s “Comparative Grammar,” 2 vols., London, 1869; Boyce’s Grammar by Davis, London, 1863. ☞

Kagan or Kayan.

Borneo: sub-dialect of Dayak. See Crawfurd: “Dissertation,” p. 205.

Kagataic, see Jagataic.

Kahetan.

American: sub-dialect of N. Guarani; called Tupis of Brazil.

Kahna.

American: name for Blood Indians.

Kaibolu.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram.

Kaidipang.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of Menadu.

Kaili.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. See Bowdich’s “Mission to Ashantee.”

Kainulaiset.

Fin: a name for the Quains.

Kaioa.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of Menadu. Wallace, vol. ii., p. 296-7.

Kaithi.

Hindi: dialect of the N.W. provinces. A. C. See Kyt’hi.

Kajunah.

Indian: dialect of the Kanjútis of Hunza in Dardistan. See Cunningham’s “Ladak,” London, 1854.

⁂ This language has been erroneously represented as Dard. See Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, 1870. H. C.

Kakas, Kakasing.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Kake.

American: a tribe of Sitka. See Kolush.

Kakhyen.

Assamese: a dialect of Bhot. Classed as Singpho.

Kakongo.

African: “Ka,” tribal prefix. See under Kongo.

Kalanna.

African: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich’s “Mission.”

Kalbra.

African: dialect of W. Coast. Same word as Calabar.

Kalchaqui.

American: dialect of Quichua. Spoken in Tucuman.

Kaldani.

(1) A tribe or people of Chaldæa, mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions.

(2) A name for Chaldee, still used, in a much corrupted form, in the mountains of Kurdistan and by some tribes of Nestorian Christians. W. S. W. V. See Syro-Chaldee.

Kalka.

Dialect of Moghol, belonging to Chinese Tartary.

Kallapuiah.

American: dialect of Oregon. Vocaby. “Jl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1841.

Kalmuk.

Moghol: same as Calmuk. The Kalmuks of the Volga are also called Eleuts, Olot, or Ulut; the dialect is called West-Mongolian. See Zwich’s “Grammatik ... Kalmükischen,” Donaueschingen, 1852.

Kamas, Kamassintzi.

Ugrian: nearly extinct dialects spoken by Ostiaks, on the S.W. boundary of the Samoied area.

Kambali.

African: a dialect classed as Kouri, but presenting many divergences; there is a Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

Kambojan.

Peguese: same as Cambojan.

Kambojas.

Primeval tribes of India.

Kami.

Monosyllabic: a dialect of Burmese. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kamilaroi.

Native dialect of Australia. See Ridley: “Gurre Kamilaroi,” Sydney, 1856.

Kamoz, see Kafir.

Kamskadal, Kamskatkan, or Kamchatdal.

A class of dialects belonging to the N.E. of Asia, allied to the native dialects of Arctic America.

Kanada.

A name for Canarese.

Kanaka.

Native name for “man” in New Zealand, and applied to natives of the Sandwich Is.; but Tangata is the word more general in all other islands. Compare the African word “Kanyika,” and the American “Kenneka.” The language of the Sandwich Is. is closely allied to the Maori. See Hawaian.

Kanam, Kanem.

African: a district of Bornui, having the Kanuri and Tibbu in its area.

Kanawari, see Kunawari.

Kanchi, Kasnas.

American: sub-dialects of the Aymara.

Kandokov, Kondakov.

Turkish, classed as a sub-dialect of Koibal.

Kangulit, Kangjulit.

American: dialect of Eskimo, belonging to the N.W.

Kanjuti, see Kajunah.

Kanuj, see Canoj.

Kanuri.

African: the typical dialect of Bornui, spoken in Kanem. Köelle’s Grammar, London, 1854.

Kanyika.

African: a dialect of Kafir. See Kanaka.

Kanyop.

African: dialect of the Bissagos or Bijugos Is.

⁂ It is allied to Felup, Bagnon, Sarar, Bolar, Padsade, Biafada, and Papel. H. C.

Kanza, see under Ko.

Kaotse.

Thibetan: Chinese name for the Hor.

Kapchak.

Alatyan: Tatar dialect of the lower Volga and the Ural.

Kapir.

Tatar form of “Kafir,” “infidel.”

Kapua.

Dayak: sub-dialect of Biaju, vernacular in Borneo.

Kapwi.

Monosyllabic: a dialect spoken to the N.W. of the Burmese Empire.

Karaga.

Dialects of Kamskadal, vernacular in E. Asia.

Karagas.

Alatyan: Tatar dialect of Siberia, allied to Koibal; Vocaby. by Castrén.

Karaite.

Dialect of Heretical, or reformed, Jews who reject the Talmud, and adhere closely to the literal text of the Old Testament. It is derived from the Hebrew root “kârâ,” “to read,” and they call themselves “sons of the reading,” or of “the text.” Compare Luke x., 26. See “History,” by Rule, London, 1870.

⁂ They are numerous in the Crimæa, but a few communities of them are to be found in Poland, Galicia, and at Constantinople. The Karaites use Hebrew, but also the dialect of the country where they dwell; thus in the Crimæa it may be Tatar, but at Wilna it is Polish. R. P. S.

Kara-Kalpac.

Turkish: spoken by a Tatar tribe of Khiva, called “Black Caps.” H. C.

Kara-Kirghis.

Alatyan: Tatar dialect of Siberia, spoken by the black Kirghis. H. C.

Karass.

Ugrian dialect of Samoied, spoken on the Caspian Sea and by Nogais in Taurica.

Karatshai, Karachai.

Dialect of TURKISH, spoken in the Caucasus.

⁂ It is like Crim-Tatar, and is spoken on the Black River. H. C.

Karaula.

A native dialect of Australia.

Karawi.

Sub-semitic. Same as Mahari.

Karekare, see Pika.

Karelian, Kirialaiset.

Ugrian: a division of Finnish. It is the dialect of Russian Finland, and is written in Russian characters, comprising Auramoiset, Olonetz, Savakot, Izhor, and Viborg. See Tavastrian.

Karen or Koreng.

Monosyllabic: numerous dialects of Burmese. See Grammar by Wade, Maulmein, 1861.

Mr. Hunter distinguishes them as Sgau and Pwo; Vocabys. in his “Comp. Dicty.” See Play.

Karif, see Carib.

Kariti.

American: Indians of Brazil. Known only by a catechism printed by a Capuchin monk in 1709.

Karnatika, see Canarese.

Karon.

Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.

Kasan or Kazan.

(1) Ugrian: dialect of Bulgarian tribes settled in the district; now called Kazan, in European Russia; also called Turkish-Tartar, or Turko-Tatar, but more like Osmanli. See Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.

(2) Caucasian: a tribe of the Akush. H. C.

Kasange.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. Vocaby. in Kölle’s Polyglot. H. C.

Kashkari.

Nearly allied to or identically the same with Arniya. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, also in “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1838.

Kashpura, see Kuswar.

Kasi, see Kusi-Kumuk.

Kasm.

African: a dialect sometimes classed as Kouri. It is related to Yula, Kru, Serawulli, &c. H. C.

Kassub or Kashub.

Slavonic: dialect of Polish, spoken in parts of Pomerania.

Kata-Kana.

Japanese: name for their system of alphabetic characters.

Katchi, see Cutchi.

Kathe, see Munipoori.

Katodi.

Dravidian: a dialect spoken by a hill-tribe of Guzarat; they have been described by Dr. Wilson, who states that their language resembles the Malayalim. W. E.

Katsha.

Turkish: dialect of the Katshalar or Katshintsi in Siberia.

Kaubul, see Kabul.

Kaukasian, under C. ☞

Kaure.

African: a dialect of the Kouri. It is allied to Legba, Keamba, Temba, &c.; Vocaby. Kölle’s Polyglot. H. C.

Kawang-Koan.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of Menadu.

Kawelitsk, see under Ko.

Kawi.

Javanese: name for the early dialect called Old Javanese. It is used in literary compositions. See Humboldt: “Kawi-Sprache,” 3 vols., Berlin, 1836-9. ☞

Kawitsh.

American: dialect of the Vancouver Is., and of neighbouring parts of the continent. R. G. L.

Kayan.

Dayak: same as Kagan.

Kazak-Kirghis or Kazan.

Tatar: same as Kasan.

Ke.

Papuan: dialect of the Malay Archipelago. See Wallace, vol. ii., pp. 296-7.

Keamba or Kiamba.

African: dialect of Kouri. It has the same affinities as Kaure. H. C.

Kechua.

American: Same as Quichua. See Tschudi: “Die Kechua Sprache,” 2 vols., Wien, 1853.

Kedah.

Malayan: closely allied to Juru-Samang.

Keh-Doulan.

Malayan: somewhat allied to Bima.

Keilinschrift.

German name for inscriptions in cuneiform or wedge-shaped characters.

Kekuafi.

African: See under Ukuafi.

Kelenonesian or Kelænonesian.

Polynesian: term for the Negritos or dark-skinned natives. Also called Melanesian.

Keltic.

Same as Celtic. A division of the Aryan family of languages, represented by Armorican, Gaelic, Irish, Manx, the now extinct Cornish, and Welsh (pre-Roman dialect of Britain). ☞

Kema.

Malayan: a dialect of Celebes. Vocaby. by Wallace.

Kenay or Kinai.

American: spoken in several dialects, and classed as Athabascan. Vocaby. in Buschmann: “Der Athapask. Sprachstamm,” Berlin, 1856. See Inkalait.

Kennekas.

American: a dialect of the Fuegian, called Tekeenika. See Yakanaku.

Kentish.

Provincial dialect of England. See the Ayenbite of Inwyt, in the Kentish dialect, ab. A.D. 1340; ed. Dr. Morris, E.E.T.S. 1866. W.W.S.

Keres or Quires.

American: the most S. dialect of the Pueblos, in New Mexico. See Kiwomi.

Khache.

Thibetan: a name for the Hor.

Khajuna, see Kajunah.

Khamti.

Monosyllabic: a dialect of Siamese, closely allied to Ahom. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Khamtskatkan, see under Ka.

Khari.

Assamese: a dialect of the Naga tribes. Vocaby in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Khaspura.

Indic: the native dialect of Nipal; it is a mingled tongue, formed from Hindi and Bhot, using the Devanagri character.

Khassee, Khassi, or Khasia.

Monosyllabic: language of the Cossyahs who inhabit the mountainous region that separates E. Bengal from Assam; they are of Chinese or Tatar origin, and use the Bengali character. Pamphlet by Schott, Berlin, 1859.

⁂ Major Godwin Austin considers the Khassias more nearly allied to the Burmese than to the Chinese. H. C.

Khivese.

Usbeg tribes of Turkestan. The Khanat of Khiva is inhabited by a mixed race of Iranian and Turanian origin; the Usbegs predominate. See Kara-Kalpac.

Kho.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of Cambojan. It is allied to the Mon.

Khoibu.

Monosyllabic: a dialect of Burmese, classed as Koreng.

Khond.

Indian: a dialect of aborigines in Orissa. Quite distinct from the Gundi. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Khong.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of Cambojan, allied to the Mon.

Khorin.

Moghol; closely allied to Selenga.

Khotovzi.

Ugrian: dialect of the Kanskoi Ostiaks, classed as Yeniseian.

⁂ Also known as Kotten, Kotowzi, Kanski; small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 96.

Khum.

Chinese: a name for the court dialect used at Pekin. “Lessons and Vocabulary, Pekin Dialect,” by Edkins, 1869.

Khumia.

A dialect of Burmese; also called Kami and Kumi.

Khurbat.

A gipsey dialect of Persia: also called Ghurbat.

Khus, see Parbuttia.

Khwakhlamayu.

American: dialect of Upper California; it is allied to Kulanapo.

⁂ Also to Yuma, Shasti, Oregones, &c. H. C.

Khyen, Kiayn.

Monosyllabic: also called Kolun, and allied to Karen. See Sho.

Kiamba, see Keamba.

Kiang-Nan.

Chinese: name for the local speech of Nankin.

Kiayn, see Khyen.

Kichai.

American: a Pawnee language vernacular on the Canadian R. and in Texas, and allied to Hueco, Caddo, Witchito, &c. See “Pacific R. Report,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.

Kichak.

Sub-Turanian: a dialect of the Himalayas.

Kiche.

American: dialect of Maya. Same as Quiche. See Kachiquel.

Ki-galla.

African: “Ki,” tribal prefix. Kaffir name for the Galla. Vocaby. by Krapf, Tübingen, 1850.

Kihany.

Name for the written characters of the Persian alphabet. See Neshki.

Kihiau.

African: dialect of the Mozambique. See Krapf’s Vocaby.

Kij or Kizh.

American: dialect of California.

Kikamba.

African: classed by Bleek as Zangian. It is the language of the Wakambas of the R. Mombas or Mombaza, N. of Zanzibar, and is allied to some dialects of the Nile. “Amba” means “the people.” See Krapf’s Vocaby.

Kikkapu.

American: dialect of Algonkin, spoken by a division of the Shawanoe.

Killamuck.

American: tribes of Flatheads. See Jakon.

Kinika.

African: a dialect of Suaheli. “Nika” means “the language.” See Krapf’s “Outline of Ki-Suaheli, with especial reference to Kinika.”

Kio.

Malayan: a dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, an island of the Indian Archipelago.

Kioway.

American: Indians of Texas. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.

⁂ It has affinities to Shoshone, and there is some resemblance to Athabascan. H. C.

Kipokomo.

African: a N.E. dialect of the Kaffir. See Krapf’s Vocaby.

Kiptchak, see Kapchak.

Kirata or Kiranti.

Language of the Limboo or Ekthoomba, and other tribes in E. Nipal and Sikkim.

⁂ According to Mr. Hodgson, it has fifteen dialects. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C.

Kirghis-Kasak (Khirghese).

Turkish: spoken in the Khanat of Khiva, and closely allied to Uzbek. “Opisanie” by Lewschin, Fr. translation, Paris, 1840.

Kirialaiset.

Finnish; same as Karelian.

Kiriri.

American: a language of Bahia in Brazil, also classed as Sabuja. See Gabelentz: “Grammatik,” Leipsig, 1852.

Kisama or Kisambala.

African: a dialect of Kafir, classed by Bleek as Zangian. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Polyglot.”

Kisi.

Tatar: dialect of Tungusian, closely allied to Mantshu. Also called Tungus of the Amoor.

Kissa, Kisser.

Malayan: a dialect of Javanese, closely allied to Baba.

Ki-Suaheli.

African: a dialect of Kafir, mingled with Semitic, spoken by the Suahelis, N. of the Mozambique. Krapf’s “Outline,” Tübingen, 1850.

Kitunaha or Kutani.

American: unclassed dialects of the Cootani or Flat-bow Indians, spoken along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains in New Caledonia and Oregon. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

Kiwomi, Kioame.

American: sub-dialects of the Keres, Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, on Canadian R.; Vocaby. by Whipple, Washington, 1855. H. C. See Zuni.

Kizh.

American: dialect of New California. See Buschmann: “Die Sprachen Kizh,” &c., Berlin, 1856.

Kizzilbash, see under Ku.

Klabat.

Malayan: dialects of Menadu, sub-divided into Klabat-atas and Klabat-bawa.

Klamath.

American: Klamath-lake Indians is the English name for the Okshees, who are allied to the Modocs. See Lutuami.

Kliketat.

American: sub-dialect of Shahaptan, spoken in Oregon. They are the nez-percées of Canada.

Knistenaux.

American: name for the Crees. See Kristenaux.

Koama.

African: dialect of the Kouri, allied to Bagbala, Legba, &c.; Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

Koceh, Koch, Kocch.

Sub-Turanian: a dialect of the Sub-Himalayas, and Cooch Behar, E. Bengal.

Kodah.

Dravidian: same as Kota. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar;” and Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kodugu.

Same as Curgi. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kodun.

Dravidian: common dialect, known as Low Tamul, in distinction from the Shen.

Kohatar.

Canarese: a dialect of the Nilgherry Hills.

Kohistanee.

Dialect of Kohistân, i.e., “mountain country”—the highlands of Kâbulistan; it is allied to Shina. W. S. W. V.

Koibal.

Alatyan: closely allied to Karagas, but slightly mixed with Tchudic, the population being Samoied in blood; it has dialects. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 165; Castrén, &c. H. C.

Koine.

Hellenic: ἡ χοινὴ διάλεχτοσ, the general language of Greece under the Macedonians, and subsequently.

Kol (Cole).

(1) Older Dravidian: language of the Kols, a wide-spread race of Chota-Nagpoor, Central India. A. C. See Dhangur.

⁂ Mr. W. W. Hunter distinguishes two dialects, the Ho and Singhbhum; see Vocabys. in his “Comp. Dicty.”