DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES. (continued 4)

Palla.

Sub-Turanian: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.

Palmyrene.

Semitic: the Syriac of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very ornamental character derived from Old Aramaic, but not earlier than the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary Sassanian. W. S. W. V.

Palpa.

Indic: Sanskrit of Nipal.

Pampanga.

Malayan of the Philippine Islands: classed with Bissayan and Tagala.

Pampas.

American: Quichua word for “field” or “plain,” applied to the district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the Divihet and Taluhet. See Puelche.

Pampticough.

American: Algonkin dialect of N. Carolina.

Panch.

Indian term signifying “five”: (1) Panch Gaura, used for the five northern languages of India, taken collectively, including Bengali, Guzarati, Hindi, Scindi, and Urya. (2) Panch Dravida, used for the five southern dialects, including Canarese, Malayalim, Tamil, Telugu, and Tulu. W. E.

Pani, see Pawnee.

Panjabi or Punjabi, see Sikh.

Panos.

American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat allied to the Baure of Moxos, to the Pacaguara and Quichua. H. C.

Pan T’hai.

Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also written Panthay.

Papaa.

African: same as Popo. A Nigritian dialect of the Slave-coast. See Nagoe.

Pape.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of the Mong-Jung in Assam.

Papel.

African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied to Kanyop, to Felup, Bagnon, Sarar, Bolar, &c., and spoken also on the coast S. of the Cacheo. H. C.

Papiah.

African: dialect of Kaffir.

Papoloka.

American: the Pokoman of Oajaca. A dialect of the Maya class.

Papuan.

Negritic: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,” but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous” = “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. See Alfuros.

Param.

African: a dialect of Kaffir.

Paranapura, see Xebero.

Parauana, see Wapisian.

Parbuttia.

This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It is a dialect of Hindi, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.

Parechi.

American: tribe of Tamanaque.

Pareni.

American: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in Venezuela. See Barre.

Paria, Pariagoto.

American: classed with Tamanaque.

Pariah.

Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in the Tamul language, signifying “mountaineer.” See Nishada.

Parigi.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Parita, see Piede.

Parma, Parmesan, Parmigiano.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.

Parnkalla.

Australian: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Paropamisan.

Dr. Latham’s class name for the Hindu-Kush dialects, as Dard, Shina, &c.

Parsee.

(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers speak Gujerattee.

(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia. See Guebre.

Parsi.

Iranic: extinct dialect of Old Persian, belonging to the province of Farsistan; it is the same as Pazend, and is derived from Pehlevi, being the third stage of Old Bactrian or Zend, and was the dialect used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”

Parthian.

The Parthians have been classed as Medo-Scythic, but few words remain of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin to the Pehlevi. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as Turanian. See “The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.

Pasaine.

American: tribes of Vilela.

Pasanbangko, see Bentenang.

Paschai, Pashai.

Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied to Lughman. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

Passamaquodds.

American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed as Abenaki.

Passang.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of Menadu.

Passumah, see Sarawi.

Pasuku.

Monosyllabic: dialect of Peguese, classed as Karen.

Pasummah.

Malayan: same as Lemba.

Patacho.

American: dialect of Brasil, classed as Camacan.

Patagonian, see Tehuelet.

Patani (Pathan).

The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called Patans. W. S. W. V. See Pushtoo.

Paternosters.

Derived from the Latin for “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel, 1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in 100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and Adelung. See Bibliography.

Pati.

African: a dialect of Kaffir.

Patois.

French word for local or provincial dialects.

Patos.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Paumotu.

Polynesian: somewhat allied to Kanaka.

Paunaca.

American: sub-dialect of Paioconeca.

Paunch Indians (Ventrus).

American: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). See Minetari.

Pa-uta, see Paduca.

Pavia.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.

Pawnee.

American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the Missouri. Both Pawnee and Ricaree are classed together by Dr. Latham as allied sub-dialects of Caddo. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.

Paya.

Malayan: dialect of Malacca. See Semang.

Payagua.

American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat allied to Bororo.

Paycobge, Paykoge.

American: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.

Pays de Vaud, under V.

Pazand, Pazend.

Iranic: same as Parsi. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.

Peagans.

American: same as Pieds-noirs.

Peba.

American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably allied to Oregones.

Pedro, San.

American: missions of Brasil of the Almeida class. See Da Silva’s Dicty., Bahia, 1854.

⁂ It is allied to Guarani and Agaw. H. C.

Peguese.

Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, called Talain or Mon, allied to Burmese, and spoken in Pegu.

Pehlvi or Pehlevi.

Iranic: extinct dialect of Old Persian, belonging to the Pahlav district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely allied to the Zend and Old Persic; it is also called Huzvaresh, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.

Pehuenche.

American: tribes of Araucans.

Pekinese, see Khum.

Pelasgian.

An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was “barbarous”—i.e., distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes; but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classical Greek. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of Greece with the Illyrian.

Pelasgic.

Class name for combined Greek and Latin stems, sometimes called Græco-Italic, otherwise Illyrian or Thraco-Illyrian.

Pelew, Pelu.

Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied to Tobi, and classed as Micronesian.

Pelu.

Moghol: dialect of N. W. tribes.

Pend d’Oreilles.

American: French name for the Kullespelm.

Pendschabi.

Same as Punjabi; German form. See Sikh.

Pennsylvanian.

American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.

Penobscot.

American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Brunswick; classed as a dialect of Abenaki.

Pequod or Pequot.

American: dialect of Algonkin spoken in Connecticut.

Periods of Language.

Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth, sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.

Permian or Permic.

Tchudic: Ugrian dialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied to Wotiak and Zirianian. Also called Biarmian. The Permians were the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A.D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.

Persian.

Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived from Old Persian, but with a large infusion of Arabic words, and written in a modification of the Nishki-Arabic characters, called Taalic, and in a running hand called Shikestah. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by Johnson and Richardson. Dialects are Mazenderan; see Klaproth’s “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814. Tatt, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan; see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833. See Tajik.

Persic.

Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is known to us in three stages:—

(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.

(2) The Pehlevi or Huzvaresch, the language of the Sassanian period (A.D. 226-650). Iranic, with considerable Semitic infusion; known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.

(3) Parsi or Pazend; the language as it reappears subsequently to the Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients, and once more thoroughly Iranic. Known from translations of the Avesta, &c.

The Persic, in its earliest form, is closely allied to Old Bactrian or Zend. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the Deri, the Herevi, the Parsi, or Pazend, the Segzi or dialect of Seistan, the Sogdi of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the Zavuli of Zabulistan. G. R.

Perth.

Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.

Peruvian.

This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili, i.e. from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run, however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it are the Quichua and Aymara. Notices of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies. Juracares, Mayoruna, and Calchaqui, Atacama, Changos. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872. R. G. L.

Pescherai.

American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the Pygmean or Mincopie of Tickell. H. C. See Yakanaku.

Peshito.

Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of the scriptures in Syriac.

Pessa.

African: dialect of the Mana class.

Petiguaren.

American: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.

Peul, see Pulah.

Pey.

Indo-Chinese: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.

Peyes, see Poyus.

Pfalz.

High-German: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.

P’hansigars.

Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.

Pharsmanic.

Caucasian: dialect of the Mizdeghen or Tshetsh.

Phellata.

African: same as Fulah.

Philip (Port).

A native Australian dialect, allied to Mena.

Philippine.

Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands. Bissayan, Haraya, Hiligueina or Ilocana, all classed as Malayan. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. See Negritic.

Philology.

Science of words and language. See Comparative.

Phœnician.

Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient times, and closely allied to Biblical Hebrew; the alphabetic characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz. Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866. See Punic.

Phonetics, Phonology.

Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis, containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London, 1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. v. See Maya.

Phrisones, under F.

Phrygian.

Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as Indo-European. See Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.

Piacentino, Piacenza.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.

Piankeshaw.

American: Algonkin dialect of Illinois.

Pianoghotto.

American: Carib dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.

Piaroas.

American: name for Macos.

Picaneux.

American: same as Pieds-noirs.

Picard.

Romance: (1) Old Picard is a sub-dialect of Langue d’oil. Dicty., Rouen, 1500.

(2) Patois of modern French. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.

Pictish.

Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a form of Celtic, with close affinity to Welsh.

Picture-Writing, see Hieroglyphic.

Piede.

American: same as Pa-Utah. See Paduca.

Piedmontese, Piemont.

(1) Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.

(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect of High-German. Schott: “Die Deutschen Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.

Pieds-noirs, see Blackfoot.

Piekanns.

American: same as Pieds-noirs.

Pika.

African: allied to Karekare.

Pikunche.

American: tribes of Araucans; same as Puelche.

Pilu, see Pelew.

Pima.

American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied to Eudeve or Heve, and is also called Nevome. Grammar by Smith, 1862.

⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the Alta, “upper,” and Baja, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.

Pinaleno, Pinol.

American: dialect of Athabaskan spoken in N. Mexico, and classed as Apache.

Pindarees.

Roving tribes of Hindustan.

Pinegorine.

Australian: dialect of Goulburn. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Pinoco.

American: classed as Chiquito.

Pinol, see Pinaleno.

Piqua.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Pirinda.

American: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. See Taraska.

Pis.

A dialect of the Carolines, classed as Micronesian.

Piskaw, Piscous, Piskwaus.

American: classed by Hale in the N. branch of Selish. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.

Pitan, see Patani.

Plaau.

Native name for Shan.

Platt-Deutsch, under D.

Play.

Indo-Chinese: name for the Karen.

Pocomam, Poconche.

American: same as Pokoman. See Mame.

Poenulus.

Latin: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists from its so-called Punic dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald, Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.

Poggy (Pagei).

Malayan: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.

Poignavi, see Baniwa.

Poitou, Poitevine.

Patois of French. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.

Pojuaque.

American: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.

Pokomam, Pokoman, Pokonche, see Mame.

Polabian, Polatian.

Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of Slavonic.

(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of Polish.

⁂ Forms of Slavonic spoken along the River Elbe.

Polen, see Posen.

Polish.

Wendic: a dialect of Slavonic, somewhat allied to Czech or Bohemian, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.

For Polish-Lithuanic, see Samogitian.

Polynesian.

(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific. It is spoken in many dialects, such as Maori, Samoan, Tongan, Tahitian, Hawaian, Niuen. A large percentage of words in Eastern Polynesian are identical with Malayan, to which family it undoubtedly belongs. W. G. L.

(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c. W. G. L. See Kelænonesian, Micronesian. ☞

Polysyllabic.

“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.” Japanese is a typical language of polysyllabic character.

Polysynthetic.

Said of languages that incorporate many distinct words into one compound; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating. See Agglutinative.

Pome.

Papuan: dialect of N. Guinea.

Pommern, Pomeranian.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,” Stettin, 1833.

Poncar, Poncha, see Punca.

Ponderay.

American: tribes of Flat Heads. See Pend d’Oreilles.

Pongo, Pongua, see Mpongwe.

Ponkatage.

American: tribes of Jahyco.

Ponosaken.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu, classed as Alfuru.

Poulains, Pullani.

Ethnological term: mixed race; Frank and Syrian during the Crusades.

Popo, see Papaa.

Popoluca, see Papoloka.

Port Doreh, under D.

Port Jackson.

Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

Port Lincoln, see Parnkalla.

Port Macquarie, under M.

Porto Rico, see W. Indies.

Portuguese.

Romance: a language derived from Latin, and closely allied to the Spanish Gallician; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by D’Orsey, London, 1868. See Brazilian.

Posen.

Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects of High and Low-German. See Bernd: “Die D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.

Pottawattomie.

American: Algonkin of Lake Michigan (S.).

Poula (Poule).

African: French form of Foulah. See Fula.

Powhattan.

American: extinct dialect of Algonkin, formerly spoken in Maryland and Virginia.

Poyes, Poyus.

American: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.

Pracrit, Prakrit.

Indic: a later form of Sanskrit, also called Sarawasti; formerly vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.

Prairie.

French word: the Pampas of N. America. Not used now as a class-name.

Praslin.

Malayan: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.

Precopensian.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of Gothic.

Pressburg.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See “Description,” by Korabinski, Presburg, 1784.

Preussisch, see Prussian.

Princes Is.

Javanese: island in the Straits of Sunda.

Prince William’s Sound.

American: Eskimo of the W. Coast.

Priyadasi.

Inscriptions in the early Sanskrit of W. India, known as the Edicts of Priyadasi.

Provençal.

Romance: early language of S. France, derived from Latin, and originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern Provence. It is also called Langue d’oc, Limousin, Occitanian, and Romaunt. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours. Allied dialects are Churwalsche or Engadine, Rhæto-Roman, Romanese or Romansch. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868. See Romaunt.

Prussian.

(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect of Lithuanic. See Nesselmann: “Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.

(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Low-German. See Dicty. by Henning, Königsberg, 1785.

(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Polish. Spoken in Prussia. ☞

Puan or Puant.

American: French name for the Winnebago.

Puctunc.

American: language of the Maya class spoken in Yucatan.

Pueblo.

American: Spanish term “town or village” used for “settled”—i.e. “civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.

⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso (Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas), San Juan. See Keres.

Puelche.

American: Chileno name for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to Bode and Houssa. H.C.

Puemaja.

American: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans. See Yuma.

Puerto Rico, see Porto.

Puinipet.

Micronesian: dialect of Ulea.

Pujuni.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and somewhat allied to Tsamak. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.

⁂ Related to Atna, Attakapa, Galela, and the Agaw group. H. C. ☞

Pukhtu, see Pushtoo.

Pule, Pulen, Pulah.

African: same as Fulah. ☞

Pullani, see Poulains.

Pumpopolsk.

Ugrian: a dialect of Ostiak allied to Inbazk. Vocaby., Klaproth’s “Asia P.,” p. 171.

Punca, Puncaw.

American: dialect of Sioux, closely allied to Omaha.

Pundrabee.

Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages of Kunawar.

Punic.

Semitic: the dialect of Phœnician belonging to ancient Carthage, in N. Africa, sometimes called Carthaginian; it is known only by inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,” Heidelberg, 1824. See Poenulus.

Punjabi, see Sikh.

Punti.

Sub-dialect of Chinese. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.

Puquina.

American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with Quichua.

Puranas.

Sanskritic: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.

Purbi-Bhaka.

Hindi: dialect of Oude and Benares.

Purugoto.

American: classed by Humboldt with the Carib.

Purus, Purys.

American: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and Espiritu Santo.

Pushtoo, Pushtu, or Pukhtu.

The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W. of the Indus; it is also called Patan and Shia-push, has lately been classed, with other Caucasian languages, as Armenic, and is closely allied to Kurdish and Ossetic; it is written in the Taâlik character. Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.

Pustosersk.

Ugrian: a dialect of Samoied.

Puttoos.

Indian: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.” W. E.

Pwo Karen.

Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect of Burmah. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Pygmean.

The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races, I propose the name Pygmean: (1) The Septentrional Pygmean includes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America, Utah, Comanche, &c.; in S. America, Kiriri; in N.E. Africa, Conga, Dalla, &c. (2) The Austral Pygmean includes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N. America, the Natchez and Creek; in Australia the Tasmanian. H. C.

ADDENDA.

Pagei, see Poggy.

Papiah.

African: a language of the Gaboon, allied to Bayon and Bagba. H. C.

Pillagers.

American: dialect of Chippeway, called Northern Ojibway.

Q.

Qamamyl, see Quamamyl.

Qua.

African: dialect of Calabar. Vocabulary by Robertson, “Notes on Africa,” London, 1819.

Quabaily, under Kabyle.

Quada, Quado.

American: dialect of Miranda, Brazil; same as Guato.

Quadroons.

Quarter-blood: issue of white and mulatto.

Quain or Quanian.

Tchudic: name used for that dialect of Fin, called also Norwegian-Laplandish; vernacular in Finmark, a portion of Lapland belonging to Sweden and Norway. It is the Norwegian and Swedish name for the northern half of the Gulf of Bothnia, and the name of the people is Kainulaiset.

Quaiquai.

African: same as Hottentot.

Quakwolth.

American: dialect of Vancouver Is., spoken N. of Nanaimo on the E. coast, and also by the Comoucs, but mixed with Cowichan at Port Augusta. R. B.

Quamamyl (Gamamyl).

African: a vocabulary under this name is given by Cailliaud, which seems to be the Fazoglo of Rüppell under an earlier name. R. G. L.

Quappa.

American: Sioux tribe of the Arkansas; dialect closely allied to Omaha.

Quaqua.

American: same as Mapoje.

Quaratshi.

Romany: Persian Gipsy.

Quedah.

Malayan: same as Semang-jan.

Queen Charlotte Cape.

Melanesian: a district of New Caledonia; the language is known as Baladea, but the name of Duaura has been proposed by Gabelentz.

Queen Charlotte’s Is.

American: The following races are found there: Cumshewar, Keesarn, Kigarnee, Massit, and Skittegat.

Quellimane.

African: dialect of the Mozambique.

Quengues.

American: same as Cayuga.

Queres, see Keres.

Quiche, Kiche.

American: Maya language of Guatemala; dialects are Cachiquel and Sutugil. Grammar by De Bourbourg, Paris, 1862.

Quichua, Kechhua.

American: native dialect of Peru, formerly spoken by the Incas, and still vernacular along the W. course of the Andes. A dialect is called Chinchaysayo. Analogies with Sanskrit suggested by Lopez. Grammars by Markham, London, 1864; by Tschudi, Vienna, 1853.

⁂ Allied to Aymara, Panos, and Pacaguayra. H. C. ☞

Quintikuk.

American: tribe of Narraganset Indians.

Quito.

American: local dialect of Quichua.

Quoja.

African: short vocabulary for the delta of the Niger, probably the Ibo of R. Kwá. Mithridates iii., 1. R. G. L.

R.

Rabbinic.

Later Hebrew; applied also to the cursive alphabet used by the Rabbins, and in a modified form by German and Polish Jews. See Talmudic.

Radack, Ralick.

Polynesian: chain of islands in Lord Mulgrave’s archipelago; allied to Carolines.

Radigeurs.

American: French name for Shoshones.

Rafael, see Raphael.

Raffles’ Bay.

Australian: See Wilson’s “Narrative,” London, 1835.

Rafizies.

Shiah-Mohammedans of Ghazan, Central Asia.

Ragusan.

Slavonic: local dialect of Illyrian, spoken in Dalmatia.

Rahwa.

Native name for aborigines of Western Esthonia and Eastern Livonia. See Lief.

Raj-Mahali.

Dravidian: dialect of Tamil. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Rakkaing (Rukheng).

Monosyllabic: dialect of this tribe in N. Arracan, classed as Indo-Chinese. A. C. See Ro.

Ralick, see Radack.

Ramasi (Rah-már-syána).

Indian: slang of Thugs. Wilson.

Ramosi, Ramoosee.

Dialect of Mahratta spoken by a low race, resembling the Bheels, ranging from Poona, S. to Kolapur. Wilson.

Raphael, San.

American: Tchokoyem Indians of Californian Mission; closely allied to Talatui, and classed as Diegunos.

Rarotongan.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia spoken by the natives of the entire Hervey group comprising the Islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, with several smaller ones. The group is situated 18° to 22° S. lat., and 157° to 160° W. long. W. G. L.

Rarung, Rasgramee.

Indian: local dialects of Kunawar.

Ras, Rasena.

Native appellation of Old Etruscans; the word is supposed to survive in Rhætian, and Tschudi quotes a list of Romansch words, which he considers to have been derived from the Etruscan. See Taylor’s “Words and Places,” p. 49, 2nd edit.

Ratahan.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Archipelago.”

Ravensberg.

Teutonic: dialect of Low-German, “Westphalian Magazine” for 1788.

Rdjagar.

Indian: a Sanskritic dialect of Thibet.

Redscar Bay.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan. Vocaby. in Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 318.

Reduplicated.

Words found in all languages having sounds or syllables doubled, as “hoddy-doddy” for “snail;” “hogan-mogan,” “a Dutch man of rank.” Dicty. by Wheatley, London, 1866.

Reindeer.

Ugrian: a dialect of Koriak spoken by Tshuktshi in Kamskatka.

Rejang, Redjang.

A dialect of Malay, perhaps sufficiently distinct to be considered as a peculiar language, and spoken in Sumatra in the Rejang districts of the interior, and in the adjacent districts of Bencoolen. It is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V. See Palembang.

Rekhta.

“Mixed language,” applied to Hindostani or Urdu.

Rembokeng.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Rennes.

Romance; patois of French. “Memoirs Fr. Antiq. Society,” vol. vi.

Rennthier.

German form of “rein-deer,” applied to the Tshuktshi.

Reval, Revel.

Finnish: local dialect of Esthonian. See Dorpat.

Rhætian.

The class of languages spoken in the Tyrol, to which the Etruscan has also been referred. See Palæo-Georgian.

Rhæto-Romanic.

Same as Churwalsche; name for the patois of La Suisse Romane as spoken in the Rhætian Alps. Glossary by Bridel, Lausanne, 1866.

Rhatore, see Mewara.

Rhenish.

Germanic: sub-dialect of Nieder-Deutsch. See Müller’s “Provinzialismen,” Aachen, 1838.

Riccari.

American, also written Aricara; name for the Satrahe tribes of Pawnee Indians.

Rihani.

Arabic: term used for titular characters, or inscriptions on monuments.

Ro.

Monosyllabic; sub-dialect of Rakkeng. See Rossawn.

Rodiya.

Indian: rude dialect of Ceylon, allied to Hindi. Small Vocaby. by Dr. Roth in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 233.

Rodong.

Non-Aryan language of Nipal, belonging to the Kiranti group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Roka.

Malayan: dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, E. Indies.

Roma, Romany, see Rommany.

Romagnol, Romagna, Roman.

Italic: dialect of Central Italy. See “Racotta,” Osinio, 1769.

Romaic.

Hellenic: language of Modern Greece, called also Neo-Hellenic. The vernacular speech is largely augmented with Slavonic, Turkish, and Italian, but not the written language.

⁂ Several dialects have been distinguished: there is most Turkish in the languages of Macedonia; most Italian in the languages of the Ionian Islands.

Roman.

Alphabetic character in universal use; adopted in early Italic from the Phœnician or early Greek, and spread by means of the Latin language.

Romana, Romanese, Rumonsch.

A modification of Latin, including upper and lower Engadine, vernacular in the Grisons, Swiss Alps.

Romance, or Romanic.

Class name for all modern languages derived from Latin; including, in chief, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Wallachian, and Romansch. See Etymological Dictionary by Diez and Donkin, London, 1864; Essay by Lewis, London, 1862.

Romance, Romaunt, or Roman.

A name awkwardly used as equivalent to Provençal, or the Langue d’Oc of South France; thus Raynouard’s Dicty. of Provençal is called “Lexique de la Langue Roman.” W. W. S. See Romaine.

Romano-Moldavian.

Dialect of Romanic, intermediate between Moldavian and Wallachian.

Rommany.

A name for Gipsy, self-applied; also called Bohemian, Zincali, Tchinghianes, Zigeuner, Gitano, &c. ☞

Romohon.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Romonan.

American: tribe of Costanos in California.

Ron.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan spoken in New Guinea.

Root-Diggers or Diggers.

American: Indians of the Sierra Nevada, California, classed as Shoshones. They are also called Gens de Pitie, Radigeurs, and Maradiços; the most degraded race of Red Indians in N. America.

⁂ The language is allied to the Negritic or Pygmean of the Andamans. H. C.

Roots.

Ultimate forms of words, the primitive basis of a language, serving to connect related languages in different parts of the globe, and frequently transferred from one family of speech to another.

Rosetta-Stone.

Egyptian: remarkable object of antiquity in the B. Museum; Bilingual inscription of Ptolemy Epiphanes, B.C. 196, in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, or Enchorial, and Uncial Greek.

Rossawn, Rusan.

Indian: a dialect of Bengali spoken by Hindus of Arakan. See Ruinga.

Rothwalsh.

German term for cant, slang, or gibberish. See Diebes-Sp.

Rotti.

Malayan: Island of the Sunda group S. W. of Timor; it has straight-haired Polynesians, with a separate language. See Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

Rotuman.

The language of the Island of Rotumah, situated in 12° S. lat. and 177° E. long., which appears to be a compound of Eastern and Western Polynesian. W. G. L.

Rouchi-Française.

The same as Wallon. See Dicty. of Hécart, Paris, 1834.

Rouman, Roumana, Rumanyo (Rumanje.)

A name for Dacian. See Wallachian.

Roveredo.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian. “Lezione,” by Pannetti, Roveredo, 1761.

Rucahee.

American: tribe of Abipones.

Ruinga.

Indian: dialect of Bengali spoken by Mohammedans of Arakan. See Rakkaing.

Rukheng, see Rakkaing.

Rumahkai.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram.

Rumonsch, see Romana.

Rumsen, Runsienes.

American: Achastlian Indians of the San Carlos Mission, Monterey.

Runda.

African: sub-dialect of Kaffir.

Runes, Runic.

Early alphabet of N. Europe, attributed to primitive Gothic, and found in Scandinavian or old Norse and Icelandic inscriptions; called Futhorc, from the first five letters. The Anglo-Saxon names are Feoh, Ur, THorn, Os, Rad, Cen. Dicty. by Dieterich, Stockholm, 1845; Work by Stephens: “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” London, 1869.

⁂ Historically viewed, Runes may be considered as associated with the Pagan era of Scandinavian races, having apparently been relinquished as each tribe, in succession, adopted the Roman alphabet in consequence of embracing Christianity. In English the rune Wen, or W., continued in use till about A.D. 1280; the rune Thorn, or Th, lingered till A.D. 1500, and is even used now, though miswritten “y,” as in “ye,” pronounced “the.” W. W. S.

Rungchenbung.

Non-Aryan: dialect of Kiranti group E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Rungo.

African: dialect of Sierra Leone. See Kilham’s Specimens.

Runsienes, see Rumsen.

Rusan, see Rossawn.

Ruslen.

American: Indians of California.

Russ or Russian (Rooskie).

Dominant language of Slavonic, using the Cyrillic characters, and very largely augmented from other families of speech, forming one of the most copious languages in the world; sub-divisions or local dialects known as Muscovite or Great Russian, White Russian, Susdalic, Olonetzian, Ukrainian or Little Russian. Grammar by Heard; by Reiff, Paris, 1862; Lexicon, Karlsruhe, 1870-1; and by Dahl.

Russniack.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary. See Orosz.

Rustica (Lingua).

Supposed provincial dialects of classical Latin during the Roman period. (Raynouard.)

Rutana.

African: dialect of Nubia. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 319.

Ruthenian.

Slavonic: dialect of Russ.

Rutluk.

Non-Aryan language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

ADDENDA.

Ressawian.

A dialect of Servian, spoken on the Resava and the Schwartz-bach. G. R.

Romaine or Romance.

A name awkwardly used as equivalent to the Old French of the North of France, or Langue d’oïl; thus Roquefort’s Dicty. of the Langue d’oïl is called “Glossaire de la Langue Romaine.” W. W. S.

Romania.

The name by which the Wallachians call their own language. G. R.

Rumelian.

A dialect of Turkish, spoken in and about Constantinople. G. R.

S.

Saab.

African: name for Hottentot. More especially applied to the Bushman.

Saamen, see Semian.

Saar, Saarwerden.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of High-German. See “Sammlung,” &c., by Schwalb, Saarbrück, 1833; Journal für Deutschland, 1788.

Sabine, Sabellian.

Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to Oscan. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.

Sable, see Ostiak.

Sabme, see Suomelaini.

Sabuja, Sabuyah.

American: spoken in Bahia.

⁂ Allied to the Pygmean or Negrito of the Andamans, Shoshoni, Mayoruna, Darien, Gonga, and Ge. H. C. See Kiriri.

Sac, Sake, or Sauk.

American: allied to Fox-Indians. See Kikkapu.

Sachsisch, under Saxon.

Sacramento.

American: Indians of California. See Mag-R.

Sagzi, see Segzi.

Sahaptin.

American: spoken in Oregon; they are called Nez-percées by Canadians. The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the Cayus, Lutuami, Paduca, Palaik, Shasti, Shoshone, &c. R. G. L.

Sahidic, Sahitic.

Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to Bashmuric. See Tattam’s “Grammar,” London, 1863.

Saho, see Shiho.

Sahoe.

Malayan: dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Arch.”

Saint-Omer.

Romance: patois of French. See “Mém. de la S. des Antiq.” vol. 3.

Sak.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, allied to Kami, &c. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Sakalaves.

Aborigines of Madagascar.

Sakarran.

Dayak of Borneo.

Sakatu.

African: dialect of Fulah. See Lyon’s “Narrative,” London, 1821.

Saki, Sakewi, see Sac.

Sala.

African: dialect of Bomba. See Douville’s “Voyage au Congo,” &c. Paris, 1832.

Salawatti.

Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea.

Salayer.

Malayan: small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

Salbin.

Turkee: dialect of Koibal.

Saldanha Bay.

African: dialect of Hottentot.

Salibaboo.

Malayan: dialect of Talaut. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

Salish, see Selish.

Saliva, Salivi.

American: spoken on the R. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New Granada. The Ature, Maco, Piaroa, and Quaqua, are called Saliva dialects. R. G. L.

Salong, see Silong.

Salor.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia: classed as Turcomans.

Salteaux, Sauteux.

American: Eastern Chippeways; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan R. line. Butler’s “Gt. Lone Land,” London, 1873.

Salzburg.

Teutonic: classed as High-German.

Sam, see Sanscrit.

Samang or Semang.

Malayan: spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of Malacca. Sub-dialects are known as Semang-Jan and Semang-Juru. See Kedah.

Samarang.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Java.

Samaritan.

Semitic: extinct dialect of Aramaic, closely allied to Hebrew, and by some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical Hebrew, being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet similar to the Phœnician, but of more ornate character. An ancient version of the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous, the ancient Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.

Samboe, under Z.

Samen, see Suomelaini.

Samnite.

Archaic dialect of ancient Italy, known only by inscriptions. See Oscan.

Samoan.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia; spoken by the natives of Samoa, or the Navigator’s Islands; a group situated in 13° to 15° S. lat., and 168° to 173° W. longitude. This is the only dialect of Eastern Polynesia which has a sibilant. W. G. L.

Samogitian.

Lithuanian of Wilna, a Russian government in the Baltic provinces. It is also called Polish-Lithuanic.

Samoiede, Samoyed, or Samojedic.

Ugrian: dialect classed as Fin, spoken by Tatar tribes along the Frozen Ocean in N. Siberia. Divisions are known as: (1) Nisovi, North of the Beresov. (2) Verkhovi, dialects of the Obi. Grammar by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1854. See Soyotes.

Samuca or Zamuca.

American: Indians of Chiquitos. Dialects are Caipotorade and Morotoco.

San.

American: “San” Spanish for Saint, Sanctus; prefix to several Missions.

San-Antonio, in California. Vocaby. by Sitjar, 1861.

Santa-Barbara. See “Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,” 1841. See Pueblo.

Sanangdi, see Sunghai.

Sandan.

Moghol: Tungoos dialect of Manchuria.

Sandangan.

Javanese: Vowel signs in written characters of the native alphabet.

Sandeh.

African: language of the Nile regions. The people are cannibals with saw teeth, reputed to have a deformity of the os coccygis. They are commonly called Nyanya. The language has affinities to Tasmanian and to some words of Australasia. There is a vocabulary and a grammar by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873; and some words in Petherick’s “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 1861. This language is of very ancient type. H. C.

Sandwich Is., see Kanaka.

Sanese.

Italic: dialect of Siena. Vocaby. by Gigli, Siena, 1797.

Sangara.

Moghol: Tungus dialect of Manchuria.

Sangiang.

Malayan: priestly dialect of Borneo, largely influenced by Sanscrit.

Sangij, Sangir.

Malayan: dialect of Menadu.

Sangouw.

Dayak of Borneo: allied to Biajuk.

Sang-pang.

Non-Aryan: dialect of E. Nipal, belonging to the Kiranti group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Sanguir.

Malayan: group adjoining Celebes; dialect allied to Menadu. Wallace: “Malay A.”

Sankikani.

American: old dialect of Algonkin, spoken by Ogibways of New Sweden, now New Jersey.

Sansanding, see Sunghai.

Sanscrit, Sanskrit.

Indo-European: typical dialect of Indian, and parent of Bengali, Hindi, Gujeratti, Hindustani, Mahratti, Oriya, Punjabi, and Sindhi; it is closely allied to Zend and other languages of the Iranic branch, and though no longer vernacular, is preserved in the Vedas and other sacred writings of the Brahmins. The word Sanskrit means “polished, refined,” der.: sam, “together,” krita, “made perfect” = Samskrita, “made euphonic.” The alphabetic character is called Devanagari, “city of the gods,” from Benares, sacred city of the Brahmins; and it is read from left to right like European languages.

The term Old Sanscrit is applied to an early numismatic alphabet found on coins of Kabul. See Prakrit.

Santali, see Sontali.

Sanwar, Sunwur.

Bhot: dialect of the Sunwars of E. Nipal, classed as Thibetan. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Saparua.

Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas.

Sapiboconi.

American: tribes of Moxos Missions in Bolivia.

⁂ It belongs to the Guarani and Agaw class; and is allied to Movima and Apiaca. H. C. ☞

Saque, see Sac.

Sarabaya, see Surabaya.

Sarakholle, see Seracolet.

Saramacca.

American: Creolese of Surinam, called Djoe-Tongo. It is said to be derived from Portuguese Jews, who were among the settlers in the colony, and meant Jews’ language. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 56.

Sarar.

African: spoken on the N.W. coast, and closely allied to Bagnon, Bolar, Bulanda, &c.

Saraveca.

American: nearly extinct. Christian tribes of the Santa Anna Mission, Chiquitos. It belongs to the Agaw group. H. C.

Sarawasti, see Prakrit.

Sarawi.

Name of the people and language of the Passumah valleys in the interior of Palembang in Sumatra. It is a Malay dialect, with a considerable infusion of Javanese, and is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V.

Sardegna, Sardinian.

(1) Archaic: known only from inscriptions, and assumed to be derived from Lybian.

(2) Romance: dialect of Italian. Grammar by Porru, Cagliari, 1811.

Sarik, Saryk.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia; classed as Turcomans.

Sarmatian.

General name for the Slavonic family of languages.

Saroinsoig.

Malayan: dialect of Menadu.

Sart.

Tatar tribe of the Khanate of Khiva.

Sasak.

Malayan: dialect of Salaparang, somewhat allied to Sumbawa. See Lombok.

Sassanian.

Properly a dynasty of Persian monarchs, dating from Ardshir (Artachetr) circa 220-240 A.D. Used sometimes as a name for the language employed by these monarchs on their coins and inscriptions. But the language is better termed Pehlevi or Huzvaresh. G. R. See Goopta.

Saste, under Sh.

Sastrosworo.

Javanese: accents used to produce alphabetic equivalents for Arabic letters.

Satahuan, Satawal, Setawal.

Micronesian of the Carolines: allied to Chamori.

Saterland.

Teutonic: dialect of Frisic. See Hoche’s “Reise,” Bremen, 1800.

Satrahe.

American: same as Aricara. See Riccari.

Satsika.

American: “Blackfeet;” tribes of Algonkin in N.W.

Sauki, Sawkee, see Sac.

Sausenberg.

Teutonic: classed as High-German.

Sauteux, see Salteaux.

Savage Is., see Nieue.

Savakot.

Ugrian: dialect of Karelian.

Savaneric.

American: Panama Indians, near Las Palmas.

Savara.

Khond dialect of the Sour in Souradah. Ganjam circar, British India. Vocabulary in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” The numerals resemble the Thug and Koriak in some respects. H. C.

Savoy.

Romance: mingled dialects of French and Italian.

Savu, Sawu.

Malayan: dialect of Negrito character, spoken in an island W. of Timor. Diss.: Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar.”

Sawanno, see Shawanoe.

Saxon (Sachsisch).

Teutonic: name for typical dialect of old Low-German, now extinct, formerly spoken in Schleswig and Holstein, and thence brought to England; it was closely allied to Gothic and Allemannic. Upper Saxon is a dialect of High-German. See “Gedichte,” by Döring, Leipsig, 1835. See Anglo-Saxon.

The literary remains, or stages of language, run thus:—

(1) Old Low-German, or Old Saxon, extinct in 9th century, but represented by the “Evangelian Harmony.”

(2) Low-German of middle ages, represented by the story called “Reynard the Fox.”

(3) Modern Low-German: (a) Saxon, of Lower Saxony. (b) East-Saxon (Brandenburg, Pomerania). (c) West-Saxon, i.e., Westphalian.

⁂ Saxon is classed by French philologists as Cimbrian. See Misnian.

Sayanic.

Turkee of the Upper Yenesei.

Scandinavian (Skanskt).

Teutonic: class name for Norwegian and allied dialects, including Old Norse, Icelandic, and the modern languages of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.

Schabbi, see Shabun.

Schan, see Shan.

Schleswig (Sleswick).

Dialect of Low-German. See “Karte,” &c., by Geerz, Eutin, 1838.

Schonen.

Sub-dialect of Sweden. Lexicon by Klinghammer, Helsingborg, 1841.

Schwaben, see Swabian.

Schweiz, see Swiss.

Scinde, see Sindhi.

Sclavic.

Same as Slavonian; Greek form from Σχλαβηνοι. See Slavonic.

Scotch or Scottish.

(Of the Lowlands). Dialect of English, as spoken in that part of the old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See Murray: “Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,” 1873. Dicty. by Jamieson.

Old Scottish: Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710; Pinkerton’s Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the “Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew.” See Gaelic.

Scott’s-River Indians.

American: English name for the T-ka Indians. See Iddoa.

Scythian.

Word used for Nomadic; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes speaking Turanian dialects in Central Asia.

⁂ The few ancient Scythian words resemble Manchu. H. C.

Sea-Gipsies, see Bajau.

Sechuana.

African: same as Bechuana; classed as S.E. Bantu. Dr. Bleek writes “Setshuana.”

Secqlapi.

African: dialect of Kaffir.

Secumne, see Sekumne.

Segzi.

Iranic: early Persian dialect of Seistan or Segistan.

Sehuac, see Tehuelet.

Sekumne.

American: Indians of U. California, closely allied to Tsamak.

Seldschuk, Seljuk.

Alatyan: a dialect of Turkish.

Selenga.

Turanian: dialect of Moghol, closely allied to Aimauk.

Selish.

American: tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are sometimes called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called Shoushwap. Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. See Tshihaili.

Semian.

Sub-Semitic: a dialect of Amharic.

Seminole.

American: Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the Creek or Muskogulgee class. R. G. L.

Semitic.

A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as Syro-Arabic; class name for the Arabic, Aramaic, Mesopotamian, and Canaanitish groups of languages, taken collectively.

(1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes Ethiopic and Amharic.

(2) Aramaic is represented by Syriac.

(3) Mesopotamian includes ancient Assyrian, Babylonian, and the modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan.

(4) Canaanitish includes Phœnician and Hebrew.

The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only. “Sem” is the equivalent for “Chem” by a natural law of speech. ☞

Semitic (Sub), see Hebræo-African.

Sena.

African: dialect of the Mozambique.

Senaar, see Shilluk.

Seneca, Seneka.

American: Iroquois dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See “Hymn-book,” New York, 1852.

Sephardim.

Hebrew word; name for Spanish Jews.

Seracolet, Serahuli, Serawulli.

African: dialect of true Negro.

⁂ Under the names Azeriye, Aswarek, and Swaninke, Barth gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the three languages just named may, along with the Fulah, be brought within the same class. R. G. L.

Serawatty.

Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in Baba, Kisser, and Sermatte.

Serb or Servian.

Slavonic: native speech of Servia, closely allied to Polish and Russian, and written in Cyrillic characters. Grammar by Jordan, Prague, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. See Illyrian.

Sereres (Seraires).

African: dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to Sarar and Serawulli.

Sergu, see Surga.

Sermatte.

Malayan: native name of the Serawatte Is.

Seroci.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan.

Serpa.

Bhot: dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Serpent, Serpens.

American: Snake Indians; same as Shoshones. See Naga.

Serrano.

American: Spanish name for Tehuelhet.

Sersken, Serskish.

Wendic: the Sorb of Lower Lusatia.

Servian, see Serb.

Sesuto.

African: dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs.

Setawal, see Satawal.

Sette-Communi.

Teutonic: local dialect of Italy, classed as High-German. See Tredeci.

Severnovzi.

American: tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in “Beiträge zur Kenntniss,” St. Petersburg, 1839.

Sgau.

Monosyllabic: Burmese dialect of Karen. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Shabun.

African: dialect of Kordovan.

Shaga.

African: same as Agag; a form of Angola.

Shahaptin, see Sahaptin.

Shalcha.

Lesgian: Mizdzhedzhi dialect of the Caucasus.

Shamaiten, see Sarmatian.

Shan, Shyan.

Indo-Chinese: Thay race of Burmah; used also for a division of Siamese. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Shandoo.

Indo-Chinese: tribe of N. Arracan. A. C.

Shangalla, Shankali.

African: name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the hills; as Dizzela and Tacazze.

⁂ It is an Agaw language. H. C. See Galla.

Shanghai.

Local dialect of Chinese. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by Edkins.

Shara.

American: name for Shyennes.

Sharaigol.

Tatar: same as Sharra, or Eastern Moghol of Mantchuria.

Shasti, also Saste, Shasta.

American: dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to Palaik, to Kulanapa, and Oregones.

⁂ The native name is “Wee-o-how,” i.e., “Stone-house,” a retreat in the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California. They are, however, a race alien to the Modocs, and speak a different language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see Yeka.

Shawanoe.

American: also Shawhay, Shawnee, Shawnoe; S. branch of Algonkin; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found west of the Mississippi. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 470.

Shawi, see Showiah.

Sheba, see Sheva.

Shebayi.

American: Carib of French Guiana.

Sheffield.

One of the provincial dialects of English belonging to Yorkshire. See Bywater’s “Sheffield Dialect,” 1839. See Halifax.

Shekak.

Unclassed: N. dialect of Kurdish.

Shekawatty.

Indian: Hindi dialect of Rajpootana.

Shellu, see Shilha.

Shen.

Dravidian: archaic dialect of Tamil, called High-Tamil.

Shendu.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah; same as Heuma.

Shenvi.

Indic: Marathi dialect of Bombay. Allied to Konkani.

Sherbro-Bullom.

African: Mandingo of the Banana Islands. See Bullom.

Sheshatapoosh.

American: Algonkin of Labrador, closely allied to Narragansetts. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 108. See Skoffi.

Sheva, Sheba.

Semitic: local dialect of Amharic.

Shia-push, or Siah-posh.

Sanskritic: spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Kush. See Pushtoo.

Shibboleth, Sibboleth.

Hebrew term, used as a test-word; peculiarities of speech; thence applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See Judges xii. 6.

Shienne, see Shyenne.

Shighnis.

Tatar: tribes of Badakshan.

Shiho, Shiko.

Abyssinian: tribe of Danakil; Edo and Gumeddo are thus classed.

Shikan.

African: Nigritian of the Gaboon.

Shikastah.

Cursive form of Talik characters, used in Persian as a running hand.

Shilha.

The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gætulians. It is now spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though immensely overrun by Arabic, it preserves its ancient grammar as a Libyan tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kindred languages. In the “Journal of the Asiatic Society” (1847) a long specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (“The Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim”), with a tentative interlineary Latin translation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. See Libyan.

Shilluk.

African: dialect of Kordovan, closely allied to Denka.

Shimagac, see Zapara.

Shina.

Indian: dialect of Sanskrit, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan.

Shinicook.

American: Indians of Long Island, allied to Montak.

Sho, Shou.

Indo-Chinese: also called Pwo, Karen dialect of Burmah. See Khyen.

Shoshone.

American: Serpens; Snake Indians; classed as Paducan. Also called Radigeurs, or Root-diggers. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vols. ii., iv.

⁂ It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to Andaman, Kiriri, Sabuja, Gonga, &c. H. C. See Maradiços.

Shoulah, see Shilha.

Shoushwap, Shushwap.

American: same as Atna. See Selish.

Showiah.

(Fr. Chaouia), one of the Berber or Libyan languages. The name Kabâil, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with Arabic, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article “El” (or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with us in the words “Alcoran,” “Alcohol”; and feminine nouns take T at each end: as “Tamdint,” from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, especially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it represents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gætulian. Brosselard’s Dictionary, “Français-Berbère,” whatever its value to a traveller, disappoints a philologer; for by far the greater part of it is Arabic in disguise. Hanoteau’s “Grammaire Kabyle,” gives a large mass of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N. See Libyan.

Shyan, see Shan.

Shyenne.

(Fr. Cheyenne). American: Algonkin dialect of the Kansas, allied to Arrapaho. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Siah-Posh, see Shia-push.

Siamese.

Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic language, called, in full, Sa-yame-phasa, also Tai, or T’hai; founded on Chinese, it contains many elements of Malay; its alphabet resembles Pali. Grammar by Pallegoix, Bangkok, 1850; Dicty., Paris, 1854.

Siau.

Malayan: group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace’s “M. Archip.”

Siberian.

Ugrian: a geographical term, embracing dialects of Turk or Tatar, with the Finnish, as Ostiak and Samoied. It is sometimes applied especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena.

Sibnow.

Dayak of Borneo: allied to Biajuk.

Sibsagan.

Non-Aryan: Miri dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Sicaunie.

American: tribe of Tacullies. See Sikanni.

Sicilian.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Dicty. by Biundi, Palermo, 1857.

Siculan.

Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with Etruscan. See Müller’s “Etrusker,” Breslau, 1828. See Szekler.

Sideia.

Malayan: language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an alphabet conformable to the Chinese.

Siebenburgisch.

Teutonic: Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as Low-German.

Siena, see Sanese.

Sifan.

Chinese word for “Western Barbarians;” the languages are unclassed. ☞

Signs, Language of.

American: described in the “Philosophical Transactions,” Philadelphia, 1804.

⁂ Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at Constantinople. H. C.

Sikanni.

American: Athabascan dialect of N. Caledonia; also called Tsikanne. Vocaby. by Howse. See Takulli.

Sikh (Punjabi).

Indic: dialect of Sanskrit, deduced from Sarewasti or Pracrit, and much influenced by Arabic and Persian. The word Sikh means “disciple,” or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469-1539. Its alphabetic character resembles Hindi, and it is the vernacular speech of the Punjab, or “Country of the five” waters or rivers. Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana.

Sikkim, see Lepcha.

Silesian (Schlesien).

(1) Teutonic: classed as High-German; local dialect of Upper Silesia, &c.

(2) Slavonic: sub-dialect of Polish. See Glatz.

Silla.

American: language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico.

Silong.

Malayan: dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim.

Similaton.

American: Lenca dialect of Honduras.

Simisenchi.

American: name for the Piros or Chuntaquiros.

Sina, Sinologist.

Used for Chinese, and any profound student of that language and its literature. “S” is the invariable equivalent for “ch” in Semitic languages.

Sinaitic.

Epigraphic: name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady-Mukatteb, or “written valley,” in the peninsula of Sinai.

The language of these inscriptions is Arabic, with a slight Aramaic influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the Aramaic, the Palmyrene, and the modern Arabic. The view of the inscriptions taken by the Rev. C. Forster (“Voice of Israel,” London, 1860) is not generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer: “Inscriptiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatæ,” Leipzig, 1840-3. Also “Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft,” 1849, pp. 129-215. G. R.

Sind.

One of the multitudinous names for Gipsy, probably = “dark”; but Sindh means “sea, ocean, water.” Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus) river.

Sindhi.

Indian: dialect of Hindi spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in use—viz., the Arabic and the Gurmukhi. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay, 1849-55; Grammar, 1849.

Sindonga.

African: allied to Otyiherero.

Singhalese, Sinhalese.

The language of Ceylon. Elu, or high-Sinhalese, is Dravidian, and closely resembles Tamil; its written characters, however, are more like Canarese. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by Sanskrit; Pali is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Cingalese.

Singhbhum.

Same as Kol; Non-Aryan language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Singhpo or Singpho.

Singh = “lion.” Indo-Chinese: large class of dialects spoken by hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See “Asiatic Journal of Bengal,” 1837; and Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Singkal.

Malayan: Batta dialect of Sumatra.

Sioux.

American: Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier; and the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden, Philadelphia; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner.

Siraiki.

Indic: dialect of Sindhi.

Sirang, see Ceram.

Siranian, Sirenian, Sirjenic.

Ugrian: same as Zirianian; Finnish dialect of Vologda, in Russia. Grammar by Castrén, Helsingfors, 1844.

Sisuta, see Sesuto.

Sitcha, Sitka, Sitska.

American: names for Kolush.

Situfa, Situga.

American: Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of Betoi.

Siwah.

African: allied to the Berber of Morocco; it is the dialect spoken in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7.

Skipetar.

Illyric: native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the word Skipétar is of Turanian origin. ☞

Skittegat.

American: dialect of the Haidah.

Skoffi.

American: put for “Escopie,” name for Sheshatapoosh.

Skwally.

American: same as Nasqually. Classed by Hale as Atnah or Selish. Scouler’s name is Squallyamish.

Slang.

Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders, especially those of large towns. See Hotten’s “New Dictionary,” “Slang,” &c.

Slavic, Slavonic, or Slavonian.

Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov = man (Russ, cheloväku; Polish, czlowiek); others derive it from “sru,” “slu,” “famous”; or from “slovo”: “word,” the people being “slovenie,” “the speakers.” Also called Venidi, Winidi, Wends.

Slavonic.

(1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Russian has been formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6.

(2) Class name for a division of Wendic, comprising Old Bohemian, Polatian (extinct), Eccl. Slavonic (extinct), Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Illyrian, Lusitanian, Polabian, Polish, Russian, Ruthenian, Servian, Slovack, Slovenian, Sorabic.

They have two forms of alphabetic character:—(1) The Cyrillic, (2) the Glagolitic, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331.

Sleswick, see Schleswig.

Slovack.

Slavonic of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870. See Hungarian.

Slovenian.

Slavonic of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko, Grätz, 1832. See Servian.

Small-robes.

American: tribe of Blackfeet.

Snake Indians.

American: tribe of Shoshones. See Naga.

Soahili, under Ki.

Soana.

Romance: dialect of Franco-Italian.

Sobo.

African: closely allied to Bini.

Society’s Islands, see Tahitian.

Socotra, see Sokotran.

Soerabayan, see Surabaya.

Soerikong.

American: dialect of Carib.

Sofala.

African: dialect of the Mozambique.

Sogdi.

Iranic: dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara.

Sohili, under Ki.

Soiony, Soiot.

Ugrian: Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as Turkee, sometimes called Samoied; allied to Koibal.

Sok, Sokpa.

Non-Aryan dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Sokha, Sokhala.

Turkee: classed as Yakut.

Sokko, Asokko.

African: class-name for a division of Mana or Mandingo. ☞

Sokna.

African: dialect of Tuarik.

Sokotran.

Semitic: Arabic dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf.

Soledad (La).

American: Indians of California, on River Salinas. Same as Mutsun.

Soli.

Indian: wandering tribes of Korawa.

Solimani.

Name for Affghans.

Solomon Islands.

Polynesian: dialects are Bauro and Guadalcanar.

Solor.

Javanese, with Negrito elements. Solor is an island of the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.

Somauli.

Abyssinian: division of the Galla class. It is spoken from about Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70° N. lat. inland, and to Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town.

It is allied to Agaw. H. C.

Somerset.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley’s “Illustrations,” London, 1834; also by Jennings.

Sonder.

Malayan: dialect of Menadu.

Songai, see Sunghai.

Songo.

African: dialect of Kaffir.

Songpu.

Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng.

Soninke.

African: same as Swaninke. See Seracolet.

Sonora, see Pima.

Sontali (Santali).

Indian: remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Sooloo, see Sula.

Sorb, Sorabic, Sorabian.

The Slavonic of Upper Lusatia; the language of Lower Lusatia is called Serskish. See Wendic.

Sosimilchi.

American: entered in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as Nahuatlac.

Souaili, Sowauli, under Ki.

Soudan, see Nigritian.

Souletin.

One of the four literary dialects of Basque.

Souliers-Noirs.

American: French name for Ahnahaways, called “Blackfeet;” tribe of Crow Indians.

Souriquois, see Mic-mac.

South Australian.

See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1841.

Sow.

Dayak of Borneo; allied to Biajuk.

Sowakim, Suakim.

African: same as Bishari.

Sowaulee, Sohili.

African: same as Souahili, Swahili; the language spoken along the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to Mombaz. R. G. L.

Spanish.

Romance: the language of Spain, founded on Latin, with a combination of Celto-Iberian, largely augmented by Gothic and influenced by Arabic; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called Castilian; other dialects are called Catalonian or Limousin, Galician (Gallego), and Aragonese. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870; Grammar, 1869.

⁂ The remains of the Iberian language are known as Basque. ☞

Spartan.

Hellenic: the ancient dialect of Laconia; a form of Doric Greek, with some peculiar words.

Spokein.

American: tribe of Flat Heads.

Squallyamish.

American: same as Squally. Dialect of Puget’s Sound, spoken about 49° N. lat. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1841.

Stages of Language.

Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional.

Steiermarkish.

(1) Wendic: sub-dialect of Slovenian.

(2) Germanic. See Sartoris: “Neuester Reise,” Leipsig, 1811. See Styrian.

Stickeen.

American: tribe of Kolush.

St. John’s, see Passamaquodds.

Stockholm.

Scandinavian: dialect of Sweden. See Radloff’s “Beskrifning,” Upsala, 1805.

Stone-Indians.

American tribe of Assineboines, classed as Dakotah.

Strasburg.

Teutonic: classed as High-German. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816.

Suabian, see Swabian.

Suaheli, see Swahili.

Suaken.

African: dialect of Beja, or Bishari, spoken about 19° 20′ N. lat.

Suanian, Suanic, or Swan.

Caucasian: dialect of Georgian, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia. Grammar by Rosen. H. C.

Sub-Derat.

Abyssinian: dialect of the Adareb.

Sub-Dialects, under D.

Subtiabo.

American: native language of Honduras; quoted as a dialect of Lenca, in the Spanish translation of Squier’s “Notes,” &c. Small Vocaby. in Dr. Latham’s “Elements,” p. 436.

Sudania, see Nigritian.

Sudra.

Indian term: low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.)

Suffolk.

Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. Anglian. Glossary by Moor; “Forby’s Vocabulary.” See Hawstead.

Suisse-Romande.

Same as Rhæto-Romanic. See Swiss.

Sula or Sulu.

Malayan: closely allied to Cajeli. See Sultan.

Sultan.

Malayan: language of Sulu and Borneo.

Sumatra, see Batak.

Sumba.

A smaller island than Sumbawa; it also is in the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.

Sumbawa, see Bima.

Sumchu.

Indo-Chinese: Kunawar dialect of Thibet.

Sumenap.

Javanese of Madura.

Sundanese.

The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooï in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java has been very limited: hence both the people and their language are less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally belonging to the Malayan family, differs considerably from the Javanese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the Batta and Malay of Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language as in Javanese—the former being called Basa-Menak, the latter Basa-Kuring. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not considerable, and most of them are derived from Javanese. The Sundanese was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some slight modifications. P. J. V. See Batavian-Malay.

Sunghai, Songai, Songhay.

African: dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between 13° and 18° N. lat. R. G. L.

Sungnem, Sungnum.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Kunawari.

Suntah.

Dayak of Borneo, closely allied to Sow.

Sunwar, see Sanwar.

Suomi, Suomelaini, Suomelaiset.

Tchudic: name for Fin. Suome = swamp, i.e., “Fenners,” or “men of the fens.”

Surabaya.

Malayan: local dialect of Java. Called Low-Malay.

Sura-Cani.

Language of the heavenly regions; local name for Sanskrit.

Surga.

African: dialect of Tuarik.

Suri-Butan.

That is, “little Thibet,” of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne’s “Travels,” London, 1842. See Bhot.

Surinam-Negro.

Creolese: mingled dialect of English and Dutch, spoken in Guiana; also called Negro-English. “Proeve, &c.,” by Van der Vegt, Amsterdam, 1844. See Saramacca.

Sursee, Sussee.

American: tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line.

Susdalish.

Slavonic: sub-dialect of Russian.

Susoo.

African: Mandingo dialect of Senegambia.

Sussex.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd edition, 1853; Works by M. A. Lower.

Sutra-renchong.

Javanese alphabet of Sumatra. See Palembang.

Swabian (Schwabische).

(1) Sub-dialect of old High-German; typical dialect of the middle ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of the Minnesingers.

(2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. See Halle.

Swahili.

African: Kaffir language of Zanzibar; also called Ki-Suaheli. Handbook by Steere, London, 1870.

Swaninke, see Seracolet.

Swauti.

Paropamisan: dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to Shina.

Sweden, New.

American: now New Jersey. See Myncquesar.

Swedish.

Teutonic: language of the Scandinavian class, closely allied to Danish, and differing but little from modern Norwegian. The name is that of the ancient Suiones. Dialects are Gothlandic, Helsingland, Schonen, Stockholm. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stockholm, 1868. See Dalecarlian.

Sweo-Gothic, Suio-Gothic.

A name given to Old Swedish. See Ihre’s “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light on English Etymology. W. W. S.

Swiss (Schweiz).

(1) Teutonic: classed as High-German. See “Die Schweizerische Mundart,” Frauenfeld, 1838.

(2) Romance: patois of French. See “Histoire,” &c., by De Ladoucette, Paris, 1834.

(3) Dialects: “Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian.”—Taylor’s “Words and Places,” London, 1865, p. 49.

⁂ According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872]—384,561 families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759 Romansch. See Romana.

Sydney.

Australian: somewhat allied to Muruya.

Syllabic.

Said of alphabets with “letters that represent syllables instead of simple sounds.” See Japanese.

Syouah, see Siwah.

Syriac.

Semitic: typical language of the Aramaic, N. branch; closely allied to Hebrew, and written in an alphabetic character of its own; it has a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. Palmyrene is the Syriac of Tadmor: and Estrangelo is the name of its oldest written character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855; Archaic (N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli; Chrestomathia by Roediger, Halle, 1868. See Peshito.

Syrjenic, see Sirenian.

Syro-Arabic.

Same as Semitic.

Syro-Chaldee.

Semitic: the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of Kurdistan; it is a corrupted form of Syriac, is written in a modification of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic Turkey and Persia.

Syrojedic.

Same as Samoied; “raw-flesh eaters.”

Szauaken, see Suaken.

Szehleh.

African: a name for Mobba.

Szekler.

Old tribes of Magyar. Same as Siculi.

Szmudic, see Samogitian.

ADDENDA.

Sabæans.

Semitic: indigines of S. Arabia; they have much lighter skins than the Himyarites.

Sah-issah-dinne.

American: “People of the rising Sun”; native name of the Chepewyans.

Shamanism.

Persian word: “idolatry,” as applied to the Samoieds, &c., of Siberia.

Shropshire.

A dialect of English. See Audelay’s “Poems” (Percy Soc.); and Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua.” W. W. S.

Solima.

African: a language like Susoo. H. C.

Soosoo, see Susoo.

Sour, see Savara.

Soyotes.

Name for Chinese Samoieds.

Styrian.

Slavonic: sub-dialect of Illyrian, spoken in the Austrian province of Styria. G. R.

Suio-Gothic.

Another name for Old Swedish. See Ihre: “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S.

Swan, see Suanic.

Syrmian.

Slavonic: a dialect of Servian, spoken in Syrmia, a district of Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R.

T.

Taberistani.

Iranic: a local dialect of Persian.

Tablung.

Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Tacazze.

African: dialect of Shangalla. See Takazze.

Tachi.

American: tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same as Inies.

Tacunha, under Ti.

Tadjik, Tajik.

Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-land.

⁂ They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambéry’s “Travels in Central Asia.” G. R.

Tadmor, see Palmyrene.

Tafoe.

African: a name for the Inta.

Tagal.

Javanese: dialect of Sumatra.

Tagala.

Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to the Batta. Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” and Dicty.

Tagorian.

Caucasian: dialect of Osset. It is the same as Dugorian.

Tagul-ang-dang, Taheang.

Malayan: dialects of Menadu.

Tahitian.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L.

Tahlewah.

American: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.

Tai or T’hay.

That is phasa-t’hay, “language of the free.” Turanian: native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the Siamese, Ahom, Laos, Khamti, and Kassia dialects; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race.

Taiemala.

African: tribe of the Danakil.

Taiginski.

Ugrian: a class of Samoied, allied to Motorian.

Taini or Taino.

American: native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Compare the word Inaina for “man” in Atna. ☞

Tai-Ping.

Chinese rebels; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.

Tai-wan, see Sideia.

Tajik, see Tadjik.

Tak, Takpa, Takyul.

Thibetan: a dialect of Bhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Taka, Takue.

African: names for the Beja or Boje.

Takazze.

African: dialect of Agau; also called Tscherat-Agaw. See Tacazze.

Takeli, Tuklave.

African: dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Rüppel’s vocabulary connects it with the Shabun, Fertit, and Koldagi more closely than with the Furian and Shiluk. R. G. L.

Takulli, Tahkali.

American: also called Carrier, Nagail, and Chin. It is the Athabaskan of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer’s River. Authorities—A. Mackenzie: “Voyages,” &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon: “A Journal of Voyages and Travels,” Andover, 1820; H. Hale: “Ethnology and Philology,” Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordinary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon. R. G. L.

Takun.

Used in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” for the orang-benua of Malacca; apparently Jakun.

Talain.

Same as Mon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Peguese.

Talamanca.

District of Costa-Rica; languages unclassed.

Talatui.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima; also called Moquelumne, and allied to San Rafael. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Talaur.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Talaut, see Salibaboo.

Talik.

Name of Persian written characters, adopted from Neshki Arabic; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. See Shikastah.

Talish.

Iranic: sub-dialect of modern Persian.

Talkee-Talkee.

American: Negro-Dutch of Guyàna.

Tallewitsu.

American: same as Wacoe. See Hueco.

Talmudic.

Semitic: name for the later Hebrew, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds with Hellenisms.

Taluhet.

American: tribes of Puelches; Indians of the Pampas.

Tamanack (Tamanaque).

American: dialect of the Carib class, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by some Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L.

Tamazight, Tamashight, Tamachek’.

The language of the Tawâriq (Fr. Touâreg), as the Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (See Libyan for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language Touarghee; Duveyrier calls it Targisch. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefínagh; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as “limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touât towards Timbuctoo; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa; to the East by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers.” This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the Libyan languages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Barth’s African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight; but the publication of Hanoteau’s ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance. F. W. N.

Tambactu, see Wun.

Tambi.

African: same as Adampi.

Tambora, Tembora.

Malayan: dialect of Sumbawa.

Tamil, Tamul.

Dravidian: dialect of the Carnatic, South India, and closely allied to Canarese, Malayalim, and Telugu or Telinga; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called High and Low Tamil, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the Devanagri. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.

Tamoiae, Tamoyo.

American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called Tummimioi (Tummimivi in Jülg’s “Vater.”)

⁂ This belongs to the Guarani and Agaw class. H. C.

Tamulic.

A name for the entire class of Dravidian or Nishada dialects, including, besides Tamil, the Malayalam, the Tuluva, the Telinga or Telugu, and the Canarese. G. R.

Tana or Tanna.

(1) Negrito: Papuan dialect of the New Hebrides.

(2) See Bhasa.

Tanawanko.

Malayan: Alfuru dialect of Celebes; Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii.

Tanaynthari, Tanengsari.

Monosyllabic: dialects of Tennaserim.

Tandia.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan.

Tanema, Taneanu.

Negrito: dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.

Tangata.

Polynesian word for “man.” See Kanaka.

Tanguhti.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Bhot. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people; applied by Moghols.

Tankhul.

Indo-Chinese: a Naga dialect.

Tanti Calleru.

Indian: Canarese name for the Thugs.

Tao.

American: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.

Ta-oungurong.

Australian: cf. “orang,” Malay word for man. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Taparita.

American: dialect of Ottomaku.

Tapiguae.

American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.

Tapii.

American: dialect of Chiquitos.

Tappa, Tapua.

African: names for the Nufi.

Tappen.

American: German name for the Tupis; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande.

Tarahumara.

American: spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to Pima. Dictionary by Steffel, Brünn, 1791.

Tarakai.

Aino: a dialect of the Kurile Islands, E. Asia.

Taraska, Terasco.

American: a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same as Pirinda.

Tarawan.

Micronesian: dialect of N. Pacific, allied to Guaham.

Taremuki.

Indian: Hindustani dialect, mingled with Canarese, spoken by wandering tribes; also called Ghissaris, Lohars, and Bail-Kumbars.

Tariana.

American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to Barree and Baniwa. Vocabulary in Wallace’s “Amazons.”

Tarnata.

Malayan: extinct dialect of the Moluccas. See Ternati.

Tartar (correctly Tatar).

Turanian: language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia; it is used in two senses: first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented by Turkish as its most polished form.

⁂ Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. See Alatyan.

Taruma.

American: unclassed; it is spoken in British Guyana.

Tas.

Ugrian: a name for Samoied (Klaproth).

Tasmanian.

Negrito: original dialect of Van Diemen’s Land; now spoken only in Flinders’ Island; it is allied to Papuan, Australian, and other Melanesian languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1839.

Tat.

Iranic: Persian sub-dialect of Daghestan, &c.

Tatar, see Tartar.

Tater.

Romany: variety of Norwegian Gipsy.

Tati-molo, Tati-Quilhati.

American: dialects of Totonaka.

Tavastrian.

Tchudic: same as Hamalaiset; one of the two divisions of the Fin of Finland, &c.: Karelian being the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish. The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, Tavastrian, as opposed to Karelian. R. G. L. See Quain.

Tawgi, see Turuchanski.

Ta-Yue-tchi.

Thibetan name for the Indo-Scythic race.

Tcherkess, see Circassian.

Tchinghianes.

Romany: name for Gipsy; used in Turkey. See “Etudes,” par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.

Tchokoyem, } Tchudic, } under Ts. Tchuktchi, }

⁂ These words in “Ts” may also be written “Ch” in English.

Teapy.

Polynesian: dialect of Easter Island, called by the natives Rapa-nui i.e., “Great Rapa.”

Tebo.

African: same as Ibo.

Teda, Tibbu.

African: a dialect of the Kanuri.

⁂ Placed by Barth and others in the same class, and with the Kanuri, but originally considered to be Berber or Amazigh. R.G.L. ☞

Teerhai, see Tirhai.

Teesdale.

Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham. Glossary, London, 1849. W. W. S.

Tehuelet.

American: Indians of E. Patagonia, classed as Araucanian. Tribes are—(1) Tehuel Cunny, including Yacana Cunny, Sehusk Cunny, Culilan Cunny. (2) The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster’s “Patagonians,” London, 1871.

Tehulate, Teluti.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

Teke, Tekkes.

Turcomans: Tátar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian. Tekke is the Bukharist word for a Mohammedan convent.

Tekeenika.

American: i.e., Te-Kennekas; Indians of Tierra del Fuego.

Tekeza.

African: one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south-eastern branch of the central Kafirs. It is only known through short vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay. R. G. L.

Teleut, Telengut.

Alatyan: a form of Turkee spoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they are classed as Moghols, and called White Kalmuks of the Upper Obi, also Uriats. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 107.

Teling.

Indian: wandering tribes of Korawa.

Telinga, Telugu.

Dravidian: the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied to Tamil, with a cursive alphabet like the Canarese. Grammar (1857), Dictionary (1853), by Brown, Madras.

Teluti, see Tehulate.

Temahuq, see Tuarik.

Tembora, see Tambora.

Tembu.

African: same as Attembu, a dialect of Nigritian.

Tembuktoo, under Ti.

Tempio.

Romance: Italian dialect of Sardinia.

Teneriffe.

African: dialect of the Canary Islands.

Tengsa.

Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Tenimber, see Timorlaut.

Teor.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Tepanechi.

American: dialect of Nahuatlac.

Tepeguana.

American: dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico.

Tepozkolula, Tlahiako.

American: dialect of Mixteca. Mexican Indians of Oajaca.

Terasco, see Taraska.

Teressa.

Malayan: dialect of the Nicobar Islands.

Ternati.

Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate and Tidor; it is allied to Bugis, and includes Negrito affinities.

Teshu-Lumbu.

Bhot: local dialect of Tibetan.

Tesuque.

American: Pueblo Indians, closely allied to Pima.

Teto.

Negrito: Belonese dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace. See Brissi.

Teton.

American: tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the Missouri and the Mississippi.

Tette.

African: dialect of the Mozambique coast.

Teutonic.

German word “thiod” = “people”; corrupted to Deutsch or Dutch, and Latinised as Teutonic. Generic term for German: (1) Low-German, or Saxon, is the Deutsch of N. Germany. (2) High-German is Alemannic—i.e., the Deutsch of S. Germany and the upper Rhine. The earliest specimen is, perhaps, the “Rules of St. Benedict,” belonging to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is the Deutsch of the upper Danube. (4) Frankish is the Deutsch of the middle Rhine; the earliest specimen is “Isidore,” of the eighth century.

Modern dialects are: (1) Swiss, (2) Rhenish, (3) Danubian of Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c. See Scandinavian.

Teutonic Saxon.

Class-name for the combined lines of High and Low-German, excluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch.

Texan.

American: tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages thus: (1) Adahi, (2) Attakapa, (3) Caddo, (4) Choktah, (6) Cumanch, (6) Witshita. The tribes are very numerous, comprising: Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa, Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chikkasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, Iawanis or Ionis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches, Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways, Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or Wico, Washitas, Witshita. See Tachi.

T’hai, see Tai.

Thaksya.

Indo-Chinese: Bhot dialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Thami.

Non-Aryan: older Dravidian dialect of Nipal.

Tharoo.

Indian: dialect of Hindi, spoken in Nipal Surai. A. C.

Tharu.

Non-Aryan: dialect of Nipal. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Thaumpe.

Indo-Chinese: Shan dialect of Ava.

Thebaic.

Egyptian: old Coptic dialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt.

Theban.

Hellenic: extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius: “Thebani Etymologicon,” Leipsic, 1820.

Theburskud, Thoburskid.

Indo-Chinese: name for the Sungnum of Koonawar.

Thengais.

Indo-Chinese: tribe of Singpho.

Thervings.

A tribe of so-called Goths.

Thibetan, Tibetan.

Bhot or Bhotiya: the vernacular language of Tibet; originally monosyllabic, and somewhat resembling Chinese; it has now almost lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan—i.e., Tih-bot, “Land of the Bot.” There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and Ladak; it is classed as Indo-Chinese, and the written characters are founded on the Devanagari alphabet, and written from left to right. Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865; and Dictionary, 1866; also by Csoma de Korös, Calcutta, 1834. See Suri-Butan.

Thochu.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Bhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Thoung-lhu.

Dialect of Burmese, somewhat allied to Karen.

Thraco-Illyrian (Pelasgic).

Class-name for the languages illustrated by Albanian.

Thug, Thuggee.

Indian: a cant or slang form of Hindostani, used by homicidal tribes of India; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Calcutta, 1836.

⁂ This dialect contains some curious remains, allied to Koriak and Kamchatkan. H. C. See Ramasi.

Thugga.

Inscriptions; bilingual: Libyan and Phœnician. Found in N. Africa, and preserved in the British Museum; also at Lyons, in France. They are allied to the Himyaritic, and have affinities with the Hamath stones of Syria. H. C.

Thulungya.

Non-Aryan: dialect of the Kiranti group, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Thuringian.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of old High-German. See “Volks-dialektes, &c.” by Wendel, Coburg, 1822.

Tibboo, see Teda.

Tiberacottes.

American: Indians of British Guyana. See Tiverighotto.

Tibetan, under Th.

Ticino or Ticinese.

Romance: dialect of Italian spoken in southern Switzerland.

Ticopia.

Polynesian: closely allied to Mayorga.

Ticuna, Tucano, Tacuna, Tikuna.

American: Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied from the use of poisoned arrows.

Tidore.

Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor, and nearly the same as Ternati.

Tie-chew.

Local dialect of Chinese. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841.

Tiemba.

African: dialect of Ashantee.

Tierra Del Fuego, under Fuegian.

Tigre, Tigrinna.

Sub-Semitic: modern dialect of Ethiopic, called “lisana Gheez.” It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resembles Amharic. Grammar by Prætorius, Halle, 1871; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868.

Tihuex.

American: Keres Indians of New Mexico.

Tikomeri.

American: Moxos dialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia. It is allied to Maipur.

Tilangang, Tilanjang.

Malayan: same as Engano, an island west of Sumatra. P. J. V.

Timbiras.

American: tribes of Brazil, known as—(1) de Mata, (2) de Canella fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied to Geiko and Tokantin.

Timbora, Timboro.

Malayan: dialect of Javanese, somewhat allied to Sasak.

Timbuktoo.

African: typical language of Nigritia, pure Negro of the Soudan. See Wun.

Timmani.

African: A language spoken near Sierra Leone; dialects are Krangos and Logos.

⁂ It is allied to Bullom, Bago, and Landoma. H. C.

Timor, Timur (Timorese).

Malayan: language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda group; it is Javanese, inclining to Negrito. Diss. in Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.

⁂ There are three chief dialects of Timorese: (1) The Belonese, in Eastern Timor; (2) the Timorese “arctiori sensu;” (3) the dialect of Kupang. P. J. V.

Timorlaut.

Malayan: largest island of the Tenimber group; peopled with straight-haired Polynesians.

Timuaca, Timuicana, Timuiquana.

American: dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St. Augustin.

Tingua.

American: extinct dialect of Florida.

Tinne.

American: native name for Athabascan; the Tinnes proper use a native alphabet of linear character, resembling the Cree.

Tirhai.

Indian: dialect of Swauti, closely allied to Deer. Vocaby. by Leech, “Journal of the A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

Tirhitiya, see Mithili.

Tirol, under Ty.

Tiverighotto.

American: Carib-Tamanaque Indians of British Guyana.

Tiwi.

African: dialect of the Gaboon.

T-ka.

American: native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott’s River. They speak a dialect of Shasta. See Iddoa.

Tlahuici, Tlahiako.

American: Mixteca dialect of Oajaca in Mexico.

Tlamatl, see Lutuami.

Tlaoquatsh.

American: dialect of Wakash, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver’s Island.

Tlapaneka.

American: Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.)

Tlaskalteca.

American: Nahuatl of the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.)

Tlatsap.

American: same as Clatsop; a division of Chinook.

Tlatskanai.

American: Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia; classed as Tacullie-Umpqua. (Hale.)

Tnaina.

American: native name for the Kenai. See Atna.

Toba (Tobasche).

Malayan: Batta dialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra. See Grammar by Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864. P. J. V.

Tobi.

Micronesian: dialect of Negrito, allied to Pelew.

Tobo.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace.

Tobolsk.

Ugrian: Turkee dialect of Siberia, closely allied to Tshulim. Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804.

Tocantin.

American: branch of the Omagua stem; it is spoken in the Provinces of Goyaz and Para, Brazil.

Toda, Toduva.

Non-Aryan language of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Tuda.

Toka, see Loyalty Islands.

Tokistine, Tonokoto.

American: Lule Indians of Paraguay; allied to Vilela.

Toltek.

American: Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection by the Spaniards, and then speaking the Nahuatlac language.

Toma, Tomo.

American, i.e., Tomo-Maroa; Baniwa Indians, quoted by Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.

Tombara, see New Ireland.

Tomohon, Tomore.

Malayan: dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.)

Tomski, Timski.

Ugrian: Samoied dialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.)

Tondano.

Malayan: dialect of Menadu.

Tongan.

Polynesian: a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau, and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15° 50′ to 21° 7′ S. lat., and 173° to 175° W. long. It is closely allied to Samoan. W. G. L.

Tonkinese (Tonquin).

Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied to Anamite, Cambojan, and Cochin-Chinese.

Tonocote.

American: dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay.

Tonsea.

Malayan: dialect of Menadu.

Tookpa, Tukpa.

Indo-Chinese; dialect of Eastern Tibet.

Toon-paooh.

American: Turtle-tribe of Mohighans.

Toorks.

Tribes of Turkestan. See Uzbek.

Torgot, see Kerat.

Tosk.

(1) Illyric: a dialect of Albanian. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von Hahn.

(2) Italic. See Tuscan.

Totonaca.

American: Mexican dialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz.

Toucoulor.

African: same as Fula.

Toulouse.

Romance: modern dialect of Langue d’Oc, spoken in S.W. France.

Toun-baririg.

Malayan: quoted by Mr. Wallace as a local dialect of Menaudu; including also Tounbassian, Tounpasso, Tournshon, and Touwasang. See “Malay Archipelago.” See Minahassa.

Toung, see Tung.

Toung-Lhu.

Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Towarek, see Tuarik.

Trans-Caucasian Tatar.

Ugrian: class-name for several local dialects of Turkish, spoken in Russia. It is the same as Turko-Tatar.

Trans-Gangetic.

Class-name for Chinese and Indo-Chinese, and allied languages.

Trans-Himalayan.

Class-name: used for Sub-Turanian, or early Dravidian. See Indo-Chinese.

Transylvanian, see Siebenburgisch.

Traugan, see Aroo.

Treconian.

Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, called Breton-Bretonnant.

Tredeci-Communi.

Teutonic: a local dialect of Italy, classed as High-german. The people have been considered to be descendants of the ancient Cimbri; see “Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen,” &c., by Schmeller, Munich, 1838.

Triton-Bay.

Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea.

Troglodytes.

Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent’s Hole, &c.; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, as Beja, Bishari, &c.

Trojan, see Phrygian.

Troubadours.

Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Provence, in S. France, who used the Langue d’Oc. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard, Paris, 1844. See Trovatore.

Trouvères.

Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Normandy, who used the Langue d’Oil. See de Gembloux, “Trouvaires de Berry,” &c., Moulins, 1841.

Tsagatai.

Alatyan: written dialect of Turkee, formerly spoken by Uighur Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is also written Chagatai, Jagatai.

Tsamak.

American: Sacramiento Indians of California; closely allied to Pujuni. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.

Tschagrai.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of Abkass.

Tschamba.

African: a name for the Kouri class. A word which appears as Tiemba, Kiamba, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or vocabularies of W. Africa; it has been supposed to be a salutation mistaken for the name of a language. See Latham’s “Elements,” p. 582.

Tschari-Kabutsch.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of Lesghian.

Tschekh, see Bohemian.

Tscherat, see Takazze.

Tscherdyn.

Ugrian: dialect of Wogul.

Tscheremissian (Cheremiss).

Ugrian: a dialect of Finnish, spoken along the course of the R. Volga. Grammar by Castrén, Kuopio, 1845.

Tschinkitan.

American: Kolush of Sitka-bay.

Tschirokese, see Cherokee.

Tschudic, or Tshud.

Alatyan: the same as Chudic. It is the Slavonian name for the Fins. Used either as a class-name for the Fin class of languages, or as one special division of the Finnic stock, including Lap, Suomian, and Esthonian. (So Castrén and Max Müller.) Also called Vesp.

Tschugatschi.

American: Eskimo of Prince William’s Sound.

Tschussowaja.

Ugrian: a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.)

Tschuwaschian, Tschuwassian.

Same as Chuvasch; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and the neighbouring governments; considered by some as Ugrian, by others as Turk. R. G. L.

Tshamba, see Tschamba.

Tshampa.

Malayan: dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic.

Tshapodzhir, Tshapogiren.

Alatyan: same as Chapogir, a dialect of Tungus.

Tshari.

Caucasian: Lesghian dialect of Daghestan.

Tshek, Tschekh.

Slavonic: same as Czech or Check. See Bohemian.

Tsheremis, see Tscheremissian.

Tsherkess, see Circassian.

Tshetsh, Tshetschents (Russian).

Caucasian: same as Lamur and Galgai, or Halhai, and adjoining the Lesgians. It is also written Chech or Chechents, and is used as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied to Georgian and Circassian, including also the Arshte or Aristoiai, Ingush, Kistic, Tushi, and Mizhdzedzhi; the last is Klaproth’s term.

Tshihaili.

American: division of the Atnah, Selish or Flat-head Indians; but Hale combines them all in one large group as Tsihaili-Selish. See “U. S. Ex. Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1846. ☞

Tshinuk.

American: a form of Chinook. See Watlala.

Tshnagmjut.

American: same as Kuskokiwimes.

Tshokoyem.

American: dialect of U. California; classed as Dieguno, and known as the San Raphael Mission.

Tshuktshi, Tchuktchi (Tchutchus).

(1) Same as the Reindeer Koriaks of Kamtschatka.

(2) Dialects of Eskimo, spoken in Asia; the people are called Tshuktshi Nos or Noss, more properly Namollo.

Tshulim.

Alatyan: Turkish dialect, almost identical with Baraba or Barabinski.

Tshuvash, under Tschu.

Tsihaili, under Tshi.

Tsikanne, under S.

Tsoneka.

American: Patagonian tribe of Tierra del Fuego. See Tekeenika.

Tsongeisth.

American: Cowichan dialect of Vancouver Island.

Ttynai, see Tnaina.

Tuapoca.

American: Carib of the lower Orinoco, closely allied to Galibi. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 28.

Tuarik, Towarek.

Sub-Semitic: Berber dialect of the W. Sahara. Also called Temahuq. Grammar by Freeman, London, 1862.

Tubar.

American: dialect of Sinaloa, somewhat allied to Tarahumara and Tepeguana.

Tucano.

American: Indians of the Uapes, allied to Cobeu, and classed by Von Martius as Juri. Vocaby. by Wallace.

Tucuman, see Kalchaqui.

Tuda.

Dravidian: Canarese dialect of the Nilgerries. See Caldwell’s Comparative Grammar. See Toda.

Tudesque.

French word; it is put for Tudesco, the Italian form of Deutsch, applied to High-German.

Tuker.

Polynesian: dialect of the Carolines.

T’uk’iu.

Chinese form of the word Turk. (Klaproth.)

Tuklave, see Takeli.

Tukpa, see Tookpa.

Tulare.

American: Californian Indians of Lake Tulare. It is somewhat allied to Coconoons.

Tularena.

American: dialect of Costa-Rica.

Tulu or Tuluva.

Dravidian: a dialect of the Tamulic class, closely allied to Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, and Malayalim. See Caldwell’s Comp. Grammar.

Tulucar.

That is, “Ari-tulucar;” Tamil name for the Thugs.

Tumgarsee.

American: dialect of Kolush. See Tunghasse.

Tummimioi, see Tamoiae.

Tumu.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to Ndob.

Tung-Mru.

Indo-Chinese: “hill-men” of Arrakan.

Tungaas, Tunghasse.

American: spoken in S. of Prince of Wales’ Archipelago, and sometimes classed as Sitka.

Tungoos, Tungusian, Tungan.

Alatyan: rude dialects of Manchu spoken in Siberia; divisions are called Chapogir, Orotong-Tungus, and Lamut. Grundzüge by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1856. See Dsungar.

⁂ Tunguska is the name of three rivers in Asiatic Russia.

Tunka, Tunkin.

Alatyan: dialect of Moghol, closely allied to Selenga. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 84. See Tonquin.

Tupi.

American: native language of Brazil, classed as Guarani. There are: (1) Tupinaba, Tupinamba, called Nations of the Rio Real, in the province of Sergipe. (2) Tupininquin, a nation of Espiritu Santo. (3) Tuppinamba, called the largest tribe in Maranhao and Gran Para. Dictionary by Dias, Leipsic. 1858: and Da Silva’s “Lingoa Geral.”

⁂ It is allied to the Agaw. H. C.

Tupuan.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan.

Turaja.

Alfuru of Celebes.

Turanian.

Class-name, first suggested by D’Halloy for the agglutinative languages of Asia and Europe; including chiefly, Fin and Lap, Ugrian, Moghol, Turk, Tatar, Samoied. It has since been proposed to supersede it by Alatyan, or Ural-Altaic. ☞

Turco-Greek.

Turkish written in characters of the Greek alphabet.

Turcomans, Turkomans.

Alatyan: general names for nomadic Turks of Central and Western Asia, of whom the Usbegs are the leading race.

⁂ The districts known as Turkestan, Mongolia, and Zungaria comprise Central Asia.

Turin.

Romance: provincial dialect of Italian.

Turkee.

Name for Turkish-Tatar; also called Chantu. Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.

Turkish.

Alatyan: typical dialect of Tatar, as now written and spoken at Constantinople; original dialect of the Osmanli Turkomans. The modern Turks use the Arabic characters. Grammar and Dicty. by Redhouse, London.

Turkomans, see Turcomans.

Turrubul.

District of Australia; a dialect of S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley Sydney, 1866.

Turtles.

American: tribes of Algonkin; both Delaware (Unami) and Mohighan (Toon-paooh).

Turuchanski, Tawgi, Tawginski.

Ugrian: dialects of Samoied. (Klaproth.)

Tuscan.

Romance: typical dialect of pure Italian. See Buommattei: “Della Lingua Toscana,” Venetia 1735.

Tuscarora.

American: Iroquois dialect of N. Carolina, closely allied to Nottoway.

Tusch, Tushi.

Caucasian: dialect of the Tshetshentes, on the Georgian frontier. “Versuch,” &c., by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856.

Tusci, Tosk.

Same as Etruscan. See Ras.

Tuteloes.

American: same as Meherrins; classed in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as Irokese of Virginia.

Tu-Toyer.

French term for making use of familiar speech.

Tutuila.

Polynesian: dialect of the Navigator’s Islands.

Tver.

Ugrian: dialect of Fin, spoken in Russia.

Tymski, see Tomski.

Tynteeas.

Indian: savage tribes E. of Bengal.

Tyrolese.

Teutonic: classed as High-German. See Kitzbuhel.

Tzakonian.

Hellenic: dialect of modern Greek, spoken in the Gulf of Nauplia (Laconia), and at Mount Taygetus. Tract by Deville, “Le Dialecte Tzaconien.”

Tzeckish, see Bohemian.

Tzendale, see Celdales.

ADDENDA.

Tacullie.

American: same as Takulli. The name of Tah-cully means “deep-water Indians.”

Tantras.

Works of Hindu ritual, adopted or modified by Buddhists.

Tauan.

Negrito: Taua is a small island near New Guinea, the inhabitants of which speak Papuan. W. G.

Tayung.

Assam; said to be a dialect of Mishmi and like Mijhu, but dissimilar and presenting some remarkable peculiarities. H. C.

Tedesco, see Tudesque.

Teets or Haitlin.

American: Indians of Frazer River; also called Sa-chinco, or “Strangers.”

Tene.

African: a Mandingo vocabulary in “Polyglotta Africana.” H. C.

Tientsin.

Chinese: local dialect of the port of Pekin.

Toumbulu, } Toumpakewa, } Toundano, } see Minahassa. Tounsawang, } Tounsea. }

Trovatore.

Italian form of “Troubadour;” the Trovatori used the Lingua de Si.

Tshagatai.

Same as Tsagatai. A recent writer states that the language described by Professor Vambery as Cagataic is the dialect of Kashgar.

Tunganis.

Chinese rebels.

Turko-Armenian.

Turkish: written in characters of the Armenian alphabet.

Turko-Tatar.

Term applied to the Eastern Turkish languages.

U.

Uainambeu.

American: same as Mauhe; a dialect of the Rio Negro, spoken by the Humming-Bird Indians, and somewhat allied to the Barree. See Juri.

Ualan, see Ulea.

Uara, Uaraca.

American: dialects of Tamanaque, spoken by the Uara-Mukuru and the Uaraca-Paccili.

Ucayale.

American: dialects localised upon the course of river so named. See Cocama.

Uchee, Uchi.

American: tribe of Creek Indians; it is now spoken in Florida, originally of Louisiana. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Ude.

Caucasian: same as Colchian. Herodotus (Book ii.) thought the Colchians were an offshoot of the Egyptians planted by Sesostris. The Bzyb is its best known dialect. It is allied to Egyptian and Coptic. See Papers of “Anthrop. Instit.”; Schiefner’s Grammar. H. C.

Udom.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to Mbofia.

Udorian.

Alatyan: Ugrian dialect of Udorsk; “Uhdmurd,” “free people.”

Udso.

African: dialect of Bonny.

Uea.

Polynesian: dialect of the Loyalty group, also spoken in Wallis’s Island.

Ugalenzi.

American: Kolush dialect of Mount Elias.

Ugaljachmutzi.

American: Athabascan; classed as Kinai.

Ugor, Ugrian, Uralian.

Chudic: a sub-division of the Turanian family of languages, comprising Fin, Hungarian or Magyar, Ostiak, Vogul or Wogul, and the non-Slavonic Bulgarian. It is also called Ugro-Tartarian.

Ugor (2).

Melanesian: island in the Papuan group; mixed dialect. W. G.

Uhobo.

African: quoted in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” from Kilham’s specimens.

Uigur.

Alatyan: same as Igur or Ighur; dialect of Turkish, a literary language spoken on the frontiers of Tibet and Mongolia. See “Uigurische Sprachmonumente,” &c., by Vambery, Innsbruck, 1870. See Hor.

Uju, see Aroo.

Ukah, Ukagir.

Turanian: Koriak dialect of Kamtschatka.

Ukahipu, see Kikkapu.

Ukrainian.

Slavonic: dialect of Little Russia.

Ukuafi.

African: dialect of Suahili. The people are called “A-kabi,” singular; “Wa-kabi,” plural; and Dr. Latham suggests that Ukuafi and Kekuafi are verbal mutations of Eloikob, the native name. See “Elements,” &c., p. 545.

⁂ It occurs within the Kaffir area, but is not so manifestly Kaffir as its neighbours. R. G. L.

Ulea, Uala.

Polynesian: dialect of the Carolines.

Ulianghai, Uriangchai.

Ugrian: same as Soiot.

Ulm.

Teutonic: classed as High-German.

Ulu.

Malayan: dialect of Sumatra.

Ulut (Olot).

Moghol: Kalmuck: dialect of Dzungaria.

Umbrian.

Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, known only from inscriptions, and allied to Latin, Oscan, &c. See Schleicher’s “Chrestomathie,” and Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte.”

Umkwa, Umpqua.

American: dialect of U. California, classed as Athabascan. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Umlaut.

German term: “vowel change,” modification of meaning, due to the change of a vowel.

⁂ Rückumlaut means the return to a sound that has undergone the change called “umlaut.”

Umma-ra.

African: tribe of Adareb, classed as Troglodytes.

Unalachtgo.

American: Turkey tribe of Lenni-Lennape.

Unalaskhan.

American: the largest of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian chain, running from Kamtschatka, in Asia, to the Peninsula of Alaska, in America; and, indeed, the largest and the most representative island of the whole group. It is in this language that the Asiatic affinities of the Eskimo must be most especially sought for. R. G. L.

Unami, see Wanami.

Unataquas.

American: Indians of Texas; same as Andarcos.

Unchagog, Untchagog.

American: Shinicook Indians of Long Island.

Uncial.

Palæographic: from “uncia,” “an inch;” name for large letters; size of “capitals.”

Undaza.

African: dialect of the Gaboon; somewhat allied to Ndob.

Ungarn.

Teutonic: High-German dialect of Hungary.

⁂ Ungarn is the German form of Ungri or Vingour, equivalent to Hun; but there is no clear proof whether Hungary has been named from the Huns of Attila’s era [441-453 A.D.], who were of Tatar race, or from the Magyars, who are Ugrians of Jugoria, a Finnish race [889-955 A.D.]

Uniya.

Tibetan: a local dialect of Bhot, spoken in the district of the Dalai Lama.

Unso.

Caucasian: same as Dido; a sub-dialect of Lesghian.

Uolaroi.

Australian: dialect at Bulgora, through part of Queensland to Murrurundi, on by Hunter River (Rev. W. Ridley). J. B.

Upsaroka.

American: native name for the Crow Indians; they are divided into (1) Kikatsa, (2) Ahnahaways (Black-shoes), (3) Allakaweah (Paunch Indians).

Urabae.

American: aborigines of Darien, classed as Cunacuna.

Ural-Altaic.

Class-name: same as Alatyan. Term for the great Turkish branch of the Turanian family of languages, including Tatar, Moghol, Manchu, &c.

Uralian, see Ugor.

Uraon.

Dravidian: dialect of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Urdu.

Word for army or camp. (1) Urdu-mualla-ki-zaban, “Court-language.” (2) Urdu-zaban, “camp lingo,” applied to Hindostani. See Horde.

Uriangchai, see Ulianghai.

Uriya, see Orissa.

Usbeg, Uzbek (Oezbeg).

Alatyan: dominant race of Turkestan; closely allied to Kirghiz, and also called Turkish-Tatar.

Ustsyssola.

Chudic: sub-dialect of Ugrian.

Uta, Utah.

American: dialect of U. California, classed as Paducan, and closely allied to Comanche.

⁂ It belongs to the Pygmean, and is allied to Mincopie, Kariri, Sabuyah, Gonga, &c. H. C.

Utagami.

American: same as Ottogami; tribe of Saki or Fox-Indians.

Utanata.

Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea, closely allied to Lobo.

Utharabee.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Kunawar.

Uvea.

Polynesian: dialect of the Loyalty group.

V.

Vaddah, see Veddahs.

Vaidic, see Vedic.

Vaiqueno, Vaikeno.

Malayan: dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace.